184:
4297:
2172:
2826:
2241:
2327:
2771:
2095:
be reflected on the surface that is ahead during the motion (front surface) than on the back surface. The backward acting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is thus larger than the force of pressure acting on the back. Hence, as the resultant of the two forces, there remains a force that counteracts the motion of the plate and that increases with the velocity of the plate. We will call this resultant 'radiation friction' in brief."
4333:
2057:). Therefore, the absorption of this radiation leads to a force with a component against the direction of movement. (The angle of aberration is tiny, since the radiation is moving at the speed of light, while the dust grain is moving many orders of magnitude slower than that.) The result is a gradual spiral of dust grains into the Sun. Over long periods of time, this effect cleans out much of the dust in the Solar System.
4357:
1368:. (The radiation pressure of sunlight on Earth is very small: it is equivalent to that exerted by the weight of about a milligram on an area of 1 square metre, or 10 Ī¼N/m.) While it acts on all objects, its net effect is generally greater on smaller bodies, since they have a larger ratio of surface area to mass. All spacecraft experience such a pressure, except when they are behind the shadow of a larger
2323:, and then evolves into a planetary system by collisions and gravitational capture. Radiation pressure can clear a region in the immediate vicinity of the star. As the formation process continues, radiation pressure continues to play a role in affecting the distribution of matter. In particular, dust and grains can spiral into the star or escape the stellar system under the action of radiation pressure.
4309:
4345:
4321:
2828:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2832:
2830:
2789:
The reflection of a laser pulse from the surface of an elastic solid can give rise to various types of elastic waves that propagate inside the solid or liquid. In other words, the light can excite and/or amplify motion of, and in, materials. This is the subject of study in the field of optomechanics.
2038:
affects the translation of a small body. It results from a face leaving solar exposure being at a higher temperature than a face approaching solar exposure. The radiation emitted from the warmer face is more intense than that of the opposite face, resulting in a net force on the body that affects its
933:
or any other radiative mechanism. Since all materials emit black-body radiation (unless they are totally reflective or at absolute zero), this source for radiation pressure is ubiquitous but usually tiny. However, because black-body radiation increases rapidly with temperature (as the fourth power of
2354:
stars the temperature may exceed 1 GK. As the radiation pressure scales as the fourth power of the temperature, it becomes important at these high temperatures. In the Sun, radiation pressure is still quite small when compared to the gas pressure. In the heaviest non-degenerate stars, radiation
2191:
began early in the history of the cosmos. Observations of the early universe strongly suggest that objects grew from bottom-up (i.e., smaller objects merging to form larger ones). As stars are thereby formed and become sources of electromagnetic radiation, radiation pressure from the stars becomes a
2094:
in 1909 predicted the existence of "radiation friction", which would oppose the movement of matter. He wrote: "radiation will exert pressure on both sides of the plate. The forces of pressure exerted on the two sides are equal if the plate is at rest. However, if it is in motion, more radiation will
1161:
photons per second per unit area striking the surface. Combining this with the above expression for the momentum of a single photon, results in the same relationships between irradiance and radiation pressure described above using classical electromagnetics. And again, reflected or otherwise emitted
2881:
An other active research area of laserāmatter interaction is the radiation pressure acceleration of ions or protons from thināfoil targets. High ion energy beams can be generated for medical applications (for example in ion beam therapy) by the radiation pressure of short laser pulses on ultra-thin
2022:
The radiation pressure results in forces and torques on the bodies that can change their translational and rotational motions. Translational changes affect the orbits of the bodies. Rotational rates may increase or decrease. Loosely aggregated bodies may break apart under high rotation rates. Dust
2208:
of clouds of dust and gases is strongly influenced by radiation pressure, especially when the condensations lead to star births. The larger young stars forming within the compressed clouds emit intense levels of radiation that shift the clouds, causing either dispersion or condensations in nearby
2126:
A sail reflects about 90% of the incident radiation. The 10% that is absorbed is radiated away from both surfaces, with the proportion emitted from the unlit surface depending on the thermal conductivity of the sail. A sail has curvature, surface irregularities, and other minor factors that affect
2030:
At any particular time, some facets are exposed to the Sun, and some are in shadow. Each surface exposed to the Sun is reflecting, absorbing, and emitting radiation. Facets in shadow are emitting radiation. The summation of pressures across all of the facets defines the net force and torque on the
1893:
Note that unlike the case of an absorbing material, the resulting force on a reflecting body is given exactly by this pressure acting normal to the surface, with the tangential forces from the incident and reflecting waves canceling each other. In practice, materials are neither totally reflecting
2018:
Solar radiation pressure affects bodies throughout much of the Solar System. Small bodies are more affected than large ones because of their lower mass relative to their surface area. Spacecraft are affected along with natural bodies (comets, asteroids, dust grains, gas molecules).
20:
709:
The momentum from the incident wave is in the same direction of that wave. But only the component of that momentum normal to the surface contributes to the pressure on the surface, as given above. The component of that force tangent to the surface is not called pressure.
2774:
In this optomechanical cavity, light is trapped and enhanced between two mirrors. One of the mirrors is attached to a spring and can move. The radiation pressure force of the light circulating in the cavity can damp or amplify the oscillation of the mirror on the
2236:
of the constituent stars. These clusters will rapidly disperse within a few million years. In many cases, the stripping away of the gas from which the cluster formed by the radiation pressure of the hot young stars reduces the cluster mass enough to allow rapid
82:, where it is usually the main force acting on objects besides gravity, and where the net effect of a tiny force may have a large cumulative effect over long periods of time. For example, had the effects of the Sun's radiation pressure on the spacecraft of the
2754:
2651:
1541:
2877:
tuned to the absorption frequency of the target element. The radiation pressure on the atom slows movement in a particular direction until the
Doppler effect moves out of the frequency range of the element, causing an overall cooling effect.
2060:
While rather small in comparison to other forces, the radiation pressure force is inexorable. Over long periods of time, the net effect of the force is substantial. Such feeble pressures can produce marked effects upon minute particles like
266:
given the momentum attributed to electromagnetic radiation. That momentum can be equally well calculated on the basis of electromagnetic theory or from the combined momenta of a stream of photons, giving identical results as is shown below.
183:
3842:
Kleckner, Dustin; Marshall, William; de Dood, Michiel J. A.; Dinyari, Khodadad Nima; Pors, Bart-Jan; Irvine, William T. M.; Bouwmeester, Dirk (2006-05-02). "High
Finesse Opto-Mechanical Cavity with a Movable Thirty-Micron-Size Mirror".
2829:
2565:
1119:
The radiation pressure again can be seen as the transfer of each photon's momentum to the opaque surface, plus the momentum due to a (possible) recoil photon for a (partially) reflecting surface. Since an incident wave of irradiance
853:
2026:
A whole body is typically composed of numerous surfaces that have different orientations on the body. The facets may be flat or curved. They will have different areas. They may have optical properties differing from other aspects.
1713:
869:
Just as a wave reflected from a body contributes to the net radiation pressure experienced, a body that emits radiation of its own (rather than reflected) obtains a radiation pressure again given by the irradiance of that emission
527:
2790:
The weakest waves are generally those that are generated by the radiation pressure acting during the reflection of the light. Such light-pressure-induced elastic waves have for example observed inside an ultrahigh-reflectivity
1330:
77:
The forces generated by radiation pressure are generally too small to be noticed under everyday circumstances; however, they are important in some physical processes and technologies. This particularly includes objects in
2806:
of the light, and the radiation pressure it can exert on objects and materials. Optical control (that is, manipulation of the motion) of a plethora of objects has been realized: from kilometers long beams (such as in the
1428:, but effects remain essentially immeasureable in relation to Earth's orbit. However these pressures persist over eons, such that cumulatively having produced a measureable movement on the Earth-Moon system's orbit.
1244:
and will experience a compressive pressure due to that impinging radiation, its reflection, and its own black-body emission. From that it can be shown that the resulting pressure is equal to one third of the total
705:
639:
to the incident wave, the intensity across the surface will be geometrically reduced by the cosine of that angle and the component of the radiation force against the surface will also be reduced by the cosine of
1889:
4231:
Malka, Victor; Fritzler, Sven; Lefebvre, Erik; d'HumiĆØres, Emmanuel; Ferrand, RĆ©gis; Grillon, Georges; Albaret, Claude; Meyroneinc, Samuel; Chambaret, Jean-Paul; Antonetti, Andre; Hulin, DaniĆØle (2004-05-27).
1809:
722:, then the recoil due to the reflected wave will further contribute to the radiation pressure. In the case of a perfect reflector, this pressure will be identical to the pressure caused by the incident wave:
2146:
Radiation pressure has had a major effect on the development of the cosmos, from the birth of the universe to ongoing formation of stars and shaping of clouds of dust and gasses on a wide range of scales.
938:), radiation pressure due to the temperature of a very hot object (or due to incoming black-body radiation from similarly hot surroundings) can become significant. This is important in stellar interiors.
1624:
1020:
925:
324:
2845:: the radiation pressure force causes it to vibrate. The presence of a single molecule on the sphere disturbs that (thermal) vibration, and the disturbance in the sphere's motion can be detected in the
175:), as is illustrated in the accompanying figure for the case of light being perfectly reflected by a surface. This transfer of momentum is the general explanation for what we term radiation pressure.
2658:
769:
2572:
1115:
857:
For a partially reflective surface, the second term must be multiplied by the reflectivity (also known as reflection coefficient of intensity), so that the increase is less than double. For a
281:
According to
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, an electromagnetic wave carries momentum. Momentum will be transferred to any surface it strikes that absorbs or reflects the radiation.
132:(where light is used to probe and control objects like atoms, qubits and macroscopic quantum objects). Direct applications of the radiation pressure force in these fields are, for example,
1456:
2488:
1219:
782:
1635:
2469:
2375:
then drive the dust and gases away from the Sun's direction. The gases form a generally straight tail, while slower moving dust particles create a broader, curving tail.
464:
2967:
2435:
2415:
2053:
applies to grain-size particles. From the perspective of a grain of dust circling the Sun, the Sun's radiation appears to be coming from a slightly forward direction (
1350:
3225:
1259:
578:
1721:
force (in the direction away from the Sun) given by the preceding equation, rather than just the component normal to the surface that we identify as "pressure".
3969:
Kashkanova, A. D.; Shkarin, A. B.; Brown, C. D.; Flowers-Jacobs, N. E.; Childress, L.; Hoch, S. W.; Hohmann, L.; Ott, K.; Reichel, J.; Harris, J. G. E. (2017).
602:
547:
89:
been ignored, the spacecraft would have missed Mars orbit by about 15,000 km (9,300 mi). Radiation pressure from starlight is crucial in a number of
964:. Photons do not have a rest-mass; however, photons are never at rest (they move at the speed of light) and acquire a momentum nonetheless which is given by:
861:
surface, the details of the reflection and geometry must be taken into account, again resulting in an increased net radiation pressure of less than double.
647:
2046:
is a collection of effects expanding upon the earlier concept of the
Yarkovsky effect, but of a similar nature. It affects the spin properties of bodies.
1820:
1743:
1171:
171:, any change in the total momentum of the waves or photons must involve an equal and opposite change in the momentum of the matter it interacted with (
2288:
as its immediate products. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of
159:
Radiation pressure can equally well be accounted for by considering the momentum of a classical electromagnetic field or in terms of the momenta of
3619:
3751:
1568:
967:
883:
232:
in 1901. The pressure is very small, but can be detected by allowing the radiation to fall upon a delicately poised vane of reflective metal in a
3623:
284:
Consider the momentum transferred to a perfectly absorbing (black) surface. The energy flux (irradiance) of a plane wave is calculated using the
2221:. Radiation pressure from the member stars eventually disperses the clouds, which can have a profound effect on the evolution of the cluster.
3399:, Vol. 27, No. 1, JanāFeb. First known publication describing how solar radiation pressure creates forces and torques that affect spacecraft.
718:
The above treatment for an incident wave accounts for the radiation pressure experienced by a black (totally absorbing) body. If the wave is
93:
processes as well. The significance of radiation pressure increases rapidly at extremely high temperatures and can sometimes dwarf the usual
3495:
On the development of our views concerning the nature and constitution of radiation. Translated in: The
Collected Papers of Albert Einstein
1717:
Note, however, that in order to account for the net effect of solar radiation on a spacecraft for instance, one would need to consider the
1413:. This distribution must be taken into account when calculating the radiation pressure or identifying reflector materials for optimizing a
1175:
727:
1066:
361:
is the density of the linear momentum per unit area (pressure) of the electromagnetic field. So, dimensionally, the
Poynting vector is
3693:
Požar, T.; LaloŔ, J.; Babnik, A.; PetkovŔek, R.; Bethune-Waddell, M.; Chau, K. J.; Lukasievicz, G. V. B.; Astrath, N. G. C. (2018).
3290:
291:
3769:
Schreppler, Sydney; Spethmann, Nicolas; Brahms, Nathan; Botter, Thierry; Barrios, Maryrose; Stamper-Kurn, Dan M. (2014-06-27).
2892:
55:
3543:. Unruh, W. G., Semenoff, G. W., North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 1988.
2794:. These waves are the most basic fingerprint of a light-solid matter interaction on the macroscopic scale. In the field of
66:) by matter on any scale (from macroscopic objects to dust particles to gas molecules). The associated force is called the
2083:-size) particles are susceptible to radiation pressure even in the outer Solar System. For example, the evolution of the
1628:
To find the component of this force normal to the surface, another cosine factor must be applied resulting in a pressure
1894:
nor totally absorbing, so the resulting force will be a weighted average of the forces calculated using these formulas.
1188:
2113:, uses radiation pressure from the Sun as a motive force. The idea of interplanetary travel by light was mentioned by
3595:
3525:
2159:
is a phase when the energy of the universe was dominated by photons, between 10 seconds and 380,000 years after the
4296:
2846:
2346:
interiors the temperatures are very high. Stellar models predict a temperature of 15 MK in the center of the
2134:) has successfully unfurled a solar sail in space, which has already succeeded in propelling its payload with the
172:
163:, particles of light. The interaction of electromagnetic waves or photons with matter may involve an exchange of
3548:
2749:{\displaystyle p={\frac {F}{A}}\approx {\frac {10^{-10}{\text{ N}}}{10^{-12}{\text{ m}}^{2}}}=100{\text{ Pa}}.}
2188:
2932:
2646:{\displaystyle F={\frac {P}{c}}={\frac {30{\text{ mW}}}{299792458{\text{ m/s}}}}\approx 10^{-10}{\text{ N}},}
2050:
2006:
1353:
2079:
Because the ratio of surface area to volume (and thus mass) increases with decreasing particle size, dusty (
4377:
1406:
105:. Furthermore, large lasers operating in space have been suggested as a means of propelling sail craft in
4382:
4287:
3572:
2119:
1364:
Solar radiation pressure is due to the Sun's radiation at closer distances, thus especially within the
1724:
The solar constant is defined for the Sun's radiation at the distance to the Earth, also known as one
4282:
Demir, Dilek, "A table-top demonstration of radiation pressure", 2011, Diplomathesis, E-Theses univie
2957:
2205:
1536:{\displaystyle P={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{c}}\approx 4.5\cdot 10^{-6}~{\text{Pa}}=4.5~\mu {\text{Pa}}.}
957:
253:
221:
205:
47:
4111:
Aspelmeyer, Markus; Kippenberg, Tobias J.; Marquardt, Florian (2014-12-30). "Cavity optomechanics".
2012:
1253:
935:
263:
168:
3254:
2440:
2333:(C/1995 O1). Radiation pressure and solar wind effects on the dust and gas tails are clearly seen.
2171:
197:
put forward the concept of radiation pressure in 1619 to explain the observation that a tail of a
3650:
Požar, T.; Možina, J. (2013). "Measurement of
Elastic Waves Induced by the Reflection of Light".
2015:. It significantly affects the orbits and trajectories of small bodies including all spacecraft.
1436:
Solar radiation pressure at the Earth's distance from the Sun, may be calculated by dividing the
106:
94:
1425:
137:
2420:
2400:
2927:
2293:
2277:
2110:
2084:
1335:
1230:
This can also be shown in the specific case of the pressure exerted on surfaces of a body in
102:
43:
3410:
2837:
In this optomechanical system, the radiation pressure force is leveraged to detect a single
2560:{\displaystyle A=\pi \left({\frac {\lambda }{2}}\right)^{2}\approx 10^{-12}{\text{ m}}^{2},}
4245:
4187:
4130:
4057:
3992:
3927:
3904:
Harris, G. I.; McAuslan, D. L.; Sheridan, E.; Sachkou, Y.; Baker, C.; Bowen, W. P. (2016).
3852:
3792:
3706:
3659:
3457:
3365:
3187:
3146:
3097:
3048:
2897:
2780:
2285:
1410:
930:
719:
556:
345:
129:
63:
59:
1813:
Finally, considering not an absorbing but a perfectly reflecting surface, the pressure is
8:
4361:
2803:
2330:
2312:
2273:
2054:
1231:
848:{\displaystyle P_{\text{net}}=P_{\text{incident}}+P_{\text{emitted}}=2{\frac {I_{f}}{c}}}
217:
117:
4249:
4191:
4134:
4061:
3996:
3931:
3856:
3796:
3710:
3663:
3461:
3369:
3191:
3150:
3101:
3052:
1708:{\displaystyle P={\frac {F\cos \alpha }{A}}={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{c}}\cos ^{2}\alpha .}
4387:
4349:
4337:
4213:
4177:
4146:
4120:
4088:
4047:
4035:
4016:
3982:
3951:
3917:
3886:
3824:
3782:
3727:
3694:
3613:
3566:
3447:
3203:
2261:
2240:
2193:
1737:
858:
587:
532:
237:
233:
229:
225:
3770:
2853:
Opposite to exciting or amplifying motion, light can also damp the motion of objects.
2217:
Stars predominantly form in regions of large clouds of dust and gases, giving rise to
4261:
4217:
4205:
4150:
4093:
4075:
4008:
3955:
3943:
3878:
3828:
3816:
3808:
3752:"Quantum squeezing boosts performance of LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave detectors"
3732:
3675:
3601:
3591:
3554:
3544:
3521:
3475:
3207:
3115:
3066:
2869:
of the material are synonyms here, because they represent the energy associated with
2791:
1725:
1409:
that depends on their surface temperature. The distribution is approximately that of
1380:
1375:
Solar radiation pressure on objects near the Earth may be calculated using the Sun's
522:{\displaystyle P_{\text{incident}}={\frac {\langle S\rangle }{c}}={\frac {I_{f}}{c}}}
98:
4020:
4313:
4253:
4195:
4138:
4083:
4065:
4000:
3935:
3890:
3868:
3860:
3800:
3722:
3714:
3671:
3667:
3513:
3465:
3373:
3195:
3154:
3105:
3056:
2962:
2912:
2812:
2759:
2389:
2304:
2035:
1998:
1924:
244:
caused by radiation pressure but by air flow caused by temperature differentials.)
153:
141:
3864:
3517:
3395:
Georgevic, R. M. (1973) "The Solar
Radiation Pressure Forces and Torques Model",
3354:"A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance"
3221:
3159:
3134:
2922:
2870:
2316:
2257:
2229:
2091:
1035:
285:
276:
194:
2802:, for example between mirrors. This serves the purpose of gravely enhancing the
4301:
4142:
3718:
3470:
3435:
3110:
3085:
2942:
2937:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2799:
2308:
2253:
1447:
1437:
1384:
1325:{\displaystyle P_{\text{compress}}={\frac {u}{3}}={\frac {4\sigma }{3c}}T^{4},}
1246:
605:
358:
340:
332:
257:
149:
125:
124:(where light is used to irradiate and observe microbes, cells, and molecules),
83:
4200:
4166:"Radiation pressure acceleration of protons from structured thin-foil targets"
4165:
3497:. Vol. 2. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 391.
3061:
3036:
1898:
Calculated solar radiation pressure on perfect reflector at normal incidence (
1420:
Momentary or hours long solar pressures can indeed escalate due to release of
270:
4371:
4209:
4079:
4012:
3947:
3812:
3605:
3479:
3119:
3070:
2902:
2858:
2854:
2784:
2368:
2031:
body. These can be calculated using the equations in the preceding sections.
1550:
1546:
1369:
328:
133:
90:
3970:
3905:
3804:
3558:
1240:: the body will be surrounded by a uniform radiation field described by the
4325:
4265:
4097:
3882:
3820:
3736:
3679:
3199:
3175:
3086:"Nobel Lecture: Superposition, entanglement, and raising Schrƶdinger's cat"
2320:
2307:
are generally believed to form as part of the same process that results in
2225:
2218:
2180:
2156:
1421:
1365:
1170:
In general, the pressure of electromagnetic waves can be obtained from the
187:
2244:
A protoplanetary disk with a cleared central region (artist's conception).
4233:
3378:
3353:
3349:
2873:
of the material. Atoms traveling towards a laser light source perceive a
2842:
2819:
2326:
2289:
2114:
2043:
2002:
79:
4070:
2417:. With a set of lenses, one can focus the laser beam to a point that is
2072:, and are essential in the theory of electron emission from the Sun, of
2947:
2815:
2770:
2372:
2364:
2351:
2104:
2080:
1414:
1376:
1241:
1045:
581:
121:
51:
4257:
4004:
3939:
3873:
3508:
Karel Velan, A. (1992), "The Birth of the First
Generation of Stars",
960:
in terms of particles rather than waves; these particles are known as
700:{\displaystyle P_{\text{incident}}={\frac {I_{f}}{c}}\cos ^{2}\alpha }
461:. That pressure is experienced as radiation pressure on the surface:
16:
Pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation
3695:"Isolated detection of elastic waves driven by the momentum of light"
3240:
P. Lebedew, 1901, "Untersuchungen Ć¼ber die
DruckkrƤfte des Lichtes",
2281:
2269:
3968:
2280:(GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of
4230:
4182:
4052:
3987:
3922:
3452:
2952:
2233:
2160:
2069:
1968:
1884:{\displaystyle P=2{\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{cR^{2}}}\cos ^{2}\alpha .}
1561:
of a sheet is reduced by a geometrical factor resulting in a force
1162:
photons will contribute to the net radiation pressure identically.
951:
213:
209:
164:
39:
35:
4125:
3787:
1804:{\displaystyle P={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{cR^{2}}}\cos ^{2}\alpha .}
116:
and the branches of science that rely heavily on lasers and other
2838:
2023:
grains can either leave the Solar System or spiral into the Sun.
1980:
961:
947:
550:
160:
3135:"Nobel Lecture: LIGO and the discovery of gravitational waves I"
3906:"Laser cooling and control of excitations in superfluid helium"
3768:
3411:"Dust models paint alien's view of the solar system (w/ Video)"
2917:
2397:
can be used as a source of monochromatic light with wavelength
2209:
regions, which influences birth rates in those nearby regions.
2135:
3841:
19:
4234:"Practicability of protontherapy using compact laser systems"
4110:
4034:
Yu, Wenyan; Jiang, Wei C.; Lin, Qiang; Lu, Tao (2016-07-27).
3903:
2861:
by converting some of material's motional energy into light.
2394:
2371:, which also carry away dust grains. Radiation pressure and
2073:
1936:
1399:
198:
113:
2990:, D. Mihalas (1978), Second edition, W. H. Freeman & Co.
1619:{\displaystyle F={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{c}}(A\cos \alpha ).}
1015:{\displaystyle p={\dfrac {h}{\lambda }}={\frac {E_{p}}{c}},}
920:{\displaystyle P_{\text{emitted}}={\frac {I_{\text{e}}}{c}}}
319:{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} }
23:
Force on a reflector results from reflecting the photon flux
3771:"Optically measuring force near the standard quantum limit"
2907:
2808:
2798:
optomechanics, light is trapped and resonantly enhanced in
2378:
2343:
2265:
2228:
are inherently unstable, with a small enough mass that the
2131:
1956:
1395:
1172:
vanishing of the trace of the electromagnetic stress tensor
1165:
271:
Radiation pressure from momentum of an electromagnetic wave
4320:
4036:"Cavity optomechanical spring sensing of single molecules"
3585:
1453:. For an absorbing sheet facing the Sun, this is simply:
3692:
2347:
2065:
2062:
1431:
941:
262:
Radiation pressure can be viewed as a consequence of the
145:
220:
in 1862, and proven experimentally by Russian physicist
216:
upon any surface that is exposed to it was published by
2141:
3434:
Vokrouhlicky, David; Bottke, William F. (2012-05-02).
2367:. Solar heating causes gases to be released from the
4285:
4164:
Meinhold, Tim Arniko; Kumar, Naveen (December 2021).
3640:(2nd edition), page 341, Pearson, San Francisco, 2007
2661:
2575:
2491:
2482:= 1064 nm can therefore be computed as follows.
2443:
2423:
2403:
1823:
1746:
1638:
1571:
1459:
1338:
1262:
1191:
1069:
978:
970:
886:
785:
764:{\displaystyle P_{\text{emitted}}={\frac {I_{f}}{c}}}
730:
713:
650:
590:
559:
535:
467:
294:
3347:
3338:
Kardar, Mehran. "Statistical Physics of Particles".
2087:is significantly influenced by radiation pressure.
1992:
3433:
2748:
2645:
2559:
2463:
2429:
2409:
1883:
1803:
1707:
1618:
1535:
1344:
1324:
1213:
1110:{\displaystyle E_{p}=h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}
1109:
1014:
919:
847:
763:
699:
596:
572:
541:
521:
318:
3308:
2999:Eddington, A. S., & Eddington, A. S. (1988).
2166:
864:
4369:
3037:"Nobel Lecture: Manipulating atoms with photons"
3220:
3034:
2857:is a method of cooling materials very close to
2183:shaped by radiation pressure and stellar winds.
2758:This is used to trap or levitate particles in
38:exerted upon a surface due to the exchange of
4163:
2355:pressure is the dominant pressure component.
2256:is the process by which dense regions within
112:Radiation pressure forces are the bedrock of
4033:
3618:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3492:
2968:YarkovskyāO'KeefeāRadzievskiiāPaddack effect
2765:
2299:
1063:is the energy of a single photon given by:
490:
484:
3649:
3507:
3025:Eugene Hecht, "Optics", 4th edition, p. 57.
2272:, star formation includes the study of the
2199:
1553:per square meter). For a sheet at an angle
1359:
777:the net radiation pressure on the surface:
3622:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2363:Solar radiation pressure strongly affects
1249:per unit volume in the surrounding space.
4199:
4181:
4124:
4087:
4069:
4051:
3986:
3921:
3872:
3786:
3726:
3469:
3451:
3397:The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences
3377:
3269:
3267:
3158:
3109:
3060:
3035:Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude N. (1998-07-01).
2109:Solar sailing, an experimental method of
1817:due to the reflected wave, resulting in:
1227:is the radiation energy per unit volume.
46:. This includes the momentum of light or
3749:
3173:
3083:
2824:
2769:
2379:Laser applications of radiation pressure
2325:
2239:
2232:of the system is lower than the average
2170:
2130:The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (
2011:Solar radiation pressure is a source of
1736:thus being dimensionless), applying the
1234:with its surroundings, at a temperature
1166:Compression in a uniform radiation field
182:
120:. That includes, but is not limited to,
18:
3636:Dale A. Ostlie and Bradley W. Carroll,
3323:
3253:Nichols, E. F & Hull, G. F. (1903)
4370:
3638:An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics
3391:
3389:
3311:An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics
3288:
3278:, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
3273:
3264:
3001:The internal constitution of the stars
2893:Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
1432:Pressures of absorption and reflection
942:Radiation pressure in terms of photons
872:in the direction normal to the surface
236:(this should not be confused with the
190:coin commemorating Lebedev's discovery
3409:Center, NASA's Goddard Space Flight.
3132:
2315:forms by gravitational collapse of a
1728:(au). Consequently, at a distance of
635:If the surface is planar at an angle
3971:"Superfluid Brillouin optomechanics"
3309:Carroll, Bradley W; Dale A. Ostlie.
2337:
2212:
2192:factor in the dynamics of remaining
2142:Cosmic effects of radiation pressure
2090:As a consequence of light pressure,
3586:Longair, Malcolm S., 1941ā (2008).
3386:
2383:
13:
4276:
4104:
3408:
1394:, whose value is set at 1361
714:Radiation pressure from reflection
152:(2017 Nobel Prize in Physics) and
14:
4399:
3512:, Springer US, pp. 267ā278,
3084:Wineland, David J. (2013-07-12).
2248:
2150:
1910:Radiation pressure in Ī¼Pa (Ī¼N/m)
1214:{\displaystyle P={\frac {u}{3}},}
1054:is speed of light in vacuum. And
956:Electromagnetic radiation can be
240:, whose characteristic motion is
201:always points away from the Sun.
4355:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
3750:Johnston, Hamish (10 Dec 2019).
3174:Schirber, Michael (2018-10-04).
1993:Radiation pressure perturbations
1563:in the direction of the sunlight
312:
304:
296:
4224:
4157:
4027:
3962:
3897:
3835:
3762:
3743:
3686:
3643:
3630:
3579:
3533:
3501:
3486:
3427:
3402:
3341:
3332:
3317:
3302:
3292:Principles of Quantum Mechanics
3282:
3247:
3234:
2841:. Laser light interacts with a
2811:) to clouds of atoms, and from
1557:to the Sun, the effective area
1242:Planck black-body radiation law
439:, which is the speed of light,
156:(2018 Nobel Prize in Physics).
148:(2012 Nobel Prize in Physics),
3672:10.1103/Physrevlett.111.185501
3214:
3167:
3126:
3077:
3028:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2981:
2189:galaxy formation and evolution
2167:Galaxy formation and evolution
2098:
1610:
1595:
865:Radiation pressure by emission
343:'s auxiliary field vector (or
1:
3865:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.173901
3255:The Pressure due to Radiation
3176:"Nobel PrizeāLasers as Tools"
3003:. Cambridge University Press.
2974:
353:. The magnitude, denoted by
204:The assertion that light, as
62:, or otherwise emitted (e.g.
3518:10.1007/978-1-4684-6030-8_22
3436:"Yarkovsky and YORP effects"
3358:Geophysical Research Letters
3324:Jackson, John David (1999).
3160:10.1103/RevModPhys.90.040501
3133:Weiss, Rainer (2018-12-18).
2474:The radiation pressure of a
2464:{\displaystyle r=\lambda /2}
1407:spectral energy distribution
178:
173:Newton's third law of motion
7:
3244:, 1901 Series 4 6, 433-458.
2885:
1256:, this can be expressed as
644:, resulting in a pressure:
144:of macroscopic objects and
42:between the object and the
10:
4404:
4143:10.1103/RevModPhys.86.1391
3719:10.1038/s41467-018-05706-3
3471:10.4249/scholarpedia.10599
3274:Wright, Jerome L. (1992),
3111:10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1103
3012:Chandrasekhar, S. (2013).
2778:
2387:
2120:From the Earth to the Moon
2102:
1996:
945:
934:temperature, given by the
274:
251:
4201:10.1017/S0022377821001070
4170:Journal of Plasma Physics
4113:Reviews of Modern Physics
3510:The Multi-Universe Cosmos
3326:Classical Electrodynamics
3259:The Astrophysical Journal
3139:Reviews of Modern Physics
3090:Reviews of Modern Physics
3062:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.707
3041:Reviews of Modern Physics
2933:PoyntingāRobertson effect
2766:Lightāmatter interactions
2358:
2300:Stellar planetary systems
2206:gravitational compression
2051:PoyntingāRobertson effect
2007:PoyntingāRobertson effect
1354:StefanāBoltzmann constant
1145:, this implies a flux of
929:The emission can be from
254:Electromagnetic radiation
247:
206:electromagnetic radiation
136:(the subject of the 1997
48:electromagnetic radiation
3261:, Vol.17 No.5, p.315-351
2478:= 30 mW laser with
2430:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2410:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2200:Clouds of dust and gases
1360:Solar radiation pressure
549:is pressure (usually in
264:conservation of momentum
169:conservation of momentum
70:, or sometimes just the
68:radiation pressure force
3845:Physical Review Letters
3805:10.1126/science.1249850
3652:Physical Review Letters
3227:De Cometis Libelli Tres
1345:{\displaystyle \sigma }
107:beam-powered propulsion
3571:: CS1 maint: others (
3200:10.1103/physics.11.100
3016:. Courier Corporation.
2850:
2776:
2750:
2647:
2561:
2465:
2431:
2411:
2350:, and at the cores of
2334:
2278:giant molecular clouds
2245:
2184:
1885:
1805:
1709:
1620:
1537:
1426:coronal mass ejections
1346:
1326:
1215:
1111:
1016:
921:
849:
765:
701:
598:
574:
543:
523:
320:
208:, has the property of
191:
138:Nobel Prize in Physics
24:
4040:Nature Communications
3699:Nature Communications
3493:Einstein, A. (1989).
2958:Waveāparticle duality
2836:
2773:
2751:
2648:
2562:
2466:
2432:
2412:
2329:
2294:initial mass function
2286:young stellar objects
2243:
2174:
2111:spacecraft propulsion
2085:outer rings of Saturn
2076:material, and so on.
2013:orbital perturbations
1886:
1806:
1710:
1621:
1549:, equivalent to N/m (
1538:
1347:
1327:
1216:
1112:
1017:
922:
850:
766:
702:
599:
584:(usually in W/m) and
575:
573:{\displaystyle I_{f}}
544:
524:
321:
186:
103:thermonuclear weapons
44:electromagnetic field
22:
3379:10.1029/2010GL045777
2898:Cavity optomechanics
2781:Cavity optomechanics
2659:
2573:
2489:
2441:
2421:
2401:
1821:
1744:
1732:astronomical units (
1636:
1569:
1457:
1411:black-body radiation
1336:
1260:
1254:StefanāBoltzmann law
1189:
1067:
968:
936:StefanāBoltzmann law
931:black-body radiation
884:
859:diffusely reflective
783:
728:
720:specularly reflected
648:
588:
557:
533:
465:
292:
167:. Due to the law of
118:optical technologies
64:black-body radiation
4378:Celestial mechanics
4250:2004MedPh..31.1587M
4192:2021JPlPh..87f9007M
4135:2014RvMP...86.1391A
4071:10.1038/ncomms12311
4062:2016NatCo...712311Y
3997:2017NatPh..13...74K
3932:2016NatPh..12..788H
3857:2006PhRvL..96q3901K
3797:2014Sci...344.1486S
3781:(6191): 1486ā1489.
3711:2018NatCo...9.3340P
3664:2013PhRvL.111r5501P
3462:2012SchpJ...710599B
3370:2011GeoRL..38.1706K
3192:2018PhyOJ..11..100S
3151:2018RvMP...90d0501W
3102:2013RvMP...85.1103W
3053:1998RvMP...70..707C
2988:Stellar Atmospheres
2847:oscillator spectrum
2809:LIGO interferometer
2313:protoplanetary disk
2274:interstellar medium
2177:Pillars of Creation
2055:aberration of light
1903:
1632:on the surface of:
1232:thermal equilibrium
1174:: since this trace
218:James Clerk Maxwell
97:, for instance, in
3541:The early universe
3242:Annalen der Physik
3014:Radiative transfer
2928:Poynting's theorem
2851:
2777:
2746:
2643:
2557:
2461:
2427:
2407:
2335:
2262:interstellar space
2246:
2185:
2179:clouds within the
2117:in his 1865 novel
1897:
1881:
1801:
1738:inverse-square law
1705:
1616:
1545:This result is in
1533:
1342:
1322:
1211:
1107:
1012:
987:
917:
845:
761:
697:
608:in vacuum. Here,
594:
570:
539:
519:
453:, times pressure,
387:rate of doing work
316:
238:Crookes radiometer
234:Nichols radiometer
230:Gordon Ferrie Hull
226:Ernest Fox Nichols
212:and thus exerts a
192:
28:Radiation pressure
25:
4383:Radiation effects
4258:10.1118/1.1747751
4005:10.1038/nphys3900
3940:10.1038/nphys3714
2834:
2792:dielectric mirror
2741:
2730:
2721:
2700:
2676:
2638:
2617:
2614:
2604:
2590:
2546:
2514:
2338:Stellar interiors
2305:Planetary systems
2268:. As a branch of
2264:collapse to form
2213:Clusters of stars
2127:its performance.
1990:
1989:
1967:3.00 au (typical
1907:Distance from Sun
1860:
1842:
1780:
1762:
1740:, we would find:
1726:astronomical unit
1684:
1678:
1664:
1593:
1587:
1528:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1481:
1475:
1405:All stars have a
1307:
1284:
1270:
1206:
1105:
1007:
986:
915:
909:
894:
843:
819:
806:
793:
759:
738:
679:
658:
597:{\displaystyle c}
542:{\displaystyle P}
517:
497:
475:
357:, divided by the
346:magnetizing field
99:stellar interiors
4395:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4323:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4291:
4270:
4269:
4244:(6): 1587ā1592.
4228:
4222:
4221:
4203:
4185:
4176:(6): 905870607.
4161:
4155:
4154:
4128:
4119:(4): 1391ā1452.
4108:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4073:
4055:
4031:
4025:
4024:
3990:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3925:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3876:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3790:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3609:
3588:Galaxy formation
3583:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3562:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3455:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3113:
3096:(3): 1103ā1114.
3081:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2963:Yarkovsky effect
2913:Optical tweezers
2839:protein molecule
2835:
2813:micro-engineered
2800:optical cavities
2760:optical tweezers
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2437:in diameter (or
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2390:Optical tweezers
2384:Optical tweezers
2258:molecular clouds
2036:Yarkovsky effect
1999:Yarkovsky effect
1947:1.00 au (Earth)
1904:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1646:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1417:, for instance.
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1160:
1144:
1135:has a power of
1134:
1128:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1079:
1078:
1062:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
993:
988:
979:
926:
924:
923:
918:
916:
911:
910:
907:
901:
896:
895:
892:
854:
852:
851:
846:
844:
839:
838:
829:
821:
820:
817:
808:
807:
804:
795:
794:
791:
770:
768:
767:
762:
760:
755:
754:
745:
740:
739:
736:
706:
704:
703:
698:
690:
689:
680:
675:
674:
665:
660:
659:
656:
631:
630:
626:
624:
623:
618:
615:
603:
601:
600:
595:
580:is the incident
579:
577:
576:
571:
569:
568:
548:
546:
545:
540:
528:
526:
525:
520:
518:
513:
512:
503:
498:
493:
482:
477:
476:
473:
460:
452:
438:
437:
435:
434:
431:
428:
423:
421:
420:
414:
411:
397:
395:
394:
391:
388:
381:
379:
378:
375:
372:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
315:
307:
299:
154:optical tweezers
114:laser technology
34:) is mechanical
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4294:
4286:
4279:
4277:Further reading
4274:
4273:
4238:Medical Physics
4229:
4225:
4162:
4158:
4109:
4105:
4032:
4028:
3967:
3963:
3902:
3898:
3840:
3836:
3767:
3763:
3748:
3744:
3691:
3687:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3611:
3610:
3598:
3584:
3580:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3506:
3502:
3491:
3487:
3432:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3387:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3318:
3313:(2nd ed.).
3307:
3303:
3298:(2nd ed.).
3295:
3287:
3283:
3272:
3265:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3222:Johannes Kepler
3219:
3215:
3172:
3168:
3131:
3127:
3082:
3078:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2923:Poynting vector
2888:
2871:Brownian motion
2825:
2787:
2779:Main articles:
2768:
2738:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2635:
2626:
2622:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2361:
2340:
2331:Comet HaleāBopp
2317:molecular cloud
2302:
2251:
2230:escape velocity
2215:
2202:
2187:The process of
2169:
2153:
2144:
2107:
2101:
2009:
1995:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1690:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1525:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1446:(above) by the
1445:
1434:
1393:
1383:, known as the
1362:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1235:
1222:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1094:
1092:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1039:
1036:Planck constant
1029:
1023:
998:
994:
992:
977:
969:
966:
965:
954:
944:
906:
902:
900:
891:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
867:
834:
830:
828:
816:
812:
803:
799:
790:
786:
784:
781:
780:
750:
746:
744:
735:
731:
729:
726:
725:
716:
685:
681:
670:
666:
664:
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
628:
619:
616:
613:
612:
610:
609:
589:
586:
585:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
534:
531:
530:
508:
504:
502:
483:
481:
472:
468:
466:
463:
462:
454:
440:
432:
429:
415:
412:
406:
405:
403:
402:
401:
399:
392:
389:
386:
385:
383:
376:
373:
370:
369:
367:
362:
327:, which is the
311:
303:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:Poynting vector
279:
277:Poynting vector
273:
260:
250:
224:in 1900 and by
195:Johannes Kepler
181:
142:quantum control
30:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4365:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4223:
4156:
4103:
4026:
3975:Nature Physics
3961:
3916:(8): 788ā793.
3910:Nature Physics
3896:
3851:(17): 173901.
3834:
3761:
3742:
3685:
3658:(18): 185501.
3642:
3629:
3596:
3578:
3549:
3532:
3526:
3500:
3485:
3426:
3401:
3385:
3340:
3331:
3316:
3301:
3281:
3263:
3246:
3233:
3213:
3166:
3125:
3076:
3047:(3): 707ā719.
3027:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2943:Solar constant
2940:
2938:Quantum optics
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2875:doppler effect
2867:thermal energy
2863:Kinetic energy
2767:
2764:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2726:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2642:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2610:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2426:
2406:
2388:Main article:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2360:
2357:
2339:
2336:
2309:star formation
2301:
2298:
2254:Star formation
2250:
2249:Star formation
2247:
2214:
2211:
2201:
2198:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2151:Early universe
2149:
2143:
2140:
2103:Main article:
2100:
2097:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1448:speed of light
1443:
1438:solar constant
1433:
1430:
1391:
1385:solar constant
1361:
1358:
1341:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1266:
1247:radiant energy
1210:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1167:
1164:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1124:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1058:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
943:
940:
914:
905:
899:
890:
877:
866:
863:
842:
837:
833:
827:
824:
815:
811:
802:
798:
789:
758:
753:
749:
743:
734:
715:
712:
696:
693:
688:
684:
678:
673:
669:
663:
654:
629:3.34 N/GW
606:speed of light
593:
567:
563:
538:
516:
511:
507:
501:
496:
492:
489:
486:
480:
471:
359:speed of light
341:magnetic field
333:electric field
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
258:Speed of light
249:
246:
180:
177:
150:interferometry
126:quantum optics
72:force of light
32:light pressure
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4400:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3597:9783540734772
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3527:9781468460322
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3335:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3276:Space Sailing
3270:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:(4): 040501.
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Laser cooling
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:absolute zero
2856:
2855:Laser cooling
2849:on the left.
2848:
2844:
2840:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2785:Laser cooling
2782:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2724:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2653:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2567:
2554:
2549:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2424:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:comet nucleus
2366:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:open clusters
2222:
2220:
2219:star clusters
2210:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2194:circumstellar
2190:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1626:
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1575:
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1564:
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1500:
1497:
1493:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1370:orbiting body
1367:
1357:
1355:
1339:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1250:
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1233:
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1200:
1195:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1129:over an area
1127:
1117:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:is momentum,
1026:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
963:
959:
953:
949:
939:
937:
932:
927:
912:
903:
897:
888:
876:
873:
862:
860:
855:
840:
835:
831:
825:
822:
813:
809:
800:
796:
787:
778:
776:
771:
756:
751:
747:
741:
732:
723:
721:
711:
707:
694:
691:
686:
682:
676:
671:
667:
661:
652:
643:
638:
633:
622:
607:
591:
583:
565:
561:
552:
536:
514:
509:
505:
499:
494:
487:
478:
469:
458:
451:
447:
443:
427:
419:
410:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:cross product
308:
300:
287:
282:
278:
268:
265:
259:
255:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Pyotr Lebedev
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
189:
185:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:laser cooling
131:
130:optomechanics
127:
123:
122:biomicroscopy
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:astrophysical
88:
86:
81:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
4362:Solar System
4241:
4237:
4226:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4046:(1): 12311.
4043:
4039:
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3981:(1): 74ā79.
3978:
3974:
3964:
3913:
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3848:
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3774:
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3756:PhysicsWorld
3755:
3745:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3590:. Springer.
3587:
3581:
3540:
3535:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3446:(5): 10599.
3443:
3440:Scholarpedia
3439:
3429:
3418:. Retrieved
3414:
3404:
3396:
3361:
3357:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3310:
3304:
3291:
3284:
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3241:
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3226:
3216:
3183:
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3142:
3138:
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3044:
3040:
3030:
3021:
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3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2880:
2852:
2843:glass sphere
2795:
2788:
2757:
2654:
2568:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2393:
2362:
2341:
2321:solar nebula
2303:
2290:binary stars
2252:
2223:
2216:
2203:
2186:
2181:Eagle Nebula
2176:
2157:photon epoch
2154:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2108:
2089:
2078:
2059:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1899:
1892:
1814:
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1733:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1629:
1627:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1422:solar flares
1419:
1404:
1402:as of 2011.
1388:
1374:
1366:Solar System
1363:
1251:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1122:
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425:
417:
408:
363:
354:
350:
344:
336:
283:
280:
261:
241:
203:
193:
188:Soviet ruble
158:
111:
95:gas pressure
84:
76:
71:
67:
31:
27:
26:
4350:Outer space
4338:Spaceflight
3705:(1): 3340.
3350:Lean, J. L.
3289:Shankar R.
2820:superfluids
2816:trampolines
2365:comet tails
2319:, called a
2115:Jules Verne
2099:Solar sails
2044:YORP effect
2003:YORP effect
80:outer space
4372:Categories
4183:2111.14087
4053:1504.03727
3988:1602.05640
3923:1506.04542
3874:1887/65506
3550:9027726191
3453:1502.01249
3420:2022-03-01
3364:(1): n/a.
3348:Kopp, G.;
2975:References
2948:Solar sail
2655:pressure:
2373:solar wind
2352:supergiant
2282:protostars
2237:dispersal.
2196:material.
2105:Solar sail
2081:micrometre
1997:See also:
1415:solar sail
1379:at 1
1377:irradiance
1046:wavelength
946:See also:
582:irradiance
252:See also:
52:wavelength
4388:Radiation
4314:Astronomy
4218:244636880
4210:0022-3778
4151:119252645
4126:1303.0733
4080:2041-1723
4013:1745-2481
3956:118135792
3948:1745-2481
3829:206554506
3813:0036-8075
3788:1312.4896
3614:cite book
3606:212409895
3567:cite book
3480:1941-6016
3208:125788399
3120:0034-6861
3071:0034-6861
2710:−
2690:−
2679:≈
2628:−
2620:≈
2613: m/s
2609:299792458
2535:−
2527:≈
2509:λ
2499:π
2451:λ
2425:λ
2405:λ
2270:astronomy
2138:project.
2070:electrons
1979:5.20 au (
1955:1.52 au (
1935:0.72 au (
1923:0.39 au (
1876:α
1873:
1796:α
1793:
1700:α
1697:
1658:α
1655:
1608:α
1605:
1523:μ
1498:−
1490:⋅
1484:≈
1340:σ
1296:σ
1252:By using
1185:, we get
1103:λ
1087:ν
984:λ
695:α
692:
491:⟩
485:⟨
309:×
179:Discovery
60:reflected
4266:15259663
4098:27460277
4021:10880961
3883:16712296
3821:24970079
3737:30131489
3680:24237537
3559:16684785
3415:phys.org
3352:(2011).
3224:(1619).
2953:Sunlight
2886:See also
2740: Pa
2603: mW
2292:and the
2234:velocity
2161:Big Bang
2092:Einstein
2074:cometary
2039:motion.
1969:asteroid
1915:0.20 au
1269:compress
1176:equals 3
952:Momentum
805:incident
775:doubling
657:incident
474:incident
339:and the
214:pressure
210:momentum
165:momentum
56:absorbed
54:that is
40:momentum
36:pressure
4302:Physics
4288:Portals
4246:Bibcode
4188:Bibcode
4131:Bibcode
4089:4974467
4058:Bibcode
3993:Bibcode
3928:Bibcode
3891:1801710
3853:Bibcode
3793:Bibcode
3775:Science
3728:6105914
3707:Bibcode
3660:Bibcode
3458:Bibcode
3366:Bibcode
3188:Bibcode
3186:: 100.
3180:Physics
3147:Bibcode
3098:Bibcode
3049:Bibcode
2882:foils.
2775:spring.
2720: m
2699: N
2637: N
2569:force:
2545: m
2344:stellar
1981:Jupiter
1925:Mercury
1815:doubled
1551:newtons
1547:pascals
1352:is the
1034:is the
962:photons
948:Photons
893:emitted
818:emitted
737:emitted
625:
611:
604:is the
551:pascals
436:
422:
404:
400:
396:
384:
380:
368:
335:vector
331:of the
161:photons
87:program
50:of any
4264:
4216:
4208:
4149:
4096:
4086:
4078:
4019:
4011:
3954:
3946:
3889:
3881:
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3811:
3735:
3725:
3678:
3604:
3594:
3557:
3547:
3524:
3478:
3206:
3118:
3069:
2918:Photon
2796:cavity
2485:Area:
2395:Lasers
2359:Comets
2136:IKAROS
2005:, and
1520:
1506:
1332:where
1221:where
1048:, and
1022:where
958:viewed
529:where
459:/ area
248:Theory
128:, and
85:Viking
4326:Stars
4214:S2CID
4178:arXiv
4147:S2CID
4121:arXiv
4048:arXiv
4017:S2CID
3983:arXiv
3952:S2CID
3918:arXiv
3887:S2CID
3825:S2CID
3783:arXiv
3448:arXiv
3296:(PDF)
3204:S2CID
2804:power
2266:stars
2224:Many
1986:0.34
1974:1.01
1962:3.93
1950:9.08
1942:17.5
1937:Venus
1930:59.7
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1719:total
1387:, or
773:thus
371:power
199:comet
146:atoms
4262:PMID
4206:ISSN
4094:PMID
4076:ISSN
4009:ISSN
3944:ISSN
3879:PMID
3817:PMID
3809:ISSN
3733:PMID
3676:PMID
3624:link
3620:link
3602:OCLC
3592:ISBN
3573:link
3555:OCLC
3545:ISBN
3522:ISBN
3476:ISSN
3116:ISSN
3067:ISSN
2908:LIGO
2865:and
2783:and
2311:. A
2284:and
2276:and
2204:The
2175:The
2155:The
2132:JAXA
2068:and
2066:ions
2049:The
2042:The
2034:The
1957:Mars
1918:227
1565:of:
1424:and
950:and
433:area
393:area
377:area
256:and
228:and
101:and
4254:doi
4196:doi
4139:doi
4084:PMC
4066:doi
4001:doi
3936:doi
3869:hdl
3861:doi
3801:doi
3779:344
3723:PMC
3715:doi
3668:doi
3656:111
3514:doi
3466:doi
3374:doi
3196:doi
3155:doi
3106:doi
3057:doi
2818:to
2736:100
2471:).
2348:Sun
2342:In
2260:in
2063:gas
1864:cos
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