630:
700:, but during the first centuries of the Church the celebrations venerating the saints took place in hiding. Michael Gaddis writes that "he Christian experience of violence during the pagan persecutions shaped the ideologies and practices that drove further religious conflicts over the course of the fourth and fifth centuries". Martyrdom was a formative experience and influenced how Christians justified or condemned the use of violence in later generations. Thus, the collective memory of religious suffering found in early Christian works on the historical experience of persecution, religious suffering and martyrdom shaped Christian culture and identity.
618:
392:
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279:, at the end of the first century, employs the word with this meaning. A distinction between martyrs and confessors is traceable to the latter part of the second century: those only were martyrs who had suffered the extreme penalty, whereas the title of confessor was given to Christians who had shown their willingness to die for their belief, by bravely enduring imprisonment or torture, but were not put to death. Yet the term martyr was still sometimes applied during the third century to persons still living, as, for instance, by
345:
that practice. Frend argues that the
Christian concept of martyrdom can only be understood as springing from Jewish roots. Frend characterizes Judaism as "a religion of martyrdom" and that it was this "Jewish psychology of martyrdom" that inspired Christian martyrdom. Frend writes, "In the first two centuries AD. there was a living pagan tradition of self-sacrifice for a cause, a preparedness if necessary to defy an unjust ruler, that existed alongside the developing Christian concept of martyrdom inherited from Judaism."
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and other crimes associated with magic, and that magic has been commonly neglected in discussions of the persecutions. Jacob
Burkhardt writes that the reason for the persecution of Christians under Diocletian around 300 may have been that after a period of growth and expansion Christians sought to gain control of the imperial office.
465:... became a central feature in the Christian experience." "Notions of persecution by the 'world', ... run deep in the Christian tradition. For evangelicals who read the New Testament as an inerrant history of the primitive church, the understanding that to be a Christian is to be persecuted is obvious, if not inescapable."
586:. The martyrdom of Peter is also alluded to in various writings written between 70 and 130 AD, including in John 21:19; 1 Peter 5:1; and 2 Peter 1:12â15. The martyrdom of Paul is also alluded to in 2 Timothy 4:6â7. While not specifying his Christianity as involved in the cause of death, the Jewish historian
868:, they were venerated as miracle-working martyrs and their tombs were turned into shrines following their violent and untimely deaths. J. C. Russell has written that the "cults of political saints" may have been a way of "showing resistance to the king" that would have been difficult to control or punish.
844:: "Why are there no martyrs these days, as there used to be?" Pauper responds that the English were creating many new martyrs sparing "neither their own king nor their own bishops, no dignity, no rank, no status, no degree". Pauper's statement is based on historical events, including the murder of King
923:
The Center for the Study of Global
Christianity of GordonâConwell Theological Seminary, an evangelical seminary based in Hamilton, Massachusetts, previously estimated that 100,000 Christians die annually for their faith, although the CSGC has now disavowed this estimate. Archbishop Silvano Maria
802:
levied upon
Christian communities by Muslim rulers in order to fund military campaigns, all of which contributed a significant proportion of income to the Islamic states while conversely reducing many Christians to poverty, and these financial and social hardships forced many Christians to convert to
602:
were honored. Numerous crypts and chapels in the Roman catacombs bear witness to the early veneration for those champions of freedom of conscience. Special commemoration services, at which the holy
Sacrifice were offered over their tombs gave rise to the time honoured custom of consecrating altars by
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in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, and the report did not take into consideration the political or ethnic differences which are accepted as the primary motive behind these killings. Todd Johnson, director of the CSGC, says his centre has abandoned this statistic. The Vatican reporter and author of
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to one's country. However, some scholars, such as Morton Smith, point out that other sects, such as the Jews and
Samaritans, also refused to worship other gods, but were not generally persecuted. Smith points out that the early Christians (in the 100's to the 200's) were accused of practicing magic
358:
Boyarin points out that, despite their apparent opposition to each other, both of these arguments are based on the assumption that
Judaism and Christianity were already two separate and distinct religions. He challenges that assumption and argues that "making of martyrdom was at least in part, part
353:
Martyrdom was ... solidly anchored in the civic life of the Graeco-Roman world of the Roman empire. It ran its course in the great urban spaces of the agora and the amphitheater, the principal settings for public discourse and for public spectacle. It depended upon the urban rituals of the imperial
344:
According to Daniel
Boyarin, there are "two major theses with regard to the origins of Christian martyrology, which as the Frend thesis and the Bowersock thesis". Boyarin characterizes W. H. C. Frend's view of martyrdom as having originated in "Judaism" and Christian martyrdom as a continuation of
944:
said: "I think it would be good to have reliable figures on this issue, but I don't think it ultimately matters in terms of the point of my book, which is to break through the narrative that tends to dominate discussion in the West â that
Christians can't be persecuted because they belong to the
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reports that James, the brother of Jesus, was stoned by Jewish authorities under the charge of law breaking, which is similar to the Christian perception of Stephen's martyrdom as being a result of stoning for the penalty of law breaking. Furthermore, there is a report regarding the martyrdom of
348:
In contrast to Frend's hypothesis, Boyarin describes G. W. Bowersock's view of Christian martyrology as being completely unrelated to the Jewish practice, being instead "a practice that grew up in an entirely Roman cultural environment and then was borrowed by Jews". Bowersock argues that the
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overlords, being executed for such crimes as observing the Sabbath, circumcising their children, or refusing to eat pork or meat sacrificed to foreign gods. With few exceptions, this assumption has lasted from the early Christian period to this day, accepted both by Jews and Christians.
896:, "for those such as desert hermits who aspired to the condition of martyrdom through strict asceticism". Blue (or green) martyrdom "involves the denial of desires, as through fasting and penitent labors without necessarily implying a journey or complete withdrawal from life".
892:; in it he wrote of "three modes of martyrdom, designated by the colors, red, blue (or green), and white". A believer was bestowed the title of red martyr due to either torture or violent death by religious persecution. The term "white martyrdom" was used by the Church Father
884:) continue to use a system of degrees of martyrdom that was developed in early Christianity. Some of these degrees bestow the title of martyr on those who sacrifice large elements of their lives alongside those who sacrifice life itself. These degrees were mentioned by
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world's most powerful church. The truth is two-thirds of the 2.3 billion Christians in the world today live... in dangerous neighbourhoods. They are often poor. They often belong to ethnic, linguistic, and cultural minorities. And they are often at risk."
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came to be used in the sense of a witness who at any time might be called upon to deny what he testified to, under penalty of death. From this stage the transition was easy to the ordinary meaning of the term, as used ever since in
899:
Also along these lines are the terms "wet martyr" (a person who has shed blood or been executed for the faith) and "dry martyr" (a person who "had suffered every indignity and cruelty" but not shed blood, nor suffered execution).
780:) in the lands invaded by the Arab Muslims on pain of death; they were banned from bearing arms, undertaking certain professions, and were obligated to dress differently in order to distinguish themselves from Arabs. Under
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authorities. Christians were persecuted by local authorities on an intermittent and ad hoc basis. In addition, there were several periods of empire-wide persecution which were directed from the seat of government in Rome.
262:, according to tradition, faced grave dangers until eventually almost all suffered death for their convictions. The Bible reports the martyrdom of two of the apostles. Thus, within the lifetime of the Apostles, the term
430:
and renounced the Christian faith to save their lives: were they to be allowed back into the Church? Some felt they should not, while others said they could. In the end, it was agreed to allow them in after a period of
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The methodology used in arriving at the estimate of 100,000 has been widely criticized. The majority of the one million people the Center counted as Christians who died as martyrs between 2000 and 2010 died during the
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has written that many ancient Christians believed that "to be a Christian was to suffer," partly inspired by the example of Jesus. The lives of the martyrs became a source of inspiration for some Christians, and their
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The word originally referred to one who was a legal witness, but came to refer to one whose testimony for Jesus ends in death (i.e., martyrdom) ... Later use of the word implies only dying for one's faith in
1676:
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during the course of the rebellions, civil wars, regime changes, and other political upheavals of the 14th and 15th centuries. Piroyansky notes that although these men were never formally
2305:. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. Vol. 13. Translated by Brock, Sebastian P.; Harvey, Susan Ashbrook (updated ed.). University of California Press. 25 June 1987.
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Bryant, Joseph M. (June 1993). "The sect-church dynamic and Christian expansion in the Roman empire: Persecution, penitential discipline, and schism in sociological perspective".
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cult and the interrogation protocols of local and provincial magistrates. The prisons and brothels of the cities gave further opportunities for the display of the martyr's faith.
2336:. Dept. of Medieval Art and the Cloisters. MMA Exhibitions / Medieval Tapestry Hall. GĂłmez-Moreno, Carmen (introduction). New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. March 1974.
247:, employs the term with this meaning: "Wherefore, of these men who have accompanied with us all the time that the Lord Jesus came in and went out among us, beginning from the
2097:
175:
for observations, but also for ethical judgments and expressions of moral conviction that can not be empirically observed. There are several examples where
116:, the term came to be applied to those who suffered hardships for their faith. Finally, it was restricted to those who had been killed for their faith. The
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James son of Zebedee in Acts 12:1â2, and knowledge that both John and James, son of Zebedee, ended up martyred, appears to be reflected in Mark 10:39.
1930:
1283:
147:, representing the victory of spirit over flesh, and it was widely believed that a picture of a palm on a tomb meant that a martyr was buried there.
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Tomasi, permanent observer of the Holy See to the United Nations, later referred to this number in a radio address to the 23rd session of the
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856:. Dana Piroyansky uses the term "political martyrs" for men of "high estate", including kings and bishops, who were killed during the
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227:" who testifies to a fact he has knowledge about from personal observation. It is in this sense that the term first appears in the
171:, when used in a non-legal context, may also signify a proclamation that the speaker believes to be truthful. The term was used by
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to western civilization. It is believed that the concept of voluntary death for God developed out of the conflict between King
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M. E. Vines, M. E. Vines, "The 'Trial Scene' Chronotype in Mark and the Jewish Novel", in G. van Oyen and T. Shepherd (eds.),
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Islam. Christians unable to pay these taxes were forced to surrender their children to the Muslim rulers as payment who would
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1989:
1951:
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167:) in non-biblical Greek was primarily in a legal context. It was used for a person who speaks from personal observation. The
1490:'Let us die that we may live': Greek homilies on Christian martyrs from Asia Minor, Palestine and Syria, c. AD 350âc. 450 AD
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1943:
375:. Because of this, some scholars believe Jesus' death was Jewish martyrdom. Jesus himself said he had come to fulfill the
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Burckhardt, The Age of Constantine the Great, the University of California Press, 1983 translated by Moses Hadas, p. 250.
2200:
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Donald W. Riddle, "The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark." The Journal of Religion, IV.4 (1924), pp. 397â410.
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who gave the title of martyrs to a number of bishops, priests, and laymen condemned to penal servitude in the mines.
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537:, facilitated the rapid growth and spread of Christianity, prompted defenses and explanations of Christianity (the
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Latourette, Kenneth Scott (2000). "The tradition of martyrdom has entered deep into the Christian consciousness".
2006:
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calls Jesus the "King of Martyrs" because, as a man, he refused to commit sin unto the point of shedding blood.
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for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam,
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Christian tradition of martyrdom came from the urban culture of the Roman Empire, especially in Asia Minor:
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until the day he was taken up from us, one of these must be made a witness with us of his resurrection".
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Morton Smith, Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark, Harvard University Press 1973, p. 234
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1363:(2). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The London School of Economics and Political Science: 303â339.
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Myers, Edward P. (2019). "Martyr". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (eds.).
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764:), which was inferior to the status of Muslims. Christians and other religious minorities thus faced
1649:"Philosophy as training for death: Reading the ancient Christian martyr acts as spiritual exercises"
411:, one of the 2nd-century ecclesiastical writers wrote that "the blood of martyrs is the seed of the
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Saints and Their Legends: A selection of saints from Michael the Archangel to the fifteenth century
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435:. The re-admittance of the "lapsed" became a defining moment in the Church because it allowed the
231:, in reference to the Apostles as "witnesses" of all that they had observed in the public life of
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J. W. van Henten, "Jewish Martyrdom and Jesus' Death" in Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter (eds.),
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There is no crime for those who have Christ: Religious violence in the Christian Roman empire
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Jesus Freaks: D.C. Talk and the voice of the martyrs â stories of those who stood for Jesus
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and parcel of the process of the making of Judaism and Christianity as distinct entities".
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41:
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is the first martyr reported in the New Testament, accused of blasphemy and stoned by the
8:
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243:, in his address to the Apostles and disciples regarding the election of a successor to
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Frend, W. H. C. (2000). "Martyrdom and political oppression". In Esler, Philip (ed.).
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271:: a martyr, or witness of Christ, is a person who suffers death rather than deny his
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Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious violence and the making of the Muslim world
734:, and martyrdom multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers. As
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1843:. Vol. 1: The First Crusade and the foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature
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Christians were the targets of persecution because they refused to worship the
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taught that Jesus was "obedient unto death," a 1st century Jewish phrasing for
308:
Religious martyrdom is considered one of the more significant contributions of
276:
40:, the first Christian martyr, in a painting by the 16th-century Spanish artist
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2070:. Hamilton, Massachusetts: Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Archived from
1926:"The orient on the eve of Islam: Political and economic aspects of Dhimmitude"
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1155:
1122:
Kittel, Gerhard; Friedrich, Gerhard (2006). Bromiley, Geoffrey William (ed.).
541:) and, in its aftermath, raised fundamental questions about the nature of the
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The "eschatological ideology" of martyrdom was based on an irony found in the
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Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The followers of Jesus in history and legend
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472:: "to live outside of Christ is to die, and to die in Christ is to live." In
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259:
136:
121:
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2098:"Vatican to UN: 100 thousand Christians killed for the faith each year"
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in the late 3rd century AD. Stucco. 6th century AD. From Wadi Sarga, Egypt.
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1463:
1063:
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917:
761:
677:
661:
622:
368:
228:
125:
64:
48:
415:", implying that a martyr's willing sacrifice of their lives leads to the
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was the "Age of Martyrs". "Early Christians venerated martyrs as powerful
4368:
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1017:. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 861.
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The Christian Coalition: Dreams of restoration, demands for recognition
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1444:: The vocabulary of imprisonment and the theology of martyrdom in the
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2714:
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2029:. Liturgy Training Publications. Chicago, IL: Archdiocese of Chicago.
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The Trial and Death of Jesus: Essays on the Passion Narrative in Mark
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Martyrs in the Making: Political martyrdom in late medieval England
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916:, of the torture and execution of a French missionary in China by
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2120:"Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year?"
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The Blood of Martyrs: Unintended consequences of ancient violence
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1532:[The Very Ancient Martyr Writing] (Report) (in French).
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476:, Tertullian writes that some Christians "eagerly desired it" (
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2264:. D.C. Talk (organization). Bethany House Publishers. 2014.
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Danker, Frederick W.; Arndt, William; Bauer, Walter (2000).
1517:. Vol. I: Beginnings to 1500. Prince Press. p. 81.
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Among other things, persecution sparked the devotion of the
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570:. Toward the end of the 1st century, the martyrdom of both
329:
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uses the term to signify "witness to truth", including in
2048:. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division.
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Just James: The brother of Jesus in history and tradition
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The cult of the saints was significant to the process of
444:
128:, and their utterances were treasured as inspired by the
1745:
1617:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 128â130.
836:, a 15th-century Middle English moral treatise on the
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The Age of Martyrs also forced the church to confront
2040:
Bunson, Matthew; Bunson, Margaret; Bunson, Stephen;
1749:
Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian culture making
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The Martyrdom of Peter in Early Christian Literature
1162:. Vol. 9. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Company
55:is a person who was killed for their testimony for
2174:Pilgrim Holiness: Martyrdom as descriptive witness
2061:"The case for higher numbers of Christian martyrs"
1111:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2409:
2375:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1931:Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide
1890:The Jews of Arab Lands: A history and source book
1440:Heffernan, Thomas J.; Shelton, James E. (2006). "
840:, the figure Dives poses this question about the
738:, Christians under Muslim rule were subjected to
487:were written in ancient Greek by authors such as
4541:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1542:
1439:
1153:
912:An 1858 illustration from the French newspaper,
443:and readmission to the Church despite issues of
1284:Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy, 237
1121:
722:between the 7th and 10th centuries AD suffered
660:endured periods of persecution at the hands of
2025:Driscoll, Michael; Joncas, J. Michael (2011).
1771:
1769:
555:Persecution of Christians in the New Testament
67:, stories depict this often occurring through
2395:
2027:The Order of Mass: Study edition and workbook
1975:
1973:
1971:
1865:
1818:
1778:"Introduction: Christian martyrs under Islam"
1342:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1327:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1086:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1050:. Indianapolis: Archdiocese of Indianapolis.
985:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
813:were executed under the Islamic death penalty
613:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
301:(Acacius, Agathus, Agathius). From Triptych.
1435:
1433:
426:issues such as the proper response to those
2155:The Purple Crown: The politics of martyrdom
2020:
2018:
2016:
1766:
1241:(TĂŒbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005) pp. 157â168.
1239:Deutungen des Todes Jesu im Neuen Testament
1124:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
156:
2402:
2388:
2190:
1979:
1968:
1512:
1483:
1481:
1044:"Early Church: The classic age of martyrs"
903:
718:, the Christian populations living in the
27:Person killed for their testimony of Jesus
2171:
2004:
1920:
1914:
1714:
1712:
1430:
1344:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
1340:Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). "Novatianism".
1329:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
1294:
1217:. Stanford University Press. p. 93.
1195:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
603:enclosing in them the relics of martyrs.
362:
2013:
1880:
1829:
1627:
1582:
1547:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1088:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
907:
628:
616:
526:, would have significant historical and
390:
290:
190:
105:, which means "witness" or "testimony".
31:
2362:
2058:
1984:. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
1612:
1530:La plus ancienne littérature martyriale
1487:
1478:
1446:Passio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitas
1210:
1098:
871:
720:lands invaded by the Arab Muslim armies
688:was tantamount to refusing to swear an
530:consequences for the developing faith.
14:
4542:
2319:
2219:(1563). Forbush, William Byron (ed.).
2095:
1775:
1718:
1709:
1646:
1597:
1567:
1389:
1354:
1325:Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). "Donatism".
1154:Hassett, Maurice (12 December 2014) .
1140:
2383:
2241:
1339:
1324:
1263:(Leuven: Peeters, 2006), pp. 189â203.
1180:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1012:
776:(for Christians, it was forbidden to
714:Historians recognize that during the
637:from the town of Samalut with Saints
633:Wall painting of the martyred saints
621:The martyrs Maximus and Theodotus of
112:. Once Christians started to undergo
2215:
2149:
2059:Johnson, Todd M. (6 November 2013).
1944:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
1536:
1527:
1084:Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). "Martyr".
1041:
798:taxes, together with periodic heavy
786:, non-Muslims were obligated to pay
518:This experience, and the associated
139:, martyrs are often shown holding a
2203:from the original on 9 October 2004
1102:"Palm in Christian Symbolism"
817:repudiation of the Islamic religion
606:
548:
24:
3302:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
2420:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
2096:Tomasi, Silvano M. (28 May 2013).
1725:. University of California Press.
1451:Journal of Early Christian Studies
1396:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 11.
703:
507:. These homilies were part of the
108:At first, the term applied to the
25:
4571:
2293:
2193:"Persecution in the early church"
1746:Castelli, Elizabeth Anne (2004).
778:evangelize or spread Christianity
4522:
4510:
4389:MarĂa de las Maravillas de JesĂșs
4246:Seven Maccabees and their mother
3432:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
2369:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2007:"Red, White, and Green Martyrs?"
1647:Kelley, Nicole (December 2006).
1628:Chadwick, Henry (20 July 1998).
1600:The Letters to Timothy and Titus
1357:The British Journal of Sociology
1105:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1015:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
807:to Muslim households where they
772:, in that they were banned from
710:Muslim persecution of Christians
2302:Holy Women of the Syrian Orient
2112:
2089:
2052:
2033:
2009:. Cincinnati: Franciscan Media.
1998:
1739:
1700:
1691:
1640:
1621:
1606:
1591:
1576:
1561:
1521:
1506:
1410:
1383:
1348:
1333:
1318:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1231:
825:blasphemy toward Muslim beliefs
809:were forced to convert to Islam
2005:McCloskey, Pat (23 May 2020).
1776:Sahner, Christian C. (2020) .
1204:
1189:
1174:
1126:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
1115:
1035:
1006:
63:in Jesus. In the years of the
13:
1:
4354:Faustina and Liberata of Como
3542:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
3487:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
2411:Saints of the Catholic Church
2326:– via sacred-texts.com.
2172:Whitfield, Joshua J. (2009).
2046:John Paul II's Book of Saints
1752:. Columbia University Press.
1042:Fink, John F. (5 June 2015).
1000:
402:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
397:Beheading of John the Baptist
197:The Massacre of the Innocents
186:
2363:Hassett, Maurice M. (1910).
1099:Hassett, Maurice M. (1911).
939:The Global War on Christians
821:reconversion to Christianity
654:In its first three centuries
635:Ananias, Azarias, and Misael
373:self-sacrifice in Jewish law
163:
150:
7:
1940:Vancouver, British Columbia
1630:"St. John the apostle"
1185:. Vol. 2. p. 818.
948:
386:
314:Antiochus Epiphanes IV
10:
4576:
4517:Catholic Church portal
3477:Saints of the Cristero War
2191:Wade, Rick (27 May 1999).
2143:
1980:Piroyansky, Danna (2008).
1898:Jewish Publication Society
1849:Cambridge University Press
1794:Princeton University Press
1583:Bauckham, Richard (1992).
1170:– via Newadvent.org.
707:
643:persecutions of Diocletian
610:
552:
286:
4505:
4442:
4274:
4116:
3688:
3618:
3550:
3512:Three Martyrs of Chimbote
3282:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
3247:
3012:
2979:
2781:
2723:
2610:
2578:
2495:
2457:Mother of God (Theotokos)
2447:
2417:
2315:– via Google Books.
1964:– via Google Books.
1910:– via Google Books.
1861:– via Google Books.
1840:A History of the Crusades
1835:"The reign of antichrist"
1814:– via Google Books.
1762:– via Google Books.
1735:– via Google Books.
1665:10.1017/S0009640700111813
1515:A History of Christianity
1492:. London, UK: Routledge.
1406:– via Google Books.
1314:– via Google Books.
1227:– via Google Books.
1196:Bowersock, G. W. (1995).
1183:The Early Christian World
1160:The Catholic Encyclopedia
990:Persecution of Christians
970:List of Christian martyrs
811:. Many Christian martyrs
157:
3658:Joseph (father of Jesus)
3044:Athanasius of Alexandria
2826:Athanasius of Alexandria
2710:Theophanes the Confessor
2690:Paul I of Constantinople
2685:Paphnutius the Confessor
2630:Athanasius the Confessor
1719:Gaddis, Michael (2005).
1602:. Eerdmans. p. 611.
1598:Towner, Phillip (2006).
1273:USCCB Bible Matthew 5:17
1211:Boyarin, Daniel (1999).
766:religious discrimination
724:religious discrimination
682:sacrifice to the Emperor
672:or to pay homage to the
447:. This issue caused the
36:The stoning to death of
3590:Gregory the Illuminator
3560:Augustine of Canterbury
3109:Dionysius of Alexandria
3024:Alexander of Alexandria
2246:. Family Publications.
2042:John Paul II, Pope
1634:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1488:Leemans, Johan (2003).
1390:Watson, Justin (1999).
904:Christian martyrs today
428:Christians who "lapsed"
316:and the Jewish people.
203:Lucas Cranach the Elder
3029:Alexander of Jerusalem
2635:Chariton the Confessor
2597:in the Catholic Church
2354:: CS1 maint: others (
2320:Butler, Alban (1984).
2284:: CS1 maint: others (
2222:Foxe's Book of Martyrs
1790:Woodstock, Oxfordshire
1613:Painter, John (2014).
1572:. Oxford. p. 173.
1464:10.1353/earl.2006.0035
920:
848:and the executions of
650:
641:, martyred during the
626:
505:Hesychius of Jerusalem
405:
363:Jesus, King of Martyrs
356:
305:
214:
44:
4555:Christian terminology
4460:Fourteen Holy Helpers
4424:Trasilla and Emiliana
3575:Evermode of Ratzeburg
3457:Perpetua and Felicity
3427:Martyrs of Sandomierz
3297:Dismas the Good Thief
3224:Theophilus of Antioch
3194:Maximus the Confessor
3129:Epiphanius of Salamis
3069:Clement of Alexandria
2783:Doctors of the Church
2675:Maximus the Confessor
2462:Immaculate Conception
2372:Catholic Encyclopedia
1886:"Under the New Order"
1786:Princeton, New Jersey
1568:Ehrman, Bart (2006).
1108:Catholic Encyclopedia
911:
770:religious persecution
728:religious persecution
632:
620:
394:
351:
310:Second Temple Judaism
294:
194:
35:
4364:Hiltrude of Liessies
4309:Catherine of Bologna
4304:Bernadette Soubirous
3497:17 Thomasian Martyrs
3307:Four Crowned Martyrs
3229:Victorinus of Pettau
3209:Papias of Hierapolis
3179:Jerome of Stridonium
3144:Gregory of Nazianzus
3114:Dionysius of Corinth
2936:Lawrence of Brindisi
2891:Bernard of Clairvaux
2866:Anselm of Canterbury
2821:Gregory of Nazianzus
2748:Priscilla and Aquila
2645:Edward the Confessor
2242:Keane, Paul (2009).
1528:Bobichon, Philippe.
1442:Paradisus in carcere
975:List of protomartyrs
926:Human Rights Council
890:Homilia in Evangelia
872:Degrees of martyrdom
417:conversion of others
269:Christian literature
155:The use of the word
83:, or other forms of
81:burning at the stake
42:Juan Correa de Vivar
4414:Teresa of the Andes
4294:Angela of the Cross
4256:Zechariah (prophet)
3402:Martyrs of La Rioja
3397:21 Martyrs of Libya
3287:Christina of Persia
3267:Charles de Foucauld
3204:Quadratus of Athens
3164:Ignatius of Antioch
3134:Fulgentius of Ruspe
3084:Cyril of Alexandria
3079:Cyprian of Carthage
3064:Cappadocian Fathers
2961:Hildegard of Bingen
2831:Cyril of Alexandria
2705:Sergius of Radonezh
2467:Perpetual virginity
2323:Lives of the Saints
2077:on 7 September 2015
1936:Madison, New Jersey
805:sell them as slaves
744:status (along with
461:"Martyrdom for the
4455:Four Holy Marshals
4450:Calendar of saints
4419:Teresa of Calcutta
4399:Patricia of Naples
4324:Catherine of Siena
3605:Patrick of Ireland
3527:Vietnamese Martyrs
3417:Martyrs of Otranto
3372:Martyrs of Cajonos
3367:Martyrs of Algeria
3362:Martyrs of Albania
3322:The Holy Innocents
3292:Devasahayam Pillai
3277:Carthusian Martyrs
3219:Polycarp of Smyrna
3174:Isidore of Seville
3159:Hippolytus of Rome
3154:Hilary of Poitiers
3089:Cyril of Jerusalem
3054:Caesarius of Arles
3049:Augustine of Hippo
2951:ThérÚse of Lisieux
2946:Catherine of Siena
2896:Hilary of Poitiers
2871:Isidore of Seville
2846:Bede the Venerable
2836:Cyril of Jerusalem
2801:Augustine of Hippo
2715:Pio of Pietrelcina
2680:Michael of Synnada
2244:The Martyr's Crown
2128:. 12 November 2013
1946:. pp. 33â80.
1900:. pp. 22â28.
1851:. pp. 20â37.
1636:(online ed.).
1420:1 Corinthians 9:15
1198:Martyrdom and Rome
921:
854:Archbishop of York
736:People of the Book
732:religious violence
690:oath of allegiance
651:
627:
497:Asterius of Amasea
406:
306:
215:
89:capital punishment
45:
4550:Christian martyrs
4537:
4536:
4529:Saints portal
4480:Miles Christianus
4465:Martyr of charity
4434:Josephine Bakhita
4429:Ubaldesca Taccini
4374:Kateri Tekakwitha
4349:Faustina Kowalska
4339:Eulalia of MĂ©rida
4319:Catherine Labouré
4314:Brigid of Kildare
4141:Baruch ben Neriah
3585:François de Laval
3570:Damien of Molokai
3537:Victor and Corona
3532:Valentine of Rome
3422:Martyrs of Prague
3387:Martyrs of Gorkum
3347:Martyrs of LĂŒbeck
3234:Vincent of LĂ©rins
3214:Peter Chrysologus
3169:Irenaeus of Lyons
3139:Gregory the Great
3124:Ephrem the Syrian
2921:Robert Bellarmine
2916:John of the Cross
2901:Alphonsus Liguori
2876:Peter Chrysologus
2851:Ephrem the Syrian
2816:Basil of Caesarea
2791:Gregory the Great
2773:Seventy disciples
2665:Lazarus Zographos
2650:Francis of Assisi
2520:James of Alphaeus
2477:Marian apparition
2183:978-1-60608-175-4
2164:978-0-8361-9393-0
2068:gordonconwell.edu
1991:978-0-230-51692-2
1953:978-1-61147-235-6
1907:978-0-8276-0198-7
1858:978-0-521-34770-9
1803:978-0-691-17910-0
1796:. pp. 1â28.
1759:978-0-231-12986-2
1679:on 5 January 2010
1554:978-0-226-03933-6
1499:978-0-415-24042-0
1423:2 Corinthians 6:9
1224:978-0-8047-3704-3
1133:978-0-8028-2243-7
1024:978-1-4674-6047-7
960:Catacombs of Rome
942:John L. Allen Jr.
914:Le Monde Illustré
880:writers (such as
842:First Commandment
716:Early Middle Ages
686:the empire's gods
674:emperor as divine
639:Damian and Cosmas
489:Basil of Caesarea
478:et ultro appetita
324:recount numerous
296:The Martyrdom of
16:(Redirected from
4567:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4514:
4394:Narcisa de JesĂșs
4379:Lucy of Syracuse
4284:Agatha of Sicily
4196:John the Baptist
3442:Maximilian Kolbe
3437:Martyrs of Zenta
3412:Martyrs of Natal
3392:Martyrs of Japan
3382:Martyrs of China
3377:Martyrs of Drina
3312:Gerard of CsanĂĄd
3272:Canadian Martyrs
3257:Abda and Abdisho
3199:Melito of Sardis
3189:John of Damascus
3149:Gregory of Nyssa
3034:Ambrose of Milan
2966:Gregory of Narek
2931:Anthony of Padua
2906:Francis de Sales
2841:John of Damascus
2487:Joseph (husband)
2439: â
2435: â
2431: â
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2327:
2316:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2257:
2238:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2187:
2168:
2157:. Herald Press.
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1878:
1863:
1862:
1831:Runciman, Steven
1827:
1816:
1815:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1675:. Archived from
1644:
1638:
1637:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1580:
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1525:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1437:
1428:
1417:Philemon 1:21â23
1414:
1408:
1407:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1296:Salisbury, J. E.
1292:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1208:
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1112:
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1096:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1010:
955:Baptism of blood
858:Late Middle Ages
838:Ten Commandments
833:Dives and Pauper
698:Christianization
658:Christian church
607:The Roman Empire
549:The Early Church
493:Gregory of Nyssa
470:Pauline epistles
166:
160:
159:
21:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4560:Types of saints
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4509:
4501:
4492:Seven Champions
4485:Church Militant
4475:Athleta Christi
4470:Military saints
4438:
4334:Clare of Assisi
4270:
4206:Judas Barsabbas
4112:
3684:
3614:
3600:Nino of Georgia
3546:
3452:Pedro Calungsod
3407:Martyrs of Laos
3352:Luigi Versiglia
3243:
3184:John Chrysostom
3074:Clement of Rome
3015:
3008:
2975:
2941:Teresa of Ăvila
2926:Albertus Magnus
2811:John Chrysostom
2777:
2738:Mary of Bethany
2719:
2625:Anthony of Kiev
2606:
2574:
2525:James the Great
2491:
2443:
2422:
2413:
2408:
2347:
2346:
2330:
2313:
2299:
2296:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2260:
2254:
2206:
2204:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2100:. Vatican Radio
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2063:
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2014:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1978:
1969:
1954:
1919:
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1908:
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1541:
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1500:
1486:
1479:
1438:
1431:
1426:Colossians 2:20
1415:
1411:
1404:
1388:
1384:
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1349:
1338:
1334:
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1116:
1097:
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1078:
1068:
1066:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1011:
1007:
1003:
951:
906:
874:
819:and subsequent
712:
706:
704:The Middle Ages
615:
609:
580:Clement of Rome
578:is reported by
557:
551:
501:John Chrysostom
389:
381:Catholic Church
365:
303:Museo del Prado
289:
217:The Greek word
207:National Museum
189:
153:
118:early Christian
97:comes from the
69:death by sawing
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4557:
4552:
4535:
4534:
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4519:
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4500:
4499:
4497:Virtuous pagan
4494:
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4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4261:Zechariah (NT)
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:JunĂpero Serra
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Francis Xavier
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:Uganda Martyrs
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3492:Titus Brandsma
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3467:Pietro Parenzo
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Korean Martyrs
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3262:Boris and Gleb
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Desert Mothers
3101:
3099:Desert Fathers
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Peter Canisius
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Thomas Aquinas
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Mary Magdalene
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Louis Bertrand
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Francis Borgia
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:Titles of Mary
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2429:Servant of God
2418:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2366:"Martyr"
2360:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2295:
2294:External links
2292:
2291:
2290:
2271:978-0764212024
2270:
2258:
2253:978-1907380006
2252:
2239:
2225:. London, UK:
2213:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2111:
2088:
2051:
2032:
2012:
1997:
1990:
1967:
1952:
1913:
1906:
1882:Stillman, N.A.
1864:
1857:
1817:
1802:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1731:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1659:(4): 723â747.
1653:Church History
1639:
1620:
1605:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1520:
1505:
1498:
1477:
1458:(2): 217â223.
1429:
1409:
1402:
1382:
1369:10.2307/591221
1347:
1332:
1317:
1310:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1252:
1243:
1230:
1223:
1203:
1188:
1173:
1139:
1132:
1114:
1091:
1076:
1034:
1023:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
995:Virgin martyrs
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
950:
947:
905:
902:
886:Pope Gregory I
878:Roman Catholic
873:
870:
850:Richard Scrope
708:Main article:
705:
702:
680:, refusing to
647:British Museum
611:Main article:
608:
605:
595:Judith Perkins
550:
547:
509:hagiographical
388:
385:
364:
361:
332:resisting the
288:
285:
188:
185:
152:
149:
120:period before
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4572:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Maria Goretti
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Agnes of Rome
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Thomas Becket
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Irish Martyrs
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:John of Ăvila
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Leo the Great
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2312:9780520920958
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2099:
2092:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1732:9780520930902
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1703:
1694:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1594:
1587:. De Gruyter.
1586:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1424:
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514:
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3733:Anastasius I
3703:Adeodatus II
3677:
3552:Missionaries
3462:Peter Chanel
3447:Ăscar Romero
3342:Lorenzo Ruiz
3317:Great Martyr
3248:
2886:Peter Damian
2695:Peter Claver
2425:canonization
2370:
2332:
2322:
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2261:
2243:
2221:
2205:. Retrieved
2196:
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2079:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2067:
2054:
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2035:
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1929:
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1894:Philadelphia
1889:
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1677:the original
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1067:. Retrieved
1047:
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965:Great martyr
938:
930:
922:
918:slow slicing
913:
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831:
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762:Zoroastrians
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623:Adrianopolis
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126:intercessors
107:
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65:early church
52:
49:Christianity
46:
29:
4369:Joan of Arc
4299:Ăthelthryth
4216:Melchizedek
4078:Telesphorus
4068:Sylvester I
3953:Marcellus I
3948:Marcellinus
3868:Gregory VII
3863:Gregory III
3778:Celestine V
3773:Celestine I
3768:Callixtus I
3758:Boniface IV
3748:Benedict II
3723:Alexander I
3698:Adeodatus I
3517:Ulma Family
3507:Thomas More
3357:Martyrology
3332:John Fisher
2981:Evangelists
2861:Bonaventure
2515:Bartholomew
2449:Virgin Mary
2176:. Cascade.
2151:York, Tripp
539:"apologies"
528:theological
483:The martyr
474:Ad Martyras
453:Novatianist
424:theological
334:Hellenizing
322:2 Maccabees
318:1 Maccabees
205:(c. 1515),
135:In western
130:Holy Spirit
114:persecution
91:. The word
77:crucifixion
4544:Categories
4103:Zephyrinus
4063:Stephen IV
4048:Sixtus III
4028:Simplicius
3973:Nicholas I
3898:John XXIII
3888:Innocent I
3858:Gregory II
3848:Gelasius I
3753:Boniface I
3713:Agapetus I
3708:Adrian III
3679:Matriarchs
3620:Patriarchs
3239:Zephyrinus
2612:Confessors
2580:Archangels
2472:Assumption
2423:Stages of
2217:Foxe, John
1962:2001040101
1922:Ye'or, Bat
1812:2017956010
1001:References
980:New Martyr
846:Richard II
750:Samaritans
670:Roman gods
566:under the
553:See also:
524:apologists
441:repentance
409:Tertullian
326:martyrdoms
298:San Acacio
277:Saint John
187:Background
141:palm frond
18:Red martyr
4359:Genevieve
4266:Zephaniah
4073:Symmachus
4058:Stephen I
4043:Sixtus II
4023:Silverius
4018:Sergius I
3978:Paschal I
3968:Miltiades
3878:Hormisdas
3853:Gregory I
3838:Felix III
3823:Evaristus
3818:Eutychian
3803:Eleuterus
3798:Dionysius
3793:Damasus I
3788:Cornelius
3783:Clement I
3728:Anacletus
3472:Philomena
3119:Dionysius
3094:Damasus I
3039:Anatolius
2725:Disciples
2660:Homobonus
2620:Anatolius
2433:Venerable
2350:cite book
2342:893697509
2280:cite book
2235:751705715
2207:9 October
2197:Probe.org
1924:(2002) .
1884:(1998) .
1845:Cambridge
1833:(1987) .
1673:0009-6407
1472:170412076
1056:0574-4350
934:Civil War
862:canonized
676:. In the
584:1 Clement
564:Sanhedrin
437:sacrament
336:of their
237:Acts 1:22
173:Aristotle
151:Etymology
145:attribute
4443:See also
4344:Euphemia
4181:Jeremiah
4161:Habakkuk
4118:Prophets
4093:Vitalian
4088:Victor I
4038:Sixtus I
4033:Siricius
3963:Martin I
3943:Lucius I
3908:Julius I
3873:Hilarius
3843:Felix IV
3813:Eusebius
3808:Eugene I
3738:Anicetus
3610:Remigius
3565:Boniface
2971:Irenaeus
2753:Silvanus
2700:Salonius
2545:Matthias
2510:Barnabas
2497:Apostles
2227:John Day
2201:Archived
2153:(2007).
2125:BBC News
2104:19 April
2081:19 April
2044:(1999).
1298:(2004).
1156:"Martyr"
1069:9 August
949:See also
758:Mandeans
754:Gnostics
625:, c. 985
588:Josephus
485:homilies
449:Donatist
387:Theology
338:Seleucid
260:Apostles
199:(detail)
110:Apostles
4404:Rosalia
4329:Cecilia
4276:Virgins
4236:Obadiah
4211:Malachi
4156:Ezekiel
4108:Zosimus
4098:Zachary
4083:Urban I
4013:Pontian
3988:Paul VI
3923:Leo III
3883:Hyginus
3833:Felix I
3743:Anterus
3673:Solomon
3638:Abraham
3482:Stephen
3249:Martyrs
3016:Fathers
2989:Matthew
2796:Ambrose
2763:Timothy
2758:Stephen
2733:Apollos
2640:Dominic
2602:Raphael
2595:
2593:Michael
2588:Gabriel
2540:Matthew
2437:Blessed
2144:Sources
1064:9174801
1030:Christ.
560:Stephen
520:martyrs
456:schisms
433:penance
287:Origins
281:Cyprian
264:martyrs
249:baptism
225:witness
85:torture
73:stoning
38:Stephen
4251:Simeon
4241:Samuel
4176:Isaiah
4166:Haggai
4151:Elijah
4126:Agabus
4008:Pius X
4003:Pius V
3998:Pius I
3983:Paul I
3933:Leo IX
3928:Leo IV
3918:Leo II
3893:John I
3828:Fabian
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3653:Joseph
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2806:Jerome
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2560:Philip
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866:saints
823:, and
800:ransom
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783:sharia
760:, and
741:dhimmi
656:, the
600:relics
543:Church
535:saints
513:saints
503:, and
413:Church
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220:martyr
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169:martyr
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158:ÎŒÎŹÏÏÏ
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4053:Soter
3993:Peter
3938:Linus
3913:Leo I
3763:Caius
3690:Popes
3663:David
3648:Jacob
3643:Isaac
3059:Caius
2768:Titus
2565:Simon
2555:Peter
2441:Saint
2075:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
1468:S2CID
1373:JSTOR
876:Some
789:jizya
662:Roman
572:Peter
463:faith
377:Torah
273:faith
245:Judas
241:Peter
235:. In
177:Plato
99:Koine
61:faith
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4191:Joel
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4131:Amos
3958:Mark
3668:Noah
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3628:Adam
3004:John
2999:Luke
2994:Mark
2550:Paul
2535:Jude
2530:John
2356:link
2338:OCLC
2307:ISBN
2286:link
2266:ISBN
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2231:OCLC
2209:2004
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2159:ISBN
2134:2017
2106:2015
2083:2015
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1958:LCCN
1948:ISBN
1938:and
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