454:, and in some streams and lakes. Sometimes, they may inhabit flooded forests such as those found in the Brazilian Amazon. They live in shoals but do not group hunt, although they may occasionally enter into feeding frenzies. In the case of a feeding frenzy, schools of piranha will converge on one large prey individual and eat it within minutes. These attacks are usually extremely rare and are due to provocation or starvation. Breeding occurs over a two-month period during the rainy season, but that can vary by area. Females will lay around 5,000 eggs on newly submerged vegetation in nests that are built by the males.
411:
31:
725:, last approximately 140 milliseconds at 120 Hz, and are associated with frontal display behavior between two fish. Type two sounds last approximately 36 milliseconds at 40 Hz, and are associated with circling and fighting behavior related to food competition. Type three sounds are made up of a single pulse lasting just 3 milliseconds at 1740 Hz, and are highly associated with chasing behavior toward a conspecific individual. This same sound is also produced when an individual snaps its jaws to bite another individual.
754:
648:
55:
465:. The former president returned with dramatic stories of an entire cow being stripped to the bones within a matter of a few minutes. This event was later found to be staged by local guides, eager to provide Roosevelt with a spectacle worthy of the journey. It later surfaced the fish had been corralled and starved for over a week, into a section of the river, into which the unfortunate cow was driven for the event. There is nothing to suggest Roosevelt was ever aware of this fact.
474:
834:, normally on the fins, in behavior called 'fin nipping'. Those that have had their fins nipped will grow them back surprisingly rapidly. To maintain a piranha aquarium, it is important to keep the water quality up, as they are messy eaters, and this will dirty the water in the tank. Also, they need places to hide in dim light. Because in the wild they may not eat every day, those in captivity do not need to be fed daily, but when hungry, they can eat each other.
738:
1907:
421:
628:, may prey upon the eggs. Despite the defensive practice of circling the nests, red-bellied piranhas are often passive toward other fish that approach the nest. It is possible that the mere presence of the piranha, a natural predator, provides enough of a threat to prevent potential predators from approaching the nest.
477:
221:. This fish is locally abundant in its freshwater habitat. They are omnivorous foragers and feed on insects, worms, crustaceans, and fish. They are not a migratory species but do travel to seek out conditions conducive to breeding and spawning during periods of increased rainfall. Red-bellied piranhas often travel in
476:
482:
480:
475:
481:
578:, and will mainly eat plants and insects during the rainy season when food is abundant. They also tend to feed only on weak, injured, dying, or dead animals in the wild. Red-bellied piranhas do not stay in groups in order to pack-hunt for larger animals, but instead group for protection against predators.
581:
Foraging methods vary throughout the different stages of a piranha's life. Smaller fish will search for food during the day, while larger fish will forage at dawn, in the late afternoon, and in the early evening. Throughout the day, the fish lurk in dark areas and ambush their prey. The piranha may
590:
The breeding habits of piranhas in nature are mostly unknown, with most spawning research being done in aquariums. Piranhas are usually able to breed by the time they are one year old. Female piranhas will lay several thousand eggs near water plants, onto which the eggs stick. The males then
582:
also catch prey by hunting and chasing, where it will lie hidden in the vegetation until its prey swims by. The piranha will then capture its prey. When scavenging, the piranha will eat a wide variety of food, ranging from pieces of debris, insects, snails, fish fins, scales, and plants.
829:
Red-bellied piranhas are sometimes kept as aquarium fish. They may be fed live, fresh, or frozen food, but they will not eat rotten meats. Their natural diet consists of live prey and dead animals or fish. Live feedings to captive piranhas can introduce diseases , and goldfish contain a
479:
665:
rates returned to normal more quickly among piranhas that were in shoals of eight rather than in shoals of two. Although it has been presumed that piranhas engage in pack-hunting behavior, no investigation shows that shoaling behavior among piranhas is used for cooperative hunting.
728:
Nearly all sounds produced by red-bellied piranhas are produced in the context of social interactions between individuals. The low, drumming sounds are typically produced during moderate attacks, while loud, threatened sounds are produced during more vigorous attacks.
805:. Films such as these, and stories of large schools of red-bellies attacking humans, fuel their exaggerated and erroneous reputation as being one of the most ferocious freshwater fish. In reality, they are generally timid scavengers, fulfilling a role similar to
598:
Research on red-bellied piranha breeding behavior in nature has revealed certain behavioral patterns around nesting sites. Adult piranhas will swim side-by-side in small circles, sometimes with two individuals swimming in opposite directions while keeping their
258:
and differing head width dimensions. The red-bellied piranha is often thought of as highly carnivorous, while most other fish that are not piranhas in the family are primarily herbivorous. However, the red-bellied piranha is actually omnivorous.
744:
The red-bellied piranha is widespread and locally abundant. In some parts of its range, it is among the most common fish species. The collection and trade of the species to aquariums may locally present a low risk to the red-bellied piranha.
717:. All of the observations made on sound production by red-bellied piranha have been when specimens were held by hand. When taken out of the water, the red-bellied piranha will emit a drumming-like sound, consisting of a low-frequency
697:. Piranhas will travel to their nesting sites in shoals in order to reduce the likelihood that any single individual will be attacked by a predator. Shoals of red-bellied piranha use the margins of flooded areas to build their nests.
327:, as well as numerous smaller systems. They can live in waters that are between 15 and 35 °C (59–95 °F) but are able to survive temperatures as low as 10 °C (50 °F) for a period. They are mainly found in
1123:
Saint-Paul, Ulrich; Zuanon, Jansen; Correa, Marle A. Villacorta; GarcĂa, Marcelo; FabrĂ©, Nidia Noemi; Berger, Uta; Junk, Wolfgang J. (2000). "Fish
Communities in Central Amazonian White- and Blackwater Floodplains".
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603:
surfaces close to one another. Although this may appear to be a courtship display, a closer look reveals that the adults are actually defending nesting sites. The nests are about 4 to 5 centimetres (
447:
and the anal fin is usually black at the base. The pectoral and pelvic fins may vary from red to orange. Females can be distinguished from males by the slightly deeper red color of their bellies.
639:, such as flooded marginal grasses and vegetation within lakes. This habitat selection is a clear distinction from non-reproductive individuals that prefer open water and under floating meadows.
635:, temperature, and other hydrological conditions. When individuals are ready to become sexually active, they will lose their red coloration and select habitats that are conducive to
225:
as a predatory defense but rarely exhibit group hunting behavior. Acoustic communication is common and is sometimes exhibited along with aggressive behaviors. They are a popular
506:
The red-bellied piranha is not a migratory species but does search for conditions conducive to reproduction during seasons of increased rainfall. Red-bellied piranhas are
624:
swimming displays, and guarding of the nests shows that red-bellied piranhas exhibit parental care for the nest and the young. When left unattended, other fish, such as
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sound. However, research has shown the presence of three types of acoustic emissions that are associated with specific behaviors. Type one calls are made up of
830:
growth-inhibiting hormone, which in turn will affect piranhas . Red-bellied piranhas, particularly when juvenile, will sometimes bite one another in the
443:
but rarely surpass 35 cm (14 in). The rest of the body is often grey with silver-flecked scales. Sometimes, blackish spots appear behind the
499:
region. When red-bellied piranhas are introduced to other parts of the
American continent, there are usually negative consequences for the local fish
248:. They are characterized by deep, lateral compressed bodies and long dorsal fins. Within the family, red-bellied piranhas are classified in the genus
709:
confrontation, and fighting. The sounds created by piranhas are generated through rapid contractions of the sonic muscles and is associated with the
595:
piranhas will hide in the plants until they are large enough to defend themselves, at which point hiding from predators becomes lurking for prey.
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1094:
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as a predatory defense, as well as for the offense. In studies that tested the piranhas' reactions to a simulated predator attack, resting
1274:
503:, partially due to its generally aggressive behavior. This aggressive behavior is sometimes marked by the acoustic sounds they produce.
1247:
1725:
Onuki, A; Ohmori Y.; Somiya H. (January 2006). "Spinal Nerve
Innervation to the Sonic Muscle and Sonic Motor Nucleus in Red Piranha,
2050:
980:"Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories"
2102:
439:
color with darker spots. The species can reach up to 3.9 kg (8 lb 10 oz) in weight and 50 cm (20 in) in
1911:
462:
2234:
2189:
1543:
1224:
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2107:
435:. As their name suggests, red-bellied piranhas have a reddish tinge to the belly when fully grown, although juveniles are a
2204:
2209:
896:
Santos, Carlos
Henrique dos A. dos; Sá Leitão, Carolina S.; Paula-Silva, Maria de N.; Almeida-Val, Vera Maria F. (2016).
705:
Acoustic communication among red-bellied piranhas is exhibited along with aggressive behaviors, such as biting, chasing,
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2194:
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1451:
2224:
2151:
1181:
2130:
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Queiroz, H. L.; M. B. Sobanski; A. E. Magurran (September 2010). "Reproductive strategies of Red-bellied
Piranha (
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to 2 in) deep, and are dug among water grasses, with the eggs attached to the grasses and plant stems.
244:, which is a group of medium to large-sized characids and includes other closely related omnivores such as
457:
A significant amount of lore regarding the ferocity of the red-bellied piranha can be traced to
President
267:
The red-bellied piranha is distributed widely throughout the South
American continent and is found in the
2089:
2003:
1998:
54:
631:
Piranhas have two annual reproductive seasons; these seasons are tied to water level fluctuations, the
2156:
1269:
2219:
651:
1566:
Uetanabaro, M.; T. Wang; A. S. Abe (December 1993). "Breeding behaviour of the red-bellied piranha,
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The red-bellied piranha has a popular reputation as a ferocious predator, despite being primarily a
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Most likely, this shoaling behavior is a defense against predation from larger animals such as
658:
222:
1977:
1488:
1062:
963:: Profile with care, maintenance requirements and breeding information for your tropical fish
906:
855:
410:
149:
2143:
1090:"Cold Tolerance and Potential Overwintering of the Red-Bellied Piranha in the United States"
2024:
1972:
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1581:
1547:
1521:
1497:
1395:
1343:
1332:
Kner, 1858) in the white waters of the
Mamirauá flooded forest, central Brazilian Amazon".
1135:
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30:
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encompasses a larger geographic area than any other piranha species, covering much of the
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and primarily foragers. They feed on insects, fish, plants, and organic debris. Bechara
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Lucas, Martyn; Baras, Etienne; Thom, Timothy; Duncan, Annie; Slavik, Ondrej (2001).
1363:
1155:
817:'s character misidentifies a specimen of this monstrous new species as the familiar
753:
2016:
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558:. In packs up to hundreds, piranhas have been known to feed on animals as large as
368:
332:
311:. They live in the warm freshwater drainages of several major rivers including the
238:
1624:
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Bennett, W. A.; Currie, R. J.; Wagner, P. F.; Beitinger, T. L. (September 1997).
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Freeman, B.; Nico, L. G.; Osentoski, M.; Jelks, H. L.; Collins, T. M. (2007).
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fertilize the eggs. After just two to three days the eggs will hatch, and the
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The red-bellied piranha is typically found in white water rivers, such as the
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1948:
1827:
1207:
682:
375:
241:
198:
116:
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38:
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Kner, 1858 (Characidae: Serrasalminae) in the Negro River, Pantanal, Brazil"
1620:"Safety in numbers? Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha"
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Animal
Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Accessed 19 February 2016.
339:. The red-bellied piranha live in major rivers, streams, lakes (such as
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795:
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352:
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713:. The swimbladder may play an important role in sound production as a
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1875:
The
Complete Illustrated Breeder's Guide to Marine Aquarium Fishes
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which is devastating to almost all fish in the same environment.
304:
288:
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42:
2029:
1517:
1985:
1906:
1839:
1785:, Kner): an acoustical, behavioural and morphofunctional study"
1439:
575:
539:
436:
292:
276:
218:
76:
1779:
Millot, S.; Vandewalle, P.; Parmentier, E. (12 October 2011).
1668:
420:
1669:
Vicentin, W.; dos Santos Costa, F. E.; SĂşarez, Y. R. (2013).
898:"Genetic differentiation in red-bellied piranha populations (
690:
686:
559:
535:
500:
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including this one. In 1998 a single specimen was found in a
360:
1122:
737:
1379:
1109:
10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0841:CTAPOO>2.3.CO;2
670:
555:
379:
300:
245:
1565:
1172:
Wan, Fanghao; Jiang, Mingxing; Zhan, Aibin, eds. (2017).
348:
402:
and encourage surveillance to prevent its introduction.
1724:
1617:
1380:
Katenhuber, E.; S. C. F. Neuhauss (20 December 2011).
1433:
1382:"Acoustic Communication: Sound Advice from Piranhas"
1544:"Piranha – Ferocious Fighter or Scavenging Softie?"
965:. Badmanstropicalfish.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
566:. Despite the piranha's reputation as a dangerous
217:basins, as well as coastal rivers of northeastern
1167:
1165:
773:shows these fish in a similar light to sharks in
2171:
1174:Biological invasions and its management in China
763:Many myths surround this species. The 1978 film
367:. First detected in 1990 they have since become
1825:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
902:, Kner, 1858) from the Solimões-Amazonas River"
1561:
1559:
1557:
1162:
1095:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
813:, a previously unknown piranha is discovered.
700:
1618:Queiroz, H.; Magurran, A. E. (22 June 2005).
1375:
1373:
799:in 2010, which also got a sequel of its own,
1429:
1427:
1275:Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
1171:
1048:
891:
889:
530:The typical diet of red-bellied piranhas is
525:
1781:"Sound production in red-bellied piranhas (
1671:"Population ecology of Red-bellied Piranha
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1613:
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1248:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
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29:
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254:, which is distinguished by the unusual
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237:The red-bellied piranha belongs to the
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1512:
1510:
1508:
968:
732:
463:Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition
1924:
1923:
1826:Chakrabarty, P.; Fink, W. L. (2011).
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851:
849:
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657:Red-bellied piranhas often travel in
16:Fish species native to South America
1505:
1288:
424:Jaw bone with razor-shape teeth in
13:
1468:
873:Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Editors.
844:
14:
2261:
1899:
1001:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384132.x
331:, but have also been recorded in
1905:
1729:(Characiformes, Ostariophysi)".
1243:"California's Invaders: Piranha"
620:This formation of mating pairs,
461:following the completion of the
53:
1867:
1819:
1790:Journal of Experimental Biology
1718:
1683:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1573:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1335:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1127:Environmental Biology of Fishes
824:
748:
585:
1436:Migration of Freshwater Fishes
1116:
1081:
952:
405:
390:, Ventura County, California.
1:
1732:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
837:
570:, it is actually primarily a
2235:Freshwater fish of Venezuela
2190:Freshwater fish of Argentina
789:, in 1982, and two remakes,
7:
2205:Freshwater fish of Colombia
701:Communication and signaling
642:
468:
374:No piranha is found in the
10:
2266:
2210:Freshwater fish of Ecuador
783:was followed by a sequel,
359:. They were introduced to
2245:Taxa named by Rudolf Kner
2195:Freshwater fish of Brazil
1932:
1704:10.1007/s10641-012-0022-5
1409:10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.048
1356:10.1007/s10641-010-9658-1
1190:10.1007/978-94-024-0948-2
526:Diet and feeding behavior
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
37:
28:
23:
2240:Fish of the Amazon basin
1032:. ARKive. Archived from
959:Black-finned Pacu Fish,
786:Piranha II: The Spawning
263:Distribution and habitat
2225:Freshwater fish of Peru
1148:10.1023/A:1007699130333
2250:Fish described in 1858
1638:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0267
760:
741:
654:
489:
428:
417:
233:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1991:pygocentrus-nattereri
1978:Pygocentrus_nattereri
1964:Pygocentrus nattereri
1934:Pygocentrus nattereri
1913:Pygocentrus nattereri
1883:T. F. H. Publications
1783:Pygocentrus nattereri
1727:Pygocentrus nattereri
1673:Pygocentrus nattereri
1568:Pygocentrus nattereri
1518:"Red-bellied piranha"
1491:Pygocentrus nattereri
1330:Pygocentrus nattereri
1296:"Red-bellied piranha"
1270:"Red-Bellied piranha"
1065:Pygocentrus nattereri
1030:"Red-bellied piranha"
907:Ecology and Evolution
900:Pygocentrus nattereri
876:Pygocentrus nattereri
857:Pygocentrus nattereri
819:Pygocentrus nattereri
756:
740:
650:
493:Pygocentrus nattereri
485:
423:
413:
186:Pygocentrus nattereri
159:Pygocentrus nattereri
1916:at Wikimedia Commons
1548:Indiana Public Media
1522:Encyclopedia of Life
1498:Animal Diversity Web
1184:. pp. xiv+366.
961:Colossoma macropomum
652:Särkänniemi Aquarium
518:is almost immune to
179:, also known as the
24:Red-bellied piranha
1696:2013EnvBF..96...57V
1586:1993EnvBF..38..369U
1493:(Redbelly piranha)"
1400:2011CBio...21.R986K
1348:2010EnvBF..89...11Q
1300:BBC Nature Wildlife
1140:2000EnvBF..57..235S
920:2016EcoEv...6.4203S
733:Conservation status
177:red-bellied piranha
1873:Wittenrich, M. L.
1804:10.1242/jeb.061218
1594:10.1007/bf00007529
761:
742:
655:
520:gas bubble disease
490:
459:Theodore Roosevelt
452:Amazon River Basin
429:
418:
363:, probably by the
2167:
2166:
2139:Open Tree of Life
1926:Taxon identifiers
1910:Media related to
1853:10.1643/ot-10-147
1797:(21): 3613–3618.
1745:10.1159/000089185
1542:Zollinger, S. A.
1444:Blackwell Science
1225:978-94-024-0948-2
1199:978-94-024-0946-8
928:10.1002/ece3.2195
914:(12): 4203–4213.
815:Christopher Lloyd
483:
173:
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141:P. nattereri
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2220:Fish of Paraguay
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723:harmonic sounds
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441:standard length
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357:flooded forests
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1900:External links
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150:Binomial name
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1687:
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1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1496:
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1339:
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1246:
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1034:the original
1004:. Retrieved
992:
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818:
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586:Reproduction
580:
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516:P. nattereri
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400:P. nattereri
399:
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176:
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127:
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2064:iNaturalist
1958:Wikispecies
1828:"Review of
1306:10 December
1040:14 November
995:(4): 1–38.
802:Piranha 3DD
791:one in 1995
758:Pairi Daiza
711:swimbladder
707:conspecific
497:Neotropical
487:Rostock Zoo
426:Cologne Zoo
415:Pairi Daiza
406:Description
388:Simi Valley
384:golf course
353:floodplains
269:Neotropical
251:Pygocentrus
181:red piranha
128:Pygocentrus
2174:Categories
1891:1890087718
1830:Piranha 3D
1281:2023-01-17
1255:2023-01-17
1006:2009-06-22
838:References
811:Piranha 3D
796:Piranha 3D
534:including
532:omnivorous
396:Washington
392:California
347:formed by
337:clearwater
333:blackwater
329:whitewater
271:rivers of
197:native to
1527:3 October
1216:132236558
1208:984692367
1178:Dordrecht
1073:8 October
771:Joe Dante
715:resonator
663:opercular
626:characids
572:scavenger
568:carnivore
508:omnivores
433:scavenger
398:prohibit
325:Essequibo
309:Venezuela
273:Argentina
256:dentition
215:Essequibo
135:Species:
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
2185:Piranhas
2082:11190234
2038:FishBase
1943:Wikidata
1885:. 2007.
1861:85396832
1813:21993790
1753:16254416
1712:14821360
1656:17148153
1602:44227257
1462:47894872
1418:22192829
1364:29214833
1182:Springer
1156:25361090
946:27516875
881:FishBase
832:aquarium
807:vultures
719:harmonic
695:anhingas
685:such as
673:, large
671:dolphins
643:Shoaling
637:spawning
593:juvenile
564:capybara
548:mollusks
469:Behavior
369:invasive
317:Paraguay
297:Paraguay
285:Colombia
227:aquarium
207:Paraguay
189:), is a
113:Family:
87:Chordata
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
2157:1018170
2056:2352479
2030:1004114
1949:Q928382
1847:: 181.
1761:7395840
1692:Bibcode
1647:1626212
1582:Bibcode
1396:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1136:Bibcode
988:Zootaxa
937:4972243
916:Bibcode
883:. 2015.
793:, and
781:Piranha
766:Piranha
679:caimans
622:nuptial
612:⁄
601:ventral
576:forager
552:carrion
544:insects
305:Uruguay
289:Ecuador
281:Bolivia
195:piranha
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
43:Germany
2144:649803
2108:641816
2095:117101
2069:120226
2004:183013
1986:ARKive
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1840:Copeia
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693:, and
691:herons
687:storks
681:, and
659:shoals
560:egrets
540:leaves
512:et al.
437:silver
355:, and
341:oxbows
323:, and
321:Paraná
313:Amazon
307:, and
293:Guyana
277:Brazil
239:family
229:fish.
223:shoals
219:Brazil
211:Paraná
203:Amazon
168:, 1858
2152:WoRMS
2131:42514
2115:NAS:
2077:IRMNG
2017:4QP42
1857:S2CID
1835:(PDF)
1757:S2CID
1708:S2CID
1678:(PDF)
1598:S2CID
1360:S2CID
1302:. BBC
1212:S2CID
1152:S2CID
983:(PDF)
536:fruit
501:fauna
445:gills
382:in a
361:China
246:pacus
2126:NCBI
2103:ITIS
2051:GBIF
2043:4501
1999:BOLD
1887:ISBN
1809:PMID
1749:PMID
1652:PMID
1529:2013
1458:OCLC
1448:ISBN
1414:PMID
1308:2012
1221:ISBN
1204:OCLC
1194:ISBN
1075:2017
1042:2013
993:1484
942:PMID
776:Jaws
574:and
556:fish
554:and
394:and
380:lake
349:dams
343:and
335:and
301:Peru
213:and
191:type
175:The
166:Kner
2118:429
2090:ISC
2025:EoL
2012:CoL
1973:ADW
1849:doi
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