22:
800:
The orthography set by the 1911 reform is essentially the one still in use today on both sides of the
Atlantic, with only minor adjustments having been made to the vowels, consonants, and digraphs. Since then, the only remaining significant differences between the two standards, and only substantial
158:
began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. Unlike neighboring
Romance languages that adopted formal orthographies by the 18th century, the Portuguese language did not have a uniform spelling standard until the 20th century. The formation of the Portuguese Republic in
490:
poetry had been a golden age of
Portuguese literature, they aimed to keep the new orthography as close to the medieval spelling as possible, in spite of some phonetic changes which the language had undergone. The resulting orthographic standard was essentially a compromise between these intents, on
835:
Notwithstanding its traces of etymology, the 1911 orthography aimed to be phonetic in the sense that, given the spelling of a word, there would be no ambiguity about its pronunciation. For that reason, it had certain characteristics which later produced inconsistencies between the
European and the
813:
Brazil was never consulted about the orthographic reform of 1911, and so it did not adopt it. In the decades that followed, negotiations were held between representatives of Brazil and
Portugal, with the intent of agreeing on a uniform orthography for Portuguese, but progress was slow. In 1931,
1433:
The legality of this decision is questioned, as the main bases of the
International Treaty that governs the application of the new spelling reform are yet to be established, chiefly the common vocabulary drawn by all participating countries, that still does not exist. Also, the application of
402:
or French, whose orthographies were set by language academies in the 17th century (French) and the 18th century (Spanish), Portuguese had no official spelling until the early 20th century; authors wrote as they pleased with substantial difference in spelling or other elements.
826:
had led to divergent spellings in some cases. Various attempts were made in the remainder of the 20th century to bring the two orthographies closer to each other, sometimes with modest success, other times without success. To this day, they do not coincide completely.
1404:: The transitional period in Portugal, Cabo Verde, and Brazil, during which both orthographies co-existed, ends. Only the new orthography is official from May 2015 (Portugal), October 2015 (Cabo Verde), and January 2016 (Brazil).
817:
Soon after, however, it became apparent that there were differences between the spellings being used in the two countries. Even though both were based on the same general principles, phonetic differences between
1356:: A new orthographic agreement is reached between Brazil, Portugal and the other Portuguese-speaking countries. Not so radical as the 1986 attempt, it proposes a compromise between the two orthographic systems.
879:
that distinguish a hiatus from a falling diphthong in unstressed syllables. For this reason, marking unstressed hiatuses came to be seen as unnecessary, and these tremas were eventually abolished.
1282:: Sweeping spelling reform in Brazil eliminates the trema in hiatuses, most differential circumflexes, and accent marks on vowels with secondary stressed syllables in compounds, such as
1056:. In Brazilian Portuguese, the vowels in question are pronounced just like any other unstressed vowels, and, since there is no phonetic ambiguity to undo, the words are simply spelled
494:
Thus, the reform kept some graphemic distinctions for phonological traits which were not present in every dialect, but still present in at least some areas: between
163:
and its overseas territories and colonies. Brazil would adopt an orthographic standard based on, but not identical to, the
Portuguese standard a few decades later.
491:
one hand, and common traditions, on the other: in a few cases, spelling conventions which went against etymology but had long become customary were made official.
1504:
Stephen R. Parkinson, António H. A. Emiliano, Encoding
Medieval Abbreviations for Computer Analysis (from Latin–Portuguese and Portuguese Non‐literary Sources),
1298:, and so on. This reform was mockingly nicknamed the "Remington Reform" because it reduced dramatically the number of words bearing accents (the reference is to
1419:
In 1990, an orthographic agreement was reached between the
Portuguese-language countries with the intent of creating a single common orthography for Portuguese.
930:. Although the number of words with such divergent pronunciations is small, they have been seen as an obstacle to the orthographic unification of the language.
1434:
International
Treaties, as per the Vienna Convention, states that the text of a treaty cannot be changed, and this one has undergone at least two revisions.
793:, "I wake up". This principle was abandoned in all but a dozen cases in 1945 in Portugal and in 1973 in Brazil. (In most cases the homographs were different
1414:
167:
146:
39:
1168:: Orthographic agreement between Portugal and Brazil. The agreement did not come into force, but some of its proposals (such as abolition of silent
1075:. In Brazilian Portuguese, these diphthongs are indeed different, but in most dialects of European Portuguese both are pronounced the same way, and
1150:, followed by another vowel, in which case both types of vowel may occur in European Portuguese, but Brazilian Portuguese allows only high vowels.
993:"wet/bundle"; the intended meaning is inferred from context. The grave accent was eventually abolished, except in a small number of contractions.
1266:, and so on. The orthographic rules of 1945 were written as an orthographic agreement between Portugal and Brazil, but Brazil did not adopt them.
777:
Initially, the orthographic system, both in Brazil and Portugal, determined the usage of diacritics in cases where two words would otherwise be
86:
1350:(as in the orthography of Italian) is proposed but abandoned after a negative reaction from both the Brazilian and Portuguese media and public.
198:, and named the "Portuguese language". In 1296, it was adopted by the royal chancellery and began to be used for writing laws and in notaries.
170:
was reached between the various countries, with Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde adopting the new standard gradually by the beginning of 2016.
814:
Portugal and Brazil finally signed an orthographic agreement, on the basis of which Brazil established its own official orthography, in 1943.
58:
1346:
to address the remaining problems. A radical reform which would eliminate the acute accent and the circumflex accent from all words except
479:, rejected the etymological spellings current in the previous centuries, preferring a more phonetic orthography, like those of Spanish and
65:
415:
with defining a standard orthography for Portuguese. The result was what has come to be known in Portugal as the orthographic reform of
1226:: Sweeping spelling reform in Portugal eliminates the trema, and differential circumflex accents in most pairs of homographs such as
467:
set up an orthography of its own, with the same general principles as the Portuguese orthography, but not entirely identical to it.
419:. The new standard became official in Portugal and its overseas territories at the time, which are today the independent nations of
937:
in European Portuguese which vary only in having either a low or a high vowel in an unstressed syllable. To distinguish these, the
596:
was used to mark the stressed vowel whenever it was not in the usual position, more or less as in the orthographies of Spanish and
72:
1374:
completely from the language (except for foreign words), changing the diphthongs "éi" and "ói" into "ei" and "oi" respectively in
1653:
1610:
of the Brazilian government, in 1971, amending the orthography adopted in 1943 (no updated version of the PVOLP was published).
979:"bundle". But in Brazilian Portuguese both words in each example are pronounced the same way, so the grave accent is not used:
1537:
1276:
makes the orthographic reform of 1943 official and mandates that all books published in the country use the official spelling.
604:"he criticizes" bears no accent mark, because it is stressed on the syllable before the last one, like most words that end in
411:
In 1911, the newly formed Portuguese Republic, concerned with improving the literacy of its citizens, charged a commission of
54:
201:
The medieval spelling of Portuguese was not uniform, since it had no official standard, but most authors used an essentially
673:
such as French or Italian, but it was already commonplace in Portuguese before the 20th century. (In many words, Portuguese
280:. These early forms of Old Portuguese spelling in transition have been referred to as Latin–Portuguese or Latin-Romance.
416:
160:
1607:
1453:
105:
1310:
in Brazil, either because the reform made typewriting easier or because it "executed" a large number of diacritics).
669:. The choice of the acute for low vowels and the circumflex for high vowels went against the conventions of other
1362:: The new 1990 spelling reform goes into effect in Brazil, in Portugal, and in Cabo Verde, changing the rules of
1020:, the consonant was kept in the spelling, to denote the quality of the preceding vowel. For example, in the word
128:
166:
Further minor spelling reforms were approved in lusophone countries over the rest of the 20th century. In 1990,
79:
43:
1448:
1217:
194:) and decreed that Portuguese, then called simply the "common language", would henceforth be used instead of
1339:
436:
1045:
1033:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
950:
582:
554:
550:
546:
534:
530:
526:
514:
510:
506:
265:
261:
234:
214:
142:
138:
1658:
1569:
1430:
on 21 July 2008, allowing for a six-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies co-existed.
1593:
1206:: First proposal of orthographic reform in Brazil is mentioned by the Constitution but not enforced.
1626:
1426:
went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into law by the
750:
in a stressed syllable, where a diphthong would normally be expected, distinguishing for example
585:. These distinctions have close parallels in the orthographies of other West European languages.
32:
242:
1443:
1273:
460:
124:
840:
557:
in most dialects, although the distinction is still retained in some). The unstressed vowels
288:
191:
1048:. Other examples of words where a silent consonant was left to lower the previous vowel are
1427:
823:
747:
637:
589:
202:
565:
were also retained for word-family homogeneity and etymology when they were pronounced as
499:
8:
819:
484:
179:
155:
475:
The authors of the first spelling reform of Portuguese, imbued with the modern ideas of
1458:
933:
Unstressed vowels are usually high, but there are exceptions, including a few pairs of
839:
In unstressed syllables, hiatuses were originally distinguished from diphthongs with a
719:
when they occurred before another letter, or at the end of a word. Although the vowel
1371:
1316:: Portugal follows Brazil in abolishing accent marks in secondary stressed syllables.
670:
642:
258:
183:
182:
began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. In 1290,
1544:
1509:
1487:
1479:
597:
480:
448:
399:
392:
277:
246:
1142:(Portugal). This happens when the vowels are stressed before the nasal consonants
1423:
388:
1525:
1524:
The official spelling of the Portuguese language in Macau is currently fixed by
1363:
1343:
1299:
794:
195:
1613:
1647:
1632:
1379:
1331:
613:
456:
428:
296:
292:
1480:"The Textualization of Portuguese in the Late 12th and Early 13th Centuries"
287:, appreciation for classical culture led many authors to imitate Latin and (
1513:
938:
876:
707:, in which case they do not need to be identified with diacritics, but the
620:
593:
1484:
The Textualization of Portuguese in the Late 12th and Early 13th Centuries
1638:
Official source about Portuguese spelling reforms with studies and guides
867:. But the pronunciation of these words is not uniform. Many speakers say
692:
412:
284:
1633:
Portuguese spelling reforms at Australian Centre for Social Innovations
1375:
1335:
1327:
1303:
778:
487:
440:
432:
424:
1378:(unless, of course, when needed to show the stress), and eliminating
1083:
plural nouns and adjectives. This led to divergent spellings such as
934:
802:
782:
723:
can also be nasal before other vowels, this happens in so few words (
696:
476:
268:, which until then had been spelled with several digraphs, including
206:
996:
In other cases, where an unstressed low vowel was the result of the
21:
808:
300:
134:
1491:
801:
changes addressed in the 1990 spelling reform, were in the use of
1347:
1080:
997:
1367:
1323:
464:
420:
187:
1587:
A questão ortográfica – Reforma e acordos da língua portuguesa
1322:: Brazil invites the other six Portuguese language countries,
1637:
1601:
1307:
918:. However, there is regional variation, with for example the
746:
The acute accent was used also to mark the second vowel of a
708:
657:, to be differentiated from the low stressed vowels, written
444:
1598:
Abridged Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language
1212:: First orthographic reform of Brazil is delineated in the
1459:
Wikisource in Portuguese – Ortografia da Língua Portuguesa
743:) that marking its nasality was not considered necessary.
830:
452:
797:, meaning that context was enough to distinguish them.)
699:
usually appear before the orthographic nasal consonants
387:), and so on, still found today in the orthographies of
922:
being pronounced in a few Brazilian Portuguese accents
875:, especially in fast speech. Furthermore, there are no
1572:
of 2012 extended the transition through December 2015.
882:
The trema was also used in the words where the letter
209:
common in other Romance languages, such as the use of
1508:, Volume 17, Issue 3, September 2002, Pages 345–360,
1024:, which is stressed on its last syllable, the letter
1594:
Pequeno Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa
1106:
in several words where the European orthography has
483:. On the other hand, considering that the period of
173:
133:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1118:, due to different pronunciation. For example, cf.
612:"criticism" requires an accent mark, since it is a
581:, even though many speakers now pronounced both as
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1415:Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990
941:was at first placed on unstressed low vowels: cf.
1408:
1028:is not pronounced, but indicates that the second
241:otherwise. King Diniz, who was an admirer of the
1645:
1627:Portal da Língua Portuguesa — Acordo ortográfico
809:Brazilian orthography vs. Portuguese orthography
147:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1614:lusografia.org — Orthographic Agreement of 1990
1153:
1067:The orthography distinguished between stressed
635:is also distinctive in stressed syllables (see
406:
886:is, exceptionally, pronounced in the digraphs
159:1911 was motivation for the establishment of
1214:Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa
641:), high stressed vowels were marked with a
533:in medieval Portuguese, but now reduced to
513:in medieval Portuguese, but now reduced to
186:created the first Portuguese university in
398:Contrary to neighboring languages such as
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1477:
1646:
831:Problems with the original orthography
789:, "agreement", distinguishing it from
592:can be distinctive in Portuguese, the
1162:: First spelling reform in Portugal.
902:, rather than silent as usual; e.g.
681:correspond to the Latin long vowels
295:, filling words with a profusion of
245:and a poet himself, popularized the
137:. For the distinction between ,
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1079:appears only by convention in some
855:, so that they would be pronounced
470:
443:, as well as the Chinese S.A.R. of
55:"Reforms of Portuguese orthography"
13:
14:
1670:
1620:
1506:Literary and Linguistic Computing
1454:1943 Portuguese Orthographic Form
1200:) were accepted by later reforms.
926:, but not in European Portuguese
174:Pre-modern Portuguese orthography
1478:Emiliano, António H. A. (2003).
573:, respectively, and the digraph
20:
537:in most dialects), and between
161:orthographic reform in Portugal
129:International Phonetic Alphabet
31:needs additional citations for
1654:Portuguese orthography reforms
1562:
1530:
1518:
1498:
1471:
1409:Orthographic Agreement of 1990
1:
1579:
1449:Academia Brasileira de Letras
1218:Academia Brasileira de Letras
953:in European Portuguese, with
1602:Brazilian Academy of Letters
1538:"Guia do Acordo Ortográfico"
1154:Timeline of spelling reforms
407:Orthographic standardization
205:, with minor concessions to
7:
1437:
1094:The Brazilian spelling has
1036:, as opposed to the second
517:in most dialects), between
10:
1675:
1412:
1302:, which manufactured both
1589:(1993) Editorial Notícias
1568:Brazilian Federal Decree
836:Brazilian orthographies.
243:poetry of the troubadours
229:otherwise, or the use of
1464:
1390:, which are now spelled
1184:, etc., and change from
843:. For instance, writing
600:. For example, the verb
577:was differentiated from
1526:Decree-Law No. 103/99/M
1370:usage, eliminating the
805:and silent consonants.
766:"he used to leave", or
299:and other etymological
125:phonetic transcriptions
1444:Portuguese orthography
1274:Constitution of Brazil
1044:, which is pronounced
461:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
122:This article contains
1616:(PDF – in Portuguese)
1340:São Tomé and Príncipe
986:"to nail/to preach",
945:"to nail", where the
762:"that he leave" from
437:São Tomé and Príncipe
1514:10.1093/llc/17.3.345
824:Brazilian Portuguese
754:"he concludes" from
711:was placed on nasal
638:Portuguese phonology
237:between vowels, but
203:phonemic orthography
40:improve this article
1600:) published by the
1172:from words such as
957:"to preach", where
820:European Portuguese
485:Galician-Portuguese
455:and territories of
180:Portuguese language
168:a further agreement
156:Portuguese language
1659:Orthography reform
1608:Text of the decree
1342:, to a meeting in
1000:of the consonants
259:palatal consonants
1592:Full text of the
671:Romance languages
643:circumflex accent
116:
115:
108:
90:
1666:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1543:. Archived from
1542:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1486:(2): 1000–1036.
1475:
1047:
1035:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
952:
584:
556:
552:
548:
536:
532:
528:
516:
512:
508:
471:Basic principles
267:
263:
236:
216:
190:(later moved to
144:
140:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1643:
1640:(in Portuguese)
1629:(in Portuguese)
1623:
1585:Estrela, Edite
1582:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1440:
1424:spelling reform
1417:
1411:
1338:, Portugal and
1156:
833:
811:
795:parts of speech
758:"I concluded",
608:, but the noun
473:
417:Gonçalves Viana
409:
383:(pronounced as
363:(pronounced as
351:(pronounced as
331:(pronounced as
315:(pronounced as
307:(pronounced as
176:
152:
151:
150:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1672:
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1642:
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1622:
1621:External links
1619:
1618:
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1611:
1605:
1590:
1581:
1578:
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1561:
1550:on 1 June 2010
1529:
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1469:
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1466:
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1456:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1413:Main article:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1380:silent letters
1364:capitalization
1357:
1351:
1344:Rio de Janeiro
1317:
1311:
1300:Remington Rand
1277:
1267:
1221:
1207:
1201:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1130:(Brazil) with
1032:is pronounced
961:is pronounced
949:is pronounced
832:
829:
810:
807:
623:of the vowels
472:
469:
408:
405:
297:silent letters
175:
172:
145:⟩, see
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120:
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114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1358:
1355:
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1337:
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1332:Guinea-Bissau
1329:
1325:
1321:
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1312:
1309:
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1301:
1297:
1293:
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1133:
1129:
1125:
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1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:(Brazil) and
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:and stressed
1070:
1065:
1064:, and so on.
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
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1007:
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913:
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905:
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877:minimal pairs
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865:constitu-ição
862:
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854:
850:
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842:
837:
828:
825:
821:
815:
806:
804:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
770:"fluid" from
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
688:
684:
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668:
664:
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615:
614:proparoxytone
611:
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457:Daman and Diu
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429:Guinea-Bissau
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293:Ancient Greek
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57: –
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51:Find sources:
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141:and ⟨
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1554:15 December
1376:paroxytones
1304:typewriters
1292:cortêsmente
1288:ùltimamente
1284:ràpidamente
1190:amar-te hei
1042:intercessão
1022:intercepção
972:"wet" with
783:homophonous
779:homographic
590:word stress
553:, now just
463:. In 1938,
285:Renaissance
283:During the
1648:Categories
1580:References
1336:Mozambique
1328:Cape Verde
1198:amar-te-ei
935:homographs
803:diacritics
785:, such as
774:"flowed".
715:and nasal
697:diphthongs
695:and nasal
619:Since the
441:East Timor
433:Mozambique
425:Cape Verde
303:, such as
184:King Dinis
66:newspapers
1428:President
1402:2015–2016
1296:cafèzinho
1216:, by the
1186:dir-se há
912:freqüente
477:phonology
451:state of
301:graphemes
289:Romanized
249:digraphs
207:etymology
96:July 2015
1604:in 1943.
1438:See also
1348:oxytones
1194:dir-se-á
1182:scéptico
1174:sciência
1132:pensámos
1120:pensamos
1050:objecção
916:eqüidade
904:agüentar
873:trai-dor
869:sau-dade
861:tra-idor
857:sa-udade
781:but not
447:and the
276:, as in
257:for the
139:/ /
135:Help:IPA
1081:oxytone
1058:objeção
1008:before
998:elision
988:molhada
974:mòlhada
967:molhada
928:questão
924:qüestão
849:traïdor
845:saüdade
756:concluí
752:conclui
610:crítica
602:critica
598:Catalan
481:Italian
400:Spanish
393:English
278:Spanish
247:Occitan
217:before
192:Coimbra
127:in the
80:scholar
1388:óptimo
1382:as in
1368:hyphen
1324:Angola
1308:rifles
1272:: The
1232:acerto
1228:acêrto
1140:tónico
1136:género
1128:tônico
1124:gênero
1054:factor
981:pregar
955:prègar
943:pregar
908:sagüim
791:acórdo
787:acôrdo
772:fluído
768:fluido
748:hiatus
741:muitas
737:muitos
621:height
588:Since
465:Brazil
459:, and
449:Indian
439:, and
421:Angola
389:French
225:, but
188:Lisbon
143:
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1548:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1465:Notes
1422:This
1396:ótimo
1384:acção
1372:trema
1264:desse
1260:dêsse
1240:cerca
1236:cêrca
1178:scena
1089:ideia
1085:idéia
1062:fator
965:, or
841:trema
733:muita
729:muito
709:tilde
445:Macau
196:Latin
131:(IPA)
87:JSTOR
73:books
1570:7875
1556:2008
1394:and
1392:ação
1366:and
1360:2009
1354:1990
1320:1986
1314:1973
1306:and
1280:1971
1270:1946
1262:and
1256:fora
1254:and
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1246:and
1238:and
1230:and
1224:1945
1210:1943
1204:1937
1196:and
1188:and
1166:1931
1160:1911
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764:saía
760:saia
677:and
631:and
561:and
549:and
547:/tʃ/
541:and
529:and
527:/ts/
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1386:or
1248:cor
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1192:to
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1114:or
1102:or
1046:/ɨ/
1040:in
1034:/ɛ/
1004:or
991:/o/
984:/e/
977:/ɔ/
970:/u/
963:/ɛ/
951:/ɨ/
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896:que
892:gui
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