329:
1006:
353:. For a grape berry to dry, water inside the grape must be removed completely from the interior of the cells onto the surface of the grape where the water droplets can evaporate. However, this diffusion process is very difficult because the grape skin contains wax in its cuticle, which prevents the water from passing through. In addition to this, the physical and chemical mechanisms located on the outer layers of the grape are adapted to prevent water loss. The three steps to commercial raisin production include pre-treatment, drying, and post-drying processes.
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Pre-treatment is a necessary step in raisin production to ensure the increased rate of water removal during the drying process. A faster water removal rate decreases the rate of browning and helps to produce more desirable raisins. The historical method of completing this process was developed in the
894:
The three types of drying methods are: sun drying, shade drying, and mechanical drying. Sun drying is an inexpensive process; however, environmental contamination, insect infections, and microbial deterioration can occur and the resulting raisins are often of low quality. Additionally, sun drying is
914:
All steps in the production of raisins are very important in determining the quality of raisins. Sometimes sulfur dioxide is applied to raisins after the pre-treatment step and before drying to decrease the rate of browning caused by the reaction between polyphenol oxidase and phenolic compounds.
910:
After the drying process is complete, raisins are sent to processing plants where they are cleaned with water to remove any foreign objects that may have become embedded during the drying process. Stems and off-grade raisins are also removed. The washing process may cause rehydration, so another
1401:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
369:
Recently, new methods have been developed such as exposing the grapes to oil emulsions or dilute alkaline solutions. These methods can encourage water transfer to the outer surface of grapes which helps to increase the efficiency of the drying process.
330:
279:
Raisin varieties depend on the type of grape and appear in a variety of sizes and colors including green, black, brown, purple, blue, and yellow. Seedless varieties include the sultana (the common
American type is known as
1400:
299:"Golden raisins" are generally dried in dehydrators with controlled temperature and humidity, which allows them to retain a lighter color and more moisture. They are often treated with
1158:
1379:
872:
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898:
Mechanical drying can be done in a safer and more controlled environment where rapid drying is guaranteed. One type of mechanical drying is to use
320:
Grapes used to produce raisins in the Middle East and Asia include the large black monukka (or manucca) grapes that produce large raisins.
1046:
902:
drying. Water molecules in the grapes absorb microwave energy resulting in rapid evaporation. Microwave drying produces puffed raisins.
1028:
1408:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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are small, sometimes seedless raisins that are much darker and have a tart, tangy flavor. They are usually called currants.
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988:
254:
235:
1293:
Esmaiili, M.; Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R.; Cronin, K.; Mousavi, M. A. E.; Rezazadeh, G. (2007). "Grape Drying: A Review".
1338:
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Sulfur dioxide also helps to preserve flavor and prevent the loss of certain vitamins during the drying process.
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and ethyl esters of fatty acids. This dip was shown to increase the rate of water loss by two- to three-fold.
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1159:"Raisin the stakes in 2023: South African sultanas take the lead as the New Year ingredient"
1005:
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drying step is completed after washing to ensure that the added moisture has been removed.
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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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63:. Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in
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1113:, a popular brand of raisins available in North America and the United Kingdom.
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Mediterranean and Asia Minor areas by using a dry emulsion cold dip made of
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959:. In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raisins supply 299
886:
590:
539:
195: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
132:
1292:
1131:
899:
662:
649:
636:
293:
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in the United States), the Zante currants (black
Corinthian raisins,
88:
1473:
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice
170:
1480:
1110:
1038:
522:
147:, or "dry grape". The Old French word, in turn, developed from the
128:
1119:, a fictional music group of anthropomorphized raisins created by
1034:
623:
502:
317:
raisins are large compared to other varieties, and also sweeter.
72:
64:
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1104:
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a slow process and may not produce the most desirable raisins.
606:
68:
1452:. International Nut and Dried Fruit Council. 24 February 2021
1450:"Estimated world raisin/sultana/currant production 2020–2021"
924:
414:
271:
California seedless grape raisins on the left and
California
148:
60:
39:
1069:
349:
Raisins are produced commercially by drying harvested grape
47:
1103:
that involved raisins being plucked from a bowl of burning
932:
1372:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1394:
956:
444:
99:
is reserved for the dark-colored dried large grape, with
923:
Global production of raisins in 2020–21 was 1.2 million
1243:"Types of Raisins: Currants, Golden Seedless, and More"
997:
in both cats and dogs. The cause of this is not known.
1334:
Christensen, L.P., and
Peacock, W.L. (20 April 2013)
1037:, ventilated sheds for drying grapes into raisins in
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1405:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
275:on the right, along with a metric ruler for scale.
694:
512:
1502:
1321:
1265:
1156:
379:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1360:
1130:, a candy made by coating the dried fruit in
296:, but may also be artificially dehydrated.
1368:United States Food and Drug Administration
43:A variety of raisins from different grapes
1470:
255:Learn how and when to remove this message
1182:
1052:Raisins offered for sale at a market in
1009:Raisin sale at khari baoli market, Delhi
1004:
963:and moderate amounts (10–19% DV) of the
905:
885:
327:
266:
143:means "grape", while a dried grape is a
105:being a golden-colored dried grape, and
46:
38:
943:Raisins are composed of 15% water, 79%
14:
1503:
1442:
1253:from the original on 21 September 2017
982:
935:, and India as the largest producers.
1216:
1214:
1212:
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193:adding citations to reliable sources
164:
24:
1382:from the original on 27 March 2024
1220:
1207:
25:
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989:Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
1475:(4th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.:
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1045:
1027:
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356:
169:
123:The word "raisin" dates back to
1464:
1430:from the original on 9 May 2024
180:needs additional citations for
1471:DiBartola, Stephen P. (2012).
1235:
1176:
1150:
27:Dark-colored dried large grape
13:
1:
1143:
918:
389:299 kcal (1,250 kJ)
343:Valencian Museum of Ethnology
323:
938:
867:Percentages estimated using
292:. Raisins are traditionally
160:
118:
7:
1336:"The Raisin Drying Process"
1228:Online Etymology Dictionary
1061:
860:Link to USDA Database entry
10:
1532:
1295:Food Reviews International
1189:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1000:
986:
29:
1307:10.1080/87559120701418335
1185:"Kew Gardens explanation"
1123:to promote the food on TV
1022:Common commercial raisins
955:, and contain negligible
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51:Golden raisins (sultanas)
1351:University of California
1347:Raisin Production Manual
1128:chocolate-covered raisin
1249:. Remedy Health Media.
869:US recommendations
157:, "a bunch of grapes."
32:Raisin (disambiguation)
1117:The California Raisins
1010:
891:
873:the National Academies
346:
276:
52:
44:
1157:bakeryandsnacks.com.
1138:Oatmeal raisin cookie
1008:
931:, the United States,
906:Post-drying processes
889:
487:Vitamins and minerals
336:
288:L. var. Apyrena) and
270:
50:
42:
1341:12 June 2013 at the
189:improve this article
111:being a dried small
30:For other uses, see
1195:on 5 September 2012
1163:bakeryandsnacks.com
983:Toxicity in animals
574:Pantothenic acid (B
375:
364:potassium carbonate
1011:
993:Raisins can cause
892:
834:Other constituents
373:
347:
337:Drying raisins at
277:
53:
45:
1490:978-1-4377-0654-3
1415:978-0-309-48834-1
1247:Berkeley Wellness
1221:Harper, Douglas.
890:Sun-dried raisins
879:
878:
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374:Raisins, seedless
334:
282:Thompson Seedless
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16:(Redirected from
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1483:. p. 155.
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339:Gata de Gorgos
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311:Zante currants
303:after drying.
301:sulfur dioxide
286:Vitis vinifera
273:Zante currants
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540:Riboflavin (B
537:
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425:Dietary fiber
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401:Carbohydrates
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377:
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357:Pre-treatment
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307:Black Corinth
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245:December 2021
237:
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206: –
205:
201:
200:Find sources:
194:
190:
184:
183:
178:This section
176:
172:
167:
166:
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146:
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113:Black Corinth
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49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1472:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1404:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1375:
1362:
1346:
1298:
1294:
1257:20 September
1255:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1226:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1101:parlour game
992:
967:for several
961:kilocalories
942:
922:
913:
909:
897:
893:
838:
833:
695:
690:
683:
513:
508:
501:
467:
443:
399:
368:
360:
348:
319:
305:
298:
290:Flame grapes
285:
278:
251:
242:
232:
225:
218:
211:
199:
187:Please help
182:verification
179:
152:
144:
140:
135:; in modern
122:
106:
100:
96:
93:South Africa
56:
54:
36:
1456:12 December
1094:Snap-dragon
1089:Raisin cake
1084:Dried fruit
1076:Food portal
1054:Taliparamba
965:Daily Value
523:Thiamine (B
341:, Video by
95:, the word
85:New Zealand
59:is a dried
1505:Categories
1301:(3): 257.
1199:16 January
1144:References
977:vitamin B6
973:riboflavin
951:), and 3%
919:Production
757:Phosphorus
324:Processing
215:newspapers
145:raisin sec
133:Old French
1132:chocolate
1098:Victorian
939:Nutrition
927:, led by
900:microwave
770:Potassium
744:Magnesium
663:Vitamin K
650:Vitamin E
637:Vitamin C
607:Folate (B
591:Vitamin B
557:Niacin (B
294:sun-dried
161:Varieties
127:and is a
119:Etymology
89:Australia
75:. In the
1481:Elsevier
1477:Saunders
1428:Archived
1424:30844154
1386:28 March
1380:Archived
1370:(2024).
1339:Archived
1315:83652015
1251:Archived
1223:"raisin"
1168:20 March
1111:Sun-Maid
1062:See also
1039:Xinjiang
839:Quantity
783:Selenium
691:Quantity
685:Minerals
601:0.174 mg
585:0.095 mg
568:0.766 mg
551:0.125 mg
534:0.106 mg
509:Quantity
503:Vitamins
204:"Raisin"
129:loanword
1516:Berries
1511:Raisins
1434:21 June
1056:, India
1035:Chunche
1001:Gallery
953:protein
816:0.36 mg
725:0.27 mg
705:Calcium
657:0.12 mg
631:11.1 mg
624:Choline
469:Protein
351:berries
229:scholar
154:racemus
108:currant
102:sultana
81:Ireland
73:brewing
65:cooking
18:Raisins
1487:
1422:
1412:
1313:
1121:CalRAB
1105:brandy
975:, and
929:Turkey
925:tonnes
882:Drying
848:15.5 g
796:Sodium
790:0.6 μg
777:744 mg
738:1.8 mg
718:Copper
670:3.5 μg
644:2.3 mg
452:0.25 g
419:65.2 g
415:Sugars
408:79.3 g
385:Energy
315:Muscat
231:
224:
217:
210:
202:
141:raisin
137:French
97:raisin
71:, and
69:baking
57:raisin
1355:Davis
1311:S2CID
949:fiber
845:Water
803:26 mg
764:98 mg
751:36 mg
712:62 mg
476:3.3 g
429:4.5 g
236:JSTOR
222:books
151:word
149:Latin
131:from
61:grape
1485:ISBN
1458:2021
1436:2024
1420:PMID
1410:ISBN
1388:2024
1259:2017
1201:2013
1170:2023
1126:The
1096:, a
933:Iran
809:Zinc
731:Iron
618:5 μg
208:news
91:and
1376:FDA
1353:at
1303:doi
957:fat
775:25%
736:10%
723:30%
696:%DV
599:10%
549:10%
514:%DV
445:Fat
309:or
191:by
1507::
1426:.
1418:.
1378:.
1374:.
1349:,
1345:.
1323:^
1309:.
1299:23
1297:.
1267:^
1245:.
1225:.
1209:^
1187:.
1161:.
979:.
971:,
814:3%
801:1%
788:1%
762:8%
749:9%
710:5%
668:3%
655:1%
642:3%
629:2%
616:1%
583:2%
566:5%
532:9%
139:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
67:,
55:A
1493:.
1479:/
1460:.
1438:.
1390:.
1357:.
1317:.
1305::
1261:.
1231:.
1203:.
1172:.
1134:.
1107:.
875:.
611:)
609:9
593:6
578:)
576:5
561:)
559:3
544:)
542:2
527:)
525:1
345:.
258:)
252:(
247:)
243:(
233:·
226:·
219:·
212:·
185:.
34:.
20:)
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