559:
838:
923:
701:
1034:
27:
647:
102:
4357:
4367:
1503:
1827:
438:
1824:
88:
Most martyrs are considered holy or are respected by their followers, becoming symbols of exceptional leadership and heroism in the face of difficult circumstances. Martyrs play significant roles in religions. Similarly, martyrs have had notable effects in secular life, including such figures as
304:
was a
Palestinian Christian journalist who was killed by Israeli forces, and Arabic media calls her a ‘martyr’. This reflects a communal belief that every Palestinian death is part of a resistance against Israeli occupation. Children are likewise called martyrs, such as the late children of
859:) in 1597. In the engraving, her head is still above the ground and the Catholic priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusal. This engraving was part of a major Protestant outrage praising Utenhoven as a martyr.
80:
as a reward for those who are considered worthy of the concept of martyrdom by the living, regardless of any attempts by the deceased to control how they will be remembered in advance. Insofar, the martyr is a relational figure of a society's boundary work that is produced by
2852:
Page 95 Linda Frey, Marsha Frey – 2004 "He was immortalized by the painter David in the famous painting of the death scene that became the icon of the revolution and an emblem of revolutionary propaganda. The revolutionary martyr was commemorated not only in painting and in
71:
and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In colloquial usage, the term can also refer to any person who suffers a significant consequence in protest or support of a cause.
2215:
2872:
Vietnam At War Mark Philip
Bradley – 2009 "As the concept of 'sacrifice' (hi sinh) came to embody the state's narrative of sacred war (chien tranh than thanh), the ultimate sacrifice was considered to be death in battle as a 'revolutionary martyr' (liet
75:
In the martyrdom narrative of the remembering community, this refusal to comply with the presented demands results in the punishment or execution of an individual by an oppressor. Accordingly, the status of the 'martyr' can be considered a
1854:
Whereas, as Bishop
Creighton in 1895 said, 'Had Charles been willing to abandon the Church and give up the episcopacy, he might have saved his throne and his life, but on this point he stood firm. For this dying, saved it for the
1811:
145:
centuries, the term acquired the extended meaning of believers who are called to witness for their religious belief, and on account of this witness, endure suffering or death. The term, in this later sense, entered the
2667:
1683:
struggle. During the 20th century, the concept was developed in particular in the culture and propaganda of communist or socialist revolutions, although it was and is also used in relation to nationalist revolutions.
2862:
Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and
Process of the Mexican ... p. 250 John Mason Hart – 1987 "They popularized Ricardo Flores Magon as a revolutionary martyr who was harassed by the American and Mexican
274:
While the term can be narrowly used for a person who is killed because of their religion, it is more generally used to mean a person who died a violent death. Thus it can arguably mean a general ‘victim’.
2944:
Bélanger, Jocelyn J., et al. "The
Psychology of Martyrdom: Making the Ultimate Sacrifice in the Name of a Cause." Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 107.3 (2014): 494–515. Print.
2950:
Olivola, Christopher Y. and Eldar Shafir. "The
Martyrdom Effect: When Pain and Effort Increase Prosocial Contributions." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 26, no. 1 (2013): 91–105.
2792:
1903:
wrote of the early
Christians: "They were so eager to imitate Christ ... they gladly yielded the title of martyr to Christ, the true Martyr and Firstborn from the dead." Eusebius,
399:. Upon completion of their exile, the Pandavas were refused the return of their portion of the kingdom by their cousin Duruyodhana; and following which all means of peace talks by
1834:
In helden.heroes.héros, Special Issue 5: Analyzing
Processes of Heroization. Theories, Methods, Histories. Ed. by N Falkenhayner, S Meurer and T Schlechtriemen (2019): 27–38, 27.
1223:
In politics, a martyr is someone who suffers persecution and/or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, and/or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause.
504:
is also considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred along with Guru Teg
Bahadur at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save kashmiri pandits.
278:
A person is a martyr if they were killed because of their identity, because of natural disasters like earthquakes, or while performing relief or health care work. For example,
1419:
1025:, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life. Instead, he explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.
790:, which greatly diminished persecution (although not for non-Nicene Christians). As some wondered how then they could most closely follow Christ there was a development of
184:
is used in
English to describe a wide variety of people. However, the following table presents a general outline of common features present in stereotypical martyrdoms.
4606:
1599:
A political martyr is someone who suffers persecution or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause.
588:, meaning "sanctification of God's name" through public dedication to Jewish practice. Religious martyrdom is considered one of the more significant contributions of
995:(1980–1988), so that the cult of the martyr had a lasting impact on the course of revolution and war. Since the early 2000s, it has been primarily associated with
655:
1666:, a Russian opposition leader, lawyer, anti-corruption activist, and political prisoner who died while serving a 19-year prison sentence in the corrective colony
85:. Originally applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs, the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political cause.
2736:
2216:"كتاب وأدباء عرب: صلابة وائل الدحدوح نموذج للجسارة الفلسطينية [Arab writers and writers: Wael Al-Dahdouh's toughness is a model of Palestinian courage]"
1261:: "Yesterday morning the Tories, by the hand of Mr Calcraft, accomplished the final act of separation between England and Ireland. The only thing that the
1265:
still lacked were martyrs. ... To my knowledge, the only time that anybody has been executed for a similar matter in a civilised country was the case of
739:
2577:
2104:
254:
The hero's death is commemorated. People may label the hero explicitly as a martyr. Other people may in turn be inspired to pursue the same cause.
2985:
904:, though the numbers are disputed. The claim that 100,000 Christians are killed for their faith annually is greatly exaggerated according to the
1932:(Rev 17:6, 12:11, 2:10–13), and describes Jesus in the same way ("Jesus Christ, the faithful witness/martyr" in Rev 1:5, and see also Rev 3:14).
293:
Martyrdom is also tied with nationalism, because a martyr can be a person who died in the context of national struggle. For example, in Beirut,
108:
is regarded by many members of the Church of England as a martyr because, it is said, he was offered his life if he would abandon the historic
498:
is considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save Hindu Brahmins.
1403:
1340:, that is, a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking; and it operated as a trade-specific
1038:
963:
in the generic sense "witness", but only once in the sense "martyr, one who dies for his faith"; this latter sense acquires wider use in the
558:
895:
in 1545. Three-hundred Roman Catholics were said to have been martyred by the Church authorities in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.
4758:
4014:
719:
have led many scholars to conclude that they are martyrdom accounts in terms of genre and style. Several scholars have also concluded that
2934:
History.com Editors. "Abolitionist John Brown Is Hanged". History.com, 4 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-brown-hanged.
2765:
1659:
who was executed in Bolivia by counter-revolutionary forces. He has since become a figure of political protests and revolutions worldwide.
770:, Jesus's possible cousin and his prophet and forerunner. The first Christian witness, after the establishment of the Christian faith at
134:. The process of bearing witness was not intended to lead to the death of the witness, although it is known from ancient writers (e.g.,
4330:
2698:
1607:, a Xhosa monarch who was shot and killed while attempting to escape captivity during Sixth Frontier War, also known as the Hintsa War.
1461:
has reported to have had the most political murders. Here, the RSS are known to have used brutal violence to eliminate CPI(M) workers.
1449:. In Kerala, many are killed in protests by the police, and some are assassinated by activists in other political parties, such as the
2300:
300:
In Palestine, the word ‘martyr’ is traditionally used to mean a person killed by Israeli forces, regardless of religion. For example,
1614:, a militant abolitionist who was executed after his raid on Harper's Ferry. Many abolitionists of the time extolled him as a martyr.
3346:
2626:
2601:
1652:
778:(whose name means "crown"), and those who suffer martyrdom are said to have been "crowned". From the time of the Roman Emperor
2379:
M. E. Vines, M. E. Vines, "The 'Trial Scene' Chronotype in Mark and the Jewish Novel", in G. van Oyen and T. Shepherd (eds.),
395:), where violence is used as a last resort to resolution after all other means have failed. Examples of this are found in the
4524:
3407:
3371:
2929:
1875:
1163:
1012:
4441:
3341:
2274:
1825:"The Imaginary Field of the Heroic: On the Contention between Heroes, Martyrs, Victims and Villains in Collective Memory."
758:
is not specifically restricted to the Christian faith. Christianity recognizes certain Old Testament Jewish figures, like
754:
that this will almost certainly result in imminent death (though without intentionally seeking death). This definition of
3643:
864:
476:, the fifth leader of Sikhism. Guru ji was brutally tortured for almost 5 days before he attained shaheedi, or martyrdom.
2370:
Donald W. Riddle, "The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark." The Journal of Religion, IV.4 (1924), pp. 397–410.
2341:
312:
The label of martyrdom is used as a form of memoralizing the dead within some narrative, such as how the victims of the
4651:
3376:
1699:
1481:
in 1968 have been linked to their leadership in movements to improve the rights and quality of life of black citizens,
1430:
319:
The wide usage of ‘martyr’ is not restricted to Arabic. Armenian culture likewise uses the term for the victims of the
2922:
Paul Schneider, the Buchenwald apostle: a Christian martyr in Nazi Germany: A Sourcebook on the German Church Struggle
2681:
2196:
4446:
3351:
2947:
Kateb, George. "Morality and Self-Sacrifice, Martyrdom and Self-Denial." Social Research 75.2 (2008): 353–394. Print.
2884:
2230:
2164:
1988:
1586:
1567:
837:
368:
1312:
and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to
1188:
of Sikhism, referred to as "Hind di Chadar" or "Shield of India" martyred in defense of religious freedom of Hindus.
4403:
1539:
787:
492:
is one of the Sikhs who was martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 due to his refusal to accept Islam.
2668:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
922:
685:, is one who brings a testimony, usually written or verbal. In particular, the testimony is that of the Christian
4748:
4519:
3879:
3331:
3021:
1344:. But at the time, friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the principal role of
2055:
4800:
2288:
1692:, martyrdom is a consistent theme in the ongoing revolutionary struggle, as depicted in literary works such as
1524:
328:
2248:
1812:"Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East."
1546:
4456:
3427:
3105:
1371:
2829:
1845:
3905:
3449:
3356:
3323:
1732:, the term "revolutionary martyr" is often used when referring to the world history of socialist struggle.
1429:
activists have died as martyrs in India, due to their allegiance to various communist parties, such as the
1365:
1211:
549:
350:
112:
in the Church of England. It is said he refused, however, believing that the Church of England was truly "
4805:
4678:
3361:
1454:
221:
The hero foresees action by opponents to harm him or her, because of his or her commitment to the cause.
2817:
1553:
908:, with many of those deaths due to war, but the fact of ongoing Christian martyrdoms remains undisputed.
1790:
803:
294:
2982:
2502:
1718:
1402:
are notable female martyrs who have been commemorated in various media. Notable monuments include the
1249:
were three Irishmen executed after being condemned for association with the killing of a policeman in
700:
4601:
3728:
3598:
2689:
2118:
1736:
was a notable Indian independence activist and communist politician known to have used this phrasing.
1611:
1266:
872:
568:
4690:
4656:
2503:"Forty Martyrs of England and Wales | Description, History, Canonization, & Facts | Britannica"
2074:
1535:
1450:
1434:
613:
2024:
4697:
4666:
4625:
4538:
4509:
4206:
4201:
4129:
4051:
3336:
1889:
The Use of Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers from the New Testament to John Chrysostom
1520:
1513:
1391:
1375:
1309:
1137:
515:
105:
20:
723:
understood Jesus' death as a martyrdom. In light of such conclusions, some have argued that the
297:
is a public square that's dedicated to Lebanese nationalists who were executed by the Ottomans.
4753:
4579:
4569:
4429:
4241:
4134:
3874:
3780:
3745:
3366:
3177:
3093:
2771:
2357:
J. W. van Henten, "Jewish Martyrdom and Jesus' Death" in Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter (eds.),
1689:
1478:
1022:
884:
743:
716:
659:
632:. However, the notion of martyrdom in the Jewish and Christian traditions differ considerably.
511:
415:
was brought down with doubts, e.g., attachment, sorrow, fear. This is where Krishna instructs
4733:
4124:
4046:
3859:
3755:
3691:
3656:
3294:
3100:
3068:
2098:
1785:
1780:
1486:
1159:
563:
519:
313:
31:
2954:
2287:
Stephen Knapp (2006) The Power of the Dharma: An Introduction to Hinduism and Vedic Culture
2025:"Islamic Attitudes to Disasters in the Middle Ages: A Comparison of Earthquakes and Plagues"
1021:, martyrs are those who sacrifice their lives serving humanity in the name of God. However,
4543:
4514:
4396:
4236:
4089:
3978:
3940:
3930:
3696:
3063:
2484:
2304:
1349:
1332:, England, who were arrested for and convicted of swearing a secret oath as members of the
867:
has been regarded as martyrdom as well. There were martyrs recognized on both sides of the
728:
593:
543:
507:
432:
170:
1018:
892:
715:
The concept of Jesus as a martyr has recently received greater attention. Analyses of the
486:(i.e. "the shield of Religion"), suggesting that to save Hinduism, the guru gave his life.
8:
4738:
4574:
4559:
4492:
4434:
4296:
4161:
3461:
3202:
3182:
3162:
3125:
3014:
2578:"Martyr killed by bulldozer becomes symbol of growing persecution of Christians in China"
2005:
1722:
1301:
1103:
900:
868:
690:
667:
589:
446:
363:
party in modern China. Revolutionaries who died fighting against the Qing dynasty in the
4795:
4584:
4421:
4342:
4246:
4186:
4146:
4094:
4026:
3998:
3910:
3864:
3456:
3088:
3058:
2710:
1917:
1758:
1274:
1246:
988:
898:
Even more modern day accounts of martyrdom for Christ exist, depicted in books such as
283:
142:
2650:
1033:
26:
4728:
4477:
4114:
4109:
3953:
3935:
3568:
3556:
2925:
2728:
2720:
2702:
2654:
2160:
1984:
1871:
1733:
1622:
1482:
1383:
1379:
1325:
1181:
1124:
996:
992:
931:
880:
876:
871:
after 1534. Two hundred and eighty-eight Christians were martyred for their faith by
823:
651:
479:
364:
320:
301:
287:
82:
1637:
1560:
1348:, and wages were at issue. The Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced not to death but to
811:
279:
4723:
4596:
4370:
4323:
4221:
4036:
4031:
3988:
3765:
3760:
3546:
3412:
3402:
3304:
3289:
3274:
3225:
3078:
2152:
2086:
2036:
1976:
1604:
1387:
1337:
1300:
pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging in 1853 during the Italian
1289:
1285:
1254:
1207:
767:
724:
720:
641:
147:
77:
646:
389:, and there being no concept of martyrdom, there is the belief of righteous duty (
4533:
4487:
4451:
4389:
4311:
4276:
4226:
4181:
4156:
3795:
3666:
3525:
3397:
3392:
3309:
3259:
3252:
3240:
3150:
2989:
2551:
2345:
2156:
2090:
1980:
1831:
1618:
1458:
1390:—are honored and commemorated as martyrs. The red scarf worn by the 100+ million
1341:
1270:
1269:
at Harpers Ferry. The Fenians could not have wished for a better precedent." Ten
1090:
949:
meaning "witness", and is also used to denote a martyr; a female martyr is named
819:
572:
525:
386:
316:
were called ‘martyrs of corruption’ as a form of protest against the government.
306:
113:
663:
4661:
4615:
4504:
4360:
4084:
3915:
3676:
3611:
3444:
3422:
3299:
3247:
3007:
2527:
2409:(Missoula, MT: Scholars Press for Harvard Theological Review, 1975), pp. 38–41.
2040:
1774:
1763:
1710:
1663:
1170:
1116:
927:
848:
815:
807:
735:
584:
553:
482:, the ninth guru of Sikhism, martyred on 11 November 1675. He is also known as
442:
43:
3817:
2732:
1106:, beheaded for refusing to forsake her devotion to Christ, for Roman paganism.
232:
The hero continues, despite knowing the risk, out of commitment to the cause.
138:) and from the New Testament that witnesses often died for their testimonies.
4789:
4776:
4685:
4673:
4119:
4104:
4061:
4019:
3973:
3807:
3785:
3661:
3628:
3520:
3495:
2974:
2911:
2706:
2682:"The Punishment of the Grave: A Neglected Motivation for Jihad and Martyrdom"
2338:
2324:
See Philippe Bobichon, « Martyre talmudique et martyre chrétien »,
2149:
Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations
2147:
Fierke (2012). "Martyrdom in the contemporary Middle East and north Africa".
1973:
Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations
1971:
Fierke (2012). "Martyrdom in the contemporary Middle East and north Africa".
1633:
1470:
1411:
1200:
1060:
977:
779:
775:
682:
609:
501:
495:
450:
127:
1640:
in Mexico City, Trotsky is considered a Marytr by Trotskyist Internationals.
766:, as holy, and the New Testament mentions the imprisonment and beheading of
371:
period, furthering the cause of the revolution, were recognized as martyrs.
199:
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
4642:
4620:
4335:
4216:
4099:
3983:
3900:
3824:
3812:
3671:
3578:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3433:
3284:
3264:
3207:
3192:
3083:
1744:
1694:
1629:
1407:
1395:
1236:
1192:
981:
799:
783:
705:
674:
243:
The opponents kill the hero because of his or her commitment to the cause.
101:
4499:
4291:
4286:
4256:
4211:
4191:
4176:
4171:
4151:
4068:
3993:
3963:
3920:
3750:
3633:
3269:
3235:
3167:
3145:
3140:
3130:
2070:
1768:
1644:
1345:
1278:
1240:
1155:
1073:
888:
601:
597:
489:
396:
356:
68:
2715:
2181:
4743:
4564:
4472:
4261:
4231:
4196:
4166:
4139:
4041:
3869:
3829:
3681:
3638:
3616:
3583:
3279:
3197:
3155:
3135:
3045:
1843:
1680:
1527: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1305:
1250:
1232:
1185:
1050:, a Greek philosopher who chose to die rather than renounce his ideals.
845:
841:
709:
625:
473:
465:
and represents an important institution of the faith. Sikhs believe in
360:
286:. Because he died as a humantiarian activist, he is called a martyr by
265:
In contemporary Middle Eastern cultures, the term for 'martyr’ (Arabic
109:
4381:
746:, it developed that a martyr was one who was killed for maintaining a
704:
Illustration of Christian martyrs burned at the stake by the order of
677:, a martyr, in accordance with the meaning of the original Greek term
4632:
4306:
4301:
4266:
4056:
3948:
3733:
3686:
3623:
3588:
3563:
3439:
3120:
3115:
2381:
The Trial and Death of Jesus: Essays on the Passion Narrative in Mark
1474:
1426:
1399:
1353:
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1196:
852:
771:
763:
174:
55:
3884:
1502:
4281:
4251:
3802:
3790:
3723:
3551:
3220:
3187:
3073:
3053:
2068:
1900:
1667:
1415:
1120:
1047:
1000:
970:. Islam views a martyr as a man or woman who dies while conducting
617:
151:
135:
90:
2724:
2326:
Kentron : Revue du Monde Antique et de Psychologie Historique
2075:"The Martyrs' Revolutions: The Role of Martyrs in the Arab Spring"
1959:
Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation
1946:
Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation
1679:
The term "revolutionary martyr" usually relates to those dying in
869:
schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England
4765:
4713:
4318:
3958:
3925:
3770:
3718:
3479:
3417:
3230:
3110:
2793:"Biography of Hazrat Abdullah bin az-Zubayr (رضئ اللہ تعالی عنہ)"
1740:
1706:
1656:
1621:, 16th U.S. President. Assassinated by a Confederate sympathizer
1446:
1438:
1262:
1174:
1144:
1077:
856:
629:
621:
579:
462:
420:
408:
400:
122:
2182:"Shireen Abu Akleh: A martyr to the truth of Israeli inhumanity"
154:. The death of a martyr or the value attributed to it is called
4718:
3968:
3738:
3606:
3530:
3172:
2816:
Marx and Engels in Ireland (1971) Progress Publishers, Moscow.
2394:
The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors
2194:
1492:
1442:
1336:
The rules of the society showed it was clearly structured as a
1329:
1313:
1148:
1028:
964:
951:
942:
917:
795:
686:
416:
412:
404:
391:
381:
267:
2197:"For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel"
1041:, Auriesville, New York, showing the sanctuary and high altar.
987:
The concept of martyrdom in Islam became prominent during the
4482:
4413:
3854:
3834:
3775:
3573:
3030:
2627:"Christianity's Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam"
2407:
Death as Saving Event: The Background and Origin of a Concept
1729:
1297:
972:
960:
946:
747:
694:
437:
166:
131:
2528:"Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year?"
926:
A painting commemorating the martyrdom of the 3rd Shia Imam
469:(from love to martyrdom). Some famous Sikh martyrs include:
2924:. Westchester, PA: SSI Bookstore, West Chester University.
2446:
Maccabean Martyr Traditions in Paul's Theology of Atonement
2275:"President Biden formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide"
2126:
The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center
1940:
1938:
1928:. Revelation describes several Christian reh with the term
1648:
759:
693:. A Christian witness is a biblical witness whether or not
605:
2472:
Beyond the Passion: Rethinking the Death and Life of Jesus
2272:
2955:
https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/41a.html
905:
522:– the four sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Sikh guru.
2999:
2885:"Algeria says 5.6 million died under French colonialism"
2767:
Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shi'i and Babi Religions
1935:
727:
of the first three centuries would have interpreted the
173:. The early Christians appear to have seen Jesus as the
1328:
were a group of 19th century agricultural labourers in
865:
death due to sectarian persecutions by other Christians
630:
refusing to eat pork or meat sacrificed to foreign gods
806:, and separation from the world, practiced by several
2759:
2757:
2231:"Martyrdom in Lebanon: An Evolution of Memory-Making"
2195:
Raja Abdulrahim and Hiba Yazbek (December 31, 2022).
528:, who came from a family of over 20 different martyrs
161:
The early Christians who first began to use the term
2435:(Ann Arbor: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 212ff.
2235:
International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation
1382:
but also including devoted humanitarians during the
169:
as the first and greatest martyr, on account of his
2979:– 16th century classic book, accounts of martyrdoms
2602:"Christian evangelist murdered in southeast Turkey"
2298:
1647:, an influential Marxist–Leninist revolutionary in
1632:murdered on the Orders of Soviet General Secretary
782:, Christianity was decriminalized, and then, under
740:
persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire
411:failed. During the great war which commenced, even
126:, was used in the secular sphere as well as in the
2754:
2433:A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles
1210:, a Roman Catholic priest who was martyred in the
120:In its original meaning, the word martyr, meaning
1253:, England in 1867. The day after the executions,
4787:
1920:was written during the period when the word for
1844:Episcopal Church. Diocese of Eau Claire (1978).
1378:—most particularly the many victims of the 1927
271:) has more uses than the English word ‘martyr’.
2253:The Armenian Church, Eastern Diocese of America
834:, the giving of one's life in a violent death.
260:
93:, among other political and cultural examples.
2953:PBS. "Plato and the Legacy of Socrates." PBS.
2461:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
1891:(Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004), pp. 107.
1140:, martyred for opposing the Umayyad Caliphate.
1063:, considered to be the first Christian martyr.
830:, dying to oneself every day, as opposed to a
116:" and should maintain the Catholic episcopate.
4397:
3015:
2983:"Martyrdom from the perspective of sociology"
1948:(New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 217–229.
1147:, Christian reformer burned at the stake for
1039:National Shrine of the North American Martyrs
620:overlords, being executed for such crimes as
2964:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co., 2012.
2552:"IS 'beheads Christian hostages' in Nigeria"
2103:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1493:Notable people entitled as political martyrs
1029:Notable people entitled as religious martyrs
875:between 1553 and 1558 by the Roman Catholic
650:From the gallery of 20th century martyrs at
188:Common features of stereotypical martyrdoms
2764:Winters, Jonah (1997-09-19). "Conclusion".
2673:
2575:
2361:(Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005) pp. 157–168.
2359:Deutungen des Todes Jesu im Neuen Testament
1334:Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers.
879:in England leading to the reversion to the
58:
4404:
4390:
3022:
3008:
2699:International Centre for Counter-Terrorism
2422:(Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990), pp. 83–112.
2328:11, 2 (1995) and 12, 1 (1996), pp. 109–129
355:Martyrdom was extensively promoted by the
331:, and also called "Armenian Martyrs Day".
3044:
2962:A Plato Reader: Eight Essential Dialogues
2818:Letter of November 24 1867 Engels to Marx
2714:
2525:
2228:
2213:
2179:
2079:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
1961:(New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 218.
1587:Learn how and when to remove this message
976:, whether on or off the battlefield (see
887:in 1559. "From hundreds to thousands" of
612:(adoption of Greek ideas or customs of a
419:how to carry out his duty as a righteous
309:who were killed in an Israeli airstrike.
2459:Paul and the Crucified Christ in Antioch
2003:
1625:after the end of the American Civil War.
1464:
1032:
921:
836:
699:
645:
604:recount numerous martyrdoms suffered by
557:
461:in Punjabi) is a fundamental concept in
436:
100:
25:
4411:
2763:
2670:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35.
2249:"Holy Martyrs of the Armenian Genocide"
2111:
1674:
1158:, beheaded for refusing to acknowledge
30:The Christian martyrs of the 1622
4788:
2679:
2214:Abu Mazen, Saddam (October 28, 2023).
2146:
2056:"Remembering the Mavi Marmara victims"
2053:
2022:
1970:
1374:, people who died in the cause of the
564:Martyrdom of the seven Hebrew brothers
532:
4385:
3372:List of ways people dishonor the dead
3003:
2994:Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion
2882:
2396:(Atlanta, GA: SBL, 2004), pp. 193–210
2383:(Leuven: Peeters, 2006), pp. 189–203.
2119:"The Culture of Palestinian Shaheeds"
1814:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 5.
1747:are officially recognized as martyrs.
1218:
1164:Supreme Head of the Church of England
774:, to be killed for his testimony was
334:
2004:Whitaker, Brian (October 12, 2000).
1868:The New Testament Concept of Witness
1850:Journal of the Diocese of EAU Claire
1525:adding citations to reliable sources
1496:
1212:Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz
339:
2301:"Biographies of Great Sikh Martyrs"
1957:From A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk,
1093:, the subject of many works of art.
13:
4652:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
3377:List of ways people honor the dead
2938:
2883:Staff, The New Arab (2021-10-04).
2474:(Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004).
2448:(Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2010)
2303:. Sikh-history.com. Archived from
2299:Sandeep Singh Bajwa (2000-02-11).
1713:are often honoured as martyrs, or
344:
14:
4817:
3408:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
2968:
2651:The Concept Of Martyrdom In Islam
2576:Chiaramonte, Perry (2016-04-21).
2180:Alamuddin, Baria (May 16, 2022).
717:Passion narratives in the Gospels
282:was killed by Israel in the 2010
4365:
4356:
4355:
2492:, directed by Paul Tickell, 2006
2273:The Genocide Education Project.
1501:
1437:. Most of them hail from mainly
1037:Interior of the Coliseum at the
863:In the history of Christianity,
34:; 17th-century Japanese painting
4366:
2905:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2843:
2822:
2810:
2785:
2742:from the original on 2 May 2024
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2373:
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2351:
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2292:
2281:
2266:
2241:
2222:
2207:
2188:
2173:
2140:
2062:
2054:Keddie, Patrick (21 Jul 2016).
2047:
2016:
1997:
1964:
1700:Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery
1512:needs additional citations for
1404:Monument to the People's Heroes
1386:such as the Canadian physician
1006:
635:
582:is one of the main examples of
2920:Foster, Claude R. Jr. (1995).
2680:Karimi, Nima (December 2023).
2606:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
2526:Alexander, Ruth (2013-11-12).
1951:
1944:A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk,
1910:
1894:
1881:
1860:
1837:
1817:
1804:
1226:
329:Armenian Genocide Memorial Day
210:People who oppose that cause.
16:Person who suffers persecution
1:
3428:Maternal mortality in fiction
2770:. M.A. Thesis. Archived from
1797:
1745:Algerian war for independence
1130:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1066:
1053:
1013:Martyrdom in the Baháʼí Faith
3342:Expressions related to death
3295:Medical declaration of death
2957:(accessed October 21, 2014).
2157:10.1017/CBO9781139248853.011
2091:10.1080/13530194.2014.918802
2029:The Medieval History Journal
1981:10.1017/CBO9781139248853.011
1366:Martyrdom in Chinese culture
1359:
550:Self-sacrifice in Jewish law
351:Martyrdom in Chinese culture
261:Martyrdom in the Middle East
7:
3362:Preventable causes of death
2348:, New Matthew Bible Project
1924:was gaining its meaning of
1866:See e.g. Alison A. Trites,
1751:
1319:
374:
10:
4822:
4759:Women of the patristic age
2041:10.1177/097194580701000214
1791:Religious views on suicide
1394:honors their spilt blood.
1372:People's Republic of China
1363:
1230:
1123:beheaded for opposing the
1010:
991:(1979) and the subsequent
989:Islamic Revolution in Iran
915:
656:Mother Elizabeth of Russia
639:
547:
541:
537:
430:
426:
348:
96:
18:
4774:
4706:
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4442:Eastern Orthodox calendar
4420:
4351:
4077:
4007:
3893:
3847:
3729:Consciousness after death
3709:
3652:
3597:
3539:
3488:
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3322:
3216:
3037:
3029:
2690:Perspectives on Terrorism
2229:ICSR Team (10 May 2023).
1711:the independence struggle
1420:Longhua Martyrs' Memorial
1356:, a harsh form of exile.
959:occurs frequently in the
689:, or more generally, the
569:Attavante degli Attavanti
379:Despite the promotion of
67:) is someone who suffers
59:
47:
4657:Candidates for sainthood
4130:Personification of death
3352:People by cause of death
2006:"Martyrs, never victims"
1743:, those who died in the
1473:, the assassinations of
911:
614:Hellenistic civilization
4749:Early Christian writers
4698:Equivalent canonization
4539:Saints in Protestantism
4534:Symbology of the Saints
4207:Death-positive movement
4052:Post-mortem photography
3332:Causes of death by rate
3260:Death by natural causes
2830:"The Tolpuddle Martyrs"
2069:Buckner, Elizabeth and
738:, from the time of the
626:circumcising their boys
516:Sahibzada Zorawar Singh
21:Martyr (disambiguation)
4430:General Roman Calendar
4242:Fascination with death
3880:Reincarnation research
3875:Out-of-body experience
3337:Notable deaths by year
3178:Immunogenic cell death
3094:Temporal lobe necrosis
2470:Stephen J. Patterson,
1916:Scholars believe that
1690:culture of North Korea
1479:Martin Luther King Jr.
1273:members died during a
1173:, the fifth leader of
1042:
935:
860:
851:being buried alive at
826:). This was a kind of
744:Julio-Claudian dynasty
712:
670:
660:Martin Luther King Jr.
575:
512:Sahibzada Jujhar Singh
454:
385:(non-violence) within
229:Courage and commitment
117:
35:
4801:Religious terminology
4734:Saints in Anglicanism
4047:Post-mortem chemistry
3860:Near-death experience
3756:Desecration of graves
3692:Postmortem caloricity
3657:Beating heart cadaver
3101:Programmed cell death
3069:Liquefactive necrosis
2976:Fox's Book of Martyrs
2916:Catholic Encyclopedia
2850:The French Revolution
2339:"Martyr, or Witness?"
2023:Akasoy, Anna (2006).
1786:Religious persecution
1781:Perpetua and Felicity
1487:civil rights movement
1465:Civil rights movement
1406:at the confluence of
1271:Irish Republican Army
1199:, killed by a mob in
1070: 2nd century CE
1036:
925:
891:were martyred in the
840:
703:
649:
622:observing the Sabbath
561:
520:Sahibzada Fateh Singh
440:
314:2020 Beirut explosion
165:in its new sense saw
104:
32:Great Genna Martyrdom
29:
4544:Levitation of saints
4237:Festival of the Dead
4135:Dying-and-rising god
4090:Chinese burial money
3979:Prohibition of dying
3931:Death-qualified jury
3697:Post-mortem interval
3357:Premature obituaries
3064:Coagulative necrosis
2444:Jarvis J. Williams,
1709:, those who died in
1675:Revolutionary martyr
1521:improve this article
1166:. Canonised in 1935.
893:Massacre of Mérindol
729:crucifixion of Jesus
594:Western Civilization
544:Martyrdom in Judaism
508:Sahibzada Ajit Singh
445:of the execution of
433:Martyrdom in Sikhism
19:For other uses, see
4739:Saints in Methodism
4575:Prayer for the dead
4560:Communion of saints
4435:Tridentine calendar
4297:Philosophy of death
4162:Death from laughter
3462:Perinatal mortality
3203:Mitotic catastrophe
3183:Ischemic cell death
3126:Intrinsic apoptosis
3074:Gangrenous necrosis
1846:"annual convention"
1294:Martiri di Belfiore
1138:Abdullah ibn Zubair
1104:Saint Agnes of Rome
794:characterized by a
792:desert spirituality
668:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
590:Hellenistic Judaism
533:Abrahamic religions
467:Ibaadat se Shahadat
447:Banda Singh Bahadur
367:and throughout the
189:
4806:Jungian archetypes
4447:Anglican calendars
4422:Calendar of saints
4343:Thanatosensitivity
4247:Hierarchy of death
4187:Death notification
4095:Coins for the dead
4027:Forensic pathology
3911:Capital punishment
3865:Near-death studies
3457:Mortality salience
3089:Fibrinoid necrosis
3059:Avascular necrosis
2988:2015-09-23 at the
2649:A. Ezzati (1986).
2608:. 22 November 2019
2507:www.britannica.com
2344:2011-05-11 at the
2201:The New York Times
1887:Frances M. Young,
1830:2020-01-03 at the
1759:Altruistic suicide
1698:. There is also a
1457:. The district of
1296:) were a group of
1275:1981 hunger strike
1247:Manchester Martyrs
1219:Political meanings
1043:
936:
861:
844:'s drawing of the
812:Christian ascetics
804:self-mortification
796:eremitic lifestyle
734:In the context of
713:
671:
576:
457:Martyrdom (called
455:
335:Religious meanings
284:Gaza flotilla raid
187:
118:
36:
4783:
4782:
4729:Roman Martyrology
4478:Equal-to-apostles
4457:Lutheran calendar
4379:
4378:
4115:Death anniversary
4110:Death and culture
3954:Dying declaration
3936:Death certificate
3843:
3842:
3705:
3704:
3557:Neuropreservation
3347:Natural disasters
3318:
3317:
2960:Reeve, C. D. C..
2930:978-1-887732-01-7
2832:. Historic-uk.com
2655:Tehran University
2431:Stanley Stowers,
2405:Sam K. Williams,
2128:. January 4, 2018
1876:978-0-521-60934-0
1734:Guru Radha Kishan
1725:are two examples.
1623:John Wilkes Booth
1597:
1596:
1589:
1571:
1483:black nationalism
1384:Chinese Civil War
1380:Shanghai massacre
1326:Tolpuddle Martyrs
1182:Guru Tegh Bahadur
1125:Umayyad Caliphate
997:Islamic extremism
932:Battle of Karbala
885:Queen Elizabeth I
881:Church of England
824:Anthony the Great
652:Westminster Abbey
480:Guru Tegh Bahadur
369:Republic of China
365:Xinhai Revolution
340:Eastern religions
323:, who are called
321:Armenian genocide
302:Shireen Abu Akleh
258:
257:
251:Audience response
83:collective memory
4813:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4339:
4324:Assisted suicide
4222:Death trajectory
4037:Mortuary science
4032:Funeral director
4023:
3989:Suspicious death
3761:Eternal oblivion
3547:Cryopreservation
3486:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3413:Infant mortality
3403:Excess mortality
3305:Terminal illness
3290:Lazarus syndrome
3275:End-of-life care
3226:Accidental death
3079:Caseous necrosis
3042:
3041:
3024:
3017:
3010:
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3000:
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2895:
2889:www.newarab.com/
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1592:
1585:
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1578:
1572:
1570:
1529:
1505:
1497:
1388:Tillson Harrison
1338:friendly society
1304:. They included
1286:Belfiore martyrs
1255:Frederick Engels
1208:Maximilian Kolbe
1193:Joseph Smith Jr.
1135:
1132:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1071:
1068:
1058:
1055:
768:John the Baptist
748:religious belief
731:as a martyrdom.
725:early Christians
721:Paul the Apostle
642:Christian martyr
484:Dharam Di Chadar
218:Foreseeable risk
190:
186:
148:English language
78:posthumous title
62:
61:
49:
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4616:Passion bearers
4548:
4488:Catacomb saints
4461:
4452:Coptic calendar
4416:
4410:
4380:
4375:
4347:
4333:
4277:Museum of Death
4227:Dignified death
4182:Death messenger
4157:Death education
4073:
4017:
4003:
3941:Declared death
3889:
3839:
3796:Online mourning
3701:
3667:Cadaveric spasm
3648:
3593:
3535:
3526:Skeletonization
3466:
3398:Child mortality
3393:Birthday effect
3381:
3314:
3310:Unnatural death
3241:Brainstem death
3212:
3151:Pseudoapoptosis
3033:
3028:
2990:Wayback Machine
2971:
2941:
2939:Further reading
2908:
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2457:S. A. Cummins,
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2420:The Noble Death
2417:
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2346:Wayback Machine
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1911:
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1852:. The Diocese.
1842:
1838:
1832:Wayback Machine
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1754:
1721:and schoolgirl
1719:Nguyễn Thái Học
1717:in Vietnamese.
1702:in the country.
1677:
1619:Abraham Lincoln
1593:
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1495:
1467:
1441:states such as
1376:Communist Party
1368:
1362:
1342:benefit society
1322:
1308:and the priest
1243:
1229:
1221:
1133:
1112:
1099:
1091:Saint Sebastian
1086:
1069:
1056:
1031:
1015:
1009:
920:
914:
828:white martyrdom
820:Paul the Hermit
644:
638:
573:Vatican Library
556:
546:
540:
535:
526:Bhai Mani Singh
435:
429:
387:Sanatana Dharma
377:
353:
347:
345:Chinese culture
342:
337:
307:Wael Al-Dahdouh
295:Martyrs' Square
263:
143:early Christian
99:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4754:Church Fathers
4751:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4707:Related topics
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4662:Servant of God
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4512:
4505:List of saints
4502:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4085:Apparent death
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:Cause of death
3913:
3908:
3906:Administration
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Death erection
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3612:Natural burial
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3445:Mortality rate
3442:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3423:Maternal death
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Unusual deaths
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:Organ donation
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3248:Clinical death
3245:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2980:
2970:
2969:External links
2967:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2918:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2875:
2865:
2855:
2842:
2821:
2809:
2784:
2753:
2672:
2659:
2642:
2618:
2593:
2568:
2543:
2518:
2494:
2476:
2463:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2418:David Seeley,
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2363:
2350:
2330:
2317:
2291:
2280:
2265:
2240:
2221:
2206:
2187:
2172:
2165:
2139:
2110:
2061:
2046:
2015:
1996:
1989:
1963:
1950:
1934:
1909:
1905:Church History
1893:
1880:
1859:
1836:
1816:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1775:Martyrs Mirror
1771:
1766:
1764:Martyr complex
1761:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1726:
1703:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1664:Alexei Navalny
1660:
1641:
1638:Ramón Mercader
1636:by NKVD agent
1626:
1615:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:respectively.
1466:
1463:
1392:Young Pioneers
1361:
1358:
1350:transportation
1321:
1318:
1310:Enrico Tazzoli
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:, August 1941.
1204:
1189:
1178:
1171:Guru Arjan Dev
1167:
1152:
1141:
1128:
1119:, grandson of
1117:Husayn ibn Ali
1107:
1094:
1081:
1064:
1051:
1030:
1027:
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
928:Husayn ibn Ali
916:Main article:
913:
910:
873:public burning
849:Anna Utenhoven
816:late antiquity
788:state religion
736:church history
640:Main article:
637:
634:
585:Kiddush Hashem
554:Kiddush Hashem
542:Main article:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
523:
505:
499:
493:
487:
477:
443:Mehdiana Sahib
431:Main article:
428:
425:
376:
373:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
327:. April 24 is
280:İbrahim Bilgen
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
238:
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233:
230:
227:
223:
222:
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216:
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211:
208:
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194:
98:
95:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4818:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4778:
4777:Saints portal
4773:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:Beatification
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:The Venerable
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4412:Topics about
4407:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4372:
4364:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Death anxiety
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Darwin Awards
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4062:Biostratinomy
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Necropolitics
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:Reincarnation
3806:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3711:Other aspects
3708:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Body donation
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Dismemberment
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Mummification
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3531:Fossilization
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Decomposition
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Pallor mortis
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2774:on 2020-02-18
2773:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:See Davis, R.
2334:
2327:
2321:
2307:on 2019-04-03
2306:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2218:. Al Jazeera.
2217:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2166:9781139248853
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2058:. Al Jazeera.
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1990:9781139248853
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1877:
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1696:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:revolutionary
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:Joseph Stalin
1631:
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1548:
1545:
1541:
1538: –
1537:
1533:
1532:Find sources:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:This section
1508:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1484:
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1471:United States
1462:
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1412:Huangpu River
1409:
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1234:
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1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:Carthage Jail
1198:
1195:, founder of
1194:
1190:
1187:
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1065:
1062:
1061:Saint Stephen
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
993:Iran–Iraq War
990:
985:
983:
979:
978:greater jihad
975:
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967:
962:
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953:
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878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
855:(present-day
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:
832:red martyrdom
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:, became the
785:
781:
777:
776:Saint Stephen
773:
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741:
737:
732:
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718:
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707:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:New Testament
680:
676:
669:
665:
662:, Archbishop
661:
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631:
627:
623:
619:
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611:
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581:
578:Martyrdom in
574:
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560:
555:
551:
545:
527:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
503:
502:Bhai Sati Das
500:
497:
496:Bhai Mati Das
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
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468:
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448:
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441:Sculpture at
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128:New Testament
125:
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84:
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33:
28:
22:
4643:Canonization
4621:Patron saint
4591:
4570:Intercession
4271:
4217:Death threat
4100:Dark tourism
4042:Necrobiology
3984:Right to die
3942:
3901:Abortion law
3825:Resurrection
3813:Palingenesis
3710:
3672:Coffin birth
3579:Plastination
3540:Preservation
3516:Putrefaction
3511:Rigor mortis
3506:Algor mortis
3501:Livor mortis
3478:
3434:Memento mori
3432:
3285:Lazarus sign
3265:Death rattle
3208:Suicide gene
3193:Karyorrhexis
3084:Fat necrosis
2993:
2975:
2961:
2921:
2915:
2906:Bibliography
2892:. Retrieved
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2824:
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2799:. 2018-06-03
2796:
2787:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2766:
2744:. Retrieved
2694:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2645:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2558:. 2019-12-27
2555:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
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2333:
2325:
2320:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2294:
2283:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2234:
2224:
2209:
2200:
2190:
2184:. Arab News.
2175:
2148:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:
2099:cite journal
2082:
2078:
2071:Khatib, Lina
2064:
2049:
2035:(1–2): 398.
2032:
2028:
2018:
2010:The Guardian
2009:
1999:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1819:
1806:
1773:
1714:
1695:Sea of Blood
1693:
1678:
1630:Leon Trotsky
1603:1835 – King
1598:
1583:
1574:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1531:
1519:Please help
1514:verification
1511:
1477:in 1965 and
1468:
1424:
1408:Suzhou Creek
1396:Jiang Zhuyun
1369:
1346:trade unions
1333:
1323:
1302:Risorgimento
1293:
1283:
1277:, including
1244:
1237:Independence
1222:
1184:, the ninth
1057: 34 CE
1019:Baháʼí Faith
1016:
1007:Baháʼí Faith
986:
982:lesser jihad
971:
965:
956:
950:
938:
937:
901:Jesus Freaks
899:
897:
877:Queen Mary I
862:
831:
827:
808:desert monks
800:renunciation
791:
784:Theodosius I
755:
751:
733:
714:
706:Ranavalona I
678:
675:Christianity
672:
664:Óscar Romero
636:Christianity
583:
577:
562:
483:
466:
458:
456:
390:
380:
378:
354:
325:Holy Martyrs
324:
318:
311:
299:
292:
277:
273:
266:
264:
181:
179:
162:
160:
155:
140:
121:
119:
87:
74:
64:
54:, 'witness'
51:
39:
37:
4500:Hagiography
4493:Translation
4334: [
4292:Necrophobia
4287:Necrophilia
4257:Immortality
4212:Death squad
4192:Death panel
4177:Death march
4172:Death knell
4152:Death drive
4125:Death deity
4069:Thanatology
4018: [
3964:Legal death
3943:in absentia
3921:Civil death
3766:Examination
3751:Crematorium
3634:Excarnation
3471:After death
3270:Dysthanasia
3236:Brain death
3168:Autoschizis
3146:Phenoptosis
3141:Parthanatos
3131:Necroptosis
3038:In medicine
2797:Aal-e-Qutub
2701:: 127–151.
1823:Gölz, Olmo
1810:Gölz, Olmo
1769:Martyrology
1645:Che Guevara
1414:in central
1279:Bobby Sands
1241:Irredentism
1227:Sovereignty
1203:, Illinois.
1156:Thomas More
1074:Ten Martyrs
1023:Bahá'u'lláh
955:. The term
889:Waldensians
780:Constantine
691:Word of God
666:and Pastor
616:) by their
610:Hellenizing
602:2 Maccabees
598:1 Maccabees
490:Bhai Dayala
423:and fight.
397:Mahabharata
357:Tongmenghui
305:journalist
171:crucifixion
141:During the
69:persecution
4790:Categories
4744:Patristics
4724:Companions
4607:Diocletian
4580:Confessors
4565:Veneration
4473:Folk saint
4466:Traditions
4262:Last rites
4232:Extinction
4202:Death pose
4197:Death poem
4167:Death hoax
4147:Death camp
4140:Psychopomp
4015:Death tech
3870:Necromancy
3848:Paranormal
3830:Underworld
3682:Dissection
3644:Resomation
3639:Promession
3617:Sky burial
3584:Prosection
3569:Maceration
3280:Euthanasia
3198:Karyolysis
3156:Pyroptosis
3136:Paraptosis
3046:Cell death
2894:2023-08-18
2836:2014-08-22
2803:2023-09-05
2778:2007-01-23
2733:1061231390
2725:2014200073
2636:2020-02-17
2612:2020-02-17
2587:2020-02-17
2562:2020-02-17
2537:2014-08-22
2512:2022-09-13
2311:2014-08-22
2258:28 October
2132:9 December
2085:(4): 370.
1918:Revelation
1798:References
1723:Võ Thị Sáu
1612:John Brown
1547:newspapers
1364:See also:
1306:Tito Speri
1267:John Brown
1251:Manchester
1233:Separatism
1231:See also:
1160:Henry VIII
1134: 692
1113: 680
1100: 304
1087: 288
1046:399 BCE –
968:literature
846:Anabaptist
842:Jan Luyken
742:under the
710:Madagascar
654:—l. to r.
608:resisting
548:See also:
474:Guru Arjan
361:Kuomintang
288:Al-Jazeera
207:Opposition
175:archetypal
110:episcopacy
4796:Martyrdom
4633:Mariology
4602:Christian
4307:Sacrifice
4302:Predation
4267:Longevity
4057:Taphonomy
3994:Trust law
3949:Death row
3734:Afterlife
3687:Gibbeting
3624:Cremation
3589:Taxidermy
3564:Embalming
3440:Micromort
3386:Mortality
3163:Autolysis
3121:Autophagy
3116:Apoptosis
2912:"Martyrs"
2707:2334-3745
1653:the Congo
1577:July 2024
1475:Malcolm X
1427:communist
1400:Liu Hulan
1360:Communism
1354:Australia
1259:Karl Marx
1257:wrote to
1197:Mormonism
934:in 680 AD
853:Vilvoorde
818:(such as
772:Pentecost
764:Maccabees
697:follows.
180:The word
156:martyrdom
106:Charles I
4553:Theology
4520:Orthodox
4510:Catholic
4361:Category
4331:Thanabot
4282:Necronym
4252:Homicide
3803:Obituary
3791:Mourning
3781:Internet
3724:Cemetery
3599:Disposal
3552:Cryonics
3221:Abortion
3188:Pyknosis
3054:Necrosis
2986:Archived
2737:Archived
2716:27274061
2631:ABC News
2582:Fox News
2556:BBC News
2532:BBC News
2342:Archived
2073:(2014).
1901:Eusebius
1828:Archived
1752:See also
1668:FKU IK-3
1536:"Martyr"
1485:and the
1453:and the
1433:and the
1418:and the
1416:Shanghai
1410:and the
1320:Unionism
1121:Muhammed
1048:Socrates
1001:jihadism
945:term in
762:and the
618:Seleucid
459:shahadat
375:Hinduism
359:and the
177:martyr.
152:loanword
136:Josephus
114:Catholic
91:Socrates
4766:Prophet
4714:Apostle
4645:process
4592:Martyrs
4371:Outline
4319:Suicide
3959:Inquest
3926:Coroner
3818:Saṃsāra
3786:Midwife
3771:Funeral
3746:Customs
3719:Carrion
3418:Karoshi
3231:Autopsy
3111:Anoikis
2151:: 216.
1975:: 198.
1922:witness
1855:future'
1741:Algeria
1715:liệt sĩ
1707:Vietnam
1688:In the
1662:2024 –
1657:Bolivia
1643:1967 –
1628:1940 –
1617:1865 –
1610:1859 –
1561:scholar
1469:In the
1447:Tripura
1439:leftist
1370:In the
1298:Italian
1290:Italian
1263:Fenians
1206:1941 –
1191:1844 –
1180:1675 –
1175:Sikhism
1169:1606 –
1154:1535 –
1145:Jan Hus
1143:1415 –
1078:Judaism
1017:In the
952:shahida
930:at the
857:Belgium
752:knowing
681:in the
658:, Rev.
580:Judaism
538:Judaism
463:Sikhism
453:in 1716
451:Mughals
427:Sikhism
421:warrior
409:Sanjaya
401:Krishna
196:A hero
130:of the
123:witness
97:Meaning
65:martyr-
60:μαρτυρ-
4719:Bishop
4626:Places
4525:Titles
4414:Saints
4272:Martyr
4008:Fields
3969:Murder
3885:Séance
3855:Ghosts
3739:Tukdam
3607:Burial
3489:Stages
3173:Eschar
2928:
2731:
2723:
2713:
2705:
2666:Gölz,
2490:Saints
2163:
1987:
1930:martyr
1926:martyr
1907:5.1.2.
1874:
1655:, and
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1459:Kannur
1445:, and
1443:Kerala
1431:CPI(M)
1330:Dorset
1314:Mantua
1239:, and
1149:heresy
966:ḥadīth
957:Shahid
943:Arabic
941:is an
939:Shahid
918:Shahid
883:under
756:martyr
687:Gospel
679:martys
417:Arjuna
413:Arjuna
405:Vidura
392:dharma
382:ahimsa
268:shahid
182:martyr
163:martyr
52:mártys
48:μάρτυς
40:martyr
4515:Child
4483:Relic
4338:]
4312:human
4078:Other
4022:]
3894:Legal
3835:Vigil
3776:Grief
3324:Lists
3031:Death
2873:si)."
2746:3 May
2740:(PDF)
2711:JSTOR
2697:(4).
2685:(PDF)
2485:Arena
2122:(PDF)
1730:India
1568:JSTOR
1554:books
1425:Many
973:jihad
961:Quran
947:Islam
912:Islam
695:death
240:Death
167:Jesus
150:as a
132:Bible
44:Greek
4691:list
4679:list
4667:list
4597:list
4585:list
3999:Will
3480:Body
3450:RAMR
3106:AICD
2926:ISBN
2863:..."
2853:..."
2748:2024
2729:OCLC
2721:LCCN
2703:ISSN
2260:2023
2161:ISBN
2134:2023
2105:link
1985:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1649:Cuba
1540:news
1398:and
1324:The
1288:(in
1284:The
1245:The
1186:guru
999:and
980:and
822:and
810:and
760:Abel
606:Jews
600:and
552:and
518:and
407:and
56:stem
3253:DOA
2153:doi
2087:doi
2037:doi
1977:doi
1870:,
1739:In
1728:In
1705:In
1523:by
1455:RSS
1451:INC
1435:CPI
1352:to
1162:as
1076:of
984:).
906:BBC
814:in
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673:In
628:or
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