642:. Huge river valleys were found in many areas. They showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and travelled thousands of kilometers. Large areas in the southern hemisphere contained branched stream networks, suggesting that rain once fell. The flanks of some volcanoes are believed to have been exposed to rainfall because they resemble those caused on Hawaiian volcanoes. Many craters look as if the impactor fell into mud. When they were formed, ice in the soil may have melted, turned the ground into mud, then flowed across the surface. Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down. It does not flow across the surface, going around obstacles, as it does on some Martian craters. Regions, called "
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1644:, all under the prospect of possibly discovering extraterrestrial life for the first time. The experiments had to adhere to a special 1971 directive that mandated that no single failure shall stop the return of more than one experiment—a difficult and expensive task for a device with over 40,000 parts.
1439:
Several broad band diodes (designated BB1, BB2, BB3, and BB4) are placed to focus accurately at distances between six and 43 feet away from the lander. A low resolution broad band diode was named SURVEY. There are also three narrow band low resolution diodes (named BLUE, GREEN and RED) for
1451:
The cameras scanned at a rate of five vertical scan lines per second, each composed of 512 pixels. The 300 degree panorama images were composed of 9150 lines. The cameras' scan was slow enough that in a crew shot taken during development of the imaging system several members show up several times in
440:
gas. The eight faces of the ring-like structure were 0.457 m (18 in) high and were alternately 1.397 and 0.508 m (55 and 20 in) wide. The overall height was 3.29 m (10.8 ft) from the lander attachment points on the bottom to the launch vehicle attachment points on top.
1647:
The Viking camera system cost $ 27.3 million to develop, or about $ 200 million in 2023 dollars. When the
Imaging system design was completed, it was difficult to find anyone who could manufacture its advanced design. The program managers were later praised for fending off pressure to go
945:
Each lander comprised a six-sided aluminium base with alternate 1.09 and 0.56 m (43 and 22 in) long sides, supported on three extended legs attached to the shorter sides. The leg footpads formed the vertices of an equilateral triangle with 2.21 m (7.3 ft) sides when viewed from
987:
with peak heating occurring a few seconds after the start of frictional heating with the
Martian atmosphere. At an altitude of about 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) and traveling at a velocity of 900 kilometers per hour (600 mph), the parachute deployed, the aeroshell released and the lander's legs
1635:
The two orbiters cost US$ 217 million at the time, which is about $ 1 billion in 2023 dollars. The most expensive single part of the program was the lander's life-detection unit, which cost about $ 60 million then or $ 400 million in 2023 dollars. Development of the Viking lander
435:
of 3,527 kg (7,776 lb). After separation and landing, the lander had a mass of about 600 kg (1,300 lb) and the orbiter 900 kg (2,000 lb). The total launch mass was 2,328 kg (5,132 lb), of which 1,445 kg (3,186 lb) were propellant and
422:
The primary objectives of the two Viking orbiters were to transport the landers to Mars, perform reconnaissance to locate and certify landing sites, act as communications relays for the landers, and to perform their own scientific investigations. Each orbiter, based on the earlier
394:
The project cost was roughly US$ 1 billion at the time of launch, equivalent to about $ 6 billion in 2023 dollars. The mission was considered successful and is credited with helping to form most of the body of knowledge about Mars through the late 1990s and early 2000s.
1372:
in soils at the two landing sites, the test results and their limitations are still under assessment. The validity of the positive 'Labeled
Release' (LR) results hinged entirely on the absence of an oxidative agent in the Martian soil, but one was later discovered by the
1149:
affixed to opposite sides of the lander base and covered by wind screens. Each Viking RTG was 28 cm (11 in) tall, 58 cm (23 in) in diameter, had a mass of 13.6 kg (30 lb) and provided 30 watts of continuous power at 4.4 volts. Four
1243:
properties, appearance, and physical properties of the
Martian surface and atmosphere. Two 360-degree cylindrical scan cameras were mounted near one long side of the base. From the center of this side extended the sampler arm, with a collector head,
800:
978:
Each lander arrived at Mars attached to the orbiter. The assembly orbited Mars many times before the lander was released and separated from the orbiter for descent to the surface. Descent comprised four distinct phases, starting with a
953:
heat shield designed to slow the lander down during the entry phase. To prevent contamination of Mars by Earth organisms, each lander, upon assembly and enclosure within the aeroshell, was enclosed in a pressurized "bioshield" and then
1411:
of the 1976 Viking
Mission, that may suggest the detection of "extant microbial life on Mars." In addition, new findings from re-examination of the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) results were published in 2018.
4519:
613:
The combined area of the four panels was 15 square meters (160 square feet), and they provided both regulated and unregulated direct current power; unregulated power was provided to the radio transmitter and the lander.
958:
at a temperature of 111 °C (232 °F) for 40 hours. For thermal reasons, the cap of the bioshield was jettisoned after the
Centaur upper stage powered the Viking orbiter/lander combination out of Earth orbit.
1648:
with a simpler, less advanced imaging system, especially when the views rolled in. The program did however save some money by cutting out a third lander and reducing the number of experiments on the lander.
1002:
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above, with the long sides of the base forming a straight line with the two adjoining footpads. Instrumentation was attached inside and on top of the base, elevated above the surface by the extended legs.
1199:
low-gain S-band antenna also extended from the base. Both these antennae allowed for communication directly with the Earth, permitting Viking 1 to continue to work long after both orbiters had failed. A
617:
Two 30-amp·hour, nickel-cadmium, rechargeable batteries provided power when the spacecraft was not facing the Sun, during launch, while performing correction maneuvers and also during Mars occultation.
579:
with a diameter of approximately 1.5 m was attached at one edge of the orbiter base, and a fixed low-gain antenna extended from the top of the bus. Two tape recorders were each capable of storing 1280
869:
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design cost $ 357 million. This was decades before NASA's "faster, better, cheaper" approach, and Viking needed to pioneer unprecedented technologies under national pressure brought on by the
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2019:
2003:
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lander carried a tiny dot of microfilm containing the names of several thousand people who had worked on the mission. Several earlier space probes had carried message artifacts, such as the
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1913:
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1969:
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The question of microbial life on Mars remains unresolved. Nonetheless, on April 12, 2012, an international team of scientists reported studies, based on mathematical speculation through
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2166:
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2905:"SNAP-19 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Fact Sheet by Energy Research & Development Administration (ERDA) Diagram 2 - The Energy Research and Development Administration"
1392:, but remained unnoticed due to the presence of perchlorate, as detected by Phoenix in 2008. Researchers found that perchlorate will destroy organics when heated and will produce
4501:
3150:"Identification of Chlorobenzene in the Viking Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer Data Sets: Reanalysis of Viking Mission Data Consistent With Aromatic Organic Compounds on Mars"
666:
988:
unfolded. At an altitude of about 1.5 kilometers (5,000 feet), the lander activated its three retro-engines and was released from the parachute. The lander then immediately used
851:
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1117:
tanks mounted on opposite sides of the lander beneath the RTG windscreens, giving a total launch mass of 657 kg (1,448 lb). Control was achieved through the use of an
3812:
5839:
646:," seemed to have quickly lost great volumes of water, causing large channels to be formed. The amount of water involved was estimated to ten thousand times the flow of the
740:
6829:
364:
After orbiting Mars for more than a month and returning images used for landing site selection, the orbiters and landers detached; the landers then entered the
Martian
4525:
1771:
orbiter was raised on August 7, 1980, before it was shut down 10 days later. Impact and potential contamination on the planet's surface is possible from 2019 onwards.
1325:
in the soil, most scientists became convinced that the positive results were likely caused by non-biological chemical reactions from highly oxidizing soil conditions.
3631:
4547:
2564:
1207:
antenna provided a one-way relay to the orbiter using a 30 watt relay radio. Data storage was on a 40-Mbit tape recorder, and the lander computer had a 6000-
638:
By discovering many geological forms that are typically formed from large amounts of water, the images from the orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about
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then successfully soft-landed on
September 3. The orbiters continued imaging and performing other scientific operations from orbit while the landers deployed
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Overall NASA says that $ 1 billion in 1970s dollars was spent on the program, which when inflation-adjusted to 2023 dollars is about $ 6 billion.
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5674:
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Guzman, Melissa; McKay, Christopher P.; Quinn, Richard C.; Szopa, Cyril; Davila, Alfonso F.; Navarro-González, Rafael; Freissinet, Caroline (2018).
599:, two on each wing. The solar panels comprised a total of 34,800 solar cells and produced 620 W of power at Mars. Power was also stored in two
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used three (one affixed on each long side of the base, separated by 120 degrees) monopropellant hydrazine engines. The engines had 18
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designed to study the planet from the surface. The orbiters also served as communication relays for the landers once they touched down.
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There were 16 modular compartments, 3 on each of the 4 long faces and one on each short face. Four solar panel wings extended from the
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Although there was a pronouncement by NASA during the mission saying that the Viking lander results did not demonstrate conclusive
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boom, holding temperature, wind direction, and wind velocity sensors extended out and up from the top of one of the lander legs. A
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650:. Underground volcanism may have melted frozen ice; the water then flowed away and the ground collapsed to leave chaotic terrain.
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Shut down after human error during software update caused the lander's antenna to go down, terminating power and communication.
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crater may be on top of large quantities of water ice, which melted when the impact occurred, producing a mud-like ejecta.
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are mounted opposite the cameras, near the high-gain antenna. An interior environmentally controlled compartment held the
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5317:
5291:
5247:
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1627:, while the Viking orbiters used a Command Computer Subsystem (CCS) using two custom-designed 18-bit serial processors.
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595:
The power to the two orbiter craft was provided by eight 1.57 m Ă— 1.23 m (62 in Ă— 48 in)
3019:
Navarro–Gonzáles, Rafael; Edgar Vargas; José de la Rosa; Alejandro C. Raga; Christopher P. McKay (December 15, 2010).
7101:
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of the orbiter, the distance from tip to tip of two oppositely extended solar panels was 9.75 m (32 ft).
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6789:
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1400:, the identical chlorine compounds discovered by both Viking landers when they performed the same tests on Mars.
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1219:
The lander carried instruments to achieve the primary scientific objectives of the lander mission: to study the
7166:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
5534:
5524:
5222:
4465:
2929:
BEEGLE, LUTHER W.; et al. (August 2007). "A Concept for NASA's Mars 2016 Astrobiology Field
Laboratory".
1195:. A two-axis steerable high-gain parabolic antenna was mounted on a boom near one edge of the lander base. An
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3377:"NASA Reference Publication 1027: Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 2 – Orbiter design"
955:
3646:
3351:"NASA Reference Publication 1027: Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 1 – Lander design"
1313:(if it existed) with experiments designed by three separate teams, under the direction of chief scientist
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salts. It has been proposed that organic compounds could have been present in the soil analyzed by both
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in 1976. The mission effort began in 1968 and was managed by the NASA Langley
Research Center. Each
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1113:. The lander carried 85 kg (187 lb) of propellant at launch, contained in two spherical
1109:). The hydrazine was purified in order to prevent contamination of the Martian surface with Earth
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369:
1436:. Each of the 12 silicon diodes are designed to be sensitive to different frequencies of light.
1321:(current life), but based on the results of the other two experiments that failed to reveal any
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The Viking program ended on May 21, 1983. To prevent an imminent impact with Mars the orbit of
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350:
330:
3566:
Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 3 Engineering test summary – NASA Report
3081:
Bianciardi, Giorgio; Miller, Joseph D.; Straat, Patricia Ann; Levin, Gilbert V. (March 2012).
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1619:
The Viking landers used a Guidance, Control and Sequencing Computer (GCSC) consisting of two
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1067:
1051:
755:
643:
607:
454:
411:
3021:"Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars"
3018:
2708:
2707:
Moore, Patrick; Hunt, Garry; Nicolson, Iain; Cattermole, Peter (1990). Garlick, Judy (ed.).
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Kieffer, Hugh H.; Jakosky, Bruce M.; Snyder, Conway W.; Matthews, Mildred S., eds. (1992).
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approximately 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across. The fully fueled orbiter-lander pair had a
8:
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As the Viking program was a government expense, the inflation index of the United States
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At landing (after using rocket propellant) the landers had a mass of about 600 kg.
376:
lander touched down on the surface of Mars on July 20, 1976, more than two weeks before
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Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 2 Orbiter design – NASA Report
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Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 1 Lander design – NASA Report
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Communications were accomplished through a 20-watt S-band transmitter using two
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lander was found to be about 6 kilometers from its planned landing site by the
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27:
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2406:
Soffen, G. A. (July–August 1978). "Mars and the Remarkable Viking Results."
1857:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
19:
This article is about the NASA Mars probes. For the Swedish spacecraft, see
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2266: – Robotic mission that deployed the Curiosity rover to Mars in 2012
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of 180 m/s (590 ft/s). These nozzles also acted as the control
896:
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These branched channels provide possible evidence of past rain on Mars. (
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Characterize the structure and composition of the atmosphere and surface
47:
Artist impression of a Viking orbiter releasing a lander descent capsule
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2272: – Mission including first robotic rover to operate on Mars (1997)
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The Viking Mars Missions Education & Preservation Project (VMMEPP)
3421:
Faster, Better, Cheaper: Low-Cost Innovation in the U.S. Space Program
1602:
1012:
First "clear" image ever transmitted from the surface of Mars – shows
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1808:. Later probes also carried memorials or lists of names, such as the
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to disperse the exhaust and minimize effects on the ground, and were
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424:
3375:
Holmberg, Neil A.; Robert P. Faust; H. Milton Holt (November 1980).
3349:
Holmberg, Neil A.; Robert P. Faust; H. Milton Holt (November 1980).
2255: – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars
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2203:
1917:
1912:
1637:
1445:
1284:
1151:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1075:
1018:
560:
298:
292:
264:
250:
235:
226:
216:
207:
6935:
6696:
6517:
5264:
5254:
5157:
4596:
4267:
4044:
3834:
1973:
1968:
1269:
1220:
1174:
1159:
1090:
1063:
580:
514:
494:
428:
311:
3537:
feature article about the Viking spacecraft's scientific mission
2693:
2647:
6543:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6356:
6351:
6341:
6336:
6293:
6288:
6278:
6268:
5298:
5229:
4726:
4591:
4162:
3264:"Viking Cameras Light in Weight, Use Little Power, Work Slowly"
3083:"Complexity Analysis of the Viking Labeled Release Experiments"
2023:
2018:
2007:
2002:
1991:
1986:
1546:+Landing Propellant (incl. ~15 kg (33 lb) residuals)
1265:
1249:
568:
554:
535:
478:
3242:
1861:
929:
6859:
6141:
5947:
5322:
5095:
5059:
5054:
4845:
4003:
1317:
of NASA. One experiment turned positive for the detection of
1277:
1130:
673:
Streamlined islands show that large floods occurred on Mars.
315:
2741:
Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World
2621:
1291:
had a total mass of approximately 91 kg (201 lb).
6067:
5848:
4417:
4327:
4039:
3455:
per capita is used for the inflation-adjusting calculation.
3323:
3080:
2998:"Martian Life Or Not? NASA's Phoenix Team Analyzes Results"
2706:
2319:
550:
432:
326:
303:
84:
1287:
sensor was attached under the lander body. The scientific
2381:
2350:
1659:
The craft all eventually failed, one by one, as follows:
1452:
the shot as they moved themselves as the camera scanned.
1201:
584:
88:
2875:
1814:
rover which recognizes the almost 11 million people who
721:
Large floods of water likely eroded the channels around
5847:
4386:
1630:
341:
was launched on August 20, 1975, and the second craft,
26:"Viking Mars" redirects here. For the cruise ship, see
2424:
2422:
2420:
1283:
spectrometer was also mounted within the structure. A
345:, was launched on September 9, 1975, both riding atop
16:
Pair of NASA landers and orbiters sent to Mars in 1976
7173:
3147:
2990:
2842:
747:
Tear-drop shaped islands carved by flood waters from
2579:
1432:. The camera uses a movable mirror to illuminate 12
1054:
arranged in four clusters of three that provided 32
404:
Obtain high-resolution images of the Martian surface
3288:
2417:
1455:
973:
501:was achieved by 12 small compressed-nitrogen jets.
6985:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
6830:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
3115:
2492:
6901:
520:and an inertial reference unit consisting of six
333:program, which was not related to the successful
7221:
3255:
3027:. Vol. 115, no. E12010. Archived from
2965:
2788:Soffen, G. A.; Snyder, C. W. (August 27, 1976).
2781:
2768:
2549:
1697:Shut down after fuel leak in propulsion system.
314:designed to photograph the surface of Mars from
6062:
3467:"Probe's powerful camera spots Vikings on Mars"
3074:
2493:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
2400:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1868:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
1166:were also on board to handle peak power loads.
862:provide possible evidence of past rain on Mars.
695:Scour patterns were produced by flowing water.
504:
3627:A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile
3309:
3296:"Mars Lander Retro Propulsion (IAF-99-S.2.02)"
2671:Mars: Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet
2486:
1554:+Decelerator (incl.lander deorbit propellant)
6642:
6048:
5833:
4402:
3778:
3764:
3671:
3319:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
3052:"Life on Mars Found by NASA's Viking Mission"
1444:, and another three (IR1, IR2, and IR3) for
241:September 3, 1976 (landing) to April 11, 1980
3632:Article at Smithsonian Air and Space Website
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
2787:
2661:
2314:Williams, David R. Dr. (December 18, 2006).
2288:
1339:Dust dunes and a large boulder taken by the
222:July 20, 1976 (landing) to November 13, 1982
2731:
2668:Raeburn, Paul (1998). Mulroy, Kevin (ed.).
2615:
2455:
2453:
2435:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
2369:
2338:
1035:Propulsion for deorbit was provided by the
899:was possibly formed from extreme flooding.
567:and to conduct communications experiments.
531:Communications were accomplished through a
6911:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
6055:
6041:
5840:
5826:
4781:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
4409:
4395:
3771:
3757:
3678:
3664:
2700:
1821:
357:entered Mars orbit on June 19, 1976, with
286:consisted of a pair of identical American
41:
6946:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
5675:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
3394:
3106:
2523:
1357:Trenches dug by the soil sampler of the
1294:
3464:
3261:
3157:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
3025:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
2450:
2313:
1826:
1601:
1415:
1173:
992:to slow and control its descent, with a
966:helped to choose landing sites for both
928:
920:
625:
5760:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
3685:
3417:
3315:
3243:The Viking Lander Imaging Team (1978).
3008:from the original on November 18, 2023.
2971:
2667:
925:Proof test article of the Viking lander
485:. The engine was capable of 1,323
372:at the sites that had been chosen. The
7222:
4548:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
3512:On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet
3276:from the original on February 22, 2021
3202:from the original on November 3, 2020.
2928:
2922:
2830:from the original on February 11, 2023
2737:
2537:from the original on November 20, 2023
2474:from the original on September 6, 2023
2460:Howell, Elizabeth (October 26, 2012).
2459:
1610:, days before the landing of Viking 1.
524:allowed three-axis stabilization. Two
6815:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
6036:
5821:
5338:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
4390:
3909:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
3752:
3659:
3609:Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3262:McElheny, Victor K. (July 21, 1976).
3245:"Chapter 8: Cameras Without Pictures"
3213:
3211:
3209:
3121:
2893:from the original on August 13, 2023.
2863:from the original on November 8, 2023
2462:"Viking 1: First U.S. Lander on Mars"
2430:"Viking 1 Orbiter spacecraft details"
2357:from the original on October 24, 2023
2326:from the original on December 6, 2023
1623:HDC 402 24-bit computers with 18K of
1143:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
398:
5800:
3717:Viking lander biological experiments
3597:Viking Mission to Mars (NASA SP-334)
3465:Chandler, David (December 5, 2006).
3049:
2986:from the original on April 19, 2023.
2533:. The Center for Planetary Science.
2388:from the original on October 8, 2023
1631:Financial cost of the Viking program
497:of 1,480 m/s (3,300 mph).
2974:"Perchlorate found in Martian soil"
2777:. Hearst Magazines. pp. 61–63.
1785:
1420:The leader of the imaging team was
310:was composed of two main parts: an
13:
6241:
6233:
6225:
6089:List of artificial objects on Mars
4454:National Aeronautics and Space Act
3921:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
3505:
3438:
3206:
2790:"The First Viking Mission to Mars"
2375:
2344:
1792:List of extraterrestrial memorials
1614:
417:
14:
7276:
7102:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
5876:Lunar Discovery & Exploration
5408:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
4962:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
4311:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
4258:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3578:
3124:"Mars Viking Robots 'Found Life'"
2848:
2771:"Amazing Search for Life On Mars"
2567:from the original on May 27, 2023
2408:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
2278: – NASA engineer (1926–2024)
1717:Shut down after battery failure.
1211:memory for command instructions.
1186:
1129:, a terminal descent and landing
916:
329:'s earlier, even more ambitious,
7207:
7195:
7183:
6790:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
5871:Large strategic science missions
5799:
5788:
5787:
5703:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
5461:Space Flight Operations Facility
4647:Operations and Checkout Building
4376:Space Flight Operations Facility
4168:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
3330:from the original on May 6, 2023
2972:Johnson, John (August 6, 2008).
2222:
2202:
2184:
2164:
2146:
2125:
2107:
2089:
2069:
2051:
2033:
2017:
2001:
1985:
1967:
1949:
1929:
1911:
1860:
1849:, overlaid with the position of
1816:signed up to include their names
1456:Mass Breakdown of Viking Landers
1350:
1332:
1001:
974:Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL)
888:
868:
850:
824:
799:
765:
739:
713:
687:
665:
621:
587:relay radio was also available.
563:was also added specifically for
461:. Propulsion was furnished by a
6961:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
6767:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
4922:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
4225:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
3492:"Visions of Mars: Then and Now"
3484:
3458:
3368:
3342:
3236:
3141:
3122:Klotz, Irene (April 12, 2012).
3043:
3012:
2897:
2762:
2514:Gross Domestic Product deflator
1030:
949:Each lander was enclosed in an
157:Landers: 4–6 years at Mars
119:3,527 kilograms (7,776 lb)
3453:Nominal Gross Domestic Product
2769:Hearst Magazines (June 1976).
1654:
1593:1,194 kg (2,632 lb)
1214:
983:. The lander then experienced
155:Orbiters: 4 years at Mars
1:
7255:Derelict landers (spacecraft)
6916:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
4305:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3316:Tomayko, James (March 1988).
3219:"PDS: Instrument Information"
2710:The Atlas of the Solar System
2495:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
2282:
1737:Shut down after depletion of
1305:The Viking landers conducted
1301:Viking biological experiments
1178:Image from Mars taken by the
1133:, and the control thrusters.
904:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
879:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
448:
325:The Viking program grew from
5740:Space program on U.S. stamps
5665:Gemini and Apollo medallions
5615:Solar System Family Portrait
5391:Joint Polar Satellite System
5260:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
4514:Vision for Space Exploration
4484:Space Exploration Initiative
4371:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
4231:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
3915:Soil Moisture Active Passive
3818:Atmospheric infrared sounder
3529:The Martian Landscape SP-425
3524:Viking Orbiter Views of Mars
3050:Than, Ker (April 15, 2012).
2816:10.1126/science.193.4255.759
1541:595 kg (1,312 lb)
1050:), through a rocket with 12
937:stands next to a model of a
505:Navigation and communication
7:
7235:Spacecraft launched in 1975
6840:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
6785:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
6761:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
6129:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
5735:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
5692:We choose to go to the Moon
5655:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
5213:International Space Station
5193:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
4932:Great Observatories program
4776:International Space Station
4754:Roscosmos State Corporation
4671:Science Mission Directorate
4617:Manned Space Flight Network
3890:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3418:McCurdy, Howard E. (2001).
2676:National Geographic Society
2630:University of Arizona Press
2241:
1780:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1606:Viking control room at the
1519:Communications / Telemetry
1409:Labeled Release experiments
1062:) thrust, translating to a
630:Mars image mosaic from the
457:unit was mounted above the
133:Lander: 70 watts (two
10:
7281:
5552:NASA cameras on spacecraft
5363:James Webb Space Telescope
5275:Solar Dynamics Observatory
4496:U.S. National Space Policy
4348:Table Mountain Observatory
3590:February 23, 2007, at the
3108:10.5139/IJASS.2012.13.1.14
1789:
1758:6 years, 3 months, 22 days
1694:1 year, 11 months, 18 days
1565:269 kg (593 lb)
1557:118 kg (260 lb)
1514:103 kg (227 lb)
1474:132 kg (291 lb)
1471:Structures and Mechanisms
1298:
1169:
1141:Power was provided by two
1136:
127:Orbiters: 620 watts (
25:
18:
7164:
7115:
7084:
7018:
7009:
6897:
6807:
6725:
6718:
6638:
6601:
6536:
6438:
6329:
6259:
6252:
6223:
6170:
6147:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
6104:
6097:
6074:
6017:
5986:
5925:
5866:
5859:
5783:
5683:
5560:
5475:
5420:
5383:
5182:
4992:
4979:
4909:
4823:
4813:
4768:
4694:
4683:
4627:Vehicle Assembly Building
4535:
4434:
4424:
4361:
4320:
4297:
4276:
4263:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
4245:
4174:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
3956:
3853:Large Binocular Telescope
3786:
3780:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3738:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3725:
3693:
3571:October 28, 2020, at the
3559:October 27, 2020, at the
3547:October 27, 2020, at the
3517:February 5, 2007, at the
3424:. JHU Press. p. 68.
2909:Google Arts & Culture
2594:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2561:California Science Center
1847:global topography of Mars
1734:4 years, 1-month, 19 days
1714:3 years, 7 months, 8 days
1640:and the aftermath of the
1608:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1581:54 kg (119 lb)
1573:74 kg (163 lb)
1549:84 kg (185 lb)
1530:91 kg (201 lb)
1522:57 kg (126 lb)
1506:79 kg (174 lb)
1482:56 kg (123 lb)
832:Channels running through
815:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
513:, a cruise Sun sensor, a
335:Voyager deep space probes
273:
259:
245:
202:
194:
186:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
151:
141:
123:
115:
110:
106:
102:
94:
80:
70:
61:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
56:
52:
40:
7097:Mars Exploration Program
6079:List of missions to Mars
5908:Ocean Worlds Exploration
5901:Solar System Exploration
5698:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
5622:The Day the Earth Smiled
4957:Solar Terrestrial Probes
4416:
4353:Solar System Ambassadors
4180:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
3585:NASA Mars Viking Mission
2316:"Viking Mission to Mars"
2259:List of missions to Mars
1498:36 kg (79 lb)
1490:43 kg (95 lb)
1430:Providence, Rhode Island
1311:life in the Martian soil
1223:, chemical composition (
1154:sealed nickel-cadmium 8
996:on the surface of Mars.
773:Image of three valleys:
590:
6187:Mars Science Laboratory
5755:Other primates in space
5467:Deep Space Atomic Clock
5287:Mars Science Laboratory
5075:Spitzer Space Telescope
4664:Lunar Sample Laboratory
4607:Launch Services Program
4338:NASA Deep Space Network
4186:Spitzer Space Telescope
4106:Mars Exploration Rovers
3897:Mars Science Laboratory
3824:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3602:August 7, 2013, at the
2856:Encyclopædia Britannica
2738:Morton, Oliver (2002).
2264:Mars Science Laboratory
1822:Viking lander locations
1590:(Lander+Flight Capsule)
1276:mass spectrometer. The
1145:(RTG) units containing
1119:inertial reference unit
1022:lander (July 20, 1976).
941:lander to provide scale
410:Search for evidence of
361:following on August 7.
6556:Mars Exploration Rover
6246:
6238:
6230:
5770:National Astronaut Day
5713:The Astronaut Monument
5535:Space Shuttle missions
5235:Mars Exploration Rover
5218:Hubble Space Telescope
5127:Kepler space telescope
4927:Earth Observing System
4901:Mars Exploration Rover
4612:Mercury Control Center
3903:Microwave limb sounder
3651:1 Touches Down on Mars
3619:July 16, 2011, at the
3614:Viking Mission to Mars
2438:. NASA. March 20, 2019
1908:
1611:
1307:biological experiments
1295:Biological experiments
1183:
1164:rechargeable batteries
942:
926:
790:Lunae Palus quadrangle
730:Lunae Palus quadrangle
704:Lunae Palus quadrangle
678:Lunae Palus quadrangle
635:
577:parabolic dish antenna
493:) thrust, providing a
6751:(2024, flyby in 2025)
6743:(2024, flyby in 2025)
6322:(2023, flyby in 2026)
6313:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
6245:
6237:
6229:
6084:List of Mars orbiters
6022:List of NASA missions
5852:planetary exploration
5718:Lunar sample displays
5708:Space Mirror Memorial
5650:Voyager Golden Record
5542:United States rockets
4734: (with the
4642:Launch Control Center
4321:Related organizations
3642:VMMEPP Online exhibit
3496:The Planetary Society
3249:The Martian Landscape
2951:10.1089/ast.2007.0153
1843:Interactive image map
1830:
1806:Voyager Golden Record
1605:
1503:Guidance and Control
1416:Camera/imaging system
1177:
932:
924:
858:Branched channels in
756:Oxia Palus quadrangle
699:crater is at bottom.
629:
575:A two-axis steerable
7107:Mars Next Generation
7066:Permanent settlement
6956:Mars Surveyor Lander
6422:Mars Climate Orbiter
6408:Mars Global Surveyor
4736:Soviet space program
4654:Johnson Space Center
4622:Kennedy Space Center
4585:spinoff technologies
4366:JPL Science Division
4100:Mars Global Surveyor
4068:Mars Climate Orbiter
3535:Analytical Chemistry
3322:(Technical report).
3177:10.1029/2018JE005544
2531:"The Viking Program"
1674:Operational lifetime
1527:Science Instruments
1260:, magnet and camera
1193:traveling-wave tubes
860:Thaumasia quadrangle
528:were also on board.
383:s arrival in orbit.
6064:Spacecraft missions
5745:Apollo 17 Moon mice
5601:Pillars of Creation
5508:Space Shuttle crews
4986:(human and robotic)
4980:Individual featured
4563:Ranks and positions
3733:Exploration of Mars
3687:Viking Mars landers
3251:. NASA. p. 22.
3169:2018JGRE..123.1674G
3099:2012IJASS..13...14B
3056:National Geographic
2943:2007AsBio...7..545B
2808:1976Sci...193..759S
2587:"Viking Fact Sheet"
2516:figures follow the
2248:Exploration of Mars
2044:Mars Polar Lander ↓
1903:Mars Memorials list
1405:complexity analysis
1309:designed to detect
1272:experiment and the
467:monomethylhydrazine
427:spacecraft, was an
337:of the late 1970s.
98:Mars orbiter/lander
37:
7092:Mars Scout Program
6931:Mars 4NM & 5NM
6855:Mars Micro Orbiter
6845:Mars Geyser Hopper
6247:
6239:
6231:
6004:Project Prometheus
5963:Planetary Observer
5886:Planetary Missions
5547:NASA cancellations
5442:Deep Space Network
5432:Near Earth Network
4917:Living With a Star
4891:Project Prometheus
4871:Planetary Observer
3269:The New York Times
3031:on January 9, 2011
3004:. August 6, 2008.
1909:
1782:in December 2006.
1625:plated-wire memory
1612:
1246:temperature sensor
1184:
1105:(62 to 600 lb
1101:from 276 to 2,667
1064:change in velocity
943:
927:
841:Arcadia quadrangle
636:
495:change in velocity
471:nitrogen tetroxide
399:Science objectives
302:, which landed on
35:
21:Viking (satellite)
7171:
7170:
7160:
7159:
7131:The Case for Mars
7041:Atmospheric entry
7005:
7004:
6936:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
6893:
6892:
6870:Next Mars Orbiter
6778:Rosalind Franklin
6714:
6713:
6634:
6633:
6489:Mars Polar Lander
6221:
6220:
6115:2001 Mars Odyssey
6030:
6029:
5921:
5920:
5815:
5814:
5728:stolen or missing
5525:uncrewed missions
5503:Apollo astronauts
5498:Gemini astronauts
5416:
5415:
5200:2001 Mars Odyssey
4975:
4974:
4851:Mars Surveyor '98
4809:
4808:
4752: (with
4685:Human spaceflight
4679:
4678:
4637:Launch Complex 48
4632:Launch Complex 39
4384:
4383:
4343:Goldstone Complex
4298:Canceled missions
4277:Proposed missions
4094:Mars Polar Lander
3746:
3745:
3431:978-0-8018-6720-0
3062:on April 15, 2012
2979:Los Angeles Times
2887:astro.if.ufrgs.br
2802:(4255): 759–766.
2775:Popular Mechanics
2639:978-0-8165-1257-7
2603:on March 10, 2012
2276:Norman L. Crabill
2234:
2216:
2196:
2178:
2158:
2140:
2119:
2117:Rosalind Franklin
2101:
2083:
2063:
2045:
2027:
2011:
1995:
1979:
1961:
1943:
1923:
1866:Clickable image:
1765:
1764:
1755:November 13, 1982
1708:September 3, 1976
1677:Cause of failure
1597:
1596:
1588:Total Launch Mass
1487:Pyro and Cabling
1424:, a geologist at
1323:organic molecules
1274:gas chromatograph
1264:, and magnifying
985:atmospheric entry
908:
845:
819:
794:
760:
734:
708:
682:
648:Mississippi River
277:
276:
269:September 9, 1975
71:Country of origin
7272:
7240:Missions to Mars
7212:
7211:
7210:
7200:
7199:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7179:
7137:Inspiration Mars
7124:The Mars Project
7016:
7015:
6899:
6898:
6723:
6722:
6640:
6639:
6257:
6256:
6102:
6101:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6034:
6033:
5881:Mars Exploration
5864:
5863:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5803:
5802:
5791:
5790:
5629:Fallen Astronaut
5270:Van Allen Probes
4990:
4989:
4896:Mars Exploration
4821:
4820:
4692:
4691:
4460:Space Task Group
4432:
4431:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4246:Planned missions
4237:Lunar Flashlight
3848:Keck observatory
3787:Current missions
3773:
3766:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3500:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3449:
3436:
3435:
3415:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3215:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3163:(7): 1674–1683.
3154:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3058:. Archived from
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2715:Mitchell Beazley
2704:
2698:
2697:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2596:. Archived from
2591:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2563:. July 3, 2014.
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2426:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2311:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1864:
1829:
1818:on the mission.
1786:Message artifact
1739:attitude control
1662:
1661:
1495:Thermal Control
1460:
1459:
1426:Brown University
1354:
1336:
1206:
1162:), 28 volt
1085:(after use of a
1005:
895:
892:
883:
872:
863:
854:
831:
828:
806:
803:
772:
769:
746:
743:
720:
717:
694:
691:
672:
669:
574:
559:
549:
534:
499:Attitude control
473:) liquid-fueled
438:attitude control
391:on the surface.
382:
45:
38:
34:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7265:1975 in Florida
7220:
7219:
7218:
7208:
7206:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7172:
7167:
7156:
7111:
7080:
7001:
6903:
6889:
6835:Mars Base Alpha
6825:Icebreaker Life
6803:
6710:
6692:Mars 3MS No.170
6644:
6630:
6597:
6532:
6483:Mars Pathfinder
6434:
6325:
6284:Mariner 6 and 7
6248:
6240:
6232:
6217:
6166:
6093:
6070:
6061:
6031:
6026:
6013:
5999:Mariner Mark II
5982:
5938:Lunar Precursor
5917:
5855:
5846:
5816:
5811:
5779:
5679:
5670:Mission patches
5645:Pioneer plaques
5608:Mystic Mountain
5585:Family Portrait
5578:The Blue Marble
5562:
5556:
5530:Apollo missions
5471:
5423:
5412:
5379:
5184:
5178:
5015:Mercury-Atlas 6
4985:
4981:
4971:
4905:
4841:Mariner Mark II
4805:
4786:Commercial Crew
4764:
4687:
4675:
4659:Mission Control
4558:Astronaut Corps
4553:Chief Scientist
4531:
4436:
4420:
4415:
4385:
4380:
4357:
4316:
4293:
4272:
4241:
4088:Mars Pathfinder
3965:Cassini-Huygens
3952:
3932:Voyager program
3782:
3777:
3747:
3742:
3721:
3689:
3684:
3621:Wayback Machine
3604:Wayback Machine
3592:Wayback Machine
3581:
3573:Wayback Machine
3561:Wayback Machine
3549:Wayback Machine
3519:Wayback Machine
3508:
3506:Further reading
3503:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3439:
3432:
3416:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3260:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3207:
3199:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3120:
3116:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3013:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2970:
2966:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2786:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2705:
2701:
2686:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2557:"Viking Lander"
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2505:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2458:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2289:
2285:
2270:Mars Pathfinder
2244:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1841:
1827:
1824:
1794:
1788:
1731:August 17, 1980
1657:
1633:
1617:
1615:Control systems
1599:
1458:
1422:Thomas A. Mutch
1418:
1398:dichloromethane
1380:in the form of
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1303:
1297:
1217:
1204:
1197:omnidirectional
1189:
1172:
1139:
1127:radar altimeter
1108:
1078:of the lander.
1061:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1011:
1006:
976:
919:
914:
913:
912:
909:
900:
893:
884:
875:
873:
864:
857:
855:
846:
837:
829:
820:
811:
804:
795:
786:
770:
761:
752:
744:
735:
726:
718:
709:
700:
692:
683:
674:
670:
659:
658:
644:Chaotic Terrain
624:
593:
573:(2.1 GHz).
572:
571:was via S band
557:
547:
532:
509:An acquisition
507:
477:which could be
451:
420:
418:Viking orbiters
401:
380:
268:
255:August 20, 1975
254:
240:
233:
231:
224:
223:
221:
214:
213:August 17, 1980
212:
156:
132:
65:Martin Marietta
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7278:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7230:Viking program
7217:
7216:
7204:
7192:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7142:Mars Institute
7139:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6975:
6972:Northern Light
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6907:
6905:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6744:
6741:Europa Clipper
6738:
6729:
6727:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6677:Mars 2M No.521
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6553:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6515:
6507:
6500:
6495:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6383:Phobos program
6380:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6362:Viking program
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6315:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6125:
6118:
6110:
6108:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6009:Voyager (Mars)
6006:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5953:New Millennium
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5797:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5765:Astronauts Day
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5424:and navigation
5422:Communications
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5402:Europa Clipper
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5161:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4856:New Millennium
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4744:
4739:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4698:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4444:
4442:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:Europa Clipper
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4208:TOPEX/Poseidon
4205:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3697:
3695:Viking program
3691:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3654:
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4580:NASA research
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4081:Mars Observer
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4074:Mars Cube One
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3957:Past missions
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3869:
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3867:
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3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:
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3837:
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3809:
3806:
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3799:
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3792:
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3781:
3774:
3769:
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3762:
3760:
3755:
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3701:
3700:
3698:
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3688:
3681:
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3574:
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3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3472:
3471:New Scientist
3468:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3378:
3371:
3352:
3345:
3329:
3326:. CR-182505.
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3280:September 28,
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3129:
3128:DiscoveryNews
3125:
3118:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
3002:Science Daily
2999:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
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2900:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2755:0-312-24551-3
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2724:0-86134-125-2
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2685:0-7922-7373-7
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2414:(4): 193-200.
2413:
2409:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:Nelson, Jon.
2372:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:Nelson, Jon.
2341:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1914:
1904:
1900:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:July 20, 1976
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:June 19, 1976
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:July 25, 1978
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:Shut-off date
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:Mass,kg (lb)
1465:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:chloromethane
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:biosignatures
1360:
1353:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Gerald Soffen
1312:
1308:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:(28,800
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:plutonium-238
1144:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
997:
995:
991:
986:
982:
971:
969:
965:
960:
957:
952:
947:
940:
936:
931:
923:
906:
905:
898:
891:
886:
881:
880:
871:
866:
861:
853:
848:
843:
842:
835:
827:
822:
817:
816:
809:
802:
797:
792:
791:
784:
780:
779:Maumee Valles
776:
768:
763:
758:
757:
750:
742:
737:
732:
731:
724:
716:
711:
706:
705:
698:
690:
685:
680:
679:
668:
663:
662:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
640:water on Mars
633:
628:
622:Main findings
619:
615:
611:
609:
606:
602:
598:
588:
586:
582:
578:
570:
566:
565:radio science
562:
556:
552:
545:
541:
537:
529:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:up to 9
480:
476:
475:rocket engine
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
446:
444:
439:
434:
430:
426:
413:
409:
406:
403:
402:
396:
392:
390:
386:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
349:rockets with
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
285:
283:
272:
267:
266:
262:
258:
253:
252:
248:
246:Maiden launch
244:
238:
237:
232:July 25, 1978
229:
228:
219:
218:
210:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
136:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
75:United States
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
33:
29:
22:
7260:1976 on Mars
7250:Astrobiology
7214:Solar System
7147:Mars Society
7129:
7122:
7076:Terraforming
7071:Colonization
6997:Voyager Mars
6989:
6977:
6970:
6796:
6776:
6747:
6734:Mangalyaan-2
6733:
6652:Mars 1M No.1
6611:
6591:
6575:
6561:
6549:
6525:
6518:
6512:Schiaparelli
6511:
6503:
6493:Deep Space 2
6482:
6475:
6468:
6428:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6373:
6366:
6361:
6318:
6305:
6298:
6200:Perseverance
6199:
6180:
6159:
6152:
6127:
6122:Mars Express
6120:
6113:
5977:
5805:
5793:
5627:
5620:
5614:
5606:
5599:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5400:
5349:Perseverance
5348:
5310:
5303:
5280:
5240:
5223:
5207:New Horizons
5205:
5198:
5191:
5164:
5156:
5132:
5120:
5113:
5100:
5088:
5080:
5041:
5033:
5026:
5019:
4885:
4748:
4732:Apollo–Soyuz
4219:
4213:
4191:
4156:
4134:
4119:
4111:
4098:
4086:
4079:
4066:
4055:
4023:
4009:
3993:Deep Space 2
3991:
3986:Deep Space 1
3984:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3943:
3936:
3888:
3879:
3872:Perseverance
3871:
3860:Mars Odyssey
3858:
3841:
3833:
3800:
3793:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3648:
3534:
3495:
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:
3460:
3420:
3384:. Retrieved
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3318:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3267:
3257:
3248:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3223:pds.nasa.gov
3222:
3160:
3156:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3117:
3093:(1): 14–26.
3090:
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3055:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3024:
3014:
3001:
2992:
2977:
2967:
2934:
2931:Astrobiology
2930:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:
2899:
2886:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2854:
2851:"Carl Sagan"
2844:
2834:December 21,
2832:. Retrieved
2799:
2793:
2783:
2774:
2764:
2740:
2733:
2709:
2702:
2670:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2624:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2598:the original
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2525:
2517:
2506:November 30,
2504:. Retrieved
2498:
2488:
2478:December 13,
2476:. Retrieved
2465:
2440:. Retrieved
2433:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2253:Life on Mars
2231:
2213:
2193:
2175:
2155:
2137:Schiaparelli
2136:
2116:
2098:
2081:Perseverance
2080:
2060:
1976:
1960:Deep Space 2
1940:
1920:
1877: Active
1865:
1811:Perseverance
1810:
1797:
1795:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1746:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1668:Arrival date
1658:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1618:
1598:
1587:
1536:
1450:
1442:color images
1438:
1419:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1367:
1358:
1340:
1304:
1281:fluorescence
1262:test targets
1218:
1190:
1179:
1140:
1099:throttleable
1080:
1058:(7.2 lb
1034:
1026:
1017:
994:soft landing
990:retrorockets
981:deorbit burn
977:
967:
961:
948:
944:
938:
902:
877:
839:
813:
788:
775:Vedra Valles
754:
728:
702:
676:
655:
637:
631:
616:
612:
597:solar panels
594:
530:
518:star tracker
508:
463:bipropellant
452:
421:
412:life on Mars
393:
384:
377:
373:
363:
358:
354:
342:
338:
331:Voyager Mars
324:
297:
291:
288:space probes
281:
280:
278:
263:
249:
234:
225:
215:
206:
95:Applications
57:Manufacturer
32:
7011:Exploration
6860:MELOS rover
6763:(mid 2020s)
6702:Fobos-Grunt
6576:Opportunity
5635:Deep fields
5563:and artwork
5561:NASA images
5133:Opportunity
4602:NASA Social
4428:and history
4120:Opportunity
3979:Deep Impact
3386:February 6,
3360:February 6,
3334:February 6,
2392:February 2,
2361:February 2,
2330:February 2,
2061:Opportunity
1897:(See also:
1655:Mission end
1570:+Bioshield
1562:+Aeroshell
1479:Propulsion
1434:photodiodes
1382:perchlorate
1258:seismometer
1254:meteorology
1233:meteorology
1215:Instruments
1072:translation
962:Astronomer
933:Astronomer
897:Ravi Vallis
783:Maja Valles
749:Ares Vallis
544:transmitter
459:orbiter bus
389:instruments
370:soft-landed
260:Last launch
152:Design life
146:Areocentric
129:solar array
116:Launch mass
7224:Categories
7085:Strategies
6979:Red Dragon
6941:Mars-Aster
6885:Sky-Sailor
6880:Phootprint
6850:Mars-Grunt
6667:2MV-3 No.1
6662:2MV-4 No.1
6614:helicopter
6429:Mangalyaan
5994:Grand Tour
5723:Moon rocks
5483:Astronauts
5476:NASA lists
5333:OSIRIS-REx
5167:helicopter
5035:Pioneer 11
5028:Pioneer 10
4831:Hitchhiker
4706:suborbital
4543:Space Race
4016:spacecraft
3882:helicopter
3476:October 8,
3035:January 7,
2378:"Viking 2"
2347:"Viking 1"
2283:References
1790:See also:
1642:Space Race
1440:obtaining
1319:metabolism
1237:seismology
1031:Propulsion
964:Carl Sagan
956:sterilized
935:Carl Sagan
522:gyroscopes
511:Sun sensor
489:(297
455:propulsion
449:Propulsion
366:atmosphere
347:Titan IIIE
308:spacecraft
174:Production
7190:Astronomy
7152:Mars race
6966:NetLander
6926:Marsokhod
6904:proposals
6902:Cancelled
6706:Yinghuo-1
6687:Mariner 8
6682:2M No.522
6672:Mariner 3
6624:Mars 2020
6612:Ingenuity
6550:Sojourner
6526:Tianwen-1
6347:Mariner 9
6274:Mariner 4
6206:Mars 2020
6181:Curiosity
6160:Tianwen-1
5987:Cancelled
5926:Completed
5891:Discovery
5750:Moon tree
5571:Earthrise
5446:Goldstone
5343:Mars 2020
5312:Voyager 2
5305:Voyager 1
5241:Curiosity
5185:operating
5183:Currently
5165:Ingenuity
5102:MESSENGER
5081:Sojourner
5010:Mercury 3
5000:Apollo 11
4947:Discovery
4937:Explorers
4526:Augustine
4490:Augustine
3999:Explorers
3945:Voyager 2
3938:Voyager 1
3880:Ingenuity
3866:Mars 2020
3228:March 28,
3193:133854625
3185:2169-9100
3133:April 16,
3066:April 13,
2914:August 9,
2867:August 9,
2607:March 27,
2571:April 13,
2541:April 13,
2467:Space.com
2156:Sojourner
1941:Curiosity
1621:Honeywell
1448:imagery.
1229:inorganic
1205:(381 MHz)
1087:parachute
1081:Terminal
1068:thrusters
1040:hydrazine
1016:near the
951:aeroshell
834:Alba Mons
608:batteries
479:gimballed
453:The main
425:Mariner 9
7116:Advocacy
7051:Aircraft
7019:Concepts
6951:Mars One
6921:Beagle 3
6808:Proposed
6798:Kazachok
6781:) (2028)
6755:EscaPADE
6645:launches
6603:Aircraft
6582:timeline
6568:timeline
6510:ExoMars
6498:Beagle 2
6476:Viking 2
6469:Viking 1
6393:Phobos 2
6388:Phobos 1
6375:Viking 2
6368:Viking 1
6330:Orbiters
6211:timeline
6192:timeline
6135:timeline
6106:Orbiters
5973:Surveyor
5854:programs
5794:Category
5456:Canberra
5368:timeline
5356:timeline
5292:timeline
5248:timeline
5145:observed
5140:timeline
5108:Aquarius
5048:timeline
5021:Magellan
4983:missions
4881:Surveyor
4817:programs
4747:Shuttle–
4688:programs
4520:Aldridge
4439:creation
4198:Surveyor
4192:Stardust
4146:QuikSCAT
4056:Magellan
4035:Herschel
3829:GRACE-FO
3808:ACRIMSAT
3711:Viking 2
3704:Viking 1
3617:Archived
3600:Archived
3588:Archived
3569:Archived
3557:Archived
3545:Archived
3515:Archived
3328:Archived
3274:Archived
3197:Archived
3006:Archived
2984:Archived
2959:17723090
2891:Archived
2883:"Viking"
2861:Archived
2828:Archived
2824:17747776
2694:98013991
2653:March 7,
2648:92010951
2565:Archived
2535:Archived
2520:series.
2472:Archived
2442:July 10,
2386:Archived
2355:Archived
2324:Archived
2242:See also
2232:Viking 2
2214:Viking 1
1921:Beagle 2
1899:Mars map
1804:and the
1776:Viking 1
1769:Viking 1
1747:Viking 1
1723:Viking 1
1703:Viking 2
1683:Viking 2
1638:Cold War
1446:infrared
1390:Viking 2
1386:Viking 1
1359:Viking 1
1341:Viking 1
1285:pressure
1241:magnetic
1180:Viking 2
1160:coulombs
1152:wet cell
1115:titanium
1111:microbes
1076:rotation
1019:Viking 1
970:probes.
725:crater.
632:Viking 1
583:. A 381-
581:megabits
561:downlink
546:and two
385:Viking 2
378:Viking 2
374:Viking 1
359:Viking 2
355:Viking 1
343:Viking 2
339:Viking 1
318:, and a
299:Viking 2
293:Viking 1
265:Viking 2
251:Viking 1
236:Viking 2
227:Viking 2
217:Viking 1
208:Viking 1
195:Launched
81:Operator
7202:Biology
7176:Portals
7036:Landing
7031:Orbiter
6820:DePhine
6773:ExoMars
6726:Planned
6697:Mars 96
6657:1M No.2
6619:flights
6592:Zhurong
6519:InSight
6504:Phoenix
6440:Landers
6300:Rosetta
6162:orbiter
5958:Pioneer
5943:Mariner
5913:Voyager
5806:Commons
5684:Related
5493:by year
5488:by name
5265:GOES 15
5255:GOES 14
5172:flights
5158:InSight
5114:Cassini
5042:Galileo
4967:SIMPLEx
4942:Voyager
4910:Current
4866:Pioneer
4836:Mariner
4815:Robotic
4796:Artemis
4769:Current
4712:Mercury
4704: (
4597:NASA TV
4536:General
4435:History
4333:Caltech
4313:(MAX-C)
4289:FINESSE
4268:SPHEREx
4214:Ulysses
4157:Rosetta
4141:Pioneer
4135:Phoenix
4076:(MarCO)
4062:Mariner
4045:Jason-1
4024:Genesis
4010:Galileo
3835:InSight
3726:Related
3301:May 14,
3165:Bibcode
3095:Bibcode
2939:Bibcode
2804:Bibcode
2795:Science
2746:Picador
2194:Zhurong
2099:Phoenix
1977:InSight
1855:landers
1845:of the
1838:discuss
1725:orbiter
1685:orbiter
1407:of the
1376:Phoenix
1361:lander.
1343:lander.
1289:payload
1270:biology
1225:organic
1221:biology
1170:Payload
1121:, four
1103:newtons
1095:nozzles
1091:landing
1083:descent
1056:newtons
1052:nozzles
808:Arandas
723:Dromore
697:Dromore
634:orbiter
515:Canopus
483:degrees
429:octagon
351:Centaur
312:orbiter
284:program
230:orbiter
211:orbiter
203:Retired
182:Retired
6865:MetNet
6769:(2026)
6757:(2024)
6737:(2024)
6719:Future
6643:Failed
6562:Spirit
6544:PrOP-M
6537:Rovers
6528:lander
6463:Mars 7
6458:Mars 6
6453:Mars 3
6448:Mars 2
6415:Nozomi
6357:Mars 5
6352:Mars 4
6342:Mars 3
6337:Mars 2
6319:Psyche
6294:Mars 7
6289:Mars 6
6279:Zond 2
6269:Mars 1
6261:Flybys
6172:Rovers
6098:Active
5978:Viking
5968:Ranger
5860:Active
5451:Madrid
5384:Future
5299:NuSTAR
5230:THEMIS
5152:RHESSI
5089:Spirit
4886:Viking
4876:Ranger
4727:Skylab
4722:Apollo
4717:Gemini
4575:Budget
4528:(2009)
4522:(2004)
4516:(2004)
4510:(2003)
4504:(2002)
4502:CFUSAI
4498:(1996)
4492:(1990)
4486:(1989)
4480:(1987)
4474:(1986)
4472:Rogers
4468:(1986)
4462:(1958)
4456:(1958)
4450:(1915)
4426:Policy
4233:(WIRE)
4227:(WFPC)
4220:Viking
4170:(SRTM)
4163:Seasat
4151:Ranger
4112:Spirit
4050:Kepler
3917:(SMAP)
3911:(MISR)
3820:(AIRS)
3802:Psyche
3795:Euclid
3649:Viking
3428:
3382:. NASA
3356:. NASA
3191:
3183:
2957:
2822:
2752:
2721:
2692:
2682:
2646:
2636:
2176:Spirit
2026:Mars 6
2010:Mars 3
1994:Mars 2
1889:
1882:
1875:
1798:Viking
1749:lander
1741:fuel.
1705:lander
1511:Power
1378:lander
1266:mirror
1250:magnet
1248:, and
1182:lander
1089:) and
968:Viking
939:Viking
781:, and
569:Uplink
555:X band
536:S-band
320:lander
282:Viking
239:lander
220:lander
179:Status
142:Regime
137:units)
36:Viking
7046:Rover
7026:Flyby
6991:Vesta
6875:PADME
6142:MAVEN
5948:MESUR
5396:NISAR
5351:rover
5323:MAVEN
5243:rover
5224:Swift
5135:rover
5096:LADEE
5091:rover
5083:rover
5060:GRAIL
5055:GALEX
4846:MESUR
4791:Orion
4592:NASA+
4568:Chief
4466:Paine
4307:(AFL)
4203:SVLBI
4182:(SIR)
4176:(SME)
4129:NSCAT
4122:rover
4114:rover
4030:GRACE
4004:GALEX
3923:(TES)
3905:(MLS)
3899:(MSL)
3893:(MRO)
3874:rover
3855:(LBT)
3813:ASTER
3623:Video
3380:(PDF)
3354:(PDF)
3200:(PDF)
3189:S2CID
3153:(PDF)
3087:IJASS
2601:(PDF)
2590:(PDF)
1796:Each
1665:Craft
1578:+Cap
1278:X-ray
1137:Power
1131:radar
1123:gyros
1014:rocks
591:Power
553:. An
551:TWTAs
538:(2.3
381:'
316:orbit
187:Built
124:Power
6748:Hera
6307:Dawn
6253:Past
6153:Hope
6068:Mars
5849:NASA
5375:PACE
5318:WISE
5281:Juno
5121:Dawn
5065:WMAP
5005:COBE
4993:Past
4824:Past
4702:X-15
4695:Past
4508:CAIB
4478:Ride
4448:NACA
4418:NASA
4328:NASA
4040:IRAS
3972:Dawn
3927:SWOT
3842:Juno
3478:2013
3426:ISBN
3388:2010
3362:2010
3336:2010
3324:NASA
3303:2024
3282:2013
3230:2023
3181:ISSN
3135:2012
3068:2018
3037:2011
2955:PMID
2916:2022
2869:2022
2836:2023
2820:PMID
2750:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2690:LCCN
2680:ISBN
2655:2011
2644:LCCN
2634:ISBN
2625:Mars
2609:2012
2573:2018
2543:2018
2508:2023
2480:2016
2444:2019
2394:2014
2363:2014
2332:2014
2320:NASA
1853:and
1834:view
1774:The
1463:Item
1396:and
1388:and
1227:and
1209:word
1125:, a
1074:and
1070:for
548:20 W
533:20 W
469:and
443:axis
433:mass
368:and
327:NASA
304:Mars
296:and
279:The
85:NASA
6066:to
5328:MMS
4749:Mir
3173:doi
3161:123
3103:doi
2947:doi
2812:doi
2800:193
2382:JPL
2351:JPL
2139:EDM
1428:in
1231:),
1202:UHF
605:A·h
603:30-
585:MHz
540:GHz
491:lbf
135:RTG
89:JPL
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