1972:
wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes). Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contains seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine). Most of the aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight.
2207:
1216:
1529:
2573:
1462:
2585:
48:
1905:. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.
2633:
5845:
1560:
1366:
2600:
4346:
1808:
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5856:
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1430:
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1350:
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2619:
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1987:
40:
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2142:, is a type of vinegar made from sour grapes in the Middle East. It is produced by crushing unripened grapes, collecting and salting the juice, simmering it to remove foam, and then storing it with a layer of olive oil to prevent contamination and oxidation. It is then used as an acidic ingredient in salads and stuffed vegetables. Unripened
1943:. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern
2802:
According to A. de
Candolle (L'Origine des plantes cultivées, Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where "it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit
1971:
Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into a multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils. Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or
2410:
Although adoption of wine consumption is generally not recommended by health authorities, some research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits. Alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.
2229:) are the more abundant class of polyphenols in white varieties. Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with
697:
wine jars, which were discovered in Cyprus in the 1930s, were the oldest of their kind in the world, dating back to 3,500 BC. Moreover, Commandaria, a sweet dessert wine from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world, its origins traced as far back as 2000 BC.
2740:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
2125:, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.
3722:
Xu, Changmou; Yagiz, Yavuz; Zhao, Lu; Simonne, Amarat; Lu, Jiang; Marshall, Maurice R. (2017). "Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States".
1996:
In most of Europe and North
America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents.
630:, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in
2816:
2739:
3392:
Parry, J.; Su, L.; Moore, J.; Cheng, Z.; Luther, M.; Rao, J. N.; Wang, J. Y.; Yu, L. L. (2006). "Chemical
Compositions, Antioxidant Capacities, and Antiproliferative Activities of Selected Fruit Seed Flours".
1917:
by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using
2070:
of
Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.
739:
that grow in clusters of 15 to 300 and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape.
3836:
Beveridge, T. H. J.; Girard, B.; Kopp, T.; Drover, J. C. G. (2005). "Yield and
Composition of Grape Seed Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Petroleum Ether: Varietal Effects".
2387:
and is thought to occur due to the protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine, among other dietary practices. Alcohol consumption in moderation may be cardioprotective by its minor
3871:
Crews, C.; Hough, P.; Godward, J.; Brereton, P.; Lees, M.; Guiet, S.; Winkelmann, W. (2006). "Quantitation of the Main
Constituents of Some Authentic Grape-Seed Oils of Different Origin".
2931:
2059:, two berries unrelated to grapes, are derived from this use. Some other fruits of similar appearance are also so named, for example, Australian currant, native currant, Indian currant.
3580:
Muhlack, Richard A.; Potumarthi, Ravichandra; Jeffery, David W. (2018). "Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products".
2874:
2719:
1895:(wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked. While almost all of them belong to the same species,
2847:
686:
growing purple grapes both for eating and wine production. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in
3906:
Tangolar, S. G. K.; Özoğul, Y. I.; Tangolar, >S.; Torun, A. (2009). "Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes".
3347:, in "Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates", Information Bulletin 234, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, retrieved December 30, 2008.
3634:
Cantos, E.; Espín, J. C.; Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (2002). "Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC-DAD-MS-MS".
604:
3012:
1227:(FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as
91:
The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food throughout its history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as
2346:
grapes have about one hundred times higher concentration of stilbenes than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.
3340:
2379:
Comparing diets among
Western countries, researchers have discovered that, although French people tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of
3157:
Brouillard, R.; Chassaing, S.; Fougerousse, A. (2003). "Why are grape/fresh wine anthocyanins so simple and why is it that red wine color lasts so long?".
2109:. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the
1930:
4044:
3971:
Li, X.; Wu, B.; Wang, L.; Li, S. (2006). "Extractable
Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level".
6129:
4194:
1202:
2990:
2482:. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The
6942:
1934:
2803:
without any pruning or cultivation." His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.
3529:
Gómez-Brandón, María; Lores, Marta; Insam, Heribert; Domínguez, Jorge (2019-04-02). "Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc".
2939:
4098:
De Lange, D. W.; Van De Wiel, A. (2004). "Drink to
Prevent: Review on the Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Alcohol and Red Wine Polyphenols".
890:, a wild vine of North America, is sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. It is native to the entire Eastern United States and north to
5495:
4032:
850:, a grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:
3490:
Cosme, F., Pinto, T., & Vilela, A. (2018). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in grape juices: A chemical and sensory view.
2425:
The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop
5433:
3801:
Mattivi, F.; Guzzon, R.; Vrhovsek, U.; Stefanini, M.; Velasco, R. (2006). "Metabolite Profiling of Grape: Flavonols and Anthocyanins".
4211:
3766:
Pastrana-Bonilla, E.; Akoh, C. C.; Sellappan, S.; Krewer, G. (2003). "Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes".
3323:
6947:
4392:
2865:
2747:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1238:
There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is
760:
in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a
3670:
2711:
1925:
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources:
1242:, also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is
5902:
3462:
3219:
7099:
5173:
4244:
4141:
Sato, M.; Maulik, N.; Das, D. K. (2002). "Cardioprotection with alcohol: Role of both alcohol and polyphenolic antioxidants".
2233:, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.
5049:
4331:
2752:
2170:
Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called
7114:
7015:
4057:
Mukamal, K. J.; Kennedy, M.; Cushman, M.; Kuller, L. H.; Newman, A. B.; Polak, J.; Criqui, M. H.; Siscovick, D. S. (2007).
2766:
1950:
An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched
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3202:
2584:
6602:
4298:
4273:
5099:
706:
622:
is generally described as the homeland of grapes and the cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago.
5153:
5079:
3052:
2969:
2647:
2455:. Christians who oppose the partaking of alcoholic beverages sometimes use grape juice as the "cup" or "wine" in the
2420:
2363:
1224:
2913:
4006:
Providência, R. (2006). "Cardiovascular protection from alcoholic drinks: Scientific basis of the French Paradox".
3357:
Shi, J.; Yu, J.; Pohorly, J. E.; Kakuda, Y. (2003). "Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality".
3337:
5603:
3952:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 11 June 2015
4490:
3026:
4822:
4059:"Alcohol Consumption and Lower Extremity Arterial Disease among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study"
2093:
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or
5526:
5158:
4385:
2572:
1231:. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no
4988:
2557:
600:
7109:
6699:
5536:
2892:
2707:
3300:
3277:
2486:(1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt.
1913:
Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are
7045:
7035:
6962:
5895:
5178:
4219:
6754:
2342:
compound, is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds.
1891:
or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make
5305:
2982:
2442:
2309:
709:, but they were considered by early European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century,
591:
4191:
7020:
6728:
5500:
5398:
5310:
5228:
5042:
3435:
2681:
2452:
103:), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in
6898:
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7119:
6994:
6967:
5869:
5428:
5408:
4378:
2470:
because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the
2113:
industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "
6595:
6563:
5510:
5363:
5104:
5084:
4548:
4409:
4401:
4364:
3440:
2668:
1914:
841:
649:
was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that
2178:. Grape pomace – some 10-30% of the total mass of grapes crushed – contains various
488:
7104:
6952:
6265:
5888:
5531:
5385:
5238:
2686:
2483:
2355:
714:
33:
2447:
Christians have traditionally used wine during worship services as a means of remembering the
1215:
449:
5467:
5413:
5233:
4613:
3448:
2674:
2599:
462:
3065:
Walker, A. R.; Lee, E.; Bogs, J.; McDavid, D. A. J.; Thomas, M. R.; Robinson, S. P. (2007).
6302:
6024:
5859:
5572:
5035:
4707:
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4223:
4150:
3589:
3315:
3166:
3115:
2663:
2426:
2321:
2218:
1919:
757:
514:
475:
85:
1235:" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.
902:(the muscadine), used for jams and wine, is native to the Southeastern United States from
8:
7050:
6543:
6353:
6328:
6006:
5596:
5485:
5462:
4792:
3698:
3671:"Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines"
3470:
2266:
and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.
2239:
grapes contain a relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes. In muscadine skins,
2094:
683:
603:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
4858:
4475:
4154:
3593:
3170:
3119:
2174:(also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as
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6869:
6694:
6682:
6588:
6484:
6477:
6428:
6199:
6059:
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5193:
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4162:
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3931:
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3139:
3127:
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for commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of the pomace).
1902:
1247:
898:
878:
679:
501:
429:
213:
6916:
5725:
4212:"Why do most Methodist churches serve grape juice instead of wine for Holy Communion?"
3178:
3067:"White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes"
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6881:
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28:
This article is about the fruits of the genus Vitis. For the European grapevine, see
4898:
4722:
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4178:
3935:
3694:
3566:
3143:
798:-ounce) reference amount of raw grapes supplies 288 kilojoules (69 kilocalories) of
7094:
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6832:
6672:
6531:
6512:
6163:
6140:
6134:
5922:
5665:
5454:
5403:
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4868:
4787:
4603:
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4248:
4158:
4107:
4070:
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3915:
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3810:
3775:
3736:
3732:
3682:
3643:
3597:
3538:
3402:
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3174:
3123:
3078:
2831:
761:
745:
318:
6765:
4843:
4762:
4757:
3542:
2787:
882:(the mustang grape), found in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma
7030:
6892:
6842:
6452:
6440:
6175:
5973:
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5737:
5705:
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4515:
4450:
4198:
3601:
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3206:
2917:
2497:
2463:
2448:
2284:
Muscadine grape seeds contain about twice the total polyphenol content of skins.
2122:
2118:
2067:
1251:
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868:
855:
705:
proliferate in the wild across the continent and were a part of the diet of many
100:
4697:
2509:
47:
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6519:
6316:
6080:
5993:
5765:
5710:
5655:
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5340:
5266:
5134:
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4853:
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4692:
4682:
4563:
4530:
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3256:
3199:
2911:
Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine
2742:
2475:
2384:
2374:
2285:
2279:
1939:
1897:
1255:
907:
874:), sometimes used for wine, are native to the Eastern United States and Canada.
863:
846:
752:, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other
719:
638:
67:
29:
3919:
3686:
2835:
7083:
7040:
6706:
6114:
6074:
5931:
5807:
5645:
5243:
5203:
4963:
4948:
4933:
4863:
4470:
4294:
4269:
3744:
3609:
3550:
2814:
2632:
2545:
2388:
2380:
2359:
2313:
2289:
2179:
2159:
2035:
1951:
886:
811:
724:
687:
671:
667:
664:
627:
169:
96:
4350:
1901:, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through
670:
record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient
6982:
6852:
6689:
6647:
6627:
6277:
6092:
5849:
5745:
5715:
5685:
5640:
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5330:
5320:
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5168:
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4928:
4903:
4460:
4170:
4119:
4084:
4019:
3992:
3927:
3892:
3857:
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3752:
3655:
3617:
3558:
3414:
3378:
3186:
3135:
3092:
2843:
2762:
2392:
2240:
2155:
2147:
2052:
773:
710:
694:
675:
658:
623:
540:
145:
4782:
4618:
4111:
2706:
727:, which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.
701:
In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus
7025:
6977:
6972:
6957:
6743:
6716:
6677:
6662:
6637:
5938:
5817:
5700:
5660:
5635:
5223:
5058:
5016:
4978:
4767:
4638:
4075:
4058:
2910:
2658:
2652:
2638:
2624:
2591:
2471:
2333:
2305:
2222:
2214:
2191:
2117:". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from
2088:
1888:
1283:
1267:
1232:
1228:
807:
799:
749:
619:
129:
112:
52:
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4520:
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6822:
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5786:
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5680:
5556:
5438:
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5188:
4913:
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284:
104:
22:
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4687:
4643:
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4465:
2467:
2456:
2343:
2301:
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2244:
2236:
2040:
867:, the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the
803:
407:
394:
381:
108:
71:
5760:
2474:, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine become the
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2011:
1887:
Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either
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1263:
903:
871:
741:
267:
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3316:"WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine"
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grape). The names of the black and red currant, now more usually
2048:
1944:
777:
753:
642:
368:
247:
3528:
2896:
2194:, and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and
1879:
828:
6863:
6795:
6711:
6657:
6249:
5912:
5812:
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4893:
4732:
4608:
4583:
4359:
2964:, New Illustrated Edition, pp. 58, 131, Mitchell Beazley 2004,
2430:
2187:
2171:
2102:
2043:
Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French
2002:
1990:
1981:
1259:
891:
654:
646:
645:, dating to around 4000 BC. By the 9th century AD, the city of
351:
92:
5027:
3800:
3156:
2079:
6837:
6780:
6723:
6416:
6220:
6211:
6183:
6147:
6067:
5612:
5291:
5127:
4923:
4633:
4558:
3513:
Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages
2403:
2151:
1986:
823:
736:
650:
159:
80:
63:
39:
6580:
5011:
2618:
6805:
6775:
6465:
6391:
6341:
6290:
6237:
5551:
5393:
5348:
4056:
3905:
2383:
remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the
2114:
2110:
2098:
1892:
75:
2815:
This, Patrice; Lacombe, Thierry; Thomash, Mark R. (2006).
2712:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
6785:
6049:
3870:
3835:
3633:
3252:
2817:"Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes"
2733:
1861:
781:
189:
5581:
3579:
107:. Other grape-derived products include various types of
3515:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi. p. 116.
2867:
Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture
3668:
2154:
are mentioned in a 12th century document found in the
693:
In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that some
3310:
3308:
3908:
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
3064:
2863:
2614:
2414:
657:, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make
4097:
3278:"Ranking Of Countries That Produce The Most Grapes"
2158:. In Iran, a sour grape vinegar is used for making
3721:
3428:
3356:
3305:
2744:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
4326:(Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI.
4204:
3669:Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ (1996).
3427:
3391:
2893:"Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture"
1975:
439:
257:
7081:
2655:, a traditional Ayurvedic tonic made from grapes
2466:continues to use wine in the celebration of the
2429:(the sudden development of kidney failure) with
2121:, while white grape juice is commonly made from
2014:, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit;
920:Top grape exporting countries by years (in USD)
88:type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
6943:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2433:(a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.
4270:"The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist"
2932:"Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave"
1210:
124:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
51:"Black" (dark blue) and "white" (light green)
6596:
5896:
5597:
5043:
4386:
4140:
2700:
2255:, and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics.
5496:Effects of climate change on wine production
3220:"The most widely planted grape in the world"
3106:Waterhouse, A. L. (2002). "Wine phenolics".
2678:, a poisonous species resembling wild grapes
2478:and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as
2165:
4005:
3301:Grapes, Sour or Sweet, Are Ripe for Dessert
2890:
6603:
6589:
5903:
5889:
5604:
5590:
5050:
5036:
4393:
4379:
4143:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3973:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3970:
3873:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3838:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3803:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3768:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3636:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3395:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3108:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3105:
2708:United States Food and Drug Administration
6948:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
4074:
3629:
3627:
3082:
1219:Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012.
4245:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1413"
4033:Alcohol, wine and cardiovascular disease
3524:
3522:
3200:Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012
3037:
2484:Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church
2397:
2205:
2078:
1985:
1878:
1874:
1214:
827:
46:
38:
16:Fruit growing on woody vines in clusters
4322:Creasy, G. L. and L. L. Creasy (2009).
3794:
3573:
2182:, such as unfermented sugars, alcohol,
2022:is derived) refers to the bunch (as in
832:Concord is a variety of North American
748:of white grapes turn off production of
7082:
5910:
3624:
3253:UN Food & Agriculture Organization
1862:UN Food & Agriculture Organization
1493:Top grape producing countries by years
6584:
5884:
5585:
5031:
4374:
3717:
3715:
3519:
3336:Reisch BI, Peterson DV, Martens M-H.
2954:
7016:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
3507:
3449:participating institution membership
2929:
2296:products. Grape seed oil, including
4400:
4295:"Altar wine, Catholic encyclopedia"
3942:
2808:
840:Most domesticated grapes come from
626:, one of the earliest domesticated
13:
5724:
5100:International Grape Genome Program
4316:
4163:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02911.x
4047:. Harvard School of Public Health.
3712:
3501:
3249:"Production of Grape by countries"
3128:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x
2066:was originally a raisin made from
1955:
1908:
1246:. Other popular varieties include
859:, the most important Asian species
756:chemicals of the larger family of
14:
7131:
5080:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
4338:
4008:Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
3531:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
2648:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2421:Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
2415:Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
2368:
2364:Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
1225:Food and Agriculture Organization
7064:
7063:
5865:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5843:
5568:
5567:
5010:
4358:
4344:
4063:American Journal of Epidemiology
3326:from the original on 2011-07-16.
3084:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x
2880:from the original on 2013-10-04.
2631:
2617:
2598:
2583:
2571:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2349:
2026:). A raisin in French is called
1806:
1775:
1744:
1713:
1682:
1651:
1620:
1589:
1558:
1527:
1476:
1460:
1444:
1428:
1412:
1396:
1380:
1364:
1348:
1332:
1316:
1300:
5057:
4301:from the original on 2012-02-05
4287:
4276:from the original on 2012-01-11
4262:
4237:
4185:
4134:
4091:
4050:
4038:
4026:
3999:
3964:
3899:
3864:
3829:
3759:
3662:
3484:
3463:"Thompson Seedless Grape Juice"
3455:
3421:
3385:
3350:
3330:
3294:
3270:
3241:
3212:
3193:
3150:
3099:
3058:
3019:
3005:
2993:from the original on 2018-01-09
2975:
2930:Owen, James (12 January 2011).
2788:"ANGŪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2769:from the original on 2024-05-09
2722:from the original on 2024-03-27
2402:Using grape leaves in cuisine (
4201:. The Merck Veterinary Manual.
3737:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163
2987:Better Health Channel Victoria
2923:
2903:
2884:
2873:. Princeton University Press.
2857:
2780:
2453:shed for the remission of sins
2436:
2327:
2288:from crushed seeds is used in
2262:, syringetin 3-O-galactoside,
1976:Raisins, currants and sultanas
772:Raw grapes are 81% water, 18%
730:
1:
7100:Crops originating from Europe
6610:
5527:Glossary of viticulture terms
5159:Diurnal temperature variation
4349:The dictionary definition of
4297:. Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01.
4272:. Newadvent.org. 1909-05-01.
4100:Seminars in Vascular Medicine
4035:. American Heart Association.
3543:10.1080/07388551.2018.1555514
3179:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00518-1
2864:McGovern, Patrick E. (2003).
2693:
817:
717:, cultivated seeds from wild
78:of the flowering plant genus
5537:Glossary of winemaking terms
4491:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
4247:. Vatican.va. Archived from
3602:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.011
1954:content of grape seeds (see
767:
599:Percentages estimated using
7:
7115:Flora of Palestine (region)
7046:Issues relating to biofuels
7036:Energy return on investment
4220:The United Methodist Church
2610:
2310:polyunsaturated fatty acids
2128:
1966:
1282:Top producers of grapesfor
1211:Distribution and production
592:Link to USDA Database entry
10:
7136:
5306:Integrated pest management
3371:10.1089/109662003772519831
3027:"Oldest manufactured wine"
2489:
2443:Christian views on alcohol
2440:
2418:
2372:
2353:
2331:
2273:
2221:in purple grapes, whereas
2086:
2006:is any dried grape. While
1979:
821:
613:
134:288 kJ (69 kcal)
27:
20:
7059:
7021:Energy content of biofuel
7003:
6935:
6851:
6742:
6618:
6555:
6539:Tizra heartwood and root
6496:
6464:
6415:
6390:
6340:
6289:
6113:
6104:
6072:Tanner's sumach leaves -
6003:
5919:
5838:
5795:
5779:
5736:
5722:
5628:
5619:
5611:
5565:
5519:
5501:Environmental stewardship
5476:
5382:
5339:
5257:
5214:
5144:
5065:
5005:
4831:
4738:Malvasia Bianca di Candia
4665:
4656:
4539:
4426:
4417:
4408:
3920:10.1080/09637480701581551
3687:10.5344/ajev.1996.47.1.57
3436:Oxford English Dictionary
3359:Journal of Medicinal Food
3047:(Mitchell Beazley, 1986,
3045:Vines, Grapes & Wines
2909:Keys, David (2003-12-28)
2836:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008
2682:Propagation of grapevines
2166:Pomace and phytochemicals
1937:, all being cultivars of
1857:
1200:
802:and a moderate amount of
598:
588:
584:
576:
564:
560:
552:
539:
526:
513:
500:
487:
474:
461:
448:
427:
423:
419:
406:
393:
380:
367:
350:
334:
317:
300:
283:
266:
245:
241:
237:
230:
226:
210:
206:
202:
186:
182:
178:
168:
158:
142:
138:
128:
123:
6995:Thermal depolymerization
6968:Industrial biotechnology
5981:Myrtan or black marlock
5870:Category:Vegetable juice
5429:Great French Wine Blight
2269:
2074:
2018:(from which the English
914:
814:in significant amounts.
653:red wine is named after
21:Not to be confused with
6963:Fischer–Tropsch process
6953:Biomass heating systems
6564:Anadenanthera colubrina
5511:Sustainable agriculture
5292:Frost damage prevention
5174:Regional climate levels
4634:Syrah / Shiraz
4549:Alicante Henri Bouschet
3441:Oxford University Press
2669:List of grape varieties
2304:) and high contents of
2201:
1961:
1915:vegetatively propagated
1883:Wine grapes on the vine
601:US recommendations
6266:Myracrodruon urundeuva
5730:
5532:Glossary of wine terms
3255:. 2011. Archived from
3031:Guinness World Records
2687:The Fox and the Grapes
2407:
2356:Health effects of wine
2211:
2084:
1993:
1884:
1220:
837:
780:, and have negligible
715:Concord, Massachusetts
605:the National Academies
55:
44:
34:Grape (disambiguation)
32:. For other uses, see
5728:
4112:10.1055/s-2004-835376
3467:sweetwatercellars.com
3013:"Wine History Cyprus"
2675:Menispermum canadense
2592:La Union, Philippines
2449:blood of Jesus Christ
2401:
2209:
2082:
2024:une grappe de raisins
1989:
1882:
1875:Table and wine grapes
1218:
831:
784:(table). A 100-gram (
735:Grapes are a type of
232:Vitamins and minerals
50:
42:
6303:Bergenia crassifolia
6025:Anogeissus latifolia
6007:hydrolysable tannins
5860:Category:Fruit juice
4496:Muscat of Alexandria
4367:at Wikimedia Commons
2664:List of grape dishes
2427:acute kidney failure
2322:alpha-linolenic acid
2217:tend to be the main
723:vines to create the
119:Grapes, red or green
7110:Plants in the Bible
7051:Sustainable biofuel
6544:Searsia pentaphylla
6354:Rumex hymenosepalus
6329:Coriaria myrtifolia
6078:or Chinese gall on
5486:Adaptive management
4793:Trebbiano Romagnolo
4678:Ansonica / Inzolia
4155:2002NYASA.957..122S
3594:2018WaMan..72...99M
3439:(Online ed.).
3171:2003PChem..64.1179B
3120:2002NYASA.957...21W
2962:"The Story of Wine"
2936:National Geographic
2210:Grape cross-section
1496:
1287:
921:
639:oldest known winery
319:Pantothenic acid (B
120:
115:, vinegar and oil.
84:. Grapes are a non-
68:botanically a berry
6556:Undetermined organ
6508:sp. bark and wood
6485:Quercus infectoria
6478:Quercus lusitanica
6429:Libidibia coriaria
6200:Conocarpus erectus
6060:Quercus macrolepis
6037:Terminalia chebula
5986:Eucalyptus redunca
5803:Cold-pressed juice
5731:
5404:Botrytis bunch rot
5224:Grapevine planting
5154:Climate categories
4743:Melon de Bourgogne
4569:Cabernet Sauvignon
4197:2007-09-29 at the
4076:10.1093/aje/kwm274
3675:Am. J. Enol. Vitic
3343:2008-06-19 at the
3205:2011-07-13 at the
3055:), pp. 8, 18, 228.
2916:2013-06-03 at the
2824:Trends in Genetics
2480:transubstantiation
2408:
2276:Grape seed extract
2212:
2085:
2045:raisin de Corinthe
1994:
1903:selective breeding
1885:
1492:
1286:, by area planted
1281:
1248:Cabernet Sauvignon
1221:
919:
899:Vitis rotundifolia
879:Vitis mustangensis
838:
566:Other constituents
118:
56:
45:
7077:
7076:
6990:Sabatier reaction
6578:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6404:Senegalia catechu
6366:Quercus coccifera
5974:Acacia mollissima
5923:condensed tannins
5878:
5877:
5579:
5578:
5424:Grapevine yellows
5025:
5024:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4783:Torrontés Riojano
4652:
4651:
4526:Trebbiano Toscano
4363:Media related to
4332:978-1-84593-401-9
4014:(11): 1043–1058.
3985:10.1021/jf061722y
3979:(23): 8804–8811.
3885:10.1021/jf060338y
3879:(17): 6261–6265.
3850:10.1021/jf040295q
3815:10.1021/jf061538c
3809:(20): 7692–7702.
3780:10.1021/jf030113c
3774:(18): 5497–5503.
3648:10.1021/jf0204102
3642:(20): 5691–5696.
3447:(Subscription or
3407:10.1021/jf060325k
3401:(11): 3773–3778.
3338:"Seedless Grapes"
3071:The Plant Journal
3043:Jancis Robinson,
2920:. archaeology.ws.
2792:iranicaonline.org
2754:978-0-309-48834-1
2565:Troodos Mountains
2146:grapes sent from
1927:Thompson Seedless
1872:
1871:
1867:
1495:(in metric tons)
1490:
1489:
1223:According to the
1208:
1207:
810:), with no other
611:
610:
556:
555:
7127:
7067:
7066:
6911:Pongamia pinnata
6605:
6598:
6591:
6582:
6581:
6532:Notholithocarpus
6513:Prosopis humilis
6195:Button mangrove
6164:Senna auriculata
6141:Acacia decurrens
6135:Acacia pycnantha
6111:
6110:
6032:Myrobalan fruit
5905:
5898:
5891:
5882:
5881:
5868:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5850:Drink portal
5848:
5847:
5846:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5571:
5570:
5455:Uncinula necator
5444:Pierce's disease
5052:
5045:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5015:
5014:
4974:Touriga Nacional
4869:Corvina Veronese
4788:Trebbiano Giallo
4778:Roupeiro / Siria
4663:
4662:
4476:Grüner Veltliner
4471:Glera / Prosecco
4424:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4362:
4348:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4222:. Archived from
4208:
4202:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3844:(5): 1799–1804.
3833:
3827:
3826:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3697:. Archived from
3666:
3660:
3659:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3582:Waste Management
3577:
3571:
3570:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3469:. Archived from
3459:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3354:
3348:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3312:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3226:. Archived from
3216:
3210:
3209:faostat.fao.org.
3197:
3191:
3190:
3165:(7): 1179–1186.
3154:
3148:
3147:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3062:
3056:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2989:. October 2015.
2979:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2938:. Archived from
2927:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2895:. Archived from
2891:McGovern, P. E.
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2846:. Archived from
2821:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2704:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2602:
2587:
2575:
2563:Vineyard in the
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2136:, also known as
1931:Russian Seedless
1866:(F=FAO estimate)
1865:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1280:
922:
918:
797:
796:
792:
789:
762:prolate spheroid
746:regulatory genes
707:Native Americans
665:Ancient Egyptian
443:
355:
339:
322:
305:
288:
271:
261:
228:
227:
121:
117:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7120:Flora of Israel
7080:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7055:
7031:Energy forestry
6999:
6931:
6893:Jatropha curcas
6854:
6847:
6755:Camelina sativa
6745:
6738:
6614:
6609:
6579:
6570:
6551:
6492:
6460:
6453:Moullava digyna
6441:Acacia nilotica
6411:
6386:
6336:
6285:
6176:Acacia nilotica
6126:
6122:General :
6106:
6100:
6005:
5999:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5879:
5874:
5844:
5842:
5834:
5791:
5775:
5738:Vegetable juice
5732:
5720:
5624:
5615:
5610:
5580:
5575:
5561:
5547:Outline of wine
5515:
5506:Organic farming
5491:Biodynamic wine
5478:
5472:
5463:Red spider mite
5384:
5378:
5335:
5297:Green harvest (
5282:Erosion control
5259:
5253:
5234:Row orientation
5216:
5210:
5146:
5140:
5085:Grape varieties
5067:
5061:
5056:
5026:
5021:
5017:Food portal
5009:
4993:
4827:
4708:Fetească regală
4658:
4648:
4535:
4516:Sauvignon blanc
4451:Cayetana blanca
4419:
4410:Grape varieties
4404:
4402:Grape varieties
4399:
4341:
4319:
4317:Further reading
4314:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4199:Wayback Machine
4190:
4186:
4139:
4135:
4096:
4092:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4004:
4000:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3904:
3900:
3869:
3865:
3834:
3830:
3799:
3795:
3764:
3760:
3720:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3667:
3663:
3632:
3625:
3578:
3574:
3527:
3520:
3506:
3502:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3426:
3422:
3390:
3386:
3355:
3351:
3345:Wayback Machine
3335:
3331:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3262:
3260:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3207:Wayback Machine
3198:
3194:
3155:
3151:
3104:
3100:
3063:
3059:
3042:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2924:
2918:Wayback Machine
2908:
2904:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2578:seedless grapes
2576:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2549:
2540:
2537:
2528:
2525:
2516:
2513:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2464:Catholic Church
2445:
2439:
2423:
2417:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2354:Main articles:
2352:
2338:Resveratrol, a
2336:
2330:
2282:
2274:Main articles:
2272:
2204:
2168:
2131:
2091:
2077:
2030:("dry grape").
1984:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1911:
1909:Seedless grapes
1877:
1868:
1807:
1805:
1776:
1774:
1745:
1743:
1714:
1712:
1683:
1681:
1652:
1650:
1621:
1619:
1590:
1588:
1559:
1557:
1528:
1526:
1494:
1477:
1475:
1461:
1459:
1445:
1443:
1429:
1427:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1379:
1365:
1363:
1349:
1347:
1333:
1331:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1299:
1252:Sauvignon blanc
1213:
917:
856:Vitis amurensis
826:
820:
794:
790:
787:
785:
770:
733:
616:
594:
589:
547:
534:
521:
508:
495:
482:
469:
456:
444:
414:
401:
388:
375:
362:
353:
345:
337:
329:
320:
312:
303:
295:
286:
278:
269:
262:
233:
222:
217:
198:
193:
154:
149:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7133:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6896:
6889:
6884:
6882:Chinese tallow
6879:
6872:
6867:
6859:
6857:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6750:
6748:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6729:Water hyacinth
6726:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6608:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6585:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:Prosopis nigra
6516:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6481:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6424:Divi-divi pod
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:Uncaria gambir
6308:
6307:
6306:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6132:(most notably
6127:
6119:
6117:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:Rhus chinensis
6065:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6011:
6009:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5963:Vitis vinifera
5955:
5954:
5953:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5852:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5622:List of juices
5620:
5617:
5616:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5449:Powdery mildew
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5299:Vendange verte
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5239:Trellis design
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5135:Vitis vinifera
5131:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4969:Touriga Franca
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4874:Criolla Grande
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4748:Muscat Ottonel
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4728:Grenache blanc
4725:
4723:Gewürztraminer
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4564:Cabernet Franc
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4531:Welschriesling
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Müller-Thurgau
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4356:
4340:
4339:External links
4337:
4336:
4335:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4286:
4261:
4236:
4203:
4192:Raisins/Grapes
4184:
4149:(1): 122–135.
4133:
4106:(2): 173–186.
4090:
4049:
4037:
4025:
3998:
3963:
3941:
3898:
3863:
3828:
3793:
3758:
3725:Food Chemistry
3711:
3661:
3623:
3572:
3537:(4): 437–450.
3518:
3500:
3483:
3454:
3420:
3384:
3365:(4): 291–299.
3349:
3329:
3320:WineLoversPage
3304:
3293:
3269:
3240:
3224:freshplaza.com
3211:
3192:
3159:Phytochemistry
3149:
3098:
3077:(5): 772–785.
3057:
3036:
3018:
3004:
2974:
2960:Hugh Johnson,
2953:
2922:
2902:
2899:on 2013-05-30.
2883:
2856:
2853:on 2013-10-04.
2830:(9): 511–519.
2807:
2779:
2753:
2732:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2590:Grapes in the
2589:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2539:Grapes in Iran
2538:
2531:
2529:
2527:Immature fruit
2526:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2438:
2435:
2419:Main article:
2416:
2413:
2385:French paradox
2375:French paradox
2373:Main article:
2370:
2369:French paradox
2367:
2351:
2348:
2332:Main article:
2329:
2326:
2290:cosmeceuticals
2286:Grape seed oil
2280:Grape seed oil
2271:
2268:
2258:The flavonols
2203:
2200:
2180:phytochemicals
2167:
2164:
2130:
2127:
2123:Niagara grapes
2119:Concord grapes
2097:and made into
2087:Main article:
2076:
2073:
2068:Sultana grapes
1980:Main article:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1940:Vitis vinifera
1920:tissue culture
1910:
1907:
1898:Vitis vinifera
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:United States
1360:
1359:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1256:Cabernet Franc
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:United States
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
916:
913:
912:
911:
908:Gulf of Mexico
895:
883:
875:
864:Vitis labrusca
860:
847:Vitis vinifera
822:Main article:
819:
816:
812:micronutrients
769:
766:
732:
729:
720:Vitis labrusca
628:microorganisms
615:
612:
609:
608:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
568:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
543:
537:
536:
532:
530:
524:
523:
519:
517:
511:
510:
506:
504:
498:
497:
493:
491:
485:
484:
480:
478:
472:
471:
467:
465:
459:
458:
454:
452:
446:
445:
438:
433:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
412:
410:
404:
403:
399:
397:
391:
390:
386:
384:
378:
377:
373:
371:
365:
364:
360:
358:
348:
347:
343:
341:
332:
331:
327:
325:
315:
314:
310:
308:
298:
297:
293:
291:
281:
280:
276:
274:
264:
263:
256:
251:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
224:
223:
220:
218:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
194:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
152:
150:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
30:Vitis vinifera
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7132:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7105:Edible fruits
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7070:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:Food vs. fuel
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6683:vegetable oil
6681:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6606:
6601:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6373:Sea lavender
6372:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6105:Other sources
6103:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6075:Rhus coriaria
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6002:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5932:Areca catechu
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5871:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5851:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Juice fasting
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:Animal liquid
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5574:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:Vine training
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5213:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:Environmental
5143:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4990:
4989:See full list
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Tinta Barroca
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Ruby Cabernet
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Pinot Meunier
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Blaufränkisch
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4823:See full list
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Pedro Ximénez
4761:
4759:
4758:Pedro Giménez
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Fetească albă
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:Montepulciano
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Palomino Fino
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4355:at Wiktionary
4354:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4251:on 2011-06-09
4250:
4246:
4240:
4226:on 2009-02-11
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3951:
3950:"Resveratrol"
3945:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3716:
3701:on 2006-11-19
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3498:(1), 22, p. 9
3497:
3493:
3487:
3473:on 2012-03-25
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3283:
3282:beef2live.com
3279:
3273:
3259:on 2011-07-13
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3230:on 2013-05-10
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3053:1-85732-999-6
3050:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3008:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2970:1-84000-972-1
2967:
2963:
2957:
2942:on 2017-06-03
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2605:Moldy grapes.
2601:
2596:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2457:Lord's Supper
2454:
2450:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:anticoagulant
2386:
2382:
2381:heart disease
2376:
2365:
2361:
2360:Grape therapy
2357:
2350:Health claims
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:linoleic acid
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:polyphenolics
2216:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2160:Shirazi salad
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1959:
1957:
1956:Health claims
1953:
1952:phytochemical
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:Black Monukka
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:United States
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
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1469:
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1437:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1410:
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1405:
1394:
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1389:
1378:
1377:
1373:
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1357:
1346:
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1325:
1314:
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1309:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
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1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:South Africa
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
909:
905:
901:
900:
896:
893:
889:
888:
887:Vitis riparia
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
866:
865:
861:
858:
857:
853:
852:
851:
849:
848:
843:
835:
830:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
783:
779:
775:
774:carbohydrates
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
728:
726:
725:Concord grape
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
696:
691:
689:
688:North America
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:hieroglyphics
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:was found in
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
606:
602:
597:
593:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
567:
563:
559:
551:
544:
542:
538:
531:
529:
525:
518:
516:
512:
505:
503:
499:
492:
490:
486:
479:
477:
473:
466:
464:
460:
453:
451:
447:
442:
437:
434:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
411:
409:
405:
398:
396:
392:
385:
383:
379:
372:
370:
366:
359:
357:
349:
342:
340:
333:
326:
324:
316:
309:
307:
299:
292:
290:
285:Riboflavin (B
282:
275:
273:
265:
260:
255:
252:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
229:
225:
219:
216:
215:
209:
205:
201:
195:
192:
191:
185:
181:
177:
173:
171:
170:Dietary fiber
167:
163:
161:
157:
151:
148:
147:
146:Carbohydrates
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
49:
41:
35:
31:
24:
19:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6891:
6874:
6870:Big bluestem
6862:
6855:energy crops
6810:
6770:
6753:
6562:
6542:
6530:
6518:
6511:
6503:
6483:
6476:
6451:
6439:
6427:
6402:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6327:
6315:
6301:
6278:Salix caprea
6276:
6264:
6254:
6242:
6225:
6210:
6198:
6188:
6174:
6162:
6152:
6139:
6133:
6093:Tara spinosa
6091:
6079:
6073:
6058:
6055:Valonia oak
6035:
6023:
5984:
5972:
5969:Mimosa bark
5962:
5957:
5948:
5939:arecatannins
5930:
5729:Orange juice
5453:
5419:Downy mildew
5331:Weed control
5321:Millerandage
5298:
5169:Microclimate
5133:
5126:
5108:
5095:Hybrid grape
5089:
5075:Ampelography
5068:horticulture
4929:Petit Verdot
4919:Nero d'Avola
4904:Black Muscat
4698:Fernão Pires
4584:Cot / Malbec
4461:Chenin blanc
4351:
4323:
4303:. Retrieved
4289:
4278:. Retrieved
4264:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:the original
4239:
4228:. Retrieved
4224:the original
4215:
4206:
4187:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4069:(1): 34–41.
4066:
4062:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3944:
3914:(1): 32–39.
3911:
3907:
3901:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3728:
3724:
3703:. Retrieved
3699:the original
3681:(1): 57–62.
3678:
3674:
3664:
3639:
3635:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3534:
3530:
3512:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3475:. Retrieved
3471:the original
3466:
3457:
3434:
3423:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3332:
3319:
3296:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:the original
3243:
3232:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3223:
3214:
3195:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3114:(1): 21–36.
3111:
3107:
3101:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3044:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2961:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:the original
2935:
2925:
2905:
2897:the original
2886:
2866:
2859:
2848:the original
2827:
2823:
2810:
2801:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2743:
2735:
2724:. Retrieved
2715:
2702:
2673:
2461:
2446:
2424:
2409:
2393:vasodilation
2378:
2337:
2306:phytosterols
2283:
2257:
2241:ellagic acid
2235:
2223:flavan-3-ols
2215:Anthocyanins
2213:
2192:anthocyanins
2169:
2156:Cairo Geniza
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2092:
2063:
2061:
2053:blackcurrant
2044:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:is a French
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1970:
1949:
1938:
1924:
1922:techniques.
1912:
1896:
1886:
1859:
1836:
1813:South Africa
1794:2,150,000 F
1763:2,800,000 F
1732:3,200,000 F
1546:9,600,000 F
1237:
1222:
997:Netherlands
897:
885:
877:
862:
854:
845:
839:
833:
806:(14% of the
771:
750:anthocyanins
734:
718:
711:Ephraim Bull
702:
700:
695:Chalcolithic
692:
663:
659:Shirazi wine
636:
617:
570:
565:
440:
435:
428:
258:
253:
246:
212:
188:
164:15.48 g
144:
90:
79:
59:
57:
53:table grapes
18:
7026:Energy crop
6973:Pellet fuel
6958:Biorefinery
6922:Switchgrass
6766:Coconut oil
6744:Energy from
6678:Cooking oil
6663:Biogasoline
6638:Babassu oil
6497:Whole plant
5945:Broad bean
5911:Sources of
5818:fruit press
5696:Pomegranate
5676:Lingonberry
5629:Fruit juice
5229:Propagation
5066:Biology and
5059:Viticulture
4979:Trincadeira
4768:Pinot blanc
4639:Tempranillo
4216:www.umc.org
3731:: 149–156.
3509:Amar, Zohar
2659:Grape syrup
2653:Drakshasava
2639:Wine portal
2625:Food portal
2551:Wine grapes
2503:Flower buds
2472:Last Supper
2437:In religion
2391:effect and
2334:Resveratrol
2328:Resveratrol
2298:tocopherols
2184:polyphenols
2089:Grape juice
2083:Grape juice
2039:is a dried
1853:78,034,332
1850:67,067,128
1549:14,769,088
1284:wine making
1268:Tempranillo
1233:added sugar
1229:dried fruit
808:Daily Value
800:food energy
758:polyphenols
731:Description
680:Phoenicians
620:Middle East
268:Thiamine (B
221:0.72 g
197:0.16 g
153:18.1 g
86:climacteric
7084:Categories
6936:Technology
6917:Salicornia
6900:Miscanthus
6823:Sugar beet
6695:cellulosic
6668:Bioliquids
6648:Biobutanol
6361:Garouille
6004:Sources of
5950:Vicia faba
5920:Sources of
5787:Clam juice
5771:Wheatgrass
5666:Grapefruit
5557:Winemaking
5479:and issues
5477:Approaches
5439:Phylloxera
5409:Bot canker
5311:Irrigation
5287:Fertilizer
5260:management
5189:Topography
5179:Soil types
4914:Negroamaro
4889:Dornfelder
4808:Vermentino
4798:Tsolikouri
4659:by acreage
4629:Sangiovese
4624:Pinot Noir
4589:Douce Noir
4511:Rkatsiteli
4456:Chardonnay
4446:Catarratto
4420:by acreage
4305:2012-02-01
4280:2012-02-01
4255:2012-02-01
4230:2007-07-07
3705:2006-11-21
3588:: 99–118.
3477:2012-02-17
3451:required.)
3287:2022-02-15
3263:2014-02-12
3234:2010-04-10
2797:2021-04-06
2773:2024-06-21
2726:2024-03-28
2694:References
2451:which was
2441:See also:
2318:oleic acid
2264:laricitrin
2260:syringetin
2253:kaempferol
2057:redcurrant
2028:raisin sec
1958:, below).
1847:58,500,118
1844:58,292,101
1841:58,521,410
1828:2,028,185
1825:1,839,030
1797:2,055,746
1766:2,772,561
1735:3,125,000
1704:4,208,908
1701:4,275,659
1673:5,388,679
1670:5,238,300
1642:5,884,230
1639:5,338,512
1611:6,817,770
1608:5,819,010
1580:8,222,360
1577:6,661,820
1467:Australia
1435:Argentina
1294:Area (km)
1276:Chardonnay
1135:Australia
818:Grapevines
502:Phosphorus
174:0.9 g
105:winemaking
23:Grapefruit
7011:Agflation
6904:giganteus
6833:Sunflower
6828:Sugarcane
6746:foodstock
6653:Biodiesel
6612:Bioenergy
6473:Gall oak
6448:Teri pod
6436:Sant pod
6349:Canaigre
6189:Betula sp
6088:Tara pod
5994:Quebracho
5756:Sugarcane
5706:Raspberry
5691:Pineapple
5651:Cranberry
5468:Vine moth
5434:Nematodes
5399:Black rot
5383:Pests and
5359:Noble rot
5354:Festivals
5199:elevation
5147:variation
5117:Rootstock
4854:Carménère
4839:Aglianico
4773:Savatiano
4753:Parellada
4718:Garganega
4688:Chasselas
4657:Top 21–50
4644:Zinfandel
4619:Mourvèdre
4466:Colombard
4128:260368051
3956:26 August
3745:0308-8146
3610:0956-053X
3551:0738-8551
3492:Beverages
3430:"currant"
2468:Eucharist
2344:Muscadine
2302:vitamin E
2249:quercetin
2245:myricetin
2237:Muscadine
2227:catechins
2196:extracted
2095:fermented
1822:1,683,927
1819:1,743,496
1816:1,748,590
1791:2,240,000
1788:2,225,000
1785:2,305,000
1760:2,750,000
1757:2,616,613
1754:2,181,567
1751:Argentina
1729:3,149,380
1726:2,903,000
1723:2,600,000
1698:4,296,351
1695:4,255,000
1692:4,264,720
1667:5,809,315
1664:6,107,617
1661:5,535,333
1636:6,588,904
1633:5,794,433
1630:6,101,525
1605:7,115,500
1602:7,787,800
1599:8,242,500
1574:6,756,449
1571:6,777,731
1568:6,629,198
1543:9,174,280
1540:8,651,831
1537:8,038,703
1419:Portugal
842:cultivars
804:vitamin K
768:Nutrition
742:Mutations
515:Potassium
489:Manganese
476:Magnesium
408:Vitamin K
395:Vitamin E
382:Vitamin C
352:Folate (B
336:Vitamin B
302:Niacin (B
72:deciduous
70:, of the
7069:Category
7004:Concepts
6887:Duckweed
6876:Camelina
6853:Non-food
6801:Rapeseed
6791:Palm oil
6734:Wood gas
6707:Methanol
6700:mixtures
6620:Biofuels
6505:Prosopis
6378:Limonium
6261:Urunday
6255:Picea sp
6243:Pinus sp
6233:Mangrove
6226:Larix sp
6207:Hemlock
6153:Alnus sp
6107:by organ
6045:Oak bark
6015:Chestnut
5830:Smoothie
5766:Turmeric
5711:Tamarind
5671:Lemonade
5656:Cucumber
5573:Category
5542:Oenology
5520:See also
5414:Dead arm
5386:diseases
5364:Ripeness
5316:Klopotec
5258:Vineyard
5217:planting
5215:Vineyard
5164:Drainage
5122:Vineyard
5110:Veraison
5105:Ripening
4984:Zweigelt
4954:Saperavi
4944:Prokupac
4939:Pinotage
4909:Nebbiolo
4884:Dolcetto
4879:Croatina
4859:Castelao
4818:Xarel·lo
4813:Viognier
4673:Albariño
4604:Isabella
4599:Grenache
4574:Carignan
4521:Sémillon
4506:Riesling
4299:Archived
4274:Archived
4195:Archived
4179:95931627
4171:12074967
4120:15478039
4085:17971339
4020:17274460
3993:17090126
3936:29294873
3928:17886077
3893:16910717
3858:15740076
3823:17002441
3788:12926904
3753:27542461
3695:98822789
3656:12236700
3618:29132780
3567:93000616
3559:30939940
3511:(2000).
3415:16719495
3379:14977436
3341:Archived
3324:Archived
3203:Archived
3187:14599515
3144:36937910
3136:12074959
3093:17316172
2991:Archived
2914:Archived
2875:Archived
2844:16872714
2767:Archived
2763:30844154
2720:Archived
2710:(2024).
2611:See also
2340:stilbene
2312:such as
2294:skincare
2231:cultivar
2148:Ashkelon
2139:verjuice
2129:Vinegars
2012:loanword
1967:Culinary
1860:Source:
1503:Country
1483:Armenia
1403:Romania
1291:Country
1272:Riesling
1264:Grenache
1201:Source:
928:Country
904:Delaware
872:cultivar
834:labrusca
676:Cypriots
571:Quantity
496:0.071 mg
436:Quantity
430:Minerals
346:0.086 mg
313:0.188 mg
279:0.069 mg
254:Quantity
248:Vitamins
101:sultanas
97:currants
7095:Berries
6818:Soybean
6812:Sorghum
6761:Cassava
6690:Ethanol
6673:Biomass
6643:Bagasse
6628:Alcohol
6567:(vilca)
6527:Tanoak
6324:Redoul
6311:Gambier
6273:Willow
6159:Avaram
6130:Acacias
6124:Tanbark
5913:tannins
5825:Juicing
5796:Related
5646:Coconut
5374:Weather
5369:Vintage
5341:Harvest
5326:Pruning
5277:Coulure
5184:Terroir
4864:Concord
4803:Verdejo
4713:Furmint
4579:Cinsaut
4554:Barbera
4481:Macabeo
4441:Aligoté
4151:Bibcode
4045:Alcohol
3590:Bibcode
3167:Bibcode
3116:Bibcode
2983:"Grape"
2515:Flowers
2490:Gallery
2188:tannins
2176:compost
2107:vinegar
2064:sultana
2049:Corinth
2036:currant
1991:Raisins
1945:Ontario
1355:Turkey
1323:France
1310:11,750
1240:Sultana
1173:336.4M
1170:295.9M
1167:320.1M
1164:279.2M
1161:281.7M
1150:344.5M
1147:432.2M
1144:386.5M
1141:286.9M
1138:286.4M
1127:516.8M
1124:471.6M
1121:343.6M
1118:410.9M
1115:338.4M
1104:757.3M
1098:987.4M
1095:690.1M
1092:735.4M
1081:782.7M
1078:825.2M
1075:857.2M
1072:926.6M
1069:904.9M
1058:876.7M
1055:835.1M
1052:724.8M
1049:800.1M
1046:864.8M
1035:907.3M
1032:567.2M
1029:553.4M
1026:567.4M
1023:572.0M
1012:916.5M
1009:794.5M
1006:721.8M
1003:778.1M
1000:653.3M
989:927.1M
960:917.9M
957:847.3M
954:673.4M
906:to the
869:Concord
793:⁄
778:protein
754:pigment
744:in two
643:Armenia
632:Georgia
614:History
548:0.07 mg
470:0.36 mg
450:Calcium
415:14.6 μg
402:0.19 mg
369:Choline
330:0.05 mg
296:0.07 mg
214:Protein
93:raisins
6864:Arundo
6796:Potato
6712:Stover
6658:Biogas
6399:Cutch
6298:Badan
6291:Leaves
6250:Spruce
6171:Babul
6020:Dhawa
5813:Juicer
5761:Turnip
5746:Carrot
5716:Tomato
5686:Orange
5641:Cherry
5267:Canopy
5194:aspect
5090:Grapes
4959:Tannat
4899:Mencía
4894:Marufo
4733:Grillo
4693:Chelva
4683:Bianca
4609:Merlot
4418:Top 20
4365:Grapes
4330:
4324:Grapes
4177:
4169:
4126:
4118:
4083:
4018:
3991:
3934:
3926:
3891:
3856:
3821:
3786:
3751:
3743:
3693:
3654:
3616:
3608:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3413:
3377:
3185:
3142:
3134:
3091:
3051:
2997:8 July
2968:
2946:8 July
2842:
2761:
2751:
2431:anuria
2362:, and
2320:, and
2225:(i.e.
2172:pomace
2144:husrum
2134:Husrum
2103:brandy
2016:grappe
2008:raisin
2003:raisin
1982:Raisin
1933:, and
1811:
1780:
1749:
1718:
1689:Turkey
1687:
1656:
1627:France
1625:
1594:
1563:
1532:
1486:1,459
1481:
1470:1,642
1465:
1454:1,840
1451:Chile
1449:
1438:2,080
1433:
1422:2,160
1417:
1406:2,480
1401:
1390:2,860
1385:
1374:4,150
1369:
1358:8,120
1353:
1342:8,270
1339:Italy
1337:
1326:8,640
1321:
1307:Spain
1305:
1274:, and
1260:Merlot
1203:Tridge
1181:World
1158:India
1112:Spain
1089:China
1043:Italy
974:Chile
892:Quebec
684:Romans
682:, and
672:Greeks
655:Shiraz
647:Shiraz
528:Sodium
522:191 mg
389:3.2 mg
376:5.6 mg
160:Sugars
130:Energy
74:woody
43:Grapes
7090:Grape
6983:stove
6838:Wheat
6781:Maize
6771:Grape
6724:Straw
6633:Algae
6466:Galls
6417:Fruit
6392:Woods
6342:Roots
6221:Larch
6212:Tsuga
6184:Birch
6148:Alder
6115:Barks
6068:Sumac
5958:Grape
5935:seed
5701:Prune
5661:Grape
5636:Apple
5613:Juice
5394:Birds
5249:Yield
5204:slope
5128:Vitis
4924:Pamid
4849:Bordô
4666:White
4594:Gamay
4559:Bobal
4436:Airén
4428:White
4352:grape
4175:S2CID
4124:S2CID
3932:S2CID
3691:S2CID
3563:S2CID
3445:
3140:S2CID
2878:(PDF)
2871:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2820:(PDF)
2404:Dolma
2270:Seeds
2152:Egypt
2105:, or
2075:Juice
2041:Zante
2020:grape
1889:table
1837:World
1720:Chile
1658:Spain
1596:Italy
1534:China
1518:2020
1515:2012
1512:2011
1509:2010
1506:2009
1500:Rank
1387:Iran
1244:Airén
1196:9.9B
1193:9.5B
1190:9.0B
1187:8.7B
1184:8.5B
1101:1.2B
986:1.0B
983:1.2B
980:1.2B
977:1.2B
966:1.5B
963:1.0B
951:Peru
943:2021
940:2020
937:2019
934:2018
931:2017
925:Rank
915:Trade
836:grape
824:Vitis
776:, 1%
737:fruit
703:Vitis
651:Syrah
624:Yeast
577:Water
509:20 mg
457:10 mg
113:juice
81:Vitis
76:vines
64:fruit
62:is a
60:grape
6978:mill
6927:Wood
6806:Rice
6776:Hemp
6717:corn
6238:Pine
6138:and
6052:wood
6017:wood
5996:wood
5751:Hemp
5681:Noni
5552:Wine
5349:Brix
5272:Clos
4328:ISBN
4167:PMID
4116:PMID
4081:PMID
4016:PMID
3989:PMID
3958:2019
3924:PMID
3889:PMID
3854:PMID
3819:PMID
3784:PMID
3749:PMID
3741:ISSN
3652:PMID
3614:PMID
3606:ISSN
3555:PMID
3547:ISSN
3411:PMID
3375:PMID
3183:PMID
3132:PMID
3089:PMID
3049:ISBN
2999:2017
2966:ISBN
2948:2017
2840:PMID
2759:PMID
2749:ISBN
2476:body
2462:The
2308:and
2292:and
2278:and
2202:Skin
2115:must
2111:wine
2099:wine
2055:and
1962:Uses
1893:wine
1782:Iran
637:The
618:The
580:81 g
541:Zinc
535:2 mg
483:7 mg
463:Iron
363:2 μg
99:and
6843:Yam
6786:Oat
6050:Oak
4832:Red
4541:Red
4159:doi
4147:957
4108:doi
4071:doi
4067:167
3981:doi
3916:doi
3881:doi
3846:doi
3811:doi
3776:doi
3733:doi
3729:215
3683:doi
3644:doi
3598:doi
3539:doi
3403:doi
3367:doi
3175:doi
3124:doi
3112:957
3079:doi
2832:doi
2716:FDA
2150:to
1155:10
844:of
782:fat
713:of
441:%DV
413:12%
259:%DV
190:Fat
109:jam
7086::
6902:×
6380:sp
6214:sp
4218:.
4214:.
4173:.
4165:.
4157:.
4145:.
4122:.
4114:.
4102:.
4079:.
4065:.
4061:.
4012:25
4010:.
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3977:54
3975:.
3930:.
3922:.
3912:60
3910:.
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3877:54
3875:.
3852:.
3842:53
3840:.
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3807:54
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3772:51
3770:.
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2000:A
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1266:,
1262:,
1258:,
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1178:-
1132:9
1109:8
1086:7
1063:6
1040:5
1017:4
994:3
971:2
948:1
764:.
690:.
678:,
674:,
661:.
634:.
546:1%
533:0%
520:6%
507:2%
494:3%
481:2%
468:2%
455:1%
400:1%
387:4%
374:1%
361:1%
344:5%
328:1%
311:1%
294:5%
277:6%
111:,
95:,
66:,
58:A
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