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2128:(Koerner 2004, 58). In fact, in the 16th century some of the strongest opposition to destruction of images came not from Catholics but from Lutherans against Calvinists: "You black Calvinist, you give permission to smash our pictures and hack our crosses; we are going to smash you and your Calvinist priests in return" (Koerner 2004, 58). Works of art continued to be displayed in Lutheran churches, often including an imposing large crucifix in the sanctuary, a clear reference to Luther's
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873:, but Catholic art was brought under much tighter control by the church hierarchy than had been the case before. From the 18th century the number of religious works produced by leading artists declined sharply, though important commissions were still placed, and some artists continued to produce large bodies of religious art on their own initiative.
601:
of the "pagans", in a complete reversal of its original attitude, and developed an image practice of its own." But large free-standing sculpture, the medium for the most prominent pagan images, continued to be distrusted and largely shunned for some centuries, and virtually up to the present day in
881:
As a secular, non-sectarian, universal notion of art arose in 19th-century
Western Europe, ancient and Medieval Christian art began to be collected for art appreciation rather than worship, while contemporary Christian art was considered marginal. Occasionally, secular artists treated Christian
2127:
has noted that
Lutherans, seeing themselves in the tradition of the ancient, apostolic church, sought to defend as well as reform the use of images. "An empty, white-washed church proclaimed a wholly spiritualized cult, at odds with Luther's doctrine of Christ's real presence in the sacraments"
757:
art. This new style was hieratic, meaning its primary purpose was to convey religious meaning rather than accurately render objects and people. Realistic perspective, proportions, light and colour were ignored in favour of geometric simplification of forms, reverse perspective and standardized
2122:
Lutherans continued to worship in pre-Reformation churches, generally with few alterations to the interior. It has even been suggested that in
Germany to this day one finds more ancient Marian altarpieces in Lutheran than in Catholic churches. Thus in Germany and in Scandinavia many pieces of
2160:
As it developed in north-eastern
Germany, Lutheran worship became a complex ritual choreography set in a richly furnished church interior. This much is evident from the background of an epitaph pained in 1615 by Martin Schulz, destined for the Nikolaikirche in Berlin (see Figure
2132:. ... In contrast, Reformed (Calvinist) churches are strikingly different. Usually unadorned and somewhat lacking in aesthetic appeal, pictures, sculptures, and ornate altar-pieces are largely absent; there are few or no candles, and crucifixes or crosses are also mostly absent.
1869:
The Virgin Mary is shown spinning and weaving, appearing in artworks with a loom or knitting needles, weaving cloth over her womb, or knitting for her son. The imagery, much of it German, places the sacred narratives in the domestic realm. She is shown weaving in paintings of
2189:
In fact, Lutherans often justified their continued use of medieval crucifixes with the same arguments employed since the Middle Ages, as is evident from the example of the altar of the Holy Cross in the
Cistercian church of
813:
In the West, the
Renaissance saw an increase in monumental secular works, although Christian art continued to be commissioned in great quantities by churches, clergy and by the aristocracy. The Reformation had a
1874:, or spinning. Although spinning was less common an example is found in some convents where nuns would spin silk, presumably to create a link between the convent community of women and the image of the Mary.
74:
822:
in
Germany allowed and encouraged the display of a more limited range of religious imagery in churches, seeing the Evangelical Lutheran Church as a continuation of the "ancient, apostolic church".
810:
regardless of the medium, has otherwise continued with relatively little change in subject and style up to the present day, with Russia gradually becoming the leading centre of production.
1533:
730:
as a way to honor God. Following the fall of
Constantinople, it was converted into a mosque, but it's wonderous art remained. As a stable Western European society emerged during the
641:
in churches in Rome are the most prominent surviving examples. Christian art was caught up in, but did not originate, the shift in style from the classical tradition inherited from
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survives from dates near the origins of
Christianity, although many early Christians associated figurative art with pagan religion, and were suspicious or hostile towards it.
83:
82:
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59:
81:
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62:
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637:, but from this point grand Christian buildings built under imperial patronage brought a need for Christian versions of Roman elite and official art, of which
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is
Christian art, although this is in large part because the continuity of church ownership has preserved church art better than secular works. While the
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842:. As such, "Lutheran worship became a complex ritual choreography set in a richly furnished church interior." Lutherans proudly employed the use of the
77:
2066:
73:
69:
1523:
838:, to replace Catholic ones, often containing portraits of leading reformers as the apostles or other protagonists, but retaining the traditional
854:
background were generally iconoclastic, destroying existing religious imagery and usually only creating more in the form of book illustrations.
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63:
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622:, a process not complete until the 6th century, since when the conventional appearance of Jesus in art has remained remarkably consistent.
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1991:
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850:. Thus, for Lutherans, "the Reformation renewed rather than removed the religious image." On the other hand, Christians from a
438:
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in 1453 brought an end to the highest quality Byzantine art, produced in the Imperial workshops there. Orthodox art, known as
543:
Christianity makes far wider use of images than related religions, in which figurative representations are forbidden, such as
3329:
2277:
72:
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The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?
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1996:
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614:, dating to the beginning of the 2nd century. The largest groups of Early Christian paintings come from the tombs in the
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is an artist who had also produced notable and popular artworks with Christian themes. Contemporary artists such as
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According to Koerner, who dwells on Lutheran art, the Reformation renewed rather than removed the religious image.
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was key in producing imagery there and glorifying Christianity. They commissioned many shrines to be built in
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Since the advent of printing, the sale of reproductions of pious works has been a major element of popular
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have had significant influence both in sacred and secular arts. Other notable artists include
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726:, the world's largest cathedral during the 15th century, was decorated almost entirely using
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938:. Some writers, such as Gregory Wolfe, see this as part of a rebirth of Christian humanism.
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958:. In the modern era, companies specializing in modern commercial Christian artists such as
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869:. In Catholic countries, production of religious art continued, and increased during the
8:
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890:) — but only rarely was a Christian artist included in the historical canon (such as
767:
734:, the Catholic Church led the way in terms of art, using its resources to commission
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714:’s honor and also lots of well-decorated churches. These tended to have extravagant
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Weaving, Veiling and Dressing: Textiles and their Metaphors in the Late Middle Ages
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The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261
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sculptures were made which were etched into the sides of buildings and churches.
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2028:, p. xxii, 1994, Chicago University Press (English trans.), ISBN 9780226042152,
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conventions to portray individuals and events. The controversy over the use of
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753:), a more abstract aesthetic replaced the naturalism previously established in
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2042:"Early Christian art | Iconography, Mosaics & Frescoes | Britannica"
3400:
3139:
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2524:
1408:
883:
646:
598:
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505:. Most Christian groups use or have used art to some extent, including
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Beauty Will Save the World: Recovering the Human in an Ideological Age
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Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art
1762:
1418:
1289:
858:
843:
735:
1817:
762:, the interpretation of the Second Commandment, and the crisis of
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2323:
The Fabric of Marian Devotion in Isabel de Villena's Vita Christi
1690:
Subjects often seen in Christian art include the following. See
1453:
1178:
1151:
954:. The invention of color lithography led to broad circulation of
2425:
645:
to a less realist and otherworldly hieratic style, the start of
2462:
1605:
1106:
967:
727:
719:
691:'s political structure essentially collapsed after the fall of
680:
638:
607:
28:
857:
Artists were commissioned to produce more secular genres like
3188:
2648:
2587:
2544:
1121:
1083:
887:
699:
commissioned and funded production of religious art imagery.
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517:
2415:
9 (2024), pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/23753234.2024.2322546.
950:. In the 19th century, this included genre painters such as
528:
play a part in the art of most denominations. Images of the
31:(c. 1100), showing the midwives bathing the new-born Christ.
1917:
807:
692:
198:
865:
and because of the revival of Neoplatonism, subjects from
597:
wrote that "in late antiquity... Christianity adopted the
2173:
Marquardt, Janet T.; Jordan, Alyce A. (14 January 2009).
1698:
for fuller lists of narrative scenes included in cycles:
987:, 1601, by Caravaggio. Oil on canvas, 139 x 195 cm.
766:
led to a standardization of religious imagery within the
532:
and saints are much rarer in Protestant art than that of
1886:
A rare sample of medieval Orthodox sculpture from Russia
834:
were produced in Germany, especially by Luther's friend
695:, its religious hierarchy, what is today the modern-day
706:, which enjoyed greater stability within the surviving
773:
718:
and paintings covering the walls and ceilings. Also,
2110:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 138.
966:, although widely regarded in the fine art world as
922:
have produced well-known works of art for churches.
2175:
Medieval Art and Architecture after the Middle Ages
2067:"Byzantine and Medieval Art: Teaching Christianity"
2427:
2351:
2272:. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 278.
2166:
524:are the most common subjects, and scenes from the
2108:Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation
3674:
2377:Storia, memoria, arte sacra tra passato e futuro
629:Christian art derived its style and much of its
2172:
1524:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
745:During the development of Christian art in the
582:Virgin and Child. Wall painting from the early
58:
501:which uses subjects, themes, and imagery from
3362:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
3061:
2478:
2354:Christian iconography, a study of its origins
2294:But Is It Art?: An Introduction to Art Theory
2177:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71.
2101:
2099:
2097:
1671:
606:. The oldest Christian sculptures are small
551:. However, there are some that have promoted
475:
2436:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
54:
2426:Evans, Helen C.; Wixom, William D. (1997).
667:Late 13th-century Byzantine mosaics of the
2485:
2471:
2094:
1678:
1664:
1013:
482:
468:
2296:, Oxford University Press (2001), page 95
2137:
941:
846:as it highlighted their high view of the
2231:Christian Art: A Very Short Introduction
2195:
2146:Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe
2123:medieval art and architecture survived.
1881:
977:
898:). However many modern artists such as
787:
662:
577:
18:
2255:National Gallery of Victoria, Australia
2105:
2064:
627:adoption of Christianity by Constantine
3675:
2346:
2320:
2206:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146.
2143:
1992:Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art
2466:
2267:
2201:
2148:. Taylor & Francis. p. 237.
2305:
1997:Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy
1734:Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art
574:Early Christian art and architecture
507:early Christian art and architecture
2106:Lamport, Mark A. (31 August 2017).
1982:Islamic influences on Christian art
1519:Members Church of God International
774:Renaissance and early modern period
16:Art with subjects from Christianity
13:
2419:
2144:Spicer, Andrew (5 December 2016).
1903:Archangel Michael in Christian art
14:
3699:
2458:Princeton's Index of Medieval Art
2451:
2413:Church, Communication and Culture
1823:Resurrection appearances of Jesus
704:Orthodox Church of Constantinople
555:, and there have been periods of
381:List of Christian Nobel laureates
3657:
3656:
3645:
2773:State church of the Roman Empire
2492:
2202:Dixon, C. Scott (9 March 2012).
1645:
876:
685:fall of the Western Roman Empire
618:, and show the evolution of the
2756:First seven ecumenical councils
2314:
2299:
2286:
2261:
2065:Thorson, Dr Mark (2020-09-01).
1970:Plants in Christian iconography
679:Much of the art surviving from
3623:Relations with other religions
3029:Church of the East (Nestorian)
3024:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
2399:, FMR, 2008, pp. 166–233.
2358:. Princeton University Press.
2240:
2223:
2058:
2034:
2015:
1529:The New Church (Swedenborgian)
1474:Nondenominational Christianity
652:
520:and narrative scenes from the
1:
2339:RĂ©gamey, Pie-Raymond (1952).
2333:
1950:God the Father in Western art
970:, have been very successful.
567:
446:Christian influences in Islam
1955:Holy Spirit in Christian art
1534:Unitarians and Universalists
816:huge impact on Christian art
424:Christianity in Civilization
371:List of Christian scientists
265:American Catholic literature
7:
3330:Views on poverty and wealth
1877:
973:
386:Catholic Church and science
10:
3704:
3575:World Evangelical Alliance
3537:Traditionalist Catholicism
2321:Twomey, Lesley K. (2007).
2204:Contesting the Reformation
1709:Adoration of the shepherds
777:
656:
571:
562:
3640:
3590:
3570:World Council of Churches
3545:
3463:
3347:
3338:
3293:
3078:
3062:
3057:Latter Day Saint movement
3042:
3002:
2902:
2883:
2829:
2786:
2731:
2637:
2616:
2575:
2543:
2500:
2405:and Maciej Jan Jasiński,
2306:Rudy, Kathryn M. (2007).
1864:
553:aniconism in Christianity
290:Christian science fiction
3598:Anti-Christian sentiment
2778:Christian biblical canon
2341:Art sacré au XXe siècle?
2008:
1987:List of Catholic artists
1960:Trinity in Christian art
1898:Animals in Christian art
1833:Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus
1758:Coronation of the Virgin
989:National Gallery, London
439:Eastern Orthodox history
3652:Christianity portal
2811:Investiture Controversy
2268:Wolfe, Gregory (2011).
2235:Oxford University Press
1945:Crucifixion in the arts
1738:Dormition of the Virgin
784:The Reformation and art
295:Spiritual autobiography
3603:Christian universalism
2994:Western Rite Orthodoxy
2839:Protestant Reformation
2325:. Brepols. p. 61.
2082:Cite journal requires
2002:Theological aesthetics
1977:Illuminated manuscript
1887:
1768:Descent from the Cross
991:
942:Popular devotional art
832:by the younger Cranach
804:fall of Constantinople
799:
676:
587:
86:
32:
3261:Anointing of the Sick
2310:. Brepols. p. 3.
2292:Cynthia A. Freeland,
1885:
1843:Stations of the Cross
1838:Shield of the Trinity
1704:Adoration of the Magi
981:
848:Theology of the Cross
791:
697:Roman Catholic Church
671:showing the image of
666:
581:
559:within Christianity.
85:
22:
3582:Nondenominationalism
3455:Role in civilization
2922:Independent Catholic
2864:Relations with Islam
2844:Catholic Reformation
1371:Independent Catholic
824:Lutheran altarpieces
793:Leonardo da Vinci's
764:Byzantine Iconoclasm
689:Western Roman Empire
586:, Rome, 4th century.
119:Western Christianity
114:Eastern Christianity
3628:Unlimited atonement
3613:Cultural Christians
3052:Jehovah's Witnesses
2674:Sermon on the Mount
2603:Christian tradition
2530:Lists of Christians
2248:"DalĂ and Religion"
1933:Christian symbolism
1913:Catholic Church art
1652:Christianity portal
1509:Jehovah's Witnesses
1189:History of theology
936:John August Swanson
871:Counter-Reformation
867:classical mythology
863:landscape paintings
591:Early Christian art
458:Christianity portal
194:Church architecture
174:Christian symbolism
109:Christian tradition
3473:Crusading movement
2741:Ante-Nicene period
2125:Joseph Leo Koerner
2046:www.britannica.com
1888:
1753:Christ Pantocrator
1729:Ascension of Jesus
1696:Life of the Virgin
1391:Church of the East
1255:Early Christianity
992:
932:Larry D. Alexander
840:depiction of Jesus
800:
677:
673:Christ Pantocrator
620:depiction of Jesus
588:
396:Quakers in science
146:Cultural Christian
131:Protestant culture
87:
33:
3670:
3669:
3636:
3635:
3564:Charta Oecumenica
3074:
3073:
3064:Iglesia ni Cristo
2879:
2878:
2859:French Revolution
2849:Thirty Years' War
2721:Apostolic fathers
2689:Great Commandment
2385:Flaminio Gualdoni
2343:Éditions du Cerf.
2279:978-1-933859-88-0
2237:(2004), page 110.
2229:Beth Williamson,
1848:The Last Judgment
1803:Nativity of Jesus
1793:Madonna and Child
1783:Holy Trinity Icon
1748:Christ in Majesty
1688:
1687:
1541:
1540:
1514:Latter Day Saints
1499:Iglesia ni Cristo
1464:United Protestant
1449:Plymouth Brethren
1384:Oriental Orthodox
960:Thomas Blackshear
948:Christian culture
920:Graham Sutherland
768:Eastern Orthodoxy
643:Ancient Greek art
616:Catacombs of Rome
538:Eastern Orthodoxy
534:Roman Catholicism
492:
491:
429:Christian history
391:Parson-naturalist
126:Byzantine culture
98:Christian culture
48:Christian culture
3695:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3493:Environmentalism
3443:Church buildings
3345:
3344:
3160:Eastern Orthodox
3155:Eastern Catholic
3067:
3066:
3034:Eastern Catholic
3012:Eastern Orthodox
2900:
2899:
2821:Age of Discovery
2806:East–West Schism
2704:Great Commission
2635:
2634:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2447:
2435:
2403:BĂĽhren, Ralf van
2393:Titus Burckhardt
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2130:theologia crucis
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2019:
1928:Christian poetry
1872:The Annunciation
1813:Passion of Jesus
1743:Baptism of Jesus
1680:
1673:
1666:
1649:
1494:Christadelphians
1424:Free Evangelical
1377:Eastern Orthodox
1334:
1333:
1285:East–West Schism
1017:
994:
993:
984:Supper at Emmaus
747:Byzantine Empire
612:Roman sarcophagi
484:
477:
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434:Catholic history
343:Liturgical music
280:Christian poetry
57:
35:
34:
25:Daphni Monastery
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3698:
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3214:One true church
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2825:
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2654:in Christianity
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2420:Further reading
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2020:
2016:
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1938:Saint symbolism
1923:Christian music
1918:Christian icons
1880:
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1853:The Last Supper
1808:Noli me tangere
1724:Arrest of Jesus
1684:
1621:
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1591:Other religions
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952:Mihály Munkácsy
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928:Makoto Fujimura
916:Elisabeth Frink
896:Stanley Spencer
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795:The Last Supper
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780:Renaissance art
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3044:Restorationist
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2716:Church fathers
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1321:Denominations
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1102:New Testament
1100:
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1097:Old Testament
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924:Salvador DalĂ
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912:Jacob Epstein
909:
908:Henri Matisse
905:
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877:Modern period
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833:
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820:Martin Luther
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3357:Architecture
3251:Confirmation
3199:Ecclesiology
3130:Original sin
3120:Nicene Creed
2917:Old Catholic
2801:Papal States
2733:Great Church
2699:Resurrection
2641:Christianity
2598:New Covenant
2549:(Scriptures)
2494:Christianity
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2075:cite journal
2060:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
2030:google books
2025:
2017:
1908:Arma Christi
1868:
1719:Annunciation
1689:
1556:Civilization
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1366:Old Catholic
1346:
1204:Universalism
1127:New Covenant
1063:Resurrection
1007:Christianity
982:
945:
904:Marc Chagall
880:
856:
829:
812:
801:
794:
759:
744:
724:Hagia Sophia
701:
678:
669:Hagia Sophia
659:Medieval art
624:
595:Hans Belting
589:
542:
515:
503:Christianity
494:
493:
338:Gospel music
333:Church music
189:Lutheran art
184:Catholic art
162:
3618:Persecution
3553:Christendom
3546:Cooperation
3483:Charismatic
3394:Holy Spirit
3303:Natural law
3266:Holy orders
3115:Christology
3108:Holy Spirit
2977:Pentecostal
2957:Evangelical
2952:Charismatic
2796:Monasticism
2788:Middle Ages
2751:Constantine
2694:Crucifixion
2576:Foundations
1965:Iconography
1778:Holy family
1773:Hand of God
1444:Pentecostal
1326:(full list)
1300:Reformation
1265:Constantine
1184:Christology
1174:Apologetics
1167:Holy Spirit
1088:Foundations
1058:Crucifixion
830:Last Supper
755:Hellenistic
732:Middle Ages
653:Middle Ages
631:iconography
599:cult images
530:Virgin Mary
237:Video games
3677:Categories
3532:Prosperity
3508:Liberation
3448:Cathedrals
3433:Pilgrimage
3418:Literature
3295:Philosophy
3231:Sacraments
3204:Four marks
3165:Protestant
3140:Born again
2937:Anabaptist
2927:Protestant
2869:Influences
2831:Modern era
2535:By country
2387:(editor),
2381:Sacre Arti
2334:References
2051:2024-04-24
1504:Irvingians
1469:Waldensian
1409:Anabaptist
1398:Protestant
956:holy cards
884:Bouguereau
740:sculptures
683:after the
647:gothic art
625:Until the
568:Beginnings
557:iconoclasm
516:Images of
499:sacred art
254:Literature
3608:Criticism
3558:Ecumenism
3522:Mysticism
3488:Democracy
3478:Anarchism
3465:Movements
3428:Mythology
3406:Catechism
3401:Education
3318:Evolution
3241:Eucharist
3224:Canon law
3182:Theotokos
3177:Mariology
3135:Salvation
3125:Tradition
2972:Methodist
2932:Adventist
2766:Chalcedon
1611:Symbolism
1571:Ecumenism
1561:Criticism
1439:Moravian
1434:Methodist
1404:Adventist
1275:Augustine
1225:Tradition
1199:Salvation
1068:Ascension
900:Eric Gill
859:portraits
828:the 1565
736:paintings
635:Roman art
584:catacombs
179:Early art
3662:Category
3527:Pacifism
3341:features
3325:Politics
3278:Ablution
3246:Marriage
3150:Catholic
3080:Theology
2987:Reformed
2967:Lutheran
2962:Holiness
2942:Anglican
2912:Catholic
2816:Crusades
2761:Nicaea I
2711:Apostles
2684:Miracles
2679:Parables
2669:Ministry
2659:Nativity
2623:timeline
2520:Prophets
2515:Glossary
2350:(1968).
2190:Doberan.
1878:See also
1763:Crucifix
1629:Glossary
1576:Glossary
1459:Reformed
1429:Lutheran
1414:Anglican
1348:Catholic
1290:Crusades
1280:Ignatius
1270:Councils
1235:Apostles
1140:Theology
1053:Ministry
1043:Nativity
999:a series
997:Part of
974:Subjects
882:themes (
852:Reformed
844:crucifix
136:Holidays
40:a series
38:Part of
3591:Related
3384:Trinity
3349:Culture
3313:Science
3283:Hygiene
3273:Mission
3256:Penance
3236:Baptism
3172:Worship
3145:Liturgy
3093:Trinity
3004:Eastern
2982:Quakers
2947:Baptist
2904:Western
2894:members
2664:Baptism
2618:History
2608:Worship
2510:Outline
2397:Bologna
1788:Madonna
1639:Outline
1616:Worship
1596:Outline
1586:Liturgy
1566:Culture
1419:Baptist
1359:Eastern
1295:Aquinas
1220:History
1194:Mission
1179:Baptism
1152:Trinity
1048:Baptism
892:Rouault
798:(1498).
728:mosaics
639:mosaics
608:reliefs
563:History
549:Judaism
413:History
360:Science
3308:Ethics
3189:Saints
3098:Father
3017:Church
2629:spread
2593:Gospel
2583:Church
2525:People
2440:
2362:
2276:
2210:
2181:
2161:5.5.).
2152:
2114:
1865:Motifs
1798:MaestĂ
1714:Angels
1650:
1606:Sermon
1601:Prayer
1454:Quaker
1338:Nicene
1305:Luther
1157:Father
1117:Church
1107:Gospel
1033:Christ
968:kitsch
720:relief
681:Europe
29:Greece
3517:Right
3423:Music
3374:Jesus
3339:Other
3194:Angel
2649:Jesus
2639:Early
2588:Creed
2557:Canon
2545:Bible
2505:Index
2411:, in
2383:, by
2379:, in
2251:(PDF)
2009:Notes
1818:PietĂ
1634:Index
1581:Index
1354:Latin
1240:Peter
1122:Creed
1112:Canon
1084:Bible
1028:Jesus
888:Manet
826:like
808:icons
749:(see
610:from
545:Islam
518:Jesus
312:Music
216:Media
199:Icons
3513:Left
3413:Flag
3379:Mary
2890:list
2438:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2088:help
1694:and
1250:Mary
1245:Paul
962:and
934:and
918:and
802:The
782:and
738:and
702:The
693:Rome
602:the
547:and
536:and
509:and
3369:Art
3103:Son
3088:God
1736:or
1162:Son
1147:God
894:or
497:is
323:CCM
163:Art
27:in
3679::
2892:,
2395:,
2375:.
2253:.
2233:,
2216:.
2187:.
2158:.
2120:.
2096:^
2079::
2077:}}
2073:{{
2044:.
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1001:on
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886:,
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540:.
513:.
42:on
3515:/
2896:)
2888:(
2631:)
2627:(
2625:)
2621:(
2486:e
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2257:.
2090:)
2086:(
2069:.
2054:.
1679:e
1672:t
1665:v
675:.
483:e
476:t
469:v
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