3723:
2190:
3739:
2154:. At the time when the limestones and dolomites of the White Jura were being deposited, this sea was divided into sponge reefs and intervening lagoons. The reef bodies and the fine-grained lagoon limestones and marls are the material from which the majority of the Franconian Jura is composed today. Following a drop in the sea level towards the end of the Upper Jurassic, larger areas also became part of the mainland at the beginning of the subsequent Cretaceous period. During the Upper Cretaceous, the sea advanced again up to the area of the Franconian Jura. At the end of the Cretaceous, the sea then retreated again from the region. In addition, large parts of South and Central Germany experienced a general uplift -or in areas where the basement had broken through a substantial uplift - the course of formation of the Alps during the Tertiary. Since then, Franconia has been mainly influenced by
5314:
1373:
2525:
large cities. The climate of
Franconia is sunny and relatively warm. For part of the summer, for example, Lower Franconia is one of the sunniest areas in Germany. Daily temperatures in the Bavarian part of Franconia are an average of 0.1 °C higher than the average for Bavaria as a whole. Relatively less rain falls in Franconia, and likewise in the rest of North Bavaria rain than is usual for its geographic location; even summer storms are often less powerful than in other areas of South Germany. In southern Bavaria about 2,000 mm of precipitation falls annually and almost three times as much as in parts of Franconia (about 500–900 mm) in the rain shadow of the Spessart, Rhön and Odenwald.
4841:
4927:
528:
3289:
1063:
1241:
5142:
5056:
5099:
1090:
538:
8546:
5486:
3976:
5823:
1936:
1078:
558:
4657:
3731:
4884:
4795:
4749:
548:
8554:
246:
2787:
5443:
5357:
5013:
4519:
4473:
5543:
1033:
4970:
5859:
5185:
97:
2675:
5228:
5271:
135:
5905:
5877:
109:
4703:
5843:
2175:
1920:
1908:
5529:
3403:
1048:
843:
4079:
4611:
5973:
5807:
5897:
3437:
3111:
1618:
150:
2891:
2880:
1109:
5400:
3486:
1233:
8497:
4565:
3312:. Seen from a modern perspective, the Franconian Circle may be viewed as an important basis for the sense of a common Franconian identity that exists today. The Franconian Circle also shaped the geographical limits of the present-day Franconia. In the late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, the Imperial Circle was severely affected by
3475:'s troops and eventually withdrew. Franconia was one of the poorest regions in the Empire and lost its imperial political significance. During the course of the war, about half the local population lost their lives. To compensate for these losses about 150,000 displaced Protestants settled in Protestant areas, including
5605:
orientation today still reflects the territorial structure of
Franconia at the time of the Franconian Circle. For example, regions, that used to be under the care of the bishoprics of Bamberg, Würzburg and Eichstätt, are mainly Catholic today. On the other hand, all former territories of the imperial
5570:
dialect continuum which is mainly to be found in the Upper
Palatinate, Upper and Lower Bavaria, the greater part of Austria and some parts of Northern Italy. This is one of the reasons why hardly any Franconian would call himself a Bavarian. Even though there is no Franconian state, red and white are
2022:
which, in the late phase of
Variscan orogeny, intruded into the metamorphic rocks. In most cases these are S-type granites whose melting was caused by heated-up sedimentary rocks sunk deep into the Earth's crust. While the Fichtel and Franconian Forest can be assigned to the Saxo-Thuringian Zone of
1124:
Franconia may be distinguished from the regions that surround it by its peculiar historical factors and its cultural and especially linguistic characteristics, but it is not a political entity with a fixed or tightly defined area. As a result, it is debated whether some areas belong to
Franconia or
2524:
transitional climate, which is neither very continental nor very maritime. The average monthly temperatures vary depending on the area between about -1 to -2 °C in
January and 17 to 19 °C in August, but may reach a peak of about 35 °C for a few days in the summer, especially in the
1141:
on coats of arms, flags and seals. However, a sense of popular consciousness of being
Franconian is only detectable from the 19th century onwards, which is why the circumstances of the emergence of a Frankish identity are disputed. Franconia has many cultural peculiarities which have been adopted
3627:
reformed the political structure. Out of this in
January 1838 emerged the Franconian provinces with their present names of Middle, Upper and Lower Franconia. Considerable resentment arose in parts of the Franconian territories over their new membership of Bavaria. There were liberal demands for
5686:
of 1336-1338 – and in the 15th and 16th centuries, many cities exiled their Jewish populations, which is why many Jews settled in rural communities. Franconia also rose to early prominence in the discrimination against Jews during the Nazi era. One of the first casualties of the organized Nazi
3163:
was formed, taking over its first possession in
Franconia in 1209, the Bailiwick of Franconia. The foundation of many schools and hospitals and the construction of numerous churches and castles in this area goes back to the work of this Roman Catholic military order. The residence place of the
7320:
Karten zur
Geschichte Bayerns: Jutta Schumann / Dieter J. Weiß, in: Edel und Frei. Franken im Mittelalter, ed. by Wolfgang Jahn / Jutta Schumann / Evamaria Brockhoff, Augsburg, 2004 (Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 47/04), pp. 174–176, Cat. No. 51. See
3499:) survived the Middle Ages and lasted until the 18th century. As a result, the Franconian Circle had the important task of preserving peace, preventing abuses and to repairing war damage and had a regulatory role in the region until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. Until the
2997:. The territory of the stem duchy was far bigger than modern Franconia and covered the whole of present-day Hesse, northern Baden-Württemberg, southern Thuringia, large parts of Rhineland-Palatinate and parts of the Franconian provinces in Bavaria. It extended as far west as
4380:. In the late medieval period it was dominated by mainly smaller towns with a few hundred to a thousand inhabitants, whose size barely distinguished them from the villages. Many towns grew up along large rivers or were founded by the prince-bishops and nobility. Even the
3077:
Meanwhile, the inhabitants of parts of present-day Upper and Middle Franconia, who were not under the control of Würzburg, probably also considered themselves to be Franks at that time, and certainly their dialect distinguished them from the inhabitants of Bavaria and
8524:
Karten zur Geschichte Bayerns: Helmut Flachenecker, in: Edel und Frei. Franken im Mittelalter, ed. by Wolfgang Jahn / Jutta Schumann / Evamaria Brockhoff, Augsburg, 2004 (Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 47/04), pp. 308–313, Cat. No. 134. See
7645:
3318:, the patchwork of tiny states in this region of Germany. As during the late Middle Ages, the bishops of Würzburg used the nominal title of Duke of Franconia during the time of the Imperial Circle. In 1559, the Franconian Circle was given jurisdiction over coinage (
2587:
who conquered most of Western Europe by the middle of the 8th century. Despite its name, Franconia is not the homeland of the Franks, but rather owes its name to being partially settled by Franks from the Rhineland during the 7th century following the defeat of the
3593:
led to stronger ties between Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and other areas with France, whereupon the Holy Roman Empire including the Franconian Circle fell apart. As a reward Bavaria was promised other estates, including the city of Nuremberg. In the so-called
1289:. Thus Upper Franconia lies on the upper reaches of the river, Lower Franconia on its lower reaches and Middle Franconia lies in between, although the Main itself does not flow through Middle Franconia. Where the boundaries of these three provinces meet (the '
2545:
in 2010, the city of Nuremberg was one of the top 25 cities in the world in terms of quality of life and came sixth in Germany. In environmental ranking Nuremberg came thirteenth in the world and was the best German city In a survey by the German magazine,
1248:
The region of Franconia is divided among the states of Hesse, Thuringia, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. The largest part of Franconia, both by population and area, belongs to the Free State of Bavaria and is divided into the three administrative regions
7545:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, edited by Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 451–472, here: pp. 455ff.
7433:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, begr. von Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd, revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 702–781, here: pp. 752ff
3418:. The Würzburg area was particularly hard hit with numerous castles and monasteries being burned down. In the end, however, the uprisings were suppressed and for centuries the lowest strata of society were excluded from all political activity.
7583:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, edited by Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 451–472, here: p. 467.
7446:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, begr. von Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 210–315, here: p. 314.
7263:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, begr. von Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd, revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 89–114, here: p. 80.
7234:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, begr. von Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd, revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 47–69, here: p. 60
3341:. Because the extent of Franconia, already referred to above, is disputed, there were many areas that might be counted as part of Franconia today, that lay outside the Franconian Circle. For example, the area of Aschaffenburg belonged to
7398:
In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, begr. von Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd, revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 537–701, here: p.
7250:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, begr. von Max Spindler, 3. Bd., 1. Teilbd: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd, revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 47–69, here: S. 55.
7191:
In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, begr. von Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol.: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, re-published by Andreas Kraus, 3rd, revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 3–46, here: pp.
3800:. Nuremberg, as a major industrial centre and transportation hub, was hit particularly hard. Between 1940 and 1945 the city was the target of dozens of air raids. Many other places were also affected by air raids. For example, the
5708:
In 1818, about 65% of Bavarian Jews lived in the Bavarian part of Franconia; today there are Jewish communities only in Bamberg, Bayreuth, Erlangen, Fürth, Hof, Nuremberg and Würzburg as well as in Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg.
7718:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, ed. Max Spindler, 3rd vol., 1st sub-vol: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, revised by Andreas Kraus, 3rd revised edn., Munich, 1997, pp. 473–495, here: p. 490.
2858:
who settled on the Lower and Middle Main. Many of these hill forts appear to have been destroyed, however, no later than 500 A.D. The reasons are not entirely clear, but it could have been as a result of invasions by the
3770:
made its mark as one of the first towns in the Reich itself to exercise discrimination against the Jewish population. The first Hitler Monument in Germany was established there in April 1933. On 25 March 1934 the first
3998:). Against sometimes great protests by the population, the number of municipalities was reduced by a third and the number of counties by about a half. Among the changes was the transfer of the Middle Franconian county of
2145:
The Mesozoic sediments have been deposited in largescale basin areas. During the Triassic, the Franconian part of these depressions was often part of the mainland, in the Jurassic it was covered for most of the time by a
7663:. In: Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, ed. Max Spindler, 3 vols., 1 sub-vol: History of Franconia to the end of the 18th century, revised by Andreas Kraus, 3rd revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 451-472, here: p. 469
4025:, new markets have opened up for the Franconian region of Bavaria in the new (formerly East German) federal states and the Czech Republic, enabling the economy to recover. Today, Franconia is in the centre of the EU (at
2846:
controlled the new areas. More such Gau forts have been detected north of the former Limes as well. Which tribe their occupants belonged to is unknown in most cases. However, it is likely that it was mainly Alemanni and
3463:, which was the greatest strain on the cohesion of the Franconian Circle Initially, Franconia was not a theatre of war, although marauding armies repeatedly crossed its territory. However, in 1631, Swedish troops under
1761:
3921:
which was a long way from the markets for its agricultural produce, and was affected by migration and relatively high unemployment, which is why these areas received special support from federal and state governments.
3146:
became ever more powerful. After the Interregnum, however, the rulers succeeded in re-establishing a stronger royal lordship in Franconia. Franconia soon played an important role again for the monarchy at the time of
3871:
against leaders of the German Empire during the Nazi era, held from 20 November 1945 to 14 April 1949. The Nuremberg Trials are considered a breakthrough for the principle that, for a core set of crimes, there is no
3029:
which was fuelled and controlled by the crown. The outcome of this feud meant the loss of power for the Babenbergs, but indirectly resulted in the Conradines winning the crown of East Francia. Sometime around 906,
6760:
966:. Though located on the southeastern periphery of the area, the Nuremberg metropolitan area is often identified as the economic and cultural centre of Franconia. Further cities in Bavarian Franconia include
3949:
of industrial facilities) which made the initial economic conditions in East Germany very difficult. Along with the failed economic policies of the GDR, this led to a general frustration that fuelled the
469:, and historically formed their easternmost settlement area. The origins of Franconia lie in the settlement of the Franks from the 6th century in the area probably populated until then mainly by the
2818:
was built as a border facing the Germanic tribes to the north. This defensive line ran through the south of Franconia and described an arc across the region whose northernmost point lay at present-day
8350:, The State Commissioner of Thuringia for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic and State Centre for Political Education, Thuringia, Sömmerda, 2003, p. 180
1636:
Franconia's flora is dominated by deciduous and coniferous forests. Natural forests in Franconia occur mainly in the ranges of the Spessart, Franconian Forest, Odenwald and Steigerwald. The Nuremberg
8509:
8185:
3604:
had not authorised this. In 1806 and 1810, Prussia had to release the territories of Ansbach and Bayreuth, which it had annexed in 1792, to Bavaria, whereby Prussia lost its supremacy in the region.
9259:
1725:. The reason was the negative attitude of local population. Conservationists are now demanding protection for parts of the Steigerwald by nominating it for a World Heritage Site. There are several
3455:
within the Empire. In Franconia, the margraves of Ansbach and Bayreuth as well as the imperial cities were part of this alliance. The Catholic side responded in 1609 with a counter-alliance, the
247:
2509:, along with genuine fossils from the Würzburg area. However, it is not entirely clear whether the Beringer forgeries were actually planted or whether he himself was responsible for the fraud.
7928:
3107:
and an important centre of the Empire. Because parts of the Bishopric of Würzburg also fell to Bamberg, Würzburg was enfeoffed several royal estates by King Henry II by way of compensation.
2639:) in 1500 to embrace the principalities that grew out of the eastern half of the former duchy. The territory of the Franconian Circle roughly corresponds with modern Franconia. The title of
7753:
6757:
Crustal evolution and geodynamic processes in Central Europe. Proceedings of the Joint conference of the Czech and German geological societies held in Plzeň (Pilsen), September 16–19, 2013.
4272:. Such an ethnic identity is generally not shared by speakers of Central Franconian, Low Franconian, Rhenish Franconian or South Franconian, some of whom may identify as Rhine Franconians (
3867:
and the Franconian parts of today's Baden-Württemberg also went to the American zone The most important part of the Allied prosecution programme against leaders of the Nazi regime were the
3972:
on 3 October 1990, made possible mainly by mass demonstrations in East Germany and local exodus of East Germans, the state of Thuringia was reformed with effect from 14 October 1990.
6394:
3722:
8362:
3600:
of 1803, Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden seized the territories of the Imperial Knights and Franconian nobility, whose estates were often no bigger than a few parishes, even though the
2023:
Central European Variscan orogeny, the Spessart belongs to the Central German Crystalline Zone. The Münchberg mass is variously attributed to the Saxo-Thuringian or Moldanubian Zones.
846:
The present-day Upper, Lower and Middle Franconian administrative districts (in blue), with adjacent East Franconian language areas in Thuringia (tan) and in Baden-Württemberg (yellow)
8690:
3808:, in which both old towns were almost completely destroyed, was a disaster for both cities. By contrast, the old town of Bamberg was almost completely spared. In order to protect
7123:
2779:
from the north, the Celtic culture began to fall into decline. The southern parts of present-day Franconia soon fell under Roman control; however, most of the region remained in
1757:
3651:
from Bamberg to Kelheim, which was only abandoned in 1950. However, the canal lost much of its importance shortly after the arrival of the railways. Between 1843 and 1854, the
2407:
were first discovered there in 1834, it was the first discovery of a dinosaur on German soil, and this occurred even before the name "dinosauria" was coined. Another important
2189:
6070:, ed. by Wolfgang Jahn / Jutta Schumann / Evamaria Brockhoff, Augsburg, 2004 (Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 47/04), pp. 174–176, Cat. No. 51. Siehe
3358:
1844:
3738:
2046:, the Saxo-Thuringian-Moldanubian basement was uplifted in places up to 2000 m above the Franconian Platform. The western two-thirds of Franconia is dominated by the
1817:
in Franconia are found mainly in uplands like the Steigerwald, in large forests like Nuremberg's Imperial Forest or along rivers like the Altmühl. There are also numerous
3330:
358:
dialects are mostly East Franconian. The inhabitants of Saxon Vogtland, however, mostly do not consider themselves Franconian. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the
8403:
2366:
became the type locality of two relatively well-known marine reptiles of the Triassic period, later found in other parts of Central Europe: the "flat tooth lizard",
1598:
7559:
3241:
8440:
Based on the combined populations of the provinces of Middle, Upper and Lower Franconia in Bavaria as well as the counties of South Thuringia and Tauber Franconia.
7079:
3251:
4036:
3325:
Members of the Franconian Circle included the imperial cities, the prince-bishoprics, the Bailiwick of Franconia of the Teutonic Order and several counties. The
8473:
7964:
2783:. Initially, Rome tried to extend its direct influence far to the northeast; in the longer term, however, the Germanic-Roman frontier formed further southwest.
2138:, which stand out from the landscape and form the actual ridge of the Franconian Jura itself. In the Jura, mostly siliciclastic sedimentary rocks formed in the
8611:
3845:
3837:
3700:
1810:
1656:. In the river valleys along the Main and Tauber, the countryside was developed for viticulture. In Spessart there are great oak forests. Also widespread are
3256:
2290:
2938:). However, in the 10th and 11th centuries, they largely gave up their own language and cultural tradition. The majority of the population of Franconia was
6996:
6977:
6415:
3266:
3206:
5598:
among the population of Franconia is roughly the same, but varies from region to region. Large areas of Middle and Upper Franconia are mainly Protestant.
2240:. These thin sections had already been prepared and investigated in the 1970s but the archaeocyathids among them were apparently overlooked at that time.
1220:, whose inhabitants do not call themselves Franks, is also controversial. Moreover, the sense of belonging to Franconia in the Frankish-speaking areas of
7035:
4369:
with just 5,516 inhabitants. The largest cities within Bavaria are Nuremberg (523,026), Fürth (131,433), Würzburg (127,810) and Erlangen (116,562).
3946:
3222:
1806:
1685:
4307:, all cities in Franconia and all towns with a population of over 40,000 are within the Free State of Bavaria. By far the largest city in Franconia is
3942:
3699:. This caused fighting between the opposing camps and the then prime minister was shot. As a result, the government fled to Bamberg in 1919, where the
3633:
3329:
with their tiny territories, of which there was a particularly large number in Franconia, were outside the Circle assembly and, until 1806, formed the
1928:
6287:
6953:
1835:
1622:
1602:
7012:
8873:
6562:
3516:
1998:
shale and greywacke of Franconian Forest. The Fichtel mountains, the Münchberg Plateau and the Spessart, by contrast, have more metamorphic rocks (
9202:
8865:
7748:
3907:
were settled particularly in rural areas. After 1945, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg managed the transition from economies that were predominantly
2972:
to the Franks, suffering martyrdom in Würzburg in the late 7th century, probably did not encounter any pagans in the ducal court. It was probably
1693:
reservoir was built, a bird island was created and designated as a nature reserve where a variety of birds nest. Another important reserve is the
8615:
8474:
Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag
7633:
7613:
2934:
started to populate the northeastern parts of the region from the east, because the area of today's Upper Franconia was very sparsely populated (
1683:
Franconia has several regions with sandy habitats that are unique for south Germany and are protected as the so-called Sand Belt of Franconia or
7991:
6857:
1690:
1645:
8359:
6476:
5822:
3539:. Culturally it is in many ways different from Bavaria proper ("Altbayern", Old Bavaria), however. The ancient name was resurrected in 1837 by
9068:
9057:
6634:
6232:
5678:
studies. But Franconia also began to exclude the Jewish populations particularly early on. For example, there were two Jewish massacres – the
8454:
6272:
5640:
4026:
3904:
1653:
608:
gradually gained control of (and so gave their name to) what is now Franconia during the 6th to 8th centuries. English distinguishes between
6497:
2243:
Better known and more highly respected fossil finds in Franconia come from the unfolded sedimentary rocks of the Triassic and Jurassic. The
1840:
3986:
In the years from 1971 to 1980 an administrative reform was carried out in Bavaria with the aim of creating more efficient municipalities (
3074:
considered to be under the sphere of the bishops of Würzburg as the true Franconia, its territory gradually shrinking to its present area.
3034:
succeeded in establishing his ducal hegemony over Franconia, but when the direct Carolingian male line failed in 911, Conrad was acclaimed
2707:
about 600,000 years ago. Probably the oldest human remains in the Bavarian part of Franconia were found in the cave ruins of Hunas at
2359:
6869:
Emily J. Rayfield, Paul M. Barrett, Andrew R. Milner: Utility and Validity of Middle and Late Triassic 'Land Vertebrate Faunachrons'. In:
9284:
7055:
3042:
was fairly fragmented and the duke's position was often disputed between the chief families. Conrad had granted Franconia to his brother
8685:
7396:
Die innere Entwicklung vom Interregnum bis 1800: Staat, Gesellschaft, Kirche Wirtschaft. - Staat und Gesellschaft. Erster Teil: bis 1500
6374:
5313:
8256:
7118:
6249:
7833:
7805:
7491:
7171:
6541:
6516:
6211:
3926:
3880:
state were held accountable for their actions. In autumn 1946, the Free State of Bavaria was reconstituted with the enactment of the
3380:
was printed. The majority of other Franconian imperial cities and imperial knights embraced the new confession. In the course of the
2363:
5654:
community in Franconia. The Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of Germany, Central and Northern Europe has its headquarters in Nuremberg.
7950:, published by the House of Bavarian history as No. 9 of ten booklets on Bavarian History and Culture, 1989, pp. 22-25, here: p. 23
7345:
3938:
3852:
5858:
1994:. Rocks which were unchanged or only lightly metamorphosed, because they had been deformed at shallow crustal depths, include the
1077:
8064:
published by the House of Bavarian History as No. 9 of the booklets on Bavarian History and Culture, 1989, pp. 26-28, here: p. 26
2474:
is the other "big" and similarly famous fossil locality in the Solnhofen Formation, situated on the southern edge of the Jura in
1032:
6434:
3805:
1890:
have grown in numbers. There are occasional sightings of animals that had long been extinct in Central Europe, for example, the
1062:
9207:
6735:
6708:
6667:
6613:
6589:
3903:) to create the present state of Baden-Württemberg. On 1 December 1945 the state of Hesse was founded. Beginning in 1945,
1850:
Like large parts of Germany, Franconia only has a few large species of wild animal. Forest dwellers include various species of
8619:
6800:
5670:. The first Jewish communities appeared in Franconia in the 12th and 13th centuries and thus later than, for example, in
3778:
in Bavaria took place in Gunzenhausen. The attack brought the town negative press coverage worldwide. On 15 September, a
1089:
9146:
9131:
9116:
9053:
9038:
8968:
8953:
8927:
8912:
8582:
8400:
8222:
6794:
Wirbeltier-Fährten aus dem Rötquarzit (Oberer Buntsandstein, Mittlere Trias) von Hardheim bei Wertheim/Main (Süddeutschland).
6661:
GeoBavaria. 600 million years Bavaria. International Edition. GeoBavaria. 600 Millionen Jahre Bayern. Internationale Edition.
3429:, to create a duchy over which he would rule. Large areas of Franconia were eventually devastated in the fighting until King
1741:
561:
8529:
7325:
4331:
with around 1.4 million inhabitants. Nuremberg is the fourteenth largest city in Germany and the second largest in Bavaria.
9164:
7102:
1166:
9191:
9141:
Interdisciplinary conference 29 to 30 September 2006 in Weißenburg i. Bayern (Mittelfränkische Studien 19) Ansbach, 2008,
8578:
Aufsatzband zur Landesausstellung 2006, Augsburg, 2006 (Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 51), see
7923:
booklets on Bavarian History and Culture, Volume 26, published by the House of Bavarian History in collaboration with the
7567:
6931:
Zitteliana, Series B: Treatises of the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology. Vol. 24, 2003, pp. 3-186,
6136:
5919:
industry stresses the romantic character of Franconia, including the picturesque countryside and many historic buildings.
1487:, which are mostly used as water reserves for the relatively dry landscapes of Franconia. These include the waters of the
8824:
7661:
Von der Bildung des Fränkischen Reichskreises und dem Beginn der Reformation bis zum Augsburger Religionsfrieden von 1555
7581:
Von der Bildung des Fränkischen Reichskreises und dem Beginn der Reformation bis zum Augsburger Religionsfrieden von 1555
7554:
7543:
Von der Bildung des Fränkischen Reichskreises und dem Beginn der Reformation bis zum Augsburger Religionsfrieden von 1555
3524:
3504:
3467:
advanced into Franconia and established a large encampment in summer 1632 around Nuremberg. However, the Swedes lost the
3425:
attempted to break the supremacy of the mighty imperial city of Nuremberg and to secularise the ecclesial estates in the
3301:
4143:
3085:
Unlike the other stem duchies, Franconia became the homeland and power base of East Frankish and German kings after the
8380:
8303:
6854:(Jaeger, 1828) from the Middle Triassic (Lettenkeuper: Longobardian) of Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Thüringen).
6778:
Kaup, 1835 - das Typusmaterial aus dem Buntsandstein bei Hildburghausen/Thüringen und das "Chirotherium-Monument".
6753:
First proof of archaeocyathid-bearing Lower Cambrian in the Franconian Forest (Saxothuringian Zone, Northeast Bavaria).
6455:
6312:
5950:
17:
4115:
1777:
9086:
9023:
9001:
8983:
8897:
8715:
8629:
8168:
8138:
8133:]. Veröffentlichungen des Archivs der Stadt Heilbronn (in German). Vol. 36. Stuttgart: Theiss. p. 173.
7959:
4162:
3864:
3035:
2552:, on quality of life in 2014, the districts of Eichstätt and Fürth were among the top positions in the table. In the
6727:
Stefan Glaser, Gerhard Doppler and Klaus Schwerde. (eds.): Stefan Glaser, Gerhard Doppler und Klaus Schwerd (Red.):
5629:, it had been an exclusively Protestant imperial city and belonged to the Protestant league of imperial states, the
1507:
ranges dominate the Franconian countryside. In the southeast, Franconia is shielded from the rest of Bavaria by the
1372:
1125:
not. Pointers to a more precise definition of Franconia's boundaries include: the territories covered by the former
6353:
5615:
5560:. Numerous other languages are spoken that come from other language regions or the native countries of immigrants.
3644:
in 1871, which weakened her power Bavaria slightly, the conflict between Franconia and Bavaria eased considerably.
9169:
8277:
5842:
8026:
7607:
5647:
and the increasing mobility of the population has since blurred denominational geographical boundaries, however.
5606:
cities and the margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth have remained mainly Lutheran. The region around the city of
4122:
3139:
2907:
737:
9182:
9159:
8763:
8488:– Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022 (from the 31st of December 2022) (CSV-File)]
7875:
6991:
1463:. It thus complements the Rhine, Main and Danube, helping to ensure a continuous navigable waterway between the
1120:
Here: the vestry of Meiningen's municipal church in South Thuringia. The Franconian Rake may be seen on the left
8843:
8747:
7460:
7410:
7375:
4100:
1753:
1583:
1571:
1560:
9220:
7859:
7030:
394:
are sometimes regarded as Franconian for historical reasons, but a Franconian identity did not develop there.
374:) do consider themselves Franconian, although not speaking the dialect. Heilbronn-Franconia's largest city of
8860:
8105:
5635:
4324:
3640:
and Montgelas' aforementioned policy of unification, and, on the other hand, the inclusion of Bavaria in the
3629:
3612:
3573:
3500:
3464:
3188:
As of the 13th century, the following states, among others, had formed in the territory of the former Duchy:
1818:
1134:
410:
1780:
which straddles Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Hesse. Nature parks cover almost half the area of Franconia.
1730:
1483:
in origin, and Franconia escaped both influences in recent earth history. Among the largest waterbodies are
920:
8387:
8284:
8205:
7467:
7417:
7382:
7352:
6759:
Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften. No. 82, 2013, p. 50 (full text:
5595:
4212:
4129:
3236:
1788:
1749:
219:
8421:"Predominantly Protestant and predominantly Catholic regions in Franconia, denomination distribution 1750"
4840:
3841:
2247:, however, only has a relatively small number of preserved whole fossils. Much more commonly, it contains
1745:
9279:
9269:
8296:
6557:
3856:
3493:
Franconia never developed into a unified territorial state, because the patchwork quilt of small states (
2764:
2273:
in the Thuringian part of Franconia, where it occurs in the so-called Thuringian Chirotherium Sandstone (
1644:, located within the metropolitan region of Nuremberg. Other large areas of forest in the region are the
5876:
3896:
2347:
8198:
4926:
4096:
3930:
3833:
3652:
3047:
2560:
Franconia achieved some of the highest scores, but the region slipped in 2013 to 13th place out of 19.
2498:
1491:, which was established in the 1970s and is also a tourist attraction. The heart of these lakes is the
1323:
28:
4238:
A large portion of the roughly five million inhabitants of Franconia consider themselves Franconians (
4111:
3679:. The first locomotive to run on German soil steamed 1835 from Nuremberg to Fürth on 7 December 1835.
3616:
3093:, the region did not become a strong regional force such as those which formed in Saxony, Bavaria and
1630:
1552:
7988:
6471:
3954:. There were protests in the Franconian territories too, for example in Schmalkalden. The village of
3820:, at the end of March and April 1945, Franconian towns and cities were captured by formations of the
3548:
3138:, Franconia became the centre of power in the Empire. During the time when there was no emperor, the
2731:
became the first nation to be discernible in the region. In northern Franconia they built a chain of
2518:
2497:
An inglorious episode in the history of paleontology took place in Franconia: fake fossils, known as
2286:
2236:. However, the aforementioned archaeocyathids are not three-dimensional fossils, but two-dimensional
1702:
1536:
819:
810:
527:
113:
7892:
6643:
Website of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg with a summary of the essay of the same name in the
6631:
3151:; the itineraries of his successors showing their preference for the Rhine-Main region. In 1376 the
1597:
In addition to the hill and mountain ranges, there are also several very level areas, including the
897:
70:
9274:
6929:
MEYER, 1837 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) aus dem Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) von Bayern.
3813:
3779:
3747:
3704:
3468:
3410:
In 1525, the burden of heavy taxation and socage combined with new, liberal ideas that chimed with
3346:
3152:
3123:
3050:
in 938, he was deposed from his duchy, which disintegrated in 939 on Eberhard's death into West or
2884:
2542:
2391:
1495:, which has an area of 8.7 km and is thus the largest waterbody in Franconia by surface area.
1488:
1038:
745:
240:
8449:
6492:
6269:
3515:. It also played a major role in the control of disease during the 16th and 17th centuries. After
3196:
2830:, but by the mid-third century, the border could no longer be maintained and by 250 A.D. the
2647:
1676:, is characterized by poor grassland of this type. Many of these places have been designated as a
940:
108:
8485:
6856:
Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Series B. No. 278, 1999, pp. 21 and 27 (
6824:
5987:
5864:
5751:
5651:
4089:
3881:
3656:
3415:
3384:
several regions of Franconia returned to Catholicism, however, and there was also an increase in
3130:, which provided the German emperors of the 19th and 20th century. Under the Hohenstaufen kings,
3098:
2548:
2335:
2262:
2230:
2031:
1995:
1773:
932:
134:
6142:
5141:
3396:
2827:
2663:
1765:
1174:
893:
9139:
Frankens Städte und Territorien als Kulturdrehscheibe. Kommunikation in der Mitte Deutschlands.
7059:
5982:
5954:
5602:
5563:
5055:
4376:
Franconia, with its numerous towns, was separate and not part of other territories such as the
3900:
3794:
3691:
the monarchy in Bavaria was abolished, but the state could not agree on a compromise between a
3456:
2976:
who carried the Christian mission deep into the heart of the ordinary population of Franconia.
2298:
1983:
1556:
806:
8099:
6936:
6294:
5900:
One of the best known tourist attractions in Franconia is the town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber
5098:
3999:
3535:
Most of modern-day Franconia became part of Bavaria in 1803 thanks to Bavaria's alliance with
3126:. The burgraviate was ruled from about 1190 by the Zollerns, the Franconian line of the later
1701:, which is one of the most important bog areas in Central Europe. A well known reserve is the
1240:
1047:
96:
8299:
Am Ende der Welt - Entwicklung des westdeutschen Zonenrandgebietes seit der Wiedervereinigung
8118:
6369:
5679:
5591:
4284:
3801:
3127:
3043:
2961:
2222:
2217:-like, goblet-shaped marine organisms, which were discovered in 2013 in a limestone block of
2034:. The regional geological element of the South German Scarplands is the Franconian Platform (
1814:
1649:
1177:(covering the same area as the old county of Alt-Eichstätt), the East Franconian counties of
936:
198:
8251:
8059:
7945:
6513:
6246:
6117:
5939:
runs through the Franconian region with its numerous castles and other medieval structures.
3917:. In Lower and Upper Franconia, there was still the problem, however, of the zone along the
1492:
1377:
655:
8075:
Nürnberg - Ort der Massen. Das Reichsparteitagsgelände. Vorgeschichte und schwieriges Erbe.
7830:
7802:
7702:
7488:
7166:
6536:
6267:
Schwäbisch oder fränkisch? Mundart im Raum Heilbronn Bausteine zu einer Unterrichtseinheit.
6208:
6097:
5717:
Adherents of Islam continue to grow, especially in the larger cities, due to the influx of
5630:
5485:
4388:
with a strong orientation towards Nuremberg. The smallest town in Franconia is Thuringia's
4195:) is predominantly Catholic, while most of Middle and the eastern half of Upper Franconia (
4188:
3969:
3708:
3696:
3624:
3590:
3586:
3460:
3288:
2569:
2436:, probably the first bird geologically. It was discovered in the southern Franconian Jura,
2139:
1769:
1721:
in the Steigerwald caused controversy and its designation was rejected in July 2011 by the
1657:
1299:("Three Franconias Rock"). Small parts of Franconia also belong to the Bavarian regions of
916:
814:
208:
8941:
Appendices to the Yearbook for Franconian State Research, Vol. 1), Neustadt (Aisch), 2003.
6839:
Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 1911 issue, 1911, pp. 78–83
6780:
Publication by the Natural History Museum, Schleusingen, vol. 21, 2006, pp. 3–31
5415:
5286:
5071:
4899:
3975:
3888:
2620:
2297:. There the deposits are somewhat younger (Upper Bunter Sandstone), and the corresponding
1694:
1547:
border on Franconia. The most important hill ranges in the interior of the region are the
1311:
336:
8:
7364:
Meininger Urkundenbuch Nos. 3-5. Reg. Thur. I Nos. 614, 616, 618-. Stadtarchiv Meiningen.
5152:
3959:
3951:
3918:
3892:
3873:
3825:
3540:
3426:
3389:
3381:
3211:
3031:
2704:
2616:
1944:
1822:
1722:
1342:
1216:, which was never part of the Franconian Imperial Circle. The affiliation of the city of
790:
332:
8240:
Demokratischer Neubeginn in Not und Elend. Das Land Württemberg-Baden von 1945 bis 1952.
6823:
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Vol. 28, No. 4, 2008, pp. 1199–1205,
6504:, Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, retrieved 28 May 2014.
6483:, Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, retrieved 28 May 2014.
6021:
East Franconia should not be confused with the eastern division of the Frankish Empire,
5701:
1935:
1575:
537:
9264:
9065:
Franken im Mittelalter. Identität und Profil im Spiegel von Bewußtsein und Vorstellung.
8331:
8122:
7627:
6916:
6895:
5755:
4656:
4136:
3988:
3829:
3821:
3608:
3568:
3350:
3338:
3297:
3261:
3143:
2986:
2980:
2768:
2651:
2642:
1963:
1532:
1361:
1126:
1011:
828:
741:
617:
592:
588:
516:
492:
7530:
An Historical Development of the Present Political Constitution of the Germanic Empire
7148:
Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder, Darmstadt 1999, pp. 173–174
6395:"www.br-online.de: Bund Naturschutz zu Steigerwald – "Imagegewinn durch Nationalpark""
4894:
4366:
4335:
4304:
4183:, Franconia is a mixed area. Lower Franconia and the western half of Upper Franconia (
1606:
1566:
1007:
442:
9142:
9127:
9112:
9097:
9082:
9049:
9034:
9019:
8997:
8979:
8964:
8949:
8923:
8908:
8893:
8711:
8625:
8134:
7216:
Unterfränkische Geschichte. Von der germanischen Landnahme bis zum hohen Mittelalter.
6971:
6913:(Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic, with Comments on the Status of
6732:
6705:
6664:
6632:
Zur Stratigraphie und Tektonik des SE-Randes der Münchberger Gneismasse (Oberfranken)
6610:
6586:
6429:
6409:
6096:, published by the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, Regensburg, 2003, p. 6, see
5683:
5551:
4794:
4748:
4327:
there is a densely populated urban area consisting of Nuremberg, Fürth, Erlangen and
3980:
3913:
3809:
3730:
3430:
3422:
3309:
3246:
3177:
3135:
3051:
2943:
2811:
2632:
2628:
2282:
2155:
1544:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1459:
connects the Main and Danube across Franconia, running from Bamberg via Nuremberg to
1456:
1331:
1205:
1198:
1130:
912:
908:
851:
794:
786:
770:
631:
547:
504:
496:
324:
294:
266:
101:
7097:
6797:
3891:
was founded on 19 September 1945. On 25 April 1952 this state merged with
3395:
movement spread early on across the Franconian area. Important Baptist centres were
1673:
1524:
766:
458:, which is mainly to be found in this region. They are to be distinguished from the
7924:
6932:
6874:
6420:
Press report on the rejected Steigerwald National Park at BR-online, Studio-Franken
5958:
5806:
5650:
The influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe has also seen the establishment of an
5644:
5626:
4883:
4377:
4007:
3868:
3817:
3519:
abdicated in 1792, the former margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth were annexed by
3452:
3227:
3131:
3119:
3090:
2947:
2864:
2584:
2557:
2389:) is one of the best known and most common species of dinosaurs of Central Europe:
2306:
2244:
2099:
2067:
2019:
1991:
1975:
1924:
1665:
1405:
1349:
1327:
1315:
1300:
1295:
1254:
1221:
1190:
1182:
1158:
1146:
952:
904:
871:
778:
557:
459:
379:
304:
9197:
8579:
8217:
8117:
5442:
2786:
2340:
9186:
8847:
8828:
8694:
8586:
8533:
8526:
8458:
8407:
8366:
8260:
8226:
8172:
7995:
7968:
7863:
7837:
7809:
7757:
7563:
7495:
7487:, published by the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, Regensburg, 2003, p. 21, see
7329:
7322:
7175:
7127:
7106:
7039:
7000:
6804:
6739:
6712:
6671:
6638:
6617:
6593:
6566:
6545:
6520:
6501:
6480:
6459:
6438:
6378:
6357:
6316:
6276:
6253:
6215:
6071:
5997:
5992:
5920:
5622:
5567:
5410:
4385:
4347:
4292:
4227:
3620:
3556:
3411:
3342:
3326:
3305:
3201:
3173:
3169:
3156:
2935:
2534:
2502:
2396:
2131:
2119:
2043:
2039:
1979:
1883:
1669:
1508:
1397:
1353:
1270:
1262:
1178:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1114:
875:
832:
758:
705:
363:
359:
320:
316:
308:
300:
282:
253:
232:
55:
8476:(Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011) (from the 31st of December 2022)
8056:
Bayern zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik und des Nationalsozialismus (1918 - 1945).
5666:, Franconia was a region with significant Jewish communities, most of whom were
5356:
5012:
2281:
is also found in the Bavarian and Württemberg parts of Franconia. Sites include
1204:
In individual cases the membership of some areas is disputed. These include the
943:, the inhabitants have preserved their Franconian identity. Franconian areas in
692:
The Franconian lands lie principally in Bavaria, north and south of the sinuous
9174:
9074:
8272:
7261:
Die politische Entwicklung bis zur Eingliederung ins Merowingische Frankenreich
7018:
6032:
5977:
5696:
5667:
5453:
4518:
4472:
4180:
3783:
3660:
3582:
3495:
3354:
3314:
3160:
3148:
3026:
3006:
2973:
2919:
2815:
2712:
2521:
2329:
2270:
2151:
1940:
1887:
1793:
1677:
1504:
1413:
867:
836:
522:
387:
8976:
Leben und Leiden während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges in Thüringen und Franken.
8821:
8420:
8297:
at-end-of-world-development-of-west German-zone border area-since-the-reunion
7729:
Bayern im Zeitalter von Reformation und Gegenreformation (16./17. Jahrhundert)
7674:
Bayern im Zeitalter von Reformation und Gegenreformation (16./17. Jahrhundert)
7509:
Bayern im Zeitalter von Reformation und Gegenreformation (16./17. Jahrhundert)
6207:
published by the House of Bavarian History, Regensburg, 2003, p. 37, see
1948:
1791:. Among the most picturesque geotopes in Bavaria, are the Franconian sites of
1717:
blocks up to several metres across. The establishment of the first Franconian
9253:
9235:
9222:
8989:
8869:
8624:(in German) (2nd, revised ed.), Nuremberg: W. Tümmels Verlag,
7866:, material from the State Exhibition in 1999 by the House of Bavarian History
7042:, www.lfu.bayern.de, Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, retrieved 23 May 2014.
5946:
5932:
5923:, the rich tradition of beer brewing and local culinary specialties, such as
5556:
5542:
5324:
4716:
4381:
4249:
4208:
4052:
4039:
4011:
4003:
3692:
3641:
3552:
3512:
3373:
3068:) and was directly subordinated to the Reich. Only after that was the former
2780:
2484:
2475:
2454:
2432:
2325:
2210:
2198:
2063:
2026:
A substantially larger part of the shallow subsurface in Franconia comprises
1891:
1875:
1718:
1357:
1304:
1282:
1278:
1213:
1186:
1170:
983:
879:
805:. The Franconian lands include the present-day South Thuringian districts of
774:
753:
470:
391:
371:
84:
8752:, State Association of Jewish communities in Bavaria, retrieved 24 May 2014.
7877:
Der Friede von Lunéville (1801) und der Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (1803)
6450:
6307:
5797:
3955:
2839:
2440:
at the famous fossil site of Solnhofen in the Solnhofen Platform Limestone (
1440:. In the northeast of Upper Franconia rise two left-hand tributaries of the
708:
headstreams, drains most of Franconia. Other large rivers include the upper
9046:
Geschichte Frankens. Vom Ausgang der Antike bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches.
8572:Überwiegend protestantische und überwiegend katholische Gebiete in Franken.
8165:
8154:
Bamberg, die Altstadt als Denkmal: Denkmalschutz, Modernisierung, Sanierung
7829:, published by the house of Bavarian History, Regensburg, 2003, p. 38, see
7801:, published by the House of Bavarian History, Regensburg, 2003, p. 35, see
7701:, published by the House of Bavarian History, Regensburg, 2003, p. 19, see
7085:
6821:, a Procolophonid Reptile from the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein of Germany.
6022:
5747:
5719:
5573:
4969:
4200:
4030:
3934:
3787:
3767:
3755:
3648:
3637:
3377:
2994:
2990:
2965:
2957:
2819:
2776:
2772:
2708:
2699:
2654:
until 1918. Examples of Franconian cities founded by Frankish noblemen are
2608:
2463:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2237:
2147:
1879:
1591:
1476:
1385:
1348:
The Franconian regions in Hesse form the smaller parts of the districts of
1335:
1286:
1145:
The following regions are counted as part of Franconia today: the Bavarian
1096:
991:
928:
798:
693:
621:
601:
478:
474:
455:
413:
with around 1.3 million inhabitants. Other important Franconian cities are
9212:
9101:
6915:
Conchiosaurus clavatus. Fieldiana Geology, New Series, No. 34, 1996.
5949:, the first German long distance cycleway to be awarded five stars by the
5813:
5763:
5688:
5184:
3503:, the Circle had become an almost independent organization and joined the
2471:
2452:, in the very fine-grained, laminated lagoon limestones are the pterosaur
1874:. In natural areas such as the Fichtel mountains there are populations of
1802:
1209:
1053:
7157:
Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder, Darmstadt 1999
5936:
5928:
5909:
5868:
5849:
5789:
5777:
5769:
5227:
4808:
4762:
4373:
4265:
4176:
3908:
3877:
3688:
3676:
3596:
3511:
as an almost sovereign state. The Circle also developed early forms of a
3472:
3385:
3369:
3103:
3038:, largely because of his weak position in his own duchy. Franconia, like
2950:
2946:, The first people to spread the Christian faith strongly were wandering
2899:
2883:
Franconian warrior's grave goods from the early mediaeval burial site of
2855:
2754:
2740:
2720:
2687:
2674:
2593:
2490:
2467:
2400:
2386:
2374:
2351:
2305:). Among the less significant body fossil records of vertebrates are the
2221:
age, about 520 million years old. The block comes from the vicinity
2206:
2082:
and the mixed, but predominantly siliciclastic, sedimentary rocks of the
2079:
2007:
1955:
Only in the extreme northeast of Franconia and in the Spessart are there
1855:
1737:
1726:
1587:
1548:
1449:
1445:
987:
605:
488:
355:
125:
7130:. Nordbayern.de, published 5 November 2013, retrieved 10 September 2014.
6348:
5281:
5270:
4532:
4343:
4316:
2923:
2723:
occur here and the soils are only moderately fertile. In the subsequent
2655:
2321:
2294:
1982:- before about 380 to 300 million years ago - and, in places, were
1590:. The lowest point in Franconia is the water level of the river Main in
1274:
967:
541:
414:
174:
5904:
5692:
5671:
5066:
4389:
4339:
4103: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3763:
3743:
3712:
3445:
3322:) and, in 1572, was the only Circle to issue its own police ordinance.
3022:
3018:
2843:
2716:
2624:
2233:
2159:
2135:
2127:
2123:
1912:
1710:
1626:
1579:
1015:
944:
907:
region along the Tauber river, which as of 2014 is largely part of the
667:
328:
8792:
8461:: www.bayern.de, Bayerisches Landesportal. Accessed 15 September 2022.
8338:
C.H. Beck, Munich, 2004, chapter on "Die Reparationsfrage", pp. 75-84.
7774:
Bayern im Zeitalter des Fürstlichen Absolutismus (17./18. Jahrhundert)
7594:
Verfolgt – gefoltert – verbrannt. Die Opfer des Hexenwahns in Franken.
6837:
Ueber die Procolophoniden, mit einer neuen Form aus dem Buntsandstein.
6527:, stellvertretend für alle Europäischen Vogelschutzgebieten in Franken
6002:
5961:, was the second German long distance cycleway to receive five stars.
5731:) have sprung up, which are gradually being replaced by purpose-built
5610:, which belonged to the Margraviate of Bayreuth, was a refuge for the
4702:
3859:; whilst South Thuringia, with the exception of smaller enclaves like
2623:
and most of today's Franconia. After the dissolution of the so-called
2462:
as well as numerous extremely detailed examples of invertebrates e.g.
2324:
near Coburg, both from the Thuringian Chirotherium Sandstone, and the
1986:
under high pressure and temperature or were crystallized by ascending
1425:
1421:
729:
7515:, published by the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte as Issue 9 of the
7304:, published by the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte as Issue 9 of the
7280:, published by the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte as Issue 9 of the
6122:, published by the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte as Issue 9 of the
6031:
in Latin. This refers to the much larger area which later became the
5829:
5793:
5759:
5724:
5528:
5501:
5496:
5372:
5367:
5109:
5028:
4980:
4440:
4359:
4355:
4334:
The largest settlements in Baden-Württemberg's Franconian region are
4328:
4311:
with more than 500,000 inhabitants. The other three major cities are
4308:
4261:
3994:
3964:
3797:
3716:
3664:
3508:
3433:
together with several dukes and princes decided to overthrow Albert.
3402:
3217:
3086:
3039:
3014:
2902:
in the 6th century, the present region of Franconia also fell to the
2823:
2795:
2749:
2732:
2683:
2506:
2459:
2445:
2174:
2103:
2091:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2051:
1919:
1907:
1867:
1706:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1319:
1217:
1194:
1023:
1003:
959:
924:
884:
802:
782:
591:
in turn derives from a word meaning "daring, bold", cognate with old
531:
438:
398:
375:
189:
166:
9096:
Verlag Nürnberger Presse Drexel, Merkel & Co., Nuremberg, 1955,
8840:
8771:
6066:
Karten zur Geschichte Bayerns: Jutta Schumann / Dieter J. Weiß, in:
4078:
3793:
Like all parts of the German Reich, Franconia was badly affected by
1118:
may be used as an indicator of whether a place is part of Franconia.
935:
dialects are spoken. Furthermore, in those easternmost parts of the
842:
9179:
8610:
7854:
5663:
5611:
5607:
5238:
5195:
4670:
4610:
4578:
4320:
4257:
4253:
4222:
in Middle Franconia historically (before the Nazi era) had a large
4204:
4196:
3782:
was specially convened in Nuremberg for the purpose of passing the
3672:
3578:
3536:
3441:
3165:
2930:. Later, the diocese of Bamberg was added. In the 7th century, the
2848:
2831:
2803:
2724:
2589:
2412:
2368:
2355:
2313:
2252:
2218:
2183:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2047:
2027:
1999:
1956:
1863:
1859:
1540:
1528:
1290:
1266:
975:
971:
948:
859:
855:
824:
762:
500:
422:
402:
382:-speaking, and therefore only sometimes regarded as Franconian. In
367:
343:
261:
178:
9067:(Vorträge und Forschungen, Sonderband 51), Ostfildern, 2008 (c.f.
9011:. In: Jahrbuch für Regionalgeschichte 23 (2005), pp. 145–158.
8348:
Quellen zur Geschichte Thüringens. Der 17. Juni 1953 in Thüringen.
6796:
Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B. No. 230, 1995,
5896:
5566:, the dialect spoken in Franconia, is entirely different from the
5546:
Distribution of the East Franconian dialects with transition zones
4486:
4312:
4219:
3941:, the state of Thuringia was relieved of its function. The Soviet
3436:
3110:
3025:
fought for power in Franconia. Ultimately this discord led to the
1617:
1137:, the common culture and history of the region and the use of the
963:
406:
170:
6183:
herausgegeben vom Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte als Heft 9 der
5942:
5916:
5792:: pressed or jellied pork trimmings, like tongue, cheeks, etc.).
5781:
5458:
5329:
5243:
5200:
5157:
5114:
4985:
4942:
4856:
4851:
4813:
4767:
4721:
4675:
4629:
4624:
4583:
4537:
4491:
4445:
4192:
4184:
3979:
The administrative reform in Bavaria in the Franconian county of
3860:
3668:
3520:
3476:
3459:. The conflicts between the two camps ultimately resulted in the
3392:
3180:
worked in the Bishopric of Würzburg and had short term commands.
2969:
2890:
2879:
2759:
2744:
2736:
2694:
2659:
2015:
1971:
1959:
1871:
1714:
1661:
1460:
1401:
1389:
1258:
1162:
1069:
999:
979:
892:, and the Danube basin. The northern parts of the Upper Bavarian
701:
697:
551:
426:
418:
312:
278:
182:
155:
142:
8876:. Online at www.swp.de. 31 October 2009; retrieved 6 April 2010.
8009:
Gaibach. Eine Jubelfeier für die bayerische Verfassung von 1818?
5399:
3958:
became famous because, for 41 years, it was divided by the
3758:
Nuremberg played a prominent role in the self-expression of the
3623:
of small states in Franconia and Swabia into a greater Bavaria,
3571:
was given large parts of Franconia through the enactment of the
2501:, were acquired in the 1720s by Würzburg doctor and naturalist,
2166:), which has ultimately led to formation of today's landscapes.
2087:
1698:
1471:. In Franconia, there are only a few, often very small, natural
1108:
748:
has become a popular destination for day-trippers and tourists.
327:—which constitutes the language boundary between Franconian and
8498:
Bevölkerung der Gemeinden vom Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik
7780:, published by the House of Bavarian History as Issue 9 of the
7735:, published by the House of Bavarian History as Issue 9 of the
7680:, published by the House of Bavarian History as Issue 9 of the
7444:
Die innere Entwicklung: Staat, Gesellschaft, Kirche, Wirtschaft
6892:: Systematics, Morphology, Paleobiogeography, and Paleobiology.
6729:
GeoBavaria. 600 Millionen Jahre Bayern. Internationale Edition.
6702:
Erläuterungen zur Geologischen Karte von Bayern 1:500 000.
6607:
GeoBavaria. 600 Millionen Jahre Bayern. Internationale Edition.
6583:
GeoBavaria. 600 Millionen Jahre Bayern. Internationale Edition.
5732:
4937:
4269:
4245:
4223:
3876:
from prosecution. For the first time, the representatives of a
3816:
was built below Nuremberg Castle. In the closing stages of the
3775:
3772:
3759:
3479:
3094:
3079:
2998:
2927:
2903:
2868:
2835:
2807:
2580:
2382:
2214:
2095:
2083:
2011:
2003:
1970:
exerted a northwards-oriented pressure. These are rocks of pre-
1851:
1784:
1641:
1429:
1417:
1393:
995:
889:
733:
725:
721:
713:
653:
584:
574:
466:
462:
430:
351:
347:
274:
215:
194:
9016:
Naturerlebnis Franken. Streifzüge durch eine Seelenlandschaft.
7081:
Landkreis Eichstätt ist die lebenswerteste Region Deutschlands
5945:
along the large rivers is very popular, for example along the
3485:
2775:
in the first century B.C. and the simultaneous advance of the
777:(officially part of Lower Franconia), whose inhabitants speak
9009:
Geschichtslandschaft Franken - wohlbestelltes Feld mit Lücken
7716:
Vom Augsburger Religionsfrieden bis zum Dreißigjährigen Krieg
5773:
5727:
from Muslim countries. As a result, many "backyard mosques" (
5675:
3790:
ideology of the Nazis became a legal basis for such actions.
3750:
period from 1605 until the destruction of its façade in 1945.
3362:
3010:
3002:
2939:
2931:
2915:
2898:
With their victories over the heartlands of the Alamanni and
2728:
2679:
2612:
2163:
1987:
1830:
1733:, which, since 1969, has been one of the largest in Germany.
1475:. This is due to fact that most natural lakes in Germany are
1437:
1433:
1409:
1006:. The major (East) Franconian towns in Baden-Württemberg are
717:
709:
383:
8080:
6035:
and of which the whole of the Duchy of Franconia was a part.
3746:
in Nuremberg was one of the most important buildings of the
3101:
and endowed it with rich estates. Bamberg became a favoured
2350:
began systematic fossil gathering and digs and in the Upper
1911:
Opened-up, copper-ore-bearing, Spessart crystalline rock in
1232:
354:) are sometimes regarded as Franconian as well, because the
8451:
Das Land Bayern: Menschen in Bayern - Tradition und Zukunft
7908:
Reich und Staat: Eine kleine deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte
7120:
Glücksatlas 2013: Franken sind so unglücklich wie nie zuvor
5883:
5023:
4351:
4287:
counts Franconians as one of the "four tribes of Bavaria" (
3544:
2953:
2860:
2075:
1967:
1826:
1472:
1441:
1392:. The tributaries of these two rivers in Franconia are the
1236:
The Bavarian provinces of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia
1019:
761:. The Western natural border of Franconia is formed by the
434:
7961:
Fränkischer Reichskreis: So entstand der "Tag der Franken"
7218:, Vol. 1. Würzburg, 1989; second edition: 1990, pp. 27–37.
7003:, Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, retrieved 23 May 2014.
6755:
In: Jiři Žák, Gernold Zulauf, Heinz-Gerd Röhling (Hrsg.):
3855:
on 8 May 1945, Bavarian Franconia became part of the
3836:
lasted five days and resulted in at least 901 deaths. The
3636:
in 1832. On the one hand the reconciliation policy of the
2867:. In many cases, however, it was probably conquest by the
2719:, the region was probably only sparsely inhabited, as few
1605:. In the south of Franconia are smaller parts of the flat
8728:
Alltag und Tradition: Eine fränkisch-jüdische Geographie.
8666:
Alltag und Tradition: Eine fränkisch-jüdische Geographie.
8645:
Alltag und Tradition: Eine fränkisch-jüdische Geographie.
8306:, published 18 November 2013, retrieved 9 September 2014.
8263:, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg
7971:, www.br.de, Bayerischer Rundfunk, retrieved 28 June 2014
7750:
Aus Österreich vertrieben: Glaubensflüchtlinge in Franken
6659:
Stefan Glaser, Gerhard Doppler and Klaus Schwerd (eds.):
6336:
5577:) of Franconia (compared to blue and white for Bavaria).
4564:
3719:
and was instead united with Bavaria on 1 July 1920.
2693:
Fossil finds show that the region was already settled by
2014:). The Fichtel mountains are also characterized by large
8935:
Franken. Vorstellung und Wirklichkeit in der Geschichte.
8903:
Beckstein, Günther (text) and Erich Weiß (photographs).
8764:"Online guide to Bamberg and the Breweries of Franconia"
8353:
6949:
Wer hat hier gelogen? Die Würzburger Lügenstein-Affaire.
6792:
Frank-Otto Haderer, Georges Demathieu, Ronald Böttcher:
6605:
Stefan Glaser, Gerhard Doppler and Klaus fword. (eds.):
3925:
By contrast, the state of Thuringia was restored by the
3368:
Franconia played an important role in the spread of the
2209:
in Franconia, which are also the oldest in Bavaria, are
8905:
Franken, Mein Franken - Impressionen aus meiner Heimat.
8710:
2nd edition. Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg. 2001;
8401:
Westerngrund (LK: AB). The Navel of Europe in Franconia
8253:
Gründung des Landes Baden-Württemberg am 25. April 1952
7014:
Neue Daten für alle Regionen: Deutschlands wahres Klima
6581:
Stefan Glaser, Gerhard Doppler and Klaus fword (eds.):
5935:
links several tourist points in western Franconia. The
5705:
Fritz Klein led so-called "weapons search operations".
4350:(24,564) The largest places in the Thuringian part are
4244:, in German homonymous with the name of the historical
3155:
was founded and was joined later by several Franconian
3017:("ford of the Franks"). In the early 10th century, the
7316:
7314:
7139:
Geschiedenis van het Nederlands by M van der Wal, 1992
4365:
The largest place in the Hessian part of Franconia is
3619:
went to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In order to merge the
3451:
In 1608, the reformed princes merged into a so-called
3046:
on his succession, but when Eberhard rebelled against
1966:, which were uplifted from below the surface when the
1594:
which lies at a height of 100 metres above sea level.
1345:) lie within the Southwest Thuringia Planning Region.
1285:, refers to their situation with respect to the river
1244:
The region of Heilbronn-Franconia in Baden-Württemberg
1224:, South Thuringia and Hesse is sometimes less marked.
646:
is equally used for both, while the French are called
8805:
8803:
8801:
8736:
Studien zur Jüdischen Geschichte und Kultur in Bayern
8674:
Studien zur Jüdischen Geschichte und Kultur in Bayern
8653:
Studien zur Jüdischen Geschichte und Kultur in Bayern
7760:, br.de, Bayerischer Rundfunk, retrieved 7 June 2014.
5762:(especially the famous small Nuremberger Bratwurst),
3968:, the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 and
3911:
to become leading industrial states in the so-called
3547:
period, Bavaria was broken up into several different
3527:
was appointed as governor of these areas by Prussia.
2914:) was formed from the territories of the dioceses of
2822:. To protect it, the Romans built several forts like
2301:
interval is called the Franconian Chirotherium Beds (
2114:. The eastern third of Franconia is dominated by the
1612:
1609:, one of the best preserved impact craters on earth.
8655:, Volume 5) Munich, 2012 pp. 5-24, here: pg. 5.
8042:, published by the House of Bavarian History, p. 123
7897:, House of Bavarian History , retrieved 7 June 2014.
7205:. Gemeinde Altenkunstadt, Altenkunstadt, 2006, p. 10
6265:
Ulrich Maier (Justinus-Kerner-Gymnasium Weinsberg):
6062:
6060:
6058:
6056:
5674:. In the Middle Ages, Franconia was a stronghold of
3945:
exacted a high level of reparations (especially the
3824:
who advanced from the west after the failure of the
3647:
From 1836 to 1846, the Kingdom of Bavaria built the
3097:. In 1007, the later canonized Henry II founded the
2225:
from the so-called Heinersreuth Block Conglomerate (
1974:
vintage, which were folded during various stages of
1531:
form a kind of natural barrier. To the west are the
1384:
The two most important rivers of the region are the
1364:), or lie on the borders with Bavaria or Thuringia.
1018:
on the Jagst river. The main towns in Thuringia are
8127:
Von Helibrunna nach Heilbronn. Eine Stadtgeschichte
7311:
7298:
Bayern und das Deutsche Reich (10.-12. Jahrhundert)
6723:
6721:
5908:Schloss Langenburg (Baden-Württemberg) lies on the
4384:operated in many towns, most of which later became
4018:) in the Franconian territories of the free state.
3183:
1951:, northern Franconian Jura (Franconian Switzerland)
1829:, raised stream beds near river sources within the
724:streams in the west, both right tributaries of the
62:
8798:
8229:, Bayerisches Landesportal, retrieved 6 June 2014.
7880:, House of Bavarian History, accessed 7 June 2014.
7203:Altenkunstadt - Heimat zwischen Kordigast und Main
7178:, Archäologisches Lexikon, retrieved 17 June 2014.
6959:. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014
6894:Fieldiana Geology, New Series, No. 31, 1995,
6751:Hans-Georg Herbig, Thomas Wotte, Stefanie Becker:
6731:Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt, Munich, 2004 (
6704:Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt, Munich, 1996 (
6663:Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt, Munich, 2004 (
6609:Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt, Munich, 2004 (
6585:Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt, Munich, 2004 (
3905:refugees and displaced persons from Eastern Europe
2090:, the Triassic rocks are overlain and intruded by
1326:with its office in Heilbronn and form part of the
499:. The restructuring of the south German states by
491:the region formed much of the eastern part of the
9198:The Baden-Württemberg region of Heilbronn-Franken
8676:, Volume 5) Munich, 2012 pp. 5-24, here: pp. 5-6.
6951:Fossilien. No. 1/2006, 2006, S. 15–19 (
6655:
6653:
6569:, Bayerischer Rundfunk, retrieved 16 August 2014.
6559:Wildlife in Bavaria: The wolf - a Native Bavarian
6234:Was ist fränkisch? Wie eine Region definiert wird
6053:
3655:was established within Franconia, which ran from
2871:that spelt the end of these hilltop settlements.
2346:As early as the first decade of the 19th century
1551:and the Franconian Jura with their sub-ranges of
9251:
9018:Buch & Kunstverlag Oberpfalz, Amberg, 2001,
8469:
8467:
7888:
7886:
7608:Königsberg in Bayern (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)
7454:
7452:
6976:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6873:Vol. 29, 2009, No. 1, pp. 80–87,
6718:
6700:In: Walter Freudenberger, Klaus Schwerd (Red.):
6577:
6575:
6414:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3296:On 2 July 1500 during the reign of Emperor
1923:Fine sandstone, siltstone and argillites of the
1277:). The name of these regions, as in the case of
9094:Franken, Land, Volk, Geschichte und Wirtschaft.
8738:, Volume 5) Munich, 2012 pp. 5-24, here: pg. 14
7634:Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
7614:Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
7431:Staat und Gesellschaft. Zweiter Teil: 1500-1800
6205:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 29,
6147:Wörter und Namen gleicher Herkunft und Struktur
5772:, dumplings, potato salad (typically made with
3726:Destruction in Nuremberg in 1945 (Egidienplatz)
2126:, the shales and ferruginous sandstones of the
1539:. In the Franconian part of South Hesse is the
595:
583:, a member of the Germanic people known as the
8621:Nuremberg City Lexicon (Stadtlexikon Nürnberg)
8410:radio report, Bayern 2, regionalZeit - Franken
7827:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 29
7799:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 29
7699:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 29
7485:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 29
6650:
6599:
6195:
6193:
6151:Lexikon etymologischer Dubletten im Deutschen.
6094:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 29
6081:
6079:
5687:persecution of Jews took place on 21 March in
3376:, Nuremberg being one of the places where the
3361:was founded to represent the interests of the
3168:until 1789 when it was transferred to today's
2669:
1744:in Baden-Württemberg, and the nature parks of
1498:
8963:Ellwanger-Verlag, 128 pages. Bayreuth, 2011,
8491:
8479:
8464:
8314:
8312:
8050:
8048:
7979:
7977:
7883:
7449:
7274:Bayern im Frankenreich (5. - 10. Jahrhundert)
6572:
6397:. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012
6298:dated 10 February 2013, retrieved 5 May 2016.
6228:
6226:
6224:
2505:, for a lot of money and then described in a
2333:(possibly identical with the mastodonsaurus,
2130:and, the weathering-resistant limestones and
1833:landscape that are known as 'stone runnels' (
1586:of the region include the Hesselberg and the
1428:in Middle Franconia, both tributaries of the
1420:north of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg, the
1416:in Hohenlohe-Franconia, which empty into the
8933:Blessing, Werner K. and Dieter Weiß (eds.):
8859:Touristikgemeinschaft Liebliches Taubertal:
8566:
8564:
8131:From Helibrunna to Heilbronn. A city history
8011:In: Alois Schmid, Katharina Weigand (eds.):
7367:
7346:Bamberg, Hochstift: Territorium und Struktur
6788:
6786:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6185:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur,
6177:Bayern im Frankenreich (5.–10. Jahrhundert).
4239:
3937:, was founded. In 1952 in the course of the
3406:Extent of the uprisings in the Peasants' War
3176:could not gain a foothold in Franconia; the
903:In the west, Franconia proper comprises the
831:from the 11th century and later part of the
647:
641:
578:
568:
507:, saw most of Franconia awarded to Bavaria.
449:
292:
286:
47:
9111:Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2008,
8708:Vom Leben und Sterben. Juden in Creglingen.
7782:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur
7737:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur
7682:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur
7517:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur
7306:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur
7282:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur
6993:Mittelwerte und Kenntage der Lufttemperatur
6190:
6124:Hefte zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur
6076:
6026:
5796:are a traditional type of gingerbread, and
5639:. Subsequent historical events such as the
3628:republican structures which erupted in the
3308:. This led in 1512 to the formation of the
3069:
3062:
3055:
2743:they built a powerful settlement, to which
1559:. The highest mountain in Franconia is the
1408:. Other major rivers in the region are the
1227:
1189:in Hesse, the Baden-Württemberg regions of
1041:is one of the best known towns in Franconia
751:The landscape is characterized by numerous
670:
661:
635:
625:
482:
8520:
8518:
8372:
8309:
8219:Bayerische Geschichte und Persönlichkeiten
8175:, the City Museums, retrieved 7 July 2014.
8045:
7974:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7339:
7337:
6685:Germany: A regional and economic geography
6441:, www.naturpark.de, retrieved 28 May 2014.
6360:, Sandachse Franken, retrieved 23 May 2014
6221:
5743:Franconia has almost 300 small breweries.
3939:1952 administrative reform in East Germany
2533:Franconia, as part of Germany, has a high
2182:, probably the replica of a skeleton from
1668:, poor sites. In particular, the southern
1432:, and the upper and middle reaches of the
1197:as well as the region around the Badenian
1142:from other regions and further developed.
1083:Nuremberg is the largest city of Franconia
9079:Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056
8561:
8538:
8512:(population figures from the 2011 census)
8486:Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg
8336:Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte seit 1945.
8090:in Nürnberger Nachrichten, 25 March 2009.
8040:Edition Bayern: Industriekultur in Bayern
7650:, www.wuerzburg.de, accessed 7 June 2014.
7242:
7240:
7226:
7224:
7050:
7048:
6783:
6698:Tektonik: Deckgebirge nördlich der Donau.
6322:
6259:
6126:, 1989, pp. 22–25, here: p. 22.
4163:Learn how and when to remove this message
4068:
3806:bombing of Würzburg on 16 March 1945
2030:, unmetamorphosed, unfolded rocks of the
1570:. Other well-known mountains include the
911:in Baden-Württemberg. The state's larger
900:, are also counted as part of Franconia.
696:which, together with the left (southern)
640:for the German duchy. In German the name
612:(the early medieval Germanic people) and
477:area, known from the 9th century as
390:is Franconian-speaking, and parts of the
8892:Dingsda-Verlag Querfurt, Leipzig, 2006,
8601:, Erlangen, 1834 (1997 reprint), pg. 17.
8360:Document 15/5583 of the Bavarian Landtag
7768:
7766:
7292:
7290:
7187:Hans-Peter Uenze, Claus-Michael Hüssen:
6645:Geologischen Blättern für Nordost-Bayern
6389:
6387:
6166:Stuttgart, 2010, pp. 11–14 ff.
5903:
5895:
5746:The northwestern areas around the river
5541:
3974:
3962:and was nicknamed 'Little Berlin. After
3737:
3729:
3721:
3484:
3435:
3401:
3287:
3109:
2889:
2878:
2785:
2673:
2403:south of Nuremberg. When the remains of
2316:in the Thuringian part of Franconia and
2188:
2173:
1934:
1918:
1906:
1616:
1371:
1239:
1231:
1107:
1014:declared itself "Swabian" in 1442 — and
958:The two largest cities of Franconia are
841:
556:
546:
536:
526:
9033:Michael-Müller-Verlag, Erlangen, 2013,
8720:
8658:
8637:
8515:
8073:Eckart Dietzfelbinger, Gerhard Liedke:
8015:Munich, 2003, pp. 291-308, here: p. 291
7843:
7653:
7334:
7259:Franz-Joseph Schmale, Wilhelm Störmer:
6927:Markus Moser: Plateosaurus engelhardti
6530:
2599:At the beginning of the 10th century a
2162:(especially in the Jura in the form of
1212:and the Hessian-speaking region around
14:
9252:
7894:Rheinbundakte, deutsche Fassung (1806)
7708:
7639:
7573:
7535:
7532:, Vol. 3, London: Payne, 1790, p. 156.
7423:
7253:
7237:
7221:
7045:
5957:, a 101 kilometre-long cycle trail in
3530:
3489:The Franconian Imperial Circle in 1789
3283:
3089:died out in 1024. As a result, in the
2658:, first mentioned in the 7th century,
2596:who had dominated the region earlier.
1762:Franconian Switzerland-Franconian Jura
878:in the south mark the border with the
260:
8544:
8013:Schauplätze der Geschichte in Bayern.
7763:
7721:
7436:
7287:
6384:
6068:Edel und Frei. Franken im Mittelalter
4291:), alongside Bavarians, Swabians and
3349:, the area of Coburg belonged to the
1742:Swabian-Franconian Forest Nature Park
562:Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers
291:). Franconia is made up of the three
239:
8604:
8545:Statistik, Thüringer Landesamt für.
8510:Bevölkerung der hessischen Gemeinden
7942:Das Königreich Bayern (1806 - 1918).
7929:Bavarian State Survey Office, Munich
7628:Nürnberg (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)
7032:Mittelwerte des Gebietsniederschlags
6687:(2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p 568. .
4101:adding citations to reliable sources
4072:
3929:in 1945. On 7 October 1949 the
2960:, who together with his companions,
2838:. Fortified settlements such as the
2178:Skull and forward cervical spine of
728:. In southern Middle Franconia, the
8994:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
8761:
8547:"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik"
7647:Stadthistorische Streiflichter (24)
6871:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
6507:
4298:
3525:Karl August Freiherr von Hardenberg
3159:. During the 13th century the
2989:emerged, one of the five tribal or
1839:). There are protected examples at
1825:. In Franconia there are very many
1436:, the right-hand headstream of the
1367:
1341:The Franconian parts of Thuringia (
1330:) and the area around the Badenian
939:which had formerly belonged to the
281:, characterised by its culture and
34:Cultural region in Bavaria, Germany
24:
9285:History of the Palatinate (region)
8706:Hartwig Behr, Horst F. Rupp:
8574:In: Kirmeier, Josef et al. (ed.):
8304:Federal Agency for Civic Education
7248:Grundlegung: Das frühe Mittelalter
7232:Grundlegung: Das frühe Mittelalter
6647:, Vol. 39, No. 3/4, Erlangen, 1989
5951:Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club
3703:was adopted while, in Munich, the
3440:Part of Wallenstein's camp around
3388:. In addition to Lutheranism, the
2771:. With the increased expansion of
2539:Worldwide Quality of Living Survey
2528:
2448:, Upper Jurassic). In addition to
2399:. Its type locality is located at
1613:Forests, reserves, flora and fauna
1563:in the Fichtel Mountains which is
1515:form the border; in the north are
915:region also includes the adjacent
616:in reference to the high medieval
25:
9296:
9153:
8687:Hohenloher waren die ersten Opfer
7568:Württembergische Landesbibliothek
7214:Peter Kolb, Ernst-Günter Krenig:
6629:Alfons Baier, Thomas Hochsieder:
6111:Das Königreich Bayern (1806–1918)
5800:is a sort of sweet fried pastry.
2739:advancing from the north. On the
2735:as a line of defence against the
2395:, an early representative of the
2277:, main Middle Bunter Sandstone).
2193:The so-called London Exemplar of
1652:in the Fichtel Mountains and the
947:along Spessart and Rhön comprise
600:, "quick, bold". Franks from the
8853:
8834:
8815:
8786:
8755:
8741:
8700:
8679:
8591:
8503:
8500:(from the 31st of December 2022)
8443:
8434:
8413:
8393:
8381:Grenzlandproblematik (nach 1918)
8341:
8325:
8290:
8266:
8245:
8232:
8211:
8190:
8178:
8159:
8147:
8111:
8093:
8077:1st edition, Berlin, 2004, p. 29
8067:
8033:
6817:The Osteology and Affinities of
6237:, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Bayern 2
5971:
5875:
5857:
5841:
5821:
5805:
5527:
5484:
5441:
5398:
5355:
5312:
5269:
5226:
5183:
5140:
5097:
5054:
5011:
4968:
4925:
4882:
4839:
4793:
4747:
4701:
4655:
4609:
4563:
4517:
4471:
4325:metropolitan region of Nuremberg
4077:
3734:Destruction in Heilbronn in 1945
3567:In 1803, what was to become the
3278:
3184:Successor states of East Francia
2303:Fränkische Chirotherienschichten
2197:(here a replica) comes from the
1088:
1076:
1061:
1046:
1031:
769:, separating it from the former
454:—Franconians—also refers to the
148:
133:
107:
95:
8882:
8862:Fünf Sterne für den "Klassiker"
8570:Karten zur Geschichte Bayerns:
8027:deutsche Revolution von 1848/49
8018:
8001:
7953:
7934:
7913:
7900:
7869:
7815:
7787:
7742:
7687:
7666:
7619:
7599:
7586:
7548:
7522:
7501:
7473:
7402:
7394:Alois Gerlich, Franz Machilek:
7388:
7358:
7323:Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
7266:
7208:
7195:
7181:
7160:
7151:
7142:
7133:
7112:
7091:
7073:
7024:
7006:
6985:
6941:
6921:
6901:
6880:
6863:
6842:
6829:
6825:doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1199
6809:
6766:
6745:
6690:
6677:
6623:
6551:
6486:
6465:
6444:
6423:
6363:
6342:
6301:
6281:
6072:Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
6015:
5699:troops under the leadership of
5585:
5571:regarded as the state colours (
4088:needs additional citations for
3682:
3562:
2908:division of the Frankish Empire
2727:(from about 800 B.C.) the
2650:until 1803 and by the kings of
2275:Thüringer Chirotheriensandstein
2227:Heinersreuther Blockkonglomerat
1778:Bergstraße-Odenwald Nature Park
1388:and its primary tributary, the
1169:, the northwestern part of the
567:The German name for Franconia,
9175:Government of Middle Franconia
8948:Stürtz-Verlag Würzburg, 2008,
7856:Preußen in Franken 1792 - 1806
7109:, retrieved 10 September 2014.
6907:Olivier Rieppel, Rupert Wild.
6240:
6181:Politische Geschichte Bayerns,
6169:
6156:
6129:
6103:
5867:is traditionally filled up in
5754:, also produce a lot of wine.
4396:25 largest cities in Franconia
4323:. In Middle Franconia, in the
4037:geographical centre of the EU
3353:and the Heilbronn area to the
3304:, the Empire was divided into
2874:
2798:. View over the camp ring road
2666:, founded in the 7th century.
2662:, first mentioned in 748, and
2444:, (Solnhofen-Formation, early
2411:find in Franconia was made at
2122:, with the dark shales of the
2018:bodies, called post-kinematic
1927:layer (Lower Triassic) in the
1310:The Franconian territories of
896:, territory of the historical
378:and its surrounding areas are
13:
1:
9192:Government of Upper Franconia
9165:Government of Lower Franconia
9126:Sutton Verlag, Erfurt, 2007,
8749:Jewish communities in Bavaria
8599:Geschichte der Stadt Erlangen
8106:Deutsches Historisches Museum
8061:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
7778:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
7733:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
7678:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
7513:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
7302:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
7278:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
7088:, retrieved 10 September 2014
6289:"Ominöses Frankenbewusstsein"
6187:pp. 4–6, here: p. 4
6119:Politische Geschichte Bayerns
6042:
5931:baking, are also a draw. The
5616:St Bartholomew's Day massacre
4248:), a sub-ethnic group of the
4233:
4010:approved the introduction of
3762:as the permanent seat of the
3707:reigned briefly. In 1919 the
3613:Principality of Aschaffenburg
3602:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
3574:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
3501:War of the Spanish Succession
2894:Duchy of Franconia around 800
2834:occupied the areas up to the
2682:built the mighty fortress of
2579:Franconia is named after the
1819:Special Areas of Conservation
1565:1,051 m above
1380:from the dam towards the west
1135:East Franconian dialect group
9260:Pages with Mainfränkisch IPA
8810:Franken. Allianz Reiseführer
8576:200 Jahre Franken in Bayern.
8388:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
8285:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
8206:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
8125:; Susanne Schlösser (1998).
7947:Political History of Bavaria
7468:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
7418:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
7383:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
7353:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
6683:Dickinson, Robert E (1964).
6514:Karte der Vogelschutzgebiete
6047:
5580:
4213:Protestant Church in Germany
3607:In 1814, as a result of the
3359:College of Franconian Counts
3237:County Palatine of the Rhine
2318:Koiloskiosaurus coburgiensis
1797:, the Twelve Apostle Rocks (
1729:in Franconia, including the
682:
510:
397:Franconia's largest city is
7:
9109:Kleine Geschichte Frankens.
9081:. New York: Longman, 1991.
9031:Franken. Ein Reisehandbuch.
8793:www.romantisches-franken.de
8278:Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene
8025:House of Bavarian History:
7931:, Augsburg, 2001, pp. 11-12
7921:Wie Bayern vermessen wurde,
6201:Der Fränkische Reichskreis.
5964:
5756:Food typical for the region
5691:and on 25–26 March 1933 in
5537:
3857:American zone of occupation
3802:air raid on 4 December 1944
3625:Maximilian Joseph Montgelas
3357:. In the 16th century, the
3172:. Other orders such as the
2985:In the mid-9th century the
2851:, especially in the south.
2670:Early history and Antiquity
1776:in Bavaria, as well as the
1499:Hills, mountains and plains
687:
401:, which is contiguous with
10:
9301:
9170:Bezirk of Middle Franconia
8768:www.franconiabeerguide.com
7823:Der Fränkische Reichskreis
7795:Der Fränkische Reichskreis
7695:Der Fränkische Reichskreis
7481:Der Fränkische Reichskreis
6937:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-12711-3
6917:doi:10.5962/bhl.title.2691
6896:doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3301
6538:Fichtelgebirge Nature Park
6087:Der Fränkische Reichskreis
6025:, which was also known as
5891:
5784:(seasoned cheese spread),
5738:
5657:
4276:) or Moselle Franconians (
3931:German Democratic Republic
3653:Ludwig South-North Railway
2978:
2956:in the early 7th century.
2567:
2563:
2512:
2482:, the theropod dinosaurs,
2201:Quarry, west of Solnhofen.
2169:
1902:
1897:
1731:Altmühl Valley Nature Park
1324:Heilbronn-Franconia Region
520:
514:
503:, after the demise of the
409:, with which it forms the
331:—and the eastern parts of
29:Franconia (disambiguation)
26:
9213:The Franconian Dictionary
9180:Bezirk of Upper Franconia
9160:Bezirk of Lower Franconia
8961:Oberfranken aus der Luft.
8841:www.romantischestrasse.de
8580:House of Bavarian History
8527:House of Bavarian History
8108:, retrieved 28 July 2014.
8088:Ein früher Hass auf Juden
8030:, retrieved 18 July 2014.
7998:, retrieved 12 July 2014.
7168:Die Höhlenruine von Hunas
7099:Deutsche Post Glücksatlas
6850:Comparative osteology of
6371:Naturpark Bayerische Rhön
6319:, retrieved 12 July 2014.
6153:Berlin, 2004, p. 107
5621:Following the success of
5614:who fled there after the
3840:lasted 16 days, the
3611:, the territories of the
3331:Franconian Knights Circle
2987:tribal Duchy of Franconia
2968:are considered to be the
2863:which thus triggered the
2757:is the largest surviving
2611:, which comprised modern
2607:) was established within
1787:recognised the Rhön as a
1703:Luisenburg Rock Labyrinth
1537:Swabian-Franconian Forest
1167:Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz
1103:
921:Schwäbisch Hall districts
700:tributary, including its
205:
188:
161:
141:
132:
123:
91:
82:
39:
8850:; retrieved 23 May 2014.
8831:; retrieved 23 May 2014.
8795:; retrieved 23 May 2014.
8186:map of the American zone
8166:Historischer Kunstbunker
7784:, pp. 18–21, here: p. 20
7739:, pp. 14–17, here: p. 17
7684:, pp. 14–17, here: p. 15
7570:, retrieved 5 July 2014.
7519:, pp. 14–17, here: p. 14
7461:Herzogswürde, fränkische
7411:Swabian League of Cities
7376:Nürnberg, Burggrafschaft
7189:Vor- und Frühgeschichte.
6909:A Revision of the Genus
6875:doi:10.1671/039.029.0132
6852:Mastodonsaurus giganteus
6494:Bayerns schönste Geotope
6462:, retrieved 2 June 2014.
6256:, retrieved 1 July 2014.
6008:
5712:
3897:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
3705:Bavarian Soviet Republic
3630:revolts of 1848 and 1849
3469:Battle of the Alte Veste
3414:movement, unleashed the
3347:Electoral Rhenish Circle
3302:Imperial Reform Movement
3153:Swabian League of Cities
3124:Burgraviate of Nuremberg
2854:By contrast, it was the
2392:Plateosaurus engelhardti
2372:and the "false lizard",
2348:George, Count of Münster
2180:Plateosaurus engelhardti
1543:. Parts of the southern
1489:Franconian Lake District
1228:Administrative divisions
781:. To the north rise the
746:Franconian Lake District
9194:English pages available
8822:www.frankentourismus.de
7021:, retrieved 23 May 2014
6819:Anomoiodon liliensterni
6548:, retrieved 2 Jun 2014.
6473:Biosphärenreservat Rhön
6381:, retrieved 2 Jun 2014.
5988:Franconia (wine region)
5768:(roast pork shoulder),
3853:unconditional surrender
3617:Grand Duchy of Würzburg
3335:Fränkischer Ritterkreis
3060:), and East Franconia (
2637:Fränkischer Reichskreis
2574:
2499:Beringer's Lying Stones
2442:Solnhofener Plattenkalk
2336:Heptasaurus cappelensis
2310:Anomoiodon liliensterni
2036:Süddeutsche Großscholle
2032:South German Scarplands
1631:Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
1599:Middle Franconian Basin
738:Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
716:, as well as the upper
679:, the Germanic people.
654:
270:
257:
63:
9137:Wüst, Wolfgang (ed.):
8890:Der fränkische Reiter.
8846:29 August 2016 at the
8827:29 August 2016 at the
8726:Steven M. Lowenstein:
8664:Steven M. Lowenstein:
8643:Steven M. Lowenstein:
8320:Geschichte Thüringens.
8101:Die Nürnberger Gesetze
7919:Max Seeberger et al.:
7528:Pütter, John Stephen.
6742:), p. 40 ff.
6696:Walter Freudenberger:
6145:. Boris Paraschkewow:
6027:
5983:East Franconian German
5955:Tauber Valley Cycleway
5912:
5901:
5852:straight from the cask
5752:Franconian wine region
5564:East Franconian German
5547:
4392:with 457 inhabitants.
4303:With the exception of
4240:
4069:Contemporary Franconia
4053:50.117286°N 9.247768°E
4006:. On 18 May 2006, the
3983:
3901:French occupation zone
3899:(both from the former
3751:
3735:
3727:
3490:
3448:
3407:
3345:and was a part of the
3293:
3292:Map of Franconia, 1642
3252:County of Truhendingen
3118:From the 12th century
3115:
3070:
3063:
3056:
2895:
2887:
2799:
2790:A 1990 replica of the
2690:
2604:
2381:In Franconia's middle
2202:
2186:
1952:
1932:
1916:
1815:European Bird Reserves
1633:
1557:Franconian Switzerland
1381:
1245:
1237:
1161:, the municipality of
1121:
898:Bishopric of Eichstätt
847:
807:Schmalkalden-Meiningen
797:, the border with the
671:
662:
648:
642:
636:
626:
596:
579:
569:
564:
554:
544:
534:
483:
450:
445:in Baden-Württemberg.
411:Franconian conurbation
293:
287:
236:
48:
9124:100 berühmte Franken.
8946:Franken aus der Luft.
8868:12 September 2012 at
8732:Die Juden in Franken.
8670:Die Juden in Franken.
8649:Die Juden in Franken.
8557:on 12 September 2014.
8457:25 March 2014 at the
7985:Die Franken in Bayern
7308:, pp. 7–9, here: p. 7
7284:, pp. 4–6, here: p. 6
6835:Friedrich von Huene:
6776:Chirotherium barthii
6452:Naturparks in Franken
5907:
5899:
5680:Rintfleisch massacres
5545:
4285:Free State of Bavaria
3978:
3882:Bavarian Constitution
3863:, became part of the
3804:on Heilbronn and the
3741:
3733:
3725:
3488:
3439:
3405:
3291:
3197:Bishopric of Würzburg
3128:House of Hohenzollern
3114:Franconia around 1200
3113:
2893:
2882:
2789:
2677:
2418:Far more famous than
2330:Mastodonsaurus ingens
2223:Schwarzenbach am Wald
2192:
2177:
1938:
1922:
1910:
1658:calcareous grasslands
1620:
1375:
1322:(which belong to the
1243:
1235:
1111:
941:Bishopric of Würzburg
937:Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
845:
757:ranges of the German
712:in Thuringia and the
560:
550:
540:
530:
521:Further information:
207: • Summer (
8978:Langensalza, ²1997,
8920:Himmlisches Franken.
8612:Michael Diefenbacher
8585:5 March 2016 at the
8532:4 March 2016 at the
8322:Munich, 2010, p. 106
8156:, Moos, 1981, p. 172
7408:Alexander Schubert:
6143:Deutsches Wörterbuch
5631:Corpus Evangelicorum
4207:) are predominantly
4097:improve this article
3933:, commonly known as
3846:Battle of Merkendorf
3838:Battle of Crailsheim
3709:Free State of Coburg
3701:Bamberg Constitution
3591:Act of Confederation
3577:under pressure from
3421:From 1552, Margrave
3416:German Peasants' War
3337:) consisting of six
3242:County of Löwenstein
3136:Frederick Barbarossa
3122:was the seat of the
3099:Bishopric of Bamberg
3013:) and even included
2802:Under the emperors,
2777:Elbe Germanic tribes
2570:History of Franconia
2285:near Bad Kissingen,
2038:). At the so-called
1939:Tower-like rocks of
1823:protected landscapes
1805:, the cave ruins of
1799:Zwölf-Apostel-Felsen
1010:on the Kocher — the
495:and, from 1500, the
392:Oden Forest District
27:For other uses, see
9232: /
9063:Petersohn, Jürgen.
9048:Katz Verlag, 2007,
8974:Bötzinger, Martin.
8922:Norderstedt, 2012,
8597:Ferdinand Lammers,
8007:Katharina Weigand:
7906:Dietmar Willoweit:
7592:Birke Grießhammer:
6295:Süddeutsche Zeitung
6247:Sprachatlas der BLO
5886:with beer and salad
5695:, where police and
5625:in Nuremberg under
5153:Lauf an der Pegnitz
4401:
4289:vier Stämme Bayerns
4058:50.117286; 9.247768
4049: /
3960:Inner German Border
3952:uprising of 17 June
3919:Inner German Border
3834:Battle of Nuremberg
3826:Battle of the Bulge
3814:historic art bunker
3760:National Socialists
3541:Ludwig I of Bavaria
3531:Later Modern Period
3427:Second Margrave War
3390:radical reformatory
3382:Counter-Reformation
3284:Early Modern Period
3257:County of Vaihingen
3212:County of Henneberg
3144:territorial princes
3036:King of the Germans
2912:Francia orientialis
2646:was claimed by the
2629:Holy Roman Emperors
2478:. Here, as well as
2358:. For example, the
2231:Lower Carboniferous
2219:Late Lower Cambrian
1996:Lower Carboniferous
1962:of the crystalline
1945:Corallian Limestone
1723:Bavarian government
1660:, extensively used
1511:. In the east, the
1343:Henneberg Franconia
1336:Rhein-Neckar Region
1314:are the regions of
1133:, the range of the
1095:Aerial view of the
1068:Water wheel at the
874:. The hills of the
870:, and the Bavarian
791:Thuringian Highland
652:, after Old French
362:-speaking parts of
342:Those parts of the
333:Heilbronn-Franconia
9280:Regions of Bavaria
9270:Dukes of Franconia
9203:Dukes of Franconia
9185:2020-10-28 at the
9092:Scherzer, Conrad.
8888:Andert, Reinhold.
8693:2016-09-17 at the
8406:2014-02-22 at the
8378:Frank Altrichter:
8365:2016-03-04 at the
8332:Werner Abelshauser
8259:2016-11-16 at the
8225:2014-10-30 at the
8171:2016-08-30 at the
8119:Christhard Schrenk
7994:2016-10-07 at the
7967:2015-03-25 at the
7862:2016-11-16 at the
7836:2016-03-04 at the
7808:2016-03-04 at the
7772:Karlheinz Scherr:
7756:2014-12-04 at the
7562:2016-06-11 at the
7494:2016-06-11 at the
7328:2016-03-04 at the
7272:Friedrich Helmer:
7246:Wilfried Menghin:
7230:Wilfried Menghin:
7201:Josef Motschmann:
7174:2016-03-06 at the
7126:2016-09-17 at the
7105:2016-03-04 at the
7038:2016-07-01 at the
6999:2016-07-01 at the
6848:Rainer R. Schoch:
6803:2017-09-29 at the
6774:Die Saurierfährten
6738:2016-03-04 at the
6715:), p. 259-265
6711:2016-03-04 at the
6670:2016-03-04 at the
6637:2016-09-07 at the
6616:2016-03-04 at the
6592:2016-03-04 at the
6565:2016-04-22 at the
6544:2016-06-11 at the
6519:2016-06-17 at the
6500:2016-07-29 at the
6479:2016-04-19 at the
6458:2016-07-30 at the
6437:2016-07-03 at the
6377:2016-07-29 at the
6356:2016-06-29 at the
6315:2016-03-22 at the
6275:2016-03-04 at the
6252:2012-06-29 at the
6214:2016-03-04 at the
6175:Friedrich Helmer:
6028:Francia Orientalis
5978:Germany portal
5913:
5902:
5828:Three Nuremberger
5641:stream of refugees
5590:The proportion of
5548:
4400:
4338:(41,898 pop.) and
4179:is overwhelmingly
3984:
3842:Battle of Würzburg
3830:Operation Nordwind
3810:cultural artefacts
3786:, under which the
3752:
3736:
3728:
3697:parliamentarianism
3609:Congress of Vienna
3569:Kingdom of Bavaria
3491:
3449:
3408:
3351:Upper Saxon Circle
3294:
3267:County of Wildberg
3262:County of Wertheim
3207:County of Abenberg
3149:Rudolf of Habsburg
3142:(1254–1273), some
3116:
3071:Francia Orientalis
3064:Francia Orientalis
2981:Duchy of Franconia
2896:
2888:
2800:
2691:
2627:of Franconia, the
2601:Duchy of Franconia
2203:
2187:
1953:
1933:
1917:
1915:near Aschaffenburg
1754:Franconian Heights
1634:
1533:Franconian Heights
1493:Großer Brombachsee
1382:
1378:Großer Brombachsee
1246:
1238:
1127:Duchy of Franconia
1122:
894:Eichstätt District
848:
829:House of Henneberg
771:Rhenish Franconian
742:European Watershed
732:flows towards the
589:name of the Franks
565:
555:
545:
535:
517:Name of the Franks
493:Duchy of Franconia
484:Francia Orientalis
441:in Thuringia, and
386:, the east of the
262:[ˈfrɑŋɡŋ̍]
241:[ˈfʁaŋkn̩]
18:Franconia (region)
9236:49.816°N 10.865°E
9147:978-3-87707-713-9
9132:978-3-86680-118-9
9117:978-3-7917-2131-6
9054:978-3-938047-31-6
9044:Peters, Michael.
9039:978-3-89953-775-8
9029:Nestmeyer, Ralf:
9007:Elkar, Rainer S.
8969:978-3-925361-95-1
8959:Bogner, Franz X.
8954:978-3-8003-1913-8
8944:Bogner, Franz X.
8928:978-3-8482-3041-9
8913:978-3-936897-61-6
8551:tls.thueringen.de
8369:(pdf; 86 kB)
8318:Steffen Raßloff:
7442:Wilhelm Störmer:
6886:Olivier Rieppel:
6772:Hartmut Haubold:
5729:Hinterhofmoscheen
5684:Armleder Uprising
5552:official language
5535:
5534:
5416:Baden-Württemberg
5287:Baden-Württemberg
5072:Baden-Württemberg
4900:Baden-Württemberg
4173:
4172:
4165:
4147:
3914:Wirtschaftswunder
3889:Württemberg-Baden
3848:three days.
3517:Charles Alexander
3465:Gustavus Adolphus
3461:Thirty Years' War
3423:Albert Alcibiades
3310:Franconian Circle
3300:, as part of the
3298:Maximilian I
3276:
3275:
3247:County of Rieneck
3223:County of Lauffen
3178:Order of St. John
3164:bailiwick was at
3057:Francia Rhenensis
3052:Rhenish Franconia
2944:Early Middle Ages
2750:oppidum Menosgada
2711:in the county of
2633:Franconian Circle
2621:Baden-Württemberg
2605:Herzogtum Franken
2251:, especially the
1811:Frickenhäuser See
1789:biosphere reserve
1758:Franconian Forest
1750:Fichtel Mountains
1686:Sandachse Franken
1640:is another great
1578:(927.8m) and the
1545:Thuringian Forest
1521:Thuringian Forest
1517:Franconian Forest
1513:Fichtel Mountains
1457:Main-Danube Canal
1312:Baden-Württemberg
1251:Regierungsbezirke
1206:Bavarian language
1165:in the county of
1131:Franconian Circle
923:. In the city of
913:Heilbronn-Franken
909:Main-Tauber-Kreis
852:Fichtel Mountains
850:In the east, the
817:, the historical
795:Franconian Forest
787:Thuringian Forest
573:, comes from the
505:Holy Roman Empire
497:Franconian Circle
337:Baden-Württemberg
325:Thuringian Forest
295:Regierungsbezirke
285:dialect (German:
226:
225:
16:(Redirected from
9292:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9237:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9208:Franconia images
9107:Schiener, Anna.
9014:Fischer,Berndt.
8877:
8857:
8851:
8838:
8832:
8819:
8813:
8812:, 2011, pp. 12ff
8807:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8770:. Archived from
8759:
8753:
8745:
8739:
8724:
8718:
8704:
8698:
8683:
8677:
8662:
8656:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8608:
8602:
8595:
8589:
8568:
8559:
8558:
8553:. Archived from
8542:
8536:
8522:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8462:
8447:
8441:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8417:
8411:
8397:
8391:
8376:
8370:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8339:
8329:
8323:
8316:
8307:
8294:
8288:
8270:
8264:
8249:
8243:
8242:Ulm, 1978, p. 91
8236:
8230:
8215:
8209:
8199:Nuremberg Trials
8196:Annette Weinke:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8115:
8109:
8097:
8091:
8084:
8078:
8071:
8065:
8052:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8022:
8016:
8005:
7999:
7981:
7972:
7957:
7951:
7938:
7932:
7925:Deutsches Museum
7917:
7911:
7904:
7898:
7890:
7881:
7873:
7867:
7852:
7841:
7819:
7813:
7791:
7785:
7770:
7761:
7746:
7740:
7727:Michael Henker:
7725:
7719:
7712:
7706:
7691:
7685:
7672:Michael Henker:
7670:
7664:
7657:
7651:
7643:
7637:
7625:Christian Neff:
7623:
7617:
7605:Christian Hege:
7603:
7597:
7590:
7584:
7577:
7571:
7552:
7546:
7539:
7533:
7526:
7520:
7507:Michael Henker:
7505:
7499:
7477:
7471:
7456:
7447:
7440:
7434:
7427:
7421:
7406:
7400:
7392:
7386:
7371:
7365:
7362:
7356:
7341:
7332:
7318:
7309:
7296:Josef Kirmeier:
7294:
7285:
7270:
7264:
7257:
7251:
7244:
7235:
7228:
7219:
7212:
7206:
7199:
7193:
7185:
7179:
7164:
7158:
7155:
7149:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7131:
7116:
7110:
7095:
7089:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7058:. Archived from
7052:
7043:
7028:
7022:
7010:
7004:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6958:
6947:Birgit Niebuhr:
6945:
6939:
6925:
6919:
6905:
6899:
6884:
6878:
6867:
6861:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6815:Laura K. Säilä:
6813:
6807:
6790:
6781:
6770:
6764:
6749:
6743:
6725:
6716:
6694:
6688:
6681:
6675:
6657:
6648:
6627:
6621:
6603:
6597:
6579:
6570:
6555:
6549:
6534:
6528:
6511:
6505:
6490:
6484:
6469:
6463:
6448:
6442:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6391:
6382:
6367:
6361:
6346:
6340:
6333:
6320:
6309:Dreifrankenstein
6305:
6299:
6285:
6279:
6263:
6257:
6244:
6238:
6230:
6219:
6197:
6188:
6173:
6167:
6160:
6154:
6133:
6127:
6115:
6109:Manfred Treml: "
6107:
6101:
6091:
6085:Rudolf Endres: "
6083:
6074:
6064:
6036:
6030:
6019:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5959:Tauber Franconia
5879:
5861:
5845:
5825:
5809:
5702:Standartenführer
5682:of 1298 and the
5645:Second World War
5627:Andreas Osiander
5531:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5488:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5445:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5402:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5359:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5316:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5273:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5230:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5187:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5144:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5101:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5058:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5015:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4972:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4886:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4843:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4804:
4797:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4758:
4751:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4712:
4705:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4666:
4659:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4620:
4613:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4574:
4567:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4528:
4521:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4482:
4475:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4436:
4402:
4399:
4378:Duchy of Bavaria
4299:Towns and cities
4243:
4230:was born there.
4168:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4105:
4081:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4008:Bavarian Landtag
3992:) and counties (
3943:occupying forces
3869:Nuremberg Trials
3818:Second World War
3715:against joining
3634:Gaibach Festival
3339:Knights' Cantons
3327:Imperial Knights
3306:Imperial Circles
3228:County of Nassau
3191:
3190:
3120:Nuremberg Castle
3091:High Middle Ages
3073:
3066:
3059:
2910:, East Francia (
2703:, in the middle
2648:Würzburg bishops
2517:Franconia has a
2245:bunter sandstone
2068:bunter sandstone
2042:, a significant
1976:Variscan orogeny
1929:Seltenbach Gorge
1925:bunter sandstone
1836:Steinerne Rinnen
1809:and the lake of
1569:
1406:Franconian Saale
1368:Rivers and lakes
1362:Darmstadt region
1328:Stuttgart Region
1316:Tauber Franconia
1301:Upper Palatinate
1296:Dreifrankenstein
1255:Middle Franconia
1222:Upper Palatinate
1191:Tauber Franconia
1159:Middle Franconia
1092:
1080:
1065:
1050:
1035:
933:South Franconian
905:Tauber Franconia
872:Upper Palatinate
779:Hessian dialects
674:
665:
659:
651:
645:
639:
629:
599:
582:
572:
486:
453:
448:The German word
380:South Franconian
315:, the adjacent,
298:
290:
264:
251:
250:
249:
243:
212:
154:
152:
151:
137:
111:
99:
74:
66:
59:
51:
37:
36:
21:
9300:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9275:Frankish people
9250:
9249:
9240:
9238:
9234:
9231:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9187:Wayback Machine
9156:
9075:Reuter, Timothy
8918:Bernet, Claus.
8907:Bamberg, 2009,
8885:
8880:
8858:
8854:
8848:Wayback Machine
8839:
8835:
8829:Wayback Machine
8820:
8816:
8808:
8799:
8791:
8787:
8777:
8775:
8762:Waltman, Fred.
8760:
8756:
8746:
8742:
8725:
8721:
8705:
8701:
8695:Wayback Machine
8684:
8680:
8663:
8659:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8609:
8605:
8596:
8592:
8587:Wayback Machine
8569:
8562:
8543:
8539:
8534:Wayback Machine
8523:
8516:
8508:
8504:
8496:
8492:
8484:
8480:
8472:
8465:
8459:Wayback Machine
8448:
8444:
8439:
8435:
8426:
8424:
8419:
8418:
8414:
8408:Wayback Machine
8398:
8394:
8377:
8373:
8367:Wayback Machine
8358:
8354:
8346:
8342:
8330:
8326:
8317:
8310:
8295:
8291:
8271:
8267:
8261:Wayback Machine
8250:
8246:
8237:
8233:
8227:Wayback Machine
8216:
8212:
8195:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8173:Wayback Machine
8164:
8160:
8152:
8148:
8141:
8123:Hubert Weckbach
8116:
8112:
8098:
8094:
8085:
8081:
8072:
8068:
8053:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8023:
8019:
8006:
8002:
7996:Wayback Machine
7982:
7975:
7969:Wayback Machine
7958:
7954:
7940:Manfred Treml:
7939:
7935:
7918:
7914:
7905:
7901:
7891:
7884:
7874:
7870:
7864:Wayback Machine
7853:
7844:
7838:Wayback Machine
7821:Rudolf Endres:
7820:
7816:
7810:Wayback Machine
7793:Rudolf Endres:
7792:
7788:
7771:
7764:
7758:Wayback Machine
7747:
7743:
7726:
7722:
7714:Rudolf Endres:
7713:
7709:
7693:Rudolf Endres.
7692:
7688:
7671:
7667:
7659:Rudolf Endres:
7658:
7654:
7644:
7640:
7624:
7620:
7604:
7600:
7591:
7587:
7579:Rudolf Endres:
7578:
7574:
7564:Wayback Machine
7553:
7549:
7541:Rudolf Endres:
7540:
7536:
7527:
7523:
7506:
7502:
7496:Wayback Machine
7479:Rudolf Endres:
7478:
7474:
7458:Johannes Merz:
7457:
7450:
7441:
7437:
7429:Rudolf Endres:
7428:
7424:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7389:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7342:
7335:
7330:Wayback Machine
7319:
7312:
7295:
7288:
7271:
7267:
7258:
7254:
7245:
7238:
7229:
7222:
7213:
7209:
7200:
7196:
7186:
7182:
7176:Wayback Machine
7165:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7128:Wayback Machine
7117:
7113:
7107:Wayback Machine
7096:
7092:
7078:
7074:
7065:
7063:
7054:
7053:
7046:
7040:Wayback Machine
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6805:Wayback Machine
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6264:
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6216:Wayback Machine
6199:Rudolf Endres:
6198:
6191:
6174:
6170:
6161:
6157:
6134:
6130:
6113:
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6104:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6065:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6020:
6016:
6011:
5998:Franconian Rake
5993:Franconian Flag
5972:
5970:
5967:
5921:Franconian wine
5894:
5887:
5880:
5871:
5865:Franconian wine
5862:
5853:
5846:
5837:
5826:
5817:
5810:
5750:, known as the
5741:
5715:
5660:
5623:the Reformation
5592:Roman Catholics
5588:
5583:
5568:Austro-Bavarian
5540:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5411:Bad Mergentheim
5389:
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4904:
4895:Schwäbisch Hall
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4426:
4406:
4386:Imperial Cities
4348:Bad Mergentheim
4336:Schwäbisch Hall
4305:Schwäbisch Hall
4301:
4293:Sudeten Germans
4236:
4228:Henry Kissinger
4169:
4158:
4152:
4149:
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4094:
4082:
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4057:
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4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4016:Tag der Franken
3689:First World War
3685:
3621:patchwork quilt
3589:. In 1806, the
3565:
3533:
3412:the Reformation
3399:and Nuremberg.
3343:Electoral Mainz
3286:
3281:
3202:Abbacy of Fulda
3186:
3174:Knights Templar
3170:Bad Mergentheim
3157:imperial cities
3132:Conrad III
2983:
2936:Bavaria Slavica
2877:
2865:Great Migration
2814:(117-138), the
2765:Central Germany
2672:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2535:quality of life
2531:
2529:Quality of life
2515:
2503:Johann Beringer
2397:sauropodomorpha
2172:
2150:of the western
2142:have survived.
2132:dolomitic rocks
2120:Franconian Jura
2040:Franconian Line
1980:Late Palaeozoic
1931:in the Spessart
1905:
1900:
1678:protected areas
1670:Franconian Jura
1625:near Rohrbach,
1623:Steinerne Rinne
1615:
1607:Nördlinger Ries
1603:Hohenlohe Plain
1567:sea level (NHN)
1564:
1509:Franconian Jura
1501:
1376:Aerial view of
1370:
1271:Lower Franconia
1263:Upper Franconia
1230:
1179:South Thuringia
1155:Upper Franconia
1151:Lower Franconia
1139:Franconian Rake
1119:
1115:Franconian Rake
1106:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1008:Schwäbisch Hall
876:Franconian Jura
759:Central Uplands
744:. The man-made
690:
685:
577:plural form of
525:
519:
513:
443:Schwäbisch Hall
370:(largest city:
364:Lower Franconia
350:(largest city:
323:, south of the
321:South Thuringia
309:Upper Franconia
283:East Franconian
254:East Franconian
245:
244:
206:
149:
147:
119:
118:
117:
116:
105:
104:
87:
85:Cultural region
78:
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68:
53:
42:
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32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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9288:
9287:
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9267:
9262:
9241:49.816; 10.865
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9189:
9177:
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9167:
9162:
9155:
9154:External links
9152:
9151:
9150:
9135:
9122:Stützel, Ada.
9120:
9105:
9090:
9072:
9061:
9042:
9027:
9012:
9005:
8990:Cantor, Norman
8987:
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8884:
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8879:
8878:
8874:Tauber-Zeitung
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8797:
8785:
8774:on 2 July 2019
8754:
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8618:, ed. (2000),
8603:
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8478:
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8442:
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8399:Frank Müller.
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8273:Walter Ziegler
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8000:
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7842:
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7489:online version
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7373:Otto Spälter:
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7019:Spiegel Online
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6270:see online pdf
6258:
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6209:online version
6189:
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6098:online version
6075:
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6033:German Kingdom
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5834:Drei im Weckla
5827:
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5804:
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5714:
5711:
5668:Ashkenazi Jews
5659:
5656:
5603:denominational
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5550:German is the
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4181:Roman Catholic
4171:
4170:
4153:September 2022
4085:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4067:
3851:Following the
3844:seven and the
3784:Nuremberg Laws
3684:
3681:
3661:Lake Constance
3583:secularization
3564:
3561:
3557:Main-Franconia
3532:
3529:
3505:Grand Alliance
3496:Kleinstaaterei
3365:in Franconia.
3355:Swabian Circle
3315:Kleinstaaterei
3285:
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3209:
3204:
3199:
3185:
3182:
3161:Teutonic Order
3027:Babenberg Feud
2979:Main article:
2974:Saint Boniface
2942:well into the
2876:
2873:
2816:Rhaetian Limes
2792:Porta decumana
2747:gave the name
2715:. In the late
2713:Nuremberg Land
2671:
2668:
2585:Germanic tribe
2576:
2573:
2568:Main article:
2565:
2562:
2530:
2527:
2522:cool temperate
2514:
2511:
2494:, were found.
2271:Hildburghausen
2255:footprints of
2171:
2168:
2064:siliciclastics
1941:Upper Jurassic
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1794:Fossa Carolina
1674:Altmühl Valley
1614:
1611:
1582:(689.4m). The
1574:(1,024m), the
1525:Rhön Mountains
1505:Central Upland
1500:
1497:
1369:
1366:
1229:
1226:
1171:Upper Bavarian
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1094:
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1085:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1030:
888:), historical
880:Upper Bavarian
868:Czech Republic
837:Saxe-Meiningen
827:, held by the
811:Hildburghausen
767:Rhön Mountains
689:
686:
684:
681:
523:Name of France
515:Main article:
512:
509:
473:people in the
388:Fulda District
224:
223:
213:
203:
202:
192:
186:
185:
163:
162:Largest cities
159:
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9087:0-582-49034-0
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9002:0-06-017033-6
8999:
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8984:3-929000-39-3
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8899:
8898:3-928498-92-4
8895:
8891:
8887:
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8875:
8871:
8870:archive.today
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8716:3-8260-2226-2
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8640:
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8631:3-921590-69-8
8627:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8616:Rudolf Endres
8613:
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8140:3-8062-1333-X
8136:
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8120:
8114:
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8102:
8096:
8089:
8086:Werner Falk:
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7556:Endter-Bibeln
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7391:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7377:
7370:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7347:
7343:Dieter Weiß:
7340:
7338:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7317:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7262:
7256:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7233:
7227:
7225:
7217:
7211:
7204:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7163:
7154:
7145:
7136:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7094:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7076:
7062:on 2012-01-18
7061:
7057:
7051:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7027:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7009:
7002:
6998:
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6994:
6988:
6979:
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6944:
6938:
6934:
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6924:
6918:
6914:
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6893:
6889:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6693:
6686:
6680:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6626:
6620:), p. 24
6619:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6533:
6526:
6525:Mittelfranken
6522:
6518:
6515:
6510:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6468:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6447:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6426:
6417:
6411:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6366:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6304:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6262:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6243:
6236:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6162:Ulrich Nonn:
6159:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6112:
6106:
6099:
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6073:
6069:
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6018:
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5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5969:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5947:Main Cycleway
5944:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:Romantic Road
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5844:
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5835:
5831:
5824:
5819:
5816:
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5808:
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5799:
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5791:
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5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5720:gastarbeiters
5710:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5633:, within the
5632:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5557:lingua franca
5554:and also the
5553:
5544:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5492:
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5480:
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5468:
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5460:
5457:
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5440:
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5431:
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5412:
5409:
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5388:
5382:
5376:
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5371:
5369:
5366:
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5362:
5358:
5354:
5351:
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5339:
5333:
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5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5302:
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5283:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
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5233:
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5225:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5156:
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5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
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5111:
5108:
5105:
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5096:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
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4933:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
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4846:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Aschaffenburg
4715:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
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4580:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4553:
4547:
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4536:
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4531:
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4516:
4513:
4507:
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4488:
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4479:
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4474:
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4467:
4461:
4455:
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4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4382:Hohenstaufens
4379:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4358:(25,177) and
4357:
4353:
4349:
4346:(25,388) and
4345:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:German people
4247:
4242:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4167:
4164:
4156:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114: –
4113:
4109:
4108:Find sources:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4086:This section
4084:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:Franconia Day
4009:
4005:
4004:Upper Bavaria
4001:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:reunification
3967:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3887:The state of
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:Soviet system
3690:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3642:German Empire
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3587:mediatisation
3584:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:. During the
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3513:welfare state
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:Martin Luther
3372:initiated by
3371:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3279:Modern Period
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
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3145:
3141:
3137:
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3129:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:(west of the
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
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2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:(98-117) and
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:Free Germania
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:, and on the
2752:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:primitive man
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2558:Deutsche Post
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:Compsognathus
2481:
2480:Archaeopteryx
2477:
2476:Upper Bavaria
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:feather stars
2461:
2457:
2456:
2455:Pterodactylus
2451:
2450:Archaeopteryx
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2433:Archaeopteryx
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
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2376:
2371:
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2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:Temnospondyle
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:procolophonid
2304:
2300:
2299:stratigraphic
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:animal tracks
2264:
2263:type locality
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2249:trace fossils
2246:
2241:
2239:
2238:thin sections
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:archaeocyatha
2208:
2200:
2199:Langenaltheim
2196:
2195:Archaeopteryx
2191:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:rocks of the
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:volcanic rock
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Earth's crust
1989:
1985:
1984:metamorphosed
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
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1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:Bavarian Rhön
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:national park
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:Odenwaldkreis
1355:
1354:Kassel region
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1305:Upper Bavaria
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Lower Bavaria
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Aschaffenburg
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Odenwaldkreis
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:imperial city
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Aschaffenburg
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:, beyond the
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:ridge of the
784:
780:
776:
775:Aschaffenburg
773:lands around
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:
754:Mittelgebirge
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
680:
678:
673:
669:
664:
660:, from Latin
658:
657:
650:
644:
638:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
594:
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581:
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571:
563:
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553:
549:
543:
539:
533:
529:
524:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
480:
476:
472:
471:Elbe Germanic
468:
464:
461:
457:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Aschaffenburg
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
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340:
338:
334:
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98:
90:
86:
81:
72:
71:Mainfränkisch
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
45:
38:
30:
19:
9217:
9138:
9123:
9108:
9093:
9078:
9064:
9045:
9030:
9015:
9008:
8993:
8975:
8960:
8945:
8938:
8934:
8919:
8904:
8889:
8883:Bibliography
8861:
8855:
8836:
8817:
8809:
8788:
8778:15 September
8776:. Retrieved
8772:the original
8767:
8757:
8748:
8743:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8707:
8702:
8697:at stimme.de
8686:
8681:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8639:
8620:
8606:
8598:
8593:
8575:
8571:
8555:the original
8550:
8540:
8505:
8493:
8481:
8450:
8445:
8436:
8425:. Retrieved
8415:
8395:
8386:
8379:
8374:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8327:
8319:
8298:
8292:
8283:
8276:
8268:
8252:
8247:
8239:
8238:Paul Sauer:
8234:
8218:
8213:
8204:
8197:
8192:
8180:
8161:
8153:
8149:
8130:
8126:
8113:
8100:
8095:
8087:
8082:
8074:
8069:
8060:
8055:
8039:
8035:
8024:
8020:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7984:
7983:Hans Maier:
7960:
7955:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7920:
7915:
7907:
7902:
7893:
7876:
7871:
7855:
7826:
7822:
7817:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7749:
7744:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7723:
7715:
7710:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7668:
7660:
7655:
7646:
7641:
7632:
7626:
7621:
7612:
7606:
7601:
7593:
7588:
7580:
7575:
7555:
7550:
7542:
7537:
7529:
7524:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7503:
7484:
7480:
7475:
7466:
7459:
7443:
7438:
7430:
7425:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7395:
7390:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7360:
7351:
7344:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7260:
7255:
7247:
7231:
7215:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7188:
7183:
7167:
7162:
7153:
7144:
7135:
7119:
7114:
7098:
7093:
7086:Focus Online
7080:
7075:
7064:. Retrieved
7060:the original
7031:
7026:
7013:
7008:
6992:
6987:
6982:886 kB)
6961:. Retrieved
6948:
6943:
6928:
6923:
6912:
6908:
6903:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6870:
6865:
6860:3,6 MB)
6853:
6849:
6844:
6836:
6831:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6793:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6761:Researchgate
6756:
6752:
6747:
6728:
6701:
6697:
6692:
6684:
6679:
6660:
6644:
6630:
6625:
6606:
6601:
6596:), p. 4
6582:
6558:
6553:
6537:
6532:
6524:
6509:
6493:
6488:
6472:
6467:
6451:
6446:
6431:Wir über uns
6430:
6425:
6399:. Retrieved
6370:
6365:
6349:
6344:
6335:Source: the
6308:
6303:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6266:
6261:
6242:
6233:
6204:
6200:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6164:Die Franken.
6163:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6137:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6110:
6105:
6093:
6086:
6067:
6023:East Francia
6017:
5953:(ADFC). The
5941:
5925:Lebküchnerei
5924:
5914:
5869:Bocksbeutels
5848:Schlenkerla
5833:
5812:
5785:
5764:
5745:
5742:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5707:
5700:
5661:
5649:
5634:
5620:
5600:
5589:
5586:Christianity
5574:Landesfarben
5572:
5562:
5555:
5549:
4427:(2000–2020)
4371:
4364:
4333:
4302:
4288:
4282:
4278:Moselfranken
4277:
4274:Rheinfranken
4273:
4237:
4226:population;
4218:The city of
4217:
4174:
4159:
4150:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4107:
4095:Please help
4090:verification
4087:
4031:Westerngrund
4022:
4020:
4015:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3963:
3935:East Germany
3924:
3912:
3886:
3850:
3792:
3768:Gunzenhausen
3753:
3686:
3683:20th century
3649:Ludwig Canal
3646:
3638:Wittelsbachs
3606:
3601:
3595:
3572:
3566:
3563:19th century
3551:, including
3534:
3494:
3492:
3450:
3420:
3409:
3386:witch trials
3378:Luther Bible
3367:
3334:
3324:
3320:Münzaufsicht
3319:
3313:
3295:
3187:
3117:
3102:
3084:
3076:
3061:
2995:East Francia
2991:stem duchies
2984:
2966:Saint Totnan
2962:Saint Colman
2958:Saint Kilian
2911:
2906:. After the
2897:
2853:
2820:Gunzenhausen
2801:
2791:
2758:
2748:
2721:noble metals
2709:Pommelsbrunn
2700:Homo erectus
2698:
2692:
2640:
2636:
2631:created the
2609:East Francia
2600:
2598:
2578:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2516:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2458:and various
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:Plateosaurus
2419:
2417:
2409:Plateosaurus
2408:
2405:Plateosaurus
2404:
2390:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2345:
2343:at Gambach.
2341:Upper Bunter
2334:
2328:
2317:
2309:
2302:
2279:Chirotherium
2278:
2274:
2258:Chirotherium
2256:
2242:
2226:
2207:macrofossils
2204:
2194:
2179:
2152:Tethys Ocean
2148:marginal sea
2144:
2035:
2025:
1954:
1880:capercaillie
1849:
1834:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1738:nature parks
1735:
1727:nature parks
1684:
1682:
1666:oligotrophic
1637:
1635:
1629:, county of
1596:
1502:
1454:
1383:
1347:
1340:
1309:
1294:
1250:
1247:
1208:area of Alt-
1203:
1144:
1123:
1113:
1097:Veste Coburg
1056:in Franconia
957:
929:Haller Ebene
902:
883:
863:
849:
818:
752:
750:
740:crosses the
691:
676:
622:Middle Latin
620:, following
613:
609:
566:
479:East Francia
456:ethnic group
447:
433:in Bavaria,
396:
366:west of the
341:
288:Ostfränkisch
228:
227:
114:Coat of arms
9239: /
8423:(in German)
7596:, pp. 15 ff
7056:"mercer.de"
6911:Nothosaurus
5937:Castle Road
5929:gingerbread
5910:Castle Road
5832:in a roll (
5790:Head cheese
5788:(a type of
5770:Sauerbraten
5662:Before the
5618:in France.
5596:Protestants
4809:Hof (Saale)
4763:Schweinfurt
4374:Middle Ages
4266:Thuringians
4189:Lichtenfels
4177:Old Bavaria
4112:"Franconia"
4056: /
4027:Oberwestern
3947:dismantling
3909:agriculture
3865:Soviet zone
3788:antisemitic
3754:During the
3748:Renaissance
3711:voted in a
3597:Rittersturm
3473:Wallenstein
3431:Ferdinand I
3370:Reformation
3140:Interregnum
2951:Anglo-Saxon
2900:Thuringians
2875:Middle Ages
2856:Burgundians
2755:Gleichberge
2741:Staffelberg
2688:Staffelberg
2664:Weissenburg
2619:, parts of
2594:Thuringians
2554:Glücksatlas
2491:Juravenator
2468:dragonflies
2460:bony fishes
2428:Nothosaurus
2401:Heroldsberg
2387:Feuerletten
2375:Nothosaurus
2352:Muschelkalk
2339:) from the
2205:The oldest
2080:Muschelkalk
2062:(so-called
2008:amphibolite
1949:Tüchersfeld
1856:fallow deer
1774:Steigerwald
1689:. When the
1672:, with the
1654:Selb Forest
1650:Reichsforst
1588:Gleichberge
1549:Steigerwald
1446:Saxon Saale
1181:, parts of
1129:and former
988:Schweinfurt
858:, Bohemian
799:Upper Saxon
614:Franconians
606:Lower Rhine
489:Middle Ages
356:Vogtlandian
126:Frankenlied
9254:Categories
9227:10°51′54″E
9224:49°48′58″N
9069:the review
8939:Franconia.
8427:2024-03-24
7066:2016-07-23
6963:2016-01-11
6888:The genus
6401:2017-03-29
6043:References
5830:Bratwürste
5814:Schäuferla
5765:Schäuferla
5725:immigrants
5723:and other
5693:Creglingen
5672:Regensburg
5643:after the
5067:Crailsheim
4390:Ummerstadt
4362:(23,507).
4354:(37,009),
4340:Crailsheim
4252:alongside
4234:Population
4209:Protestant
4123:newspapers
4041:50°07′02″N
3995:Landkreise
3956:Mödlareuth
3764:Nazi Party
3744:Pellerhaus
3713:referendum
3687:After the
3446:Alte Veste
3397:Königsberg
3216:County of
3023:Conradines
3019:Babenbergs
2844:Dittenheim
2840:Gelbe Bürg
2828:Weißenburg
2769:Steinsburg
2733:hill forts
2717:Bronze Age
2625:Stem duchy
2617:Palatinate
2438:inter alia
2362:hill near
2360:Oschenberg
2322:Mittelberg
2265:for these
2234:wildflysch
2160:weathering
2140:Cretaceous
2136:White Jura
2128:Brown Jura
2124:Black Jura
2104:phonolites
2072:limestones
2060:claystones
2056:siltstones
2052:sandstones
2044:fault line
1913:Sommerkahl
1845:Wolfsbronn
1841:Heidenheim
1807:Riesenburg
1711:felsenmeer
1695:Black Moor
1691:Altmühlsee
1646:Mönchswald
1638:Reichswald
1627:Ettenstatt
1580:Hesselberg
1572:Ochsenkopf
1561:Schneeberg
1553:Hahnenkamm
1485:reservoirs
1356:) and the
1293:') is the
1273:(capital:
1265:(capital:
1257:(capital:
1173:county of
1039:Rothenburg
1016:Crailsheim
945:East Hesse
694:River Main
668:Late Latin
663:franciscus
618:stem duchy
487:). In the
475:Main River
329:Thuringian
319:-speaking
317:Franconian
9265:Franconia
9102:451342119
6048:Footnotes
5850:Rauchbier
5794:Lebkuchen
5786:Presssack
5776:), fried
5760:Bratwurst
5758:includes
5689:Künzelsau
5636:Reichstag
5612:Huguenots
5581:Religions
5502:Thuringia
5497:Sonneberg
5373:Thuringia
5368:Meiningen
5110:Forchheim
5029:Thuringia
4981:Schwabach
4441:Nuremberg
4360:Sonneberg
4356:Meiningen
4342:(35,760)
4329:Schwabach
4309:Nuremberg
4262:Bavarians
4044:9°14′52″E
4023:Die Wende
4000:Eichstätt
3989:Gemeinden
3965:Die Wende
3878:sovereign
3798:air raids
3780:Reichstag
3717:Thuringia
3665:Nuremberg
3553:Franconia
3509:Louis XIV
3218:Hohenlohe
3087:Ottonians
3040:Alamannia
3015:Frankfurt
2824:Biriciana
2806:(81-96),
2796:Biriciana
2684:Menosgada
2643:Franconia
2603:(German:
2537:. In the
2507:monograph
2472:Eichstätt
2446:Tithonian
2110:) of the
2108:trachytes
2100:basanites
2086:. In the
2066:) of the
2050:with its
1868:wild boar
1803:Ehrenbürg
1707:Wunsiedel
1576:Kreuzberg
1469:Black Sea
1465:North Sea
1320:Hohenlohe
1218:Heilbronn
1210:Eichstätt
1195:Hohenlohe
1175:Eichstätt
1147:provinces
1024:Meiningen
1004:Schwabach
960:Nuremberg
953:Ehrenberg
931:plateau,
925:Heilbronn
917:Hohenlohe
885:Altbayern
866:) in the
835:duchy of
815:Sonneberg
803:Thuringia
801:lands of
783:Rennsteig
683:Geography
649:Franzosen
637:Franconia
593:Norwegian
532:Nuremberg
511:Etymology
439:Meiningen
399:Nuremberg
376:Heilbronn
346:lying in
229:Franconia
190:Time zone
167:Nuremberg
124:Anthem: "
41:Franconia
9183:Archived
8996:. 1993.
8866:Archived
8844:Archived
8825:Archived
8691:Archived
8583:Archived
8530:Archived
8455:Archived
8404:Archived
8363:Archived
8257:Archived
8223:Archived
8169:Archived
7992:Archived
7987:, p. 6,
7965:Archived
7860:Archived
7834:Archived
7806:Archived
7754:Archived
7560:Archived
7492:Archived
7326:Archived
7172:Archived
7124:Archived
7103:Archived
7036:Archived
6997:Archived
6972:cite web
6890:Placodus
6801:Archived
6736:Archived
6709:Archived
6674:), p. 26
6668:Archived
6635:Archived
6614:Archived
6590:Archived
6563:Archived
6542:Archived
6517:Archived
6498:Archived
6477:Archived
6456:Archived
6435:Archived
6410:cite web
6375:Archived
6354:Archived
6350:Sandwege
6313:Archived
6273:Archived
6250:Archived
6212:Archived
5965:See also
5782:Grupfder
5664:Nazi era
5652:Orthodox
5608:Erlangen
5538:Language
5282:Öhringen
5239:Kulmbach
5196:Zirndorf
4671:Bayreuth
4603:116,562
4597:112,385
4591:100,778
4579:Erlangen
4557:127,810
4551:126,954
4545:127,966
4533:Würzburg
4511:131,433
4505:128,223
4499:110,477
4465:523,026
4459:515,543
4453:488,400
4367:Gersfeld
4344:Öhringen
4321:Erlangen
4317:Würzburg
4258:Swabians
4254:Alemanni
4205:Kulmbach
4197:Bayreuth
3874:immunity
3756:Nazi era
3673:Kulmbach
3632:and the
3579:Napoleon
3537:Napoleon
3507:against
3477:Austrian
3471:against
3444:and the
3442:Zirndorf
3166:Ellingen
3044:Eberhard
2970:apostles
2924:Würzburg
2885:Westheim
2849:Juthungi
2832:Alemanni
2804:Domitian
2725:Iron Age
2656:Würzburg
2641:Duke of
2635:(German
2590:Alamanni
2424:Placodus
2413:Ellingen
2369:Placodus
2356:Bayreuth
2314:Reurieth
2295:Külsheim
2253:tetrapod
2184:Ellingen
2116:Jurassic
2112:Tertiary
2048:Triassic
2028:Mesozoic
2000:phyllite
1964:basement
1960:outcrops
1957:Variscan
1864:roe deer
1860:red deer
1783:In 1991
1770:Spessart
1766:Haßberge
1740:are the
1664:on very
1662:pastures
1601:and the
1584:outliers
1541:Odenwald
1535:and the
1529:Spessart
1527:and the
1503:Several
1481:volcanic
1467:and the
1448:and the
1424:and the
1291:tripoint
1275:Würzburg
1267:Bayreuth
1185:and the
1054:Walberla
976:Bayreuth
972:Erlangen
968:Würzburg
949:Gersfeld
882:region (
860:Egerland
856:Vogtland
854:lead to
825:Grabfeld
793:and the
763:Spessart
688:Overview
656:françois
542:Würzburg
501:Napoleon
460:Germanic
423:Bayreuth
415:Würzburg
403:Erlangen
368:Spessart
344:Vogtland
267:Bavarian
179:Erlangen
175:Würzburg
7989:see pdf
7910:, p. 70
6141:in the
6138:Franken
6003:Fränkel
5943:Cycling
5917:tourism
5892:Tourism
5739:Culture
5733:mosques
5658:Judaism
5521:23,507
5515:23,229
5509:24,837
5478:24,404
5472:23,616
5466:23,108
5459:Bavaria
5435:24,564
5429:24,034
5423:22,172
5395:+12,8%
5392:25,177
5386:25,097
5380:22,240
5349:25,367
5343:25,323
5337:24,858
5330:Bavaria
5309:+12,2%
5306:25,388
5300:24,925
5294:22,208
5263:25,818
5257:25,781
5251:28,258
5244:Bavaria
5220:26,234
5214:25,748
5208:24,950
5201:Bavaria
5177:26,420
5171:26,434
5165:25,770
5158:Bavaria
5134:32,972
5128:32,374
5122:30,665
5115:Bavaria
5091:35,760
5085:34,661
5079:32,063
5051:-24.2%
5048:37,009
5042:36,395
5036:48,025
5005:41,227
4999:41,056
4993:37,947
4986:Bavaria
4962:41,842
4956:40,842
4950:43,277
4943:Bavaria
4922:+15.6%
4919:41,898
4913:40,679
4907:35,192
4876:42,221
4870:41,681
4864:40,163
4857:Bavaria
4852:Ansbach
4836:-12.3%
4833:46,656
4827:45,173
4821:50,741
4814:Bavaria
4787:54,675
4781:53,319
4775:54,325
4768:Bavaria
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4735:70,858
4729:67,592
4722:Bavaria
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4683:74,153
4676:Bavaria
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4643:76,674
4637:69,036
4630:Bavaria
4625:Bamberg
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4584:Bavaria
4538:Bavaria
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1422:Altmühl
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