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object in free fall, with no air resistance, would follow. Engine thrust is used to exactly compensate for drag. Weightlessness begins while ascending and lasts all the way "up-and-over the hump," until the aircraft reaches a downward pitch angle of around 30 degrees. At this point, the craft is pointing downward at high speed and must begin to pull back into the nose-up attitude to repeat the maneuver. The forces are then roughly twice that of gravity on the way down, at the bottom, and up again. This lasts all the way until the aircraft is again halfway up its upward trajectory, and the pilot again reduces the thrust and lowers the nose.
54:
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while remaining stationary relative to the aircraft. Objects orbiting the earth follow elliptical orbits and are in a constant state of free fall. The flight parabola is a small section of one of these elliptical orbits, but one where the perigee (lowest point) is well inside the earth. The aircraft, of course, does not follow this section of the orbit, which is why it pulls up at the start and end of the parabolas.
375:
221:
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533:
According to former
Reduced Gravity Research Program director John Yaniec, anxiety contributes most to passengers' airsickness. The stress on their bodies creates a sense of panic and therefore causes the passenger to vomit. Yaniec gives a rough estimate of passengers, that "one third violently ill,
178:
Parabolic paths are used for the reduced gravity portion of the flight because that is the path that objects follow when acted upon only by gravity and no other outside forces such as supports or air resistance. That way, objects inside the aircraft can be in free fall and experience weightlessness
159:
Initially, the aircraft climbs with a pitch angle of 45 degrees using engine thrust and elevator controls. The sensation of weightlessness is achieved by reducing thrust and lowering the nose to maintain a neutral, or "zero lift", configuration such that the aircraft follows the same path that an
119:
Parabolic flights are sometimes used to examine the effects of weightlessness on a living organism. While humans are by far the most common passengers, non-human animals have occasionally been involved in experiments, including a notable experiment on how weightlessness affected a
416:
were used until
December 2004 and later retired. One, a KC-135A registered N930NA (also known as NASA 930, formerly USAF serial no. 59-1481), flew more than 58,000 parabolas after NASA acquired it in 1973, before being retired in 1995. It is now on display at
491:
jets. Each flight consists of around 15 parabolas, including simulations of the gravity levels of the Moon and Mars, as well as complete weightlessness. This profile allows ZERO-G's clients to enjoy weightlessness with minimal motion discomfort.
584:
where a zero-gravity intercourse scene was filmed aboard a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one
496:
84:
Reduced
Gravity Research Program, and one is currently operated by the Human Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration Programmes of the European Space Agency. The unofficial nickname "
464:
NASA concluded the
Reduced Gravity Research Program and ended operations in July 2014, due to aircraft technical problems. It is replaced with private company contracts.
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244:
since May 2008. On June 19, 2008, this plane carried a seven-year-old boy, setting the
Guinness world record for the youngest person to fly in microgravity.
304:
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167:. During such training, the airplane typically flies about 40–60 parabolic maneuvers. In about two thirds of the passengers, these flights produce
867:
163:
This aircraft is used to train astronauts in zero-g maneuvers, giving them about 25 seconds of weightlessness out of 65 seconds of flight in each
96:
Parabolic flight as a way of simulating weightlessness was first proposed by the German aerospace engineer Fritz Haber and his brother, physicist
204:
used for microgravity research. The small plane is normally not used for people to float freely and experience weightlessness; however, comedian
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1376:"Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology"
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777:
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Campbell, Mark R. (2009). "Classics in space medicine. Possible methods of producing the gravity-free state for medical research".
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Incredible
Adventures is a Florida company established in 1995, offering private zero-gravity flight training in Tampa, Florida
1374:
Phipps, WS; Yin, Z; Bae, C; Sharpe, JZ; Bishara, AM; Nelson, ES; Weaver, AS; Brown, D; McKay, TL; Griffin, D; Chan, EY (2014).
1053:
569:" on a reduced-gravity aircraft, which involved acrobatic choreography created specifically for the zero-gravity environment.
27:
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1007:
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aircraft is used also to realize commercial flights for public passengers in partnership between operator
Novespace and the
1124:
500:
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1179:"From Fighter Pilots To Astronauts – How IL-76 Aircraft Helped India Train Its 'Vyomnauts' For 1st Manned Space Mission"
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aircraft. ISS has flown annual microgravity research campaigns to evaluate space suits and other technologies with
237:
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Haber, Fritz; Haber, Heinz (1950). "Possible methods of producing the gravity-free state for medical research".
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1508:
Haber, Fritz and Haber, Heinz: "Possible
Methods of Producing the Gravity-Free State for Medical Research",
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on a custom flight path to replicate the Moon's gravity. This allowed Savage to replicate the footage of
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the next third moderately ill, and the final third not at all." Vomiting is referred to as being "ill".
871:
440:
229:
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Vegitel ltd is a
Russian company that offers zero-gravity flights in an IL-76 MDK wide-body aircraft
1530:
601:
of
Private Media Group, said in 2000 "You would not want to be afraid of flying, that's for sure!"
487:
became the first company in the United States to offer zero-g flights to the general public, using
484:
468:
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in Switzerland. Since 1997 CNES subsidiary Novespace has handled the management of these flights.
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598:
53:
1523:
1615:
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19:
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1101:"French astronaut performs "Moonwalk" on parabolic flight - Air & Cosmos - International"
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company, under Air Zero G brand. The aircraft has also been used for cinema purposes, with
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8:
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have flown reduced-gravity missions in a variety of aircraft, including NASA's KC-135, a
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148:. The aircraft is used in this way to demonstrate to astronauts what it is like to
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425:. The other (N931NA or NASA 931, formerly AF serial no. 63-7998) was also used by
1517:"The dynamics of parabolic flight: flight characteristics and passenger percepts"
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for the US market, offering comprehensive reduced-gravity services on a modified
439:; it made its final flight on October 29, 2004, and is permanently stored in the
418:
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The aircraft gives its occupants the sensation of weightlessness by following a
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1332:"Private Spacesuit Undergoes Zero-G Testing to Prepare for Commercial Flight"
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flight path. While following this path, the aircraft and its payload are in
1405:
857:
William Tyrrell Thomson, Introduction to Space Dynamics, Dover 1986. p. 91.
762:
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590:
401:
NASA flew zero gravity flights on various aircraft for many years. In 1959
121:
101:
611:
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1149:"Zero-gravity flights go mainstream - Technology & science - Space"
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also used them to train the first batch of Indian Astronauts for the
201:
145:
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34:
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16:
Fixed-wing aircraft that provides brief near-weightless environments
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walking on the Moon, disarming claims that the footage was forged.
320:
164:
141:
1387:
1125:"'The Mummy': Behind the Scenes of That Zero-G Stunt (Exclusive)"
472:
525:. It is also used to simulate the gravity of the Moon and Mars.
499:, began serving as the research and education integrator of the
374:
471:(ZERO-G) and used its aircraft, G-FORCE ONE, a modified Boeing
289:
220:
168:
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The first zero G plane to enter service in Latin America is a
88:" became popular among those who experienced their operation.
73:
that provides brief near-weightless environments for training
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562:
149:
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filmed many scenes aboard NASA's KC-135 parabolic aircraft.
276:. In 2014 the A300 was phased out in favor of a more modern
152:
the Earth. During this time the aircraft does not exert any
77:, conducting research, and making gravity-free movie shots.
1261:
1232:
1203:"Mercury Astronauts in Weightless Flight on C-131 Aircraft"
870:. Jsc-aircraft-ops.jsc.nasa.gov. 2009-03-17. Archived from
673:. Jsc-aircraft-ops.jsc.nasa.gov. 2009-03-17. Archived from
363:
257:
113:
81:
1591:
C-135 Variants Part 6 – includes scale drawing of NASA 930
987:"Exa And Fae Develops First Zero-G Plane In Latin America"
778:"Fritz Haber, 86, Dies; Simulated Weightlessness of Space"
467:
As of 2015 NASA had a microgravity services contract with
156:
on its contents, causing the sensation of weightlessness.
454:
433:
for filming scenes involving weightlessness in the movie
351:
jet; several U.S. companies book flights on these jets.
116:, which helped lead to the creation of the vomit comet.
1075:"CNES : PR56-2004 - New parabolic flight campaign"
890:
888:
610:
NASA Moon Landing Conspiracy episode, in which it flew
292:, operated by Novespace, and has also been flown from
817:"Weightless Cats - Do Space Cats Land On Their Feet?"
885:
1536:Overbye, Dennis (March 1, 2007), "Stephen Hawking
1373:
347:In Russia, commercial flights are offered on the
61:on board a reduced-gravity aircraft in April 2007
1602:
1218:. Page hosts a NASA photograph dated 01/01/1959.
1183:Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News
80:Versions of such airplanes were operated by the
1575:About the NASA Reduced Gravity Research Program
1052:(in Dutch). Spaceflight.esa.int. Archived from
175:, giving the plane its nickname "vomit comet".
132:'s attempts to navigate in a weightless state.
100:in 1950. Both had been brought to the US after
1596:Reduced Gravity Experiment in a Nasa's KC-135A
1421:"The Physics of OK Go's Epic New Zero-G Video"
979:
907:
897:"Flying The Vomit Comet Has Its Ups And Downs"
796:"New chancellor took her own path | News"
1008:"Youngest person to experience microgravity"
446:In 2005 NASA replaced these aircraft with a
743:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
604:The ZERO-G corporation was featured in the
572:The adult entertainment production company
49:KC-135 0-G aircraft nicknamed "Vomit Comet"
1485:"'To Boldly Go': Star Trek, Sex and Space"
720:
547:
544:during reduced-gravity-aircraft training.
1395:
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894:
565:recorded a music video for their single "
1000:
775:
740:
392:
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44:
26:
18:
1585:Virtual tour of the Airbus A-300 Zero-G
671:"NASA Reduced Gravity Research Program"
135:
1603:
1418:
1176:
1524:NASA's weightless aircraft is retired
1515:Karmali, Faisal and Shelhamer, Mark.
1280:
1455:"Zero Gravity Sex Film Up for Award"
1283:"Zero-gravity flights go mainstream"
895:Golightly, Glen (October 20, 1999).
23:Trajectory for zero gravity maneuver
1419:Allain, Rhett (February 12, 2016).
940:"Falcon 20 - Facilities - NRC-CNRC"
915:"Reduced Gravity: Vomit Comet Blog"
501:National Research Council of Canada
409:aircraft dubbed the "vomit comet".
41:flying as the "vomit comet" in 1959
13:
1502:
1477:
1447:
478:
224:Ecuadorian crew in weightlessness.
14:
1637:
1548:
1308:"Integrated Spaceflight Services"
112:studied nausea in astronauts for
1555:Reduced Gravity Research Program
1529:Golightly, Glen (May 15, 2000).
1522:Easton, Pam (October 30, 2004).
1105:Air & Cosmos - International
696:"NASA - What's the Vomit Comet?"
369:
238:Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency
1626:Aircraft related to spaceflight
1412:
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582:The Uranus Experiment: Part Two
497:Integrated Spaceflight Services
1258:"Flight Opportunities program"
860:
851:
830:
809:
798:. news-gazette.com. 2011-10-16
788:
769:
714:
688:
663:
647:Zero Gravity Research Facility
528:
521:offers zero-g flights using a
1:
1491:. 16 May 2000. Archived from
1461:. 16 May 2000. Archived from
776:Burkhard, Ford (1998-08-28).
657:
1560:Flight Opportunities program
1510:Journal of Aviation Medicine
1205:. 2006-08-02. Archived from
1155:. 2004-09-16. Archived from
966:"RMR: Rick and Zero Gravity"
723:Journal of Aviation Medicine
567:Upside Down & Inside Out
208:did so for a segment of his
182:
7:
1533:. Space.com Houston Bureau.
1519:. Acta Astronautica (2008).
1177:Sharma, Ritu (2024-03-04).
1050:"ESA's A300 Zero-G Program"
899:. space.com. Archived from
625:
589:shot, featuring the actors
523:Fuji/Rockwell Commander 700
453:(N932NA) formerly owned by
441:Pima Air & Space Museum
10:
1642:
1565:Interview with John Yaniec
1540:to the ride of his life",
1285:. NBC News. Archived from
1281:Boyle, Alan (2004-09-16).
1010:. Guinnessworldrecords.com
215:
91:
1312:Integratedspaceflight.com
342:
286:Bordeaux-MĂ©rignac airport
247:
198:National Research Council
187:
1531:Vomit Comet finds a home
868:"C-9B Flight Trajectory"
739:Summary of the article:
485:Zero Gravity Corporation
469:Zero Gravity Corporation
455:KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
405:astronauts trained in a
383:Zero Gravity Corporation
294:Paris Le Bourget airport
67:reduced-gravity aircraft
1353:"Our Training Programs"
755:10.3357/ASEM.26010.2009
548:Use in media production
388:
1129:The Hollywood Reporter
398:
385:
225:
62:
50:
42:
24:
1029:"Air Zero-G About Us"
968:. YouTube. 2011-06-16
840:. YouTube. 2011-02-04
819:. YouTube. 2011-01-11
431:Imagine Entertainment
396:
377:
223:
194:Canadian Space Agency
154:ground reaction force
56:
48:
30:
22:
989:. Exa.ec. 2008-04-10
561:In 2016, rock group
540:is often used as an
443:in Tucson, Arizona.
423:Johnson Space Center
414:KC-135 Stratotankers
242:Ecuadorian Air Force
136:Operating principles
1526:. Associated Press.
632:Micro-g environment
574:Private Media Group
236:, operated for the
106:Operation Paperclip
71:fixed-wing aircraft
1289:on August 29, 2014
1159:on August 29, 2014
838:"Pigeons In Space"
642:Astronaut training
483:In late 2004, the
459:United States Navy
427:Universal Pictures
399:
386:
298:DĂĽbendorf Air Base
226:
63:
51:
43:
25:
448:McDonnell Douglas
360:Gaganyaan Project
349:Ilyushin Il-76MDK
284:. It is based at
266:Ilyushin Il-76MDK
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1359:. Archived from
1357:Aurora Aerospace
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1235:. Archived from
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1081:on June 27, 2009
1077:. Archived from
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946:on June 11, 2011
942:. Archived from
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698:. Archived from
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597:, president and
595:Berth Milton, Jr
588:
519:Oldsmar, Florida
515:Aurora Aerospace
451:C-9B Skytrain II
356:Indian Air force
331:Annabelle Wallis
324:
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1503:Further reading
1500:
1495:on 6 July 2008.
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1465:on 20 June 2000
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652:Fallturm Bremen
628:
593:and Nick Lang.
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481:
479:Other operators
419:Ellington Field
407:C-131 Samaritan
403:Project Mercury
391:
379:Peter Diamandis
372:
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318:
307:
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230:T-39 Sabreliner
218:
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126:righting reflex
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59:Stephen Hawking
39:C-131 Samaritan
32:Project Mercury
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12:
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1621:Weightlessness
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1549:External links
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1542:New York Times
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1382:(93): e51743.
1366:
1363:on 2009-01-30.
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1249:
1229:"C-9B History"
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1031:. airzerog.com
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921:. May 10, 2005
919:PhysicsCentral
906:
903:on 2006-03-10.
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782:New York Times
768:
729:(5): 395–400.
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702:on May 5, 2012
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620:Neil Armstrong
552:The 1995 film
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509:Project PoSSUM
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1538:plans prelude
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1317:2015-04-06
1293:2009-09-14
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1213:2013-05-14
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925:2007-11-07
878:2009-09-14
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681:2009-09-14
658:References
542:antiemetic
489:Boeing 727
327:Tom Cruise
232:nicknamed
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1459:SPACE.com
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495:In 2015,
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