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This is the characteristic environment of the termination shock phase. At some distance from the Sun, the supersonic solar wind will be held back from further expansion by the interstellar wind. The first feature encountered by a spacecraft as a result of this interaction – between interstellar wind and solar wind – was the termination shock, where the solar wind slows to subsonic speed, and large changes in plasma flow direction and magnetic field orientation occur.
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1834:, the digital data rates used in the downlinks from the Voyagers have been continually decreasing the farther that they get from the Earth. For example, the data rate used from Jupiter was about 115,000 bits per second. That was halved at the distance of Saturn, and it has gone down continually since then. Some measures were taken on the ground along the way to reduce the effects of the inverse-square law. In between 1982 and 1985, the diameters of the three main
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1994:. The Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM) is a mission extension, which began when the two spacecraft had already been in flight for over 12 years. The Heliophysics Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate conducted a Heliophysics Senior Review in 2008. The panel found that the VIM "is a mission that is absolutely imperative to continue" and that VIM "funding near the optimal level and increased DSN (
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2005:(the farthest extent at which the Sun's radiation predominates over interstellar winds) and if possible even beyond. Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause boundary in 2012, followed by Voyager 2 in 2018. Passing through the heliopause boundary has allowed both spacecraft to make measurements of the interstellar fields, particles and waves unaffected by the
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was at 31 AU. VIM is in three phases: termination shock, heliosheath exploration, and interstellar exploration phase. The spacecraft began VIM in an environment controlled by the Sun's magnetic field, with the plasma particles being dominated by those contained in the expanding supersonic solar wind.
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Used a 6-inch f/1.4 Dahl-Kirkham-type
Cassegrain telescope with an analyzer wheel containing five analyzers of 0,60,120,45 and 135 degrees and filter wheel with eight spectral bands covering 2350 to 7500A to gather information on surface texture and composition of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
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The
Imaging Science Subsystem made up of a wide-angle and a narrow-angle camera is a modified version of the slow scan vidicon camera designs that were used in the earlier Mariner flights. The Imaging Science Subsystem consists of two television-type cameras, each with eight filters in a commandable
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Consider again that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us....The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena.... To my mind, there is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal
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transmitter on board the spacecraft, with an S-band transmitter as a back-up. All long-range communications to and from the two
Voyagers have been carried out using their 3.7-meter (12 ft) high-gain antennas. The high-gain antenna has a beamwidth of 0.5° for X-band, and 2.3° for S-band. (The
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completed it in August 2007 at a distance of 84 AU. After entering into the heliosheath, the spacecraft were in an area that is dominated by the Sun's magnetic field and solar wind particles. After passing through the heliosheath, the two
Voyagers began the phase of interstellar exploration. The
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continue to monitor conditions in the outer expanses of the Solar System. The
Voyager spacecraft are expected to be able to operate science instruments through 2020, when limited power will require instruments to be deactivated one by one. Sometime around 2025, there will no longer be sufficient
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flyby, while JSX served as a contingency plan. JST focused on a Titan flyby, while JSX provided a flexible mission plan. If JST succeeded, JSX could proceed with the Grand Tour, but in case of failure, JSX could be redirected for a separate Titan flyby, forfeiting the Grand Tour opportunity. The
1951:
had dropped to 267.9 W and 269.2 W respectively, about 57% of the power at launch. The level of power output was better than pre-launch predictions based on a conservative thermocouple degradation model. As the electrical power decreases, spacecraft loads must be turned off, eliminating some
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Determines the origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays, the nucleosynthesis of elements in cosmic-ray sources, the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium, and the trapped planetary energetic-particle environment.
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The
Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) controls the spacecraft orientation (its attitude). It keeps the high-gain antenna pointing towards the Earth, controls attitude changes, and points the scan platform. The custom-built AACS systems on both craft are identical.
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Used the telecommunications system of the
Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites (ionospheres, atmospheres, masses, gravity fields, densities) and the amount and size distribution of material in the Saturn rings and the ring dimensions.
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A view of some of
Voyager's instruments from below. Left: the cameras, ultraviolet and infrared spectrometers (far left), plasma detector (black box lower right), particle and radiation detectors (far right). On the boom, center and right, are plasma, particle, and cosmic ray
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Both spacecraft also have adequate electrical power and attitude control propellant to continue operating until around 2025, after which there may not be electrical power to support science instrument operation; science data return and spacecraft operations will cease.
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Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of
Jupiter and Saturn, the solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the interplanetary magnetic field out to the solar wind boundary with the interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed.
2269:. The Voyager program's discoveries during the primary phase of its mission, including new close-up color photos of the major planets, were regularly documented by print and electronic media outlets. Among the best-known of these is an image of the Earth as a
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Both spacecraft carry a 12-inch (30 cm) golden phonograph record that contains pictures and sounds of Earth, symbolic directions on the cover for playing the record, and data detailing the location of Earth. The record is intended as a combination
1728:. During most of the Voyager mission the two CCS computers on each spacecraft were used non-redundantly to increase the command and processing capability of the spacecraft. The CCS is nearly identical to the system flown on the Viking spacecraft.
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Investigated both global and local energy balance and atmospheric composition. Vertical temperature profiles were also obtained from the planets and satellites, as well as the composition, thermal properties, and size of particles in
230:
Voyager did things no one predicted, found scenes no one expected, and promises to outlive its inventors. Like a great painting or an abiding institution, it has acquired an existence of its own, a destiny beyond the grasp of its
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The
Voyager spacecraft each weigh 773 kilograms (1,704 pounds). Of this total weight, each spacecraft carries 105 kilograms (231 pounds) of scientific instruments. The identical Voyager spacecraft use three-axis-stabilized
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was brought into temporary use along with the antennas of the Deep Space Network at Goldstone. Using this new technology of antenna arrays helped to compensate for the immense radio distance from Neptune to the Earth.
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The two spacecraft continue to operate, with some loss in subsystem redundancy but retain the capability to return scientific data from a full complement of Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM) science instruments.
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Provides continuous, sheath-independent measurements of the electron-density profiles at Jupiter and Saturn as well as basic information on local wave-particle interaction, useful in studying the magnetospheres.
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completing its main objectives at Saturn, Voyager 2 received a mission extension, enabling it to proceed to Uranus and Neptune. This allowed Voyager 2 to diverge from the originally planned JST trajectory.
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The scan platform comprises: the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) (largest camera at top right); the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) just above the IRIS; the two Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)
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such as command decoding, fault detection, and correction routines, antenna-pointing routines, and spacecraft sequencing routines. This computer is an improved version of the one that was used in the
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1763:. The hardware in both custom-built CCS subsystems in the Voyagers is identical. There is only a minor software modification for one of them that has a scientific subsystem that the other lacks.
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scan platform was scheduled to go off-line in late 2000 but has been left on to investigate UV emission from the upwind direction. UVS data are still captured but scans are no longer possible.
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and an interstellar message to any civilization, alien or far-future human, that may recover either of the Voyagers. The contents of this record were selected by a committee that included
2038:. Gyro operations are used to rotate the probe 360 degrees six times per year to measure the magnetic field of the spacecraft, which is then subtracted from the magnetometer science data.
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2497:"Voyager 2's Discoveries From Interstellar Space – In its journey beyond the boundary of the solar wind's bubble, the probe observed some notable differences from its twin, Voyager 1"
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432:. They would fly by planets and moons in either a JST or JSX trajectory. After completing their flybys, the probes would communicate with Earth, relaying vital data using their
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Then between 1986 and 1989, new techniques were brought into play to combine the signals from multiple antennas on the ground into one, more powerful signal, in a kind of an
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There are three different computer types on the Voyager spacecraft, two of each kind, sometimes used for redundancy. They are proprietary, custom-built computers built from
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According to Guinness Book of Records, CCS holds record of "longest period of continual operation for a computer". It has been running continuously since 20 August 1977.
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s heliocentric velocity against its distance from the Sun, illustrating the use of gravity assist to accelerate the spacecraft by Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. To observe
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358:, later renamed because it was thought that the design of the two space probes had progressed sufficiently beyond that of the Mariner family to merit a separate name.
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was not launched on a trajectory that would have allowed it to continue to Uranus and Neptune, but could have continued from Saturn to Pluto without exploring Titan.
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outer boundary of the heliosheath is called the heliopause. This is the region where the Sun's influence begins to decrease and interstellar space can be detected.
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Only five investigation teams are still supported, though data is collected for two additional instruments. The Flight Data Subsystem (FDS) and a single eight-track
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The Computer Command System (CCS), the central controller of the spacecraft, has two 18-bit word, interrupt-type processors with 4096 words each of non-volatile
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396:. Due to the name change occurring close to launch, the probes were still occasionally referred to as Mariner 11 and Mariner 12, or Voyager 11 and Voyager 12.
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2009:. Two significant findings so far have been the discovery of a region of magnetic bubbles and no indication of an expected shift in the Solar magnetic field.
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The probes would be launched in August or September 1977, with their main objective being to compare the characteristics of Jupiter and Saturn, such as their
4067:"The Voyager Interstellar Mission Proposal to Senior Review 2010 of the Mission Operations and Data Analysis Program for the Heliophysics Operating Missions"
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is moving with a velocity of 55,347 kilometers per hour (34,391 mph), or 15 km/s, relative to the Sun, and is 20,439,100,000 kilometers (1.27003
129:
is moving with a velocity of 61,198 kilometers per hour (38,027 mph), or 17 km/s, relative to the Sun, and is 24,475,900,000 kilometers (1.52086
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1792:, which was designed and built years later. The digital control electronics of the Voyagers were not based on a microprocessor integrated-circuit chip.
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of f/3 (the wide-angle camera), while the other uses a higher resolution 1,500 mm (59 in) narrow-angle f/8.5 lens (the narrow-angle camera).
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announced a competition to rename the mission, believing the existing name was not appropriate as the mission had differed significantly from previous
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and their scientific instruments towards their targets, sometimes with the help of a movable instrument platform for the smaller instruments and the
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2464:"Voyager 2 reaches interstellar space – Iowa-led instrument detects plasma density jump, confirming spacecraft has entered the realm of the stars"
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Whilst the craft were between Saturn and Uranus the onboard software was upgraded to do a degree of image compression and to use a more efficient
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is attached to one of the bus sides. The angled square panel to the right is the optical calibration target and excess heat radiator. The three
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The FDS configures each instrument and controls instrument operations. It also collects engineering and science data and formats the data for
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and Pioneer 10 are the most widely separated human-made objects anywhere since they are travelling in roughly opposite directions from the
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passed over Neptune's north pole, resulting in an acceleration out of the plane of the ecliptic and reduced its velocity away from the Sun.
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s speed is about 3.3 AU per year, heading 48° south of the ecliptic. The Voyager spacecraft will eventually go on to the stars. In about
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In 2011, 34 years after launch, the thermal power generated by such an RTG would be reduced to (1/2) ≈ 76% of its initial power. The RTG
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Measures the differential in energy fluxes and angular distributions of ions, electrons and the differential in energy ion composition.
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1940:, which convert thermal power into electricity, also degrade over time reducing available electric power below this calculated level.
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2141:, which is the brightest star in the night-sky. The spacecraft are not expected to collide with a star for 1 sextillion (10) years.
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were increased from 64 to 70 m (210 to 230 ft) dramatically increasing their areas for gathering weak microwave signals.
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1721:. Total number of words among the six computers is about 32K. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 have identical computer systems.
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Used a two-camera system (narrow-angle/wide-angle) to provide imagery of Jupiter, Saturn and other objects along the trajectory.
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more kindly and compassionately with one another and to preserve and cherish that pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known.
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also reached the termination shock, about 1.6 billion kilometres (1 billion miles) closer to the Sun than from where
202:
The trajectories that enabled the Voyager spacecraft to visit the outer planets and achieve velocity to escape the Solar System
452:. Their radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) would limit the maximum communication time with the probes to roughly a
314:
In 1972, a scaled-down (four planets, two identical spacecraft) mission was proposed, utilizing a spacecraft derived from the
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indicated that it also had entered interstellar space. On 4 November 2019, scientists reported that, on 5 November 2018, the
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1785:), but such claims are not supported by the primary design documents. The CDP1802 microprocessor was used later in the
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In July 2019, a revised power management plan was implemented to better manage the two probes' dwindling power supply.
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2792:"Fast Reconnaissance Missions to the Outer Solar System Using Energy Derived from the Gravitational Field of Jupiter"
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This diagram about the heliosphere was released on 28 June 2013 and incorporates results from the Voyager spacecraft.
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to become the most distant human-made object from Earth, a record that it will keep for the foreseeable future. The
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was the first to be launched. Its trajectory was designed to allow flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
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The diagram shows the high-gain antenna (HGA) with a 3.7 m (12 ft) diameter dish attached to the hollow
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reported that the outward velocity of the solar wind had dropped to zero, and scientists predicted it was nearing
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3923:"Senior Review 2008 of the Mission Operations and Data Analysis Program for the Heliophysics Operating Missions"
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scan platform, including all of the platform instruments, was switched off in 1998. All platform instruments on
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The main objective of the VIM was to extend the exploration of the Solar System beyond the outer planets to the
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Gladstone, G. Randall; et al. (7 August 2018). "The Lyman-α Sky Background as Observed by New Horizons".
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is not autonomous, but rather it is controlled by an imaging parameter table contained in one of the on-board
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had crossed the heliopause on 5 November 2018, making it the second spacecraft to enter interstellar space.
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of 87.74 years, so RTGs using Pu-238 will lose a factor of 1−0.5 = 0.79% of their power output per year.
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2156:. According to the researchers, this implies that "the density gradient is a large-scale feature of the
334:, would be used to achieve significant velocity changes by maneuvering through an intermediate planet's
114:" at the outer edges of the Solar System that was first detected in 1992 by the two Voyager spacecraft.
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1745:, the Flight Data Subsystem (FDS). More recent space probes, since about 1990, usually have completely
571:. In 2011, data from the Voyagers determined that the heliosheath is not smooth, but filled with giant
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The Attitude and Articulation Control System (AACS) is two 18-bit word machines with 4096 words each.
299:. The mission was to send several pairs of probes and gained momentum in 1966 when it was endorsed by
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The Flight Data System (FDS) is two 16-bit word machines with modular memories and 8198 words each.
307:. However, in December 1971, the Grand Tour mission was canceled when funding was redirected to the
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Used a sweep-frequency radio receiver to study the radio-emission signals from Jupiter and Saturn.
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From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners
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filter wheel mounted in front of the vidicons. One has a low resolution 200 mm (7.9 in)
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while collecting data for transmission back to Earth. After launch, the decision was made to send
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was brought into the array in time for the fly-by of Neptune in 1989. In the United States, the
456:. Following their primary missions, the probes would continue to drift into interstellar space.
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Butrica, Andrew J. (1998). "Voyager: The Grand Tour of Big Science". In Mack, Pamela E. (ed.).
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to minimize time towards Saturn. The spacecrafts were then moved into a separate program named
4267:"Observations of a Radial Density Gradient in the Very Local Interstellar Medium by Voyager 2"
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49:. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable alignment of the two gas giants
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476:, which was known to be quite large and to possess a dense atmosphere. This encounter sent
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In October 2020, astronomers reported a significant unexpected increase in density in the
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Two mission trajectories were established: JST aimed at Jupiter, Saturn, and enhancing a
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4234:"Voyager Spacecraft Detect an Increase in The Density of Space Outside The Solar System"
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completed the phase of termination shock in December 2004 at a distance of 94 AU, while
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The Voyager primary mission was completed in 1989, with the close flyby of Neptune by
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3664:. Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Supplement 3. NASA.
3311:"Voyager 1 has entered a new region of space, sudden changes in cosmic rays indicate"
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and information on atmospheric scattering properties and density for these planets.
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could have been altered to explore Titan, forgoing any visit to Uranus and Neptune.
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2227:" (the blueish-white speck approximately halfway down the light band to the right).
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Seen from 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles), Earth appears as a "
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The computer command subsystem (CCS) controls the cameras. The CCS contains fixed
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5842:
5693:
5668:
5663:
5623:
5539:
5129:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4794:
4786:
NPR: Science Friday 8/24/07 Interviews for 30th anniversary of Voyager spacecraft
3473:
3435:
2979:
2327:
1569:
1548:
640:
445:
381:
355:
315:
256:
236:
117:
As of 2024, the Voyagers are still in operation beyond the outer boundary of the
4779:
4354:
3655:
7935:
7725:
7692:
7680:
7623:
7583:
6976:
6912:
6805:
6795:
6592:
6472:
6229:
5915:
5713:
5703:
5549:
5544:
5402:
5108:
5098:
5016:
5000:
4293:
4266:
4209:
4174:
2701:
2395:
2196:
1926:
1900:
1782:
1757:
1713:
medium-scale CMOS integrated circuits and discrete components, mostly from the
681:
600:
on 25 August 2012, making it the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space.
576:
421:
327:
80:
indicated that it had entered interstellar space.On 5 November 2019, data from
4492:
3659:
2611:"NASA Spotted a Vast, Glowing 'Hydrogen Wall' at the Edge of Our Solar System"
2090:
is escaping the Solar System at the speed of 3.6 AU per year 35° north of the
7945:
7601:
7553:
7546:
6620:
6602:
6497:
6487:
6419:
6264:
5897:
5628:
5407:
4975:
4946:
4001:
2764:
2271:
2224:
2214:
2020:, except for the ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) have also been switched off.
1915:
1911:
1738:
1217:
1187:
1061:
990:
898:
707:
703:
to the left of the UVS; and the Photopolarimeter System (PPS) under the ISS.
648:
292:
218:
7221:
2426:
Brown, Dwayne; Fox, Karen; Cofield, Calia; Potter, Sean (10 December 2018).
1868:
using the additional dish antennas available there. Also, in Australia, the
1137:
1038:
967:
944:
849:
826:
588:
was very close to entering interstellar space, indicated by a sharp rise in
480:
out of the plane of the ecliptic, ending its planetary science mission. Had
291:
occurring once every 175 years. This alignment allowed a craft to reach all
7887:
7465:
7458:
6467:
6034:
5201:
4361:
4238:
2615:
2303:
2266:
2192:
2182:
2149:
1937:
1433:
1386:
1349:
1114:
1084:
921:
726:
526:
509:
473:
437:
433:
400:
280:
260:
106:
4172:
1952:
capabilities. There may be insufficient power for communications by 2032.
1164:
5429:
5305:
5054:
4810:
2587:
2468:
2244:
2153:
2145:
2002:
1982:
1971:
1606:
875:
863:
700:
674:
541:
425:
417:
118:
93:
4418:
Ambassadors from Earth: Pioneering Explorations with Unmanned Spacecraft
1737:
Unlike the other on-board instruments, the operation of the cameras for
6160:
5862:
5855:
5370:
5059:
5034:
4349:
3955:"GMS: Voyager Satellites Find Magnetic Bubbles at Edge of Solar System"
3611:
3099:
3038:
2200:
2122:
2118:
2095:
2054:
2006:
1877:
644:
589:
504:
500:
331:
323:
319:
97:
7930:
1361:
Designed to measure atmospheric properties, and to measure radiation.
592:
from outside the Solar System. In September 2013, NASA announced that
243:
The two Voyager space probes were originally conceived as part of the
7417:
7410:
7338:
6947:
6577:
6550:
6398:
6310:
6170:
6139:
6132:
5929:
5827:
5581:
4985:
4884:
4877:
3279:"NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey into Interstellar Space"
3157:
2240:
1977:
1966:
1930:
1819:
1746:
678:
660:
584:
557:
460:
409:
405:
166:
142:
45:
39:
25:
A poster of the planets and moons visited during the Voyager program.
2396:"Voyager Enters Interstellar Space – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory"
1456:
ions and measures electrons in the energy range from 5 eV to 1 keV.
540:, where the solar wind is slowed to subsonic speed, and entered the
7618:
7301:
7280:
6860:
4191:
4064:
2570:
2428:"Release 18-115 – NASA's Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space"
2130:
2091:
1812:
1778:
1774:
730:
572:
247:
planned during the late 1960s and early 70s that aimed to explore
4831:
4401:. Reston, Va: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
3954:
3582:"Voyagers 1 and 2 Take Embedded Computers into Interstellar Space"
3277:
Cook, Jia-Rui C.; Agle, D. C.; Brown, Dwayne (12 September 2013).
1777:
that the Voyager space probes were controlled by a version of the
721:
Wave Subsystem (PWS) data, which is played back every six months.
287:
at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in 1964, which leveraged a rare
7740:
7517:
7307:
6092:
6082:
5985:
5424:
4901:
4437:
Voyager: Exploration, Space, and the Third Great Age of Discovery
2356:
2354:
1904:
1201:
1098:
671:
388:
was chosen as the new name, referencing an earlier suggestion by
268:
248:
104:
in 2012. In August 2018, NASA confirmed, based on results by the
70:
50:
3656:"Distributed Computing On Board Voyager and Galileo (chapter 6)"
3160:"Nearing Interstellar Space, NASA Probe Sees Solar Wind Decline"
2940:"The Voyagers: An unprecedented on-going mission of exploration"
2219:
1918:
isotope used in nuclear weapons) and provided approximately 470
1439:
367:
7635:
7146:
6126:
6057:
5554:
5419:
4125:"NASA – Transitional Regions at the Heliosphere's Outer Limits"
3162:. Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University. Archived from
2138:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1151:
453:
264:
252:
198:
66:
54:
4487:
3158:
Brown, Dwayne; Cook, Jia-Rui; Buckley, M. (14 December 2010).
2351:
1929:
when the spacecraft was launched. Plutonium-238 decays with a
7476:
6775:
6150:
5923:
5887:
5882:
5673:
4175:"Future stellar flybys of the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft"
2235:
429:
272:
157:
10 mi) from the Sun reaching a distance of 136.627
4594:"IRIS – INFRARED INTERFEROMETER SPECTROMETER AND RADIOMETER"
3863:
Cofield, Calia; Cook, Jia-Rui; Fox, Karen (5 October 2018).
2765:"Basics of Space Flight Section I. The Environment of Space"
1519:
UMD data plotting, PDS/PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive
677:
container. There is also a spherical tank that contains the
7800:
7512:
6676:
5245:
4459:
The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission
4322:
4173:
Coryn A.L. Bailer-Jones, Davide Farnocchia (3 April 2019).
3869:
3407:
3283:
3104:"The PI's Perspective: What If Voyager Had Explored Pluto?"
3063:
The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission
2432:
1923:
1919:
1889:
1706:
579:
of the Sun becomes warped at the edge of the Solar System.
377:
300:
170:
146:
7882:
3337:"Report: NASA Voyager Status Update on Voyager 1 Location"
1823:
low-gain antenna has a 7 dB gain and 60° beamwidth.)
484:
been unable to perform the Titan flyby, the trajectory of
3108:
New Horizons: NASA's Mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
133:
10 mi) from the Sun reaching a distance of 162
3500:"Record-Breaking Voyager Spacecraft Begin to Power Down"
3370:"Pondering Voyagers' Interstellar Journeys, and Our Own"
3179:"WATCH: NASA Discovers 'Bubbles' At Solar System's Edge"
1695:
Voyager's fully extended 13-meter-long magnetometer boom
6675:
5214:
4508:
Voyager 1 and 2 atlas of six Saturnian satellites, 1984
3698:"Longest period of continual operation for a computer"
3403:"A New Plan for Keeping NASA's Oldest Explorers Going"
556:
first crossed it, indicating that the Solar System is
7859:
2553:
2425:
3865:"NASA Voyager 2 Could Be Nearing Interstellar Space"
2133:(another star which is approaching the Sun), and in
1331:
PDS/PRN data catalog, PDS/PRN expanded data catalog
4913:
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer
4558:"ISS NA – IMAGING SCIENCE SUBSYSTEM – NARROW ANGLE"
4179:
Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society
2972:
Chapter 11 "Voyager: The Grand Tour of Big Science"
1300:
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer
517:, is travelling more slowly due to the extra speed
33:is an American scientific program that employs two
4353:
3479:
3246:"Timothy Ferris on Voyagers' Never-Ending Journey"
3129:"NASA - Voyager 2 Proves Solar System Is Squashed"
2901:
2899:
2897:
2458:
4574:"ISS WA – IMAGING SCIENCE SUBSYSTEM – WIDE ANGLE"
4503:NASA Facts – Voyager Mission to the Outer Planets
3436:"How We Get Pictures from Space, Revised Edition"
2908:"The Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 Mission" (1974)"
695:(RTGs) are mounted end-to-end on the lower boom.
7943:
3982:"The confounding magnetic readings of Voyager 1"
3239:
3237:
3235:
2948:. Jeff Goldader, Chris Gebhardt. 7 August 2011.
2521:
2125:, which is approaching the Sun. In 40,000 years
1700:
1368:A. Broadfoot / University of Southern California
372:Interactive 3D model of the Voyager spacecraft .
194:Grand Tour program § Mariner Jupiter-Saturn
73:to collect data for transmission back to Earth.
3360:
3358:
3006:Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour
2894:
2421:
2419:
2417:
1955:
1452:Investigated the macroscopic properties of the
1323:Rudolf Hanel / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
582:In June 2012, Scientists at NASA reported that
513:probe, which had a higher launch velocity than
3862:
3801:"The Actinide Research Quarterly: Summer 1997"
3002:
1413:Norman Ness / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
521:gained from its flybys of Jupiter and Saturn.
7251:
7237:
6876:
6661:
5230:
4847:
4493:Voyager Mission status (updated in real time)
4309:
4265:Kurth, W.S.; Gurnett, D.A. (25 August 2020).
4065:E. C. Stone; J. D. Richardson; E. B. Massey.
3856:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3661:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
3658:. In Kent, Allen; Williams, James G. (eds.).
3394:
3276:
3270:
3232:
2712:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1627:PDS/PRN data catalog and PDS Atmospheric Node
744:(VGR 77-3), and test spare model (VGR 77-2).
149:) from Earth as of May 25, 2024. As of 2024,
4264:
4258:
4099:"Voyager – Spacecraft Lifetime NASA website"
3766:
3355:
3201:
2982:(sec. 268.), by Andrew,J. Butrica, found in
2730:
2665:
2414:
1551:/ Caltech / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
1282:PDS/PPI data catalog , PDS/PRN data catalog
4225:
3530:"Voyager 1 Narrow Angle Camera Description"
2547:
2488:
1970:crossed the heliopause, or the edge of the
710:(DTR) provide the data handling functions.
57:and the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, to
7244:
7230:
6883:
6869:
6668:
6654:
5609:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
5237:
5223:
4854:
4840:
4694:"PRA – PLANETARY RADIO ASTRONOMY RECEIVER"
4415:
3747:
3649:
3647:
3098:
2834:. USA.gov. 30 October 2013. Archived from
2762:
2696:
2694:
2602:
2452:
2389:
2387:
1247:PDS/PDI data catalog, PDS/PRN data catalog
619:power to operate any science instruments.
7184:Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem
6503:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
4292:
4208:
4190:
3767:Ludwig, Roger; Taylor, Jim (March 2002).
3556:"Voyager 1 Wide Angle Camera Description"
2996:
2905:
2569:
1943:By 7 October 2011 the power generated by
1559:PDS/PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive
1471:PDS/PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive
1421:PDS/PPI data catalog , NSSDC data archive
747:
187:
4166:
4141:
3210:"Particles point way for Nasa's Voyager"
3066:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 94.
3059:
3053:
2393:
2319:probes inspired in part by the Voyagers.
2218:
2181:
2171:
2053:
1959:
1888:
1773:It has been erroneously reported on the
1597:PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
629:
365:
330:technique, successfully demonstrated by
205:
197:
20:
6588:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
3726:
3653:
3644:
3626:"Voyager 1 Instrument Host Information"
3400:
2984:From Engineering Science To Big Science
2861:
2789:
2691:
2608:
2384:
7944:
5376:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
4634:"MAG – TRIAXIAL FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETER"
3548:
3522:
3497:
3433:
3364:
3243:
2857:
2855:
2853:
1908:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
1847:Reed-Solomon error-correcting encoding
1589:James Warwick / University of Colorado
1239:Bradford Smith / University of Arizona
717:. The DTR is used to record high-rate
693:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
603:In December 2018, NASA announced that
499:overtook the slower deep-space probes
7382:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
7225:
6864:
6649:
6166:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
5218:
5022:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
4835:
4396:
4348:
4330:from the original on 12 February 2020
4315:
4231:
3979:
3829:
3176:
3092:
2494:
1815:communications are carried out by an
1007:
795:
6890:
6628:
4780:Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System
4614:"LECP – LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE"
4453:
4434:
4246:from the original on 19 October 2020
4154:from the original on 15 October 2009
4144:"Voyager – The Interstellar Mission"
3961:from the original on 5 December 2022
3903:from the original on 15 October 2009
3678:from the original on 18 October 2023
3608:"Voyager Frequently Asked Questions"
3562:from the original on 7 November 2021
3485:
3329:
3207:
2993:edited by Pamela E. Mack, NASA, 1998
2913:Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
2338:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2307:, a 2017 documentary on the program.
625:
575:bubbles, theorized to form when the
6983:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Mission
4861:
4232:Starr, Michelle (19 October 2020).
4016:from the original on 15 August 2022
3877:from the original on 5 October 2018
3830:Segal, Michael (1 September 2017).
3654:Tomayko, James E. (3 August 1987).
3536:from the original on 11 August 2011
3303:
2882:from the original on 23 August 2014
2850:
2771:from the original on 17 August 2015
2718:from the original on 1 January 2018
2679:from the original on 1 January 2018
2238:taken on February 14, 1990, by the
1656:Donald Gurnett / University of Iowa
13:
7982:Space program of the United States
7394:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
5282:National Aeronautics and Space Act
4674:"PPS – PHOTOPOLARIMETER SUBSYSTEM"
4519:NASA instrument information pages:
4390:
4072:. NASA. p. 24. Archived from
3781:from the original on 18 March 2021
3708:from the original on 28 April 2023
3588:from the original on 5 August 2023
3415:from the original on 13 April 2020
3382:from the original on 13 April 2020
3189:from the original on 13 April 2020
2920:from the original on 20 April 2023
2812:from the original on 30 March 2019
2744:from the original on 20 April 2017
2653:from the original on 13 April 2020
2623:from the original on 13 April 2020
2535:from the original on 18 April 2019
2509:from the original on 13 April 2020
2495:Chang, Kenneth (4 November 2019).
2476:from the original on 13 April 2020
2402:from the original on 13 April 2020
2372:from the original on 13 April 2020
2164:) in the general direction of the
2121:(ly) of AC+79 3888, also known as
2049:
2030:Gyro operations ended in 2016 for
1511:/ JHU/APL / University of Maryland
1487:
1438:
1391:
1216:
1186:
1163:
1136:
1113:
1083:
1060:
1037:
989:
966:
943:
920:
897:
874:
848:
825:
440:, and other instruments to detect
275:. The mission originated from the
14:
7998:
7784:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
7731:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
7114:Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
7065:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
6704:Lunar Discovery & Exploration
6236:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
5790:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
4654:"PLS – PLASMA SCIENCE EXPERIMENT"
4476:
4272:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
4046:from the original on 5 March 2006
4040:Voyager: The Interstellar Mission
3928:. NASA. p. 7. Archived from
3811:from the original on 8 March 2022
3735:from the original on 15 July 2015
3632:from the original on 24 July 2024
3510:from the original on 23 June 2022
3446:from the original on 30 July 2023
3220:from the original on 15 June 2012
3177:Smith, Catharine (10 June 2011).
3080:from the original on 24 July 2024
3003:David W. Swift (1 January 1997).
2906:Smurmeier, H. M. (1 April 1974).
2440:from the original on 27 June 2023
2362:"The Fantastic Voyage of Voyager"
2279:, and popularized by Carl Sagan,
2247:from a distance of approximately
1795:
361:
318:series, initially intended to be
173:) from Earth as of May 25, 2024.
88:probe had officially reached the
16:Ongoing NASA interstellar program
7929:
7917:
7905:
7893:
7881:
7869:
7849:Space Flight Operations Facility
7641:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
6699:Large strategic science missions
6627:
6616:
6615:
6531:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
6289:Space Flight Operations Facility
5475:Operations and Checkout Building
4803:"Voyager and Interstellar Space"
4800:
4782:– current positions and diagrams
4754:"UVS – ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER"
4420:. Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press.
2952:from the original on 17 May 2024
2763:Dave Doody (15 September 2004).
2206:
2094:in the general direction of the
1804:communications are executed via
1688:
1675:
110:spacecraft, the existence of a "
7698:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
5750:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
4734:"RSS – RADIO SCIENCE SUBSYSTEM"
4342:
4135:
4117:
4091:
4058:
4028:
3973:
3947:
3915:
3889:
3823:
3793:
3727:Johnson, Herb (November 2014).
3720:
3690:
3618:
3600:
3574:
3491:
3458:
3434:Haynes, Robert (January 1987).
3427:
3208:Amos, Jonathan (15 June 2012).
3170:
3151:
3121:
3023:
2964:
2932:
2824:
2783:
2756:
2609:Letzter, Rafi (9 August 2018).
366:
3729:"COSMAC 1802 History in Space"
3401:Cofield, Calla (8 July 2019).
2635:
2186:The cover of the golden record
2137:it will pass within 4.6 ly of
1274:G. Tyler / Stanford University
754:List of scientific instruments
1:
7778:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
7023:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
4820:The Farthest-Voyager in Space
4526:"Voyager instrument overview"
3060:Jim Bell (24 February 2015).
2344:
2152:, as detected by the Voyager
1701:Computers and data processing
736:Three spacecraft were built,
344:Mariner Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus
76:On 25 August 2012, data from
7987:Projects established in 1977
7844:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
7704:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
7388:Soil Moisture Active Passive
7291:Atmospheric infrared sounder
7178:Joint Polar Satellite System
6568:Space program on U.S. stamps
6493:Gemini and Apollo medallions
6443:Solar System Family Portrait
6219:Joint Polar Satellite System
6088:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
5342:Vision for Space Exploration
5312:Space Exploration Initiative
4714:"PWS – PLASMA WAVE RECEIVER"
4538:"CRS – COSMIC RAY SUBSYSTEM"
4461:. Penguin Publishing Group.
3769:"Voyager Telecommunications"
3244:Ferris, Timothy (May 2012).
2557:Geophysical Research Letters
1956:Voyager Interstellar Mission
1910:(RTGs). They are powered by
1339:, NSSDC Jupiter data archive
392:, who had proposed the name
96:beyond the influence of the
7:
7363:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
7213:Great Observatories program
6563:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
6520:We choose to go to the Moon
6483:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
6041:International Space Station
6021:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
5760:Great Observatories program
5604:International Space Station
5582:Roscosmos State Corporation
5499:Science Mission Directorate
5445:Manned Space Flight Network
5027:Specific orbital energy of
4791:Illustrated technical paper
4498:Voyager Spacecraft Lifetime
2288:
10:
8003:
7821:Table Mountain Observatory
7109:Solar Dynamics Observatory
7049:James Webb Space Telescope
6899:Planetary Science Division
6380:NASA cameras on spacecraft
6191:James Webb Space Telescope
6103:Solar Dynamics Observatory
5324:U.S. National Space Policy
4513:JPL Voyager Telecom Manual
4316:Staff (12 February 2020).
4036:"Ultraviolet Spectrometer"
2868:. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
2702:"Voyager – Mission Status"
2529:"Solar System Exploration"
2212:
2175:
634:Voyager spacecraft diagram
191:
180:
176:
7834:
7793:
7770:
7749:
7736:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
7718:
7647:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
7429:
7326:Large Binocular Telescope
7259:
7253:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
7197:
7155:
7139:
7132:
7101:
7085:
7078:
7057:
7044:Chandra X-ray Observatory
7031:
7015:
7008:
6969:
6931:
6905:
6898:
6845:
6814:
6753:
6694:
6687:
6611:
6511:
6388:
6303:
6248:
6211:
6010:
5820:
5807:
5737:
5651:
5641:
5596:
5522:
5511:
5455:Vehicle Assembly Building
5363:
5262:
5252:
5193:
5170:
5151:
5119:
5077:
5068:
5009:
4963:
4938:
4894:
4869:
4818:PBS featured documentary
4435:Pyne, Stephen J. (2010).
4318:"Pale Blue Dot Revisited"
3686:– via NASA History.
3498:Folger, Tim (July 2022).
3035:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2707:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2259:), as part of that day's
2129:will be within 1.7 ly of
1998:) support is warranted."
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
809:
806:
803:
800:
786:
762:
759:
655:computers to point their
424:, particle environments,
305:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
169:; 12.7 billion
145:; 15.1 billion
7826:Solar System Ambassadors
7653:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
6989:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
6736:Ocean Worlds Exploration
6729:Solar System Exploration
6526:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
6450:The Day the Earth Smiled
5785:Solar Terrestrial Probes
5244:
4416:Gallentine, Jay (2009).
4397:Swift, David W. (1997).
4294:10.3847/2041-8213/abae58
4210:10.3847/2515-5172/ab158e
4002:10.1063/pt.6.3.20190215a
2978:29 February 2020 at the
2673:"Voyager Mission Status"
2265:series of images of the
2066:was at a distance of 40
1884:
1809:microwave communications
729:wide-angle lens with an
7811:NASA Deep Space Network
7659:Spitzer Space Telescope
7579:Mars Exploration Rovers
7370:Mars Science Laboratory
7297:Deep Space Atomic Clock
6939:Mars Science Laboratory
6583:Other primates in space
6295:Deep Space Atomic Clock
6115:Mars Science Laboratory
5903:Spitzer Space Telescope
5492:Lunar Sample Laboratory
5435:Launch Services Program
5205:(2017 documentary film)
5050:NASA Deep Space Network
1896:for the Voyager program
1836:parabolic dish antennas
1654:Principal investigator:
1587:Principal investigator:
1546:Principal investigator:
1506:Principal investigator:
1461:Principal investigator:
1411:Principal investigator:
1366:Principal investigator:
1335:VGIRIS_0001, VGIRIS_002
1321:Principal investigator:
1272:Principal investigator:
1237:Principal investigator:
772:Imaging Science System
548:. On 10 December 2007,
7376:Microwave limb sounder
7133:Earth Science Division
7039:Hubble Space Telescope
6598:National Astronaut Day
6541:The Astronaut Monument
6363:Space Shuttle missions
6063:Mars Exploration Rover
6046:Hubble Space Telescope
5955:Kepler space telescope
5755:Earth Observing System
5729:Mars Exploration Rover
5440:Mercury Control Center
5172:Exploration of Neptune
5079:Exploration of Jupiter
4797:, the project engineer
3980:Grant, Andrew (2019).
3897:"Interstellar Mission"
3702:Guinness World Records
3339:. NASA. Archived from
2790:Flandro, Gary (1966).
2738:"In Depth – Voyager 2"
2643:"Voyager – Fact Sheet"
2286:
2228:
2187:
2070:from the Earth, while
2059:
1987:
1897:
1870:Parkes Radio Telescope
1781:(RCA CDP1802 "COSMAC"
1492:
1443:
1396:
1221:
1191:
1168:
1141:
1118:
1088:
1065:
1042:
994:
971:
948:
925:
902:
879:
853:
830:
748:Scientific instruments
665:electronic photography
635:
373:
340:Mariner Jupiter-Saturn
241:
226:
203:
188:Mariner Jupiter-Saturn
26:
7794:Related organizations
7205:New Frontiers program
7079:Heliophysics Division
7009:Astrophysics Division
6850:List of NASA missions
6680:planetary exploration
6546:Lunar sample displays
6536:Space Mirror Memorial
6478:Voyager Golden Record
6370:United States rockets
5562: (with the
5470:Launch Control Center
5153:Exploration of Uranus
5121:Exploration of Saturn
4925:Voyager Golden Record
4919:Plasma Wave Subsystem
3472:24 March 2007 at the
2281:
2222:
2185:
2178:Voyager Golden Record
2172:Voyager Golden Record
2062:By the start of VIM,
2057:
1963:
1903:is supplied by three
1892:
1858:Goldstone, California
1637:Plasma Wave Subsystem
1491:
1463:John Richardson / MIT
1442:
1395:
1256:Radio Science System
1220:
1190:
1167:
1140:
1117:
1087:
1064:
1041:
993:
970:
947:
924:
901:
878:
852:
829:
708:digital tape recorder
689:Voyager Golden Record
633:
590:high-energy particles
371:
309:Space Shuttle program
297:gravitational assists
228:
209:
201:
181:Further information:
24:
7839:JPL Science Division
7573:Mars Global Surveyor
7541:Mars Climate Orbiter
6995:Enceladus Orbilander
6956:Ingenuity helicopter
5564:Soviet space program
5482:Johnson Space Center
5450:Kennedy Space Center
5413:spinoff technologies
4907:Cosmic Ray Subsystem
4488:NASA Voyager website
4148:voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
3466:Voyager - Spacecraft
3368:(5 September 2017).
3251:Smithsonian Magazine
3166:on 15 December 2010.
3009:. AIAA. p. 69.
2647:voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
2588:10.1029/2018GL078808
2333:Planetary Grand Tour
2312:Interstellar Express
1862:Canberra (Australia)
1832:radio communications
1664:PDS/PPI data catalog
1376:PDS/PRN data catalog
1290:, NSSDC data archive
796:Narrow-angle camera
279:, conceptualized by
245:Planetary Grand Tour
7972:Missions to Neptune
7957:Missions to Jupiter
6573:Apollo 17 Moon mice
6429:Pillars of Creation
6336:Space Shuttle crews
5814:(human and robotic)
5808:Individual featured
5391:Ranks and positions
4826:Voyager image album
4285:2020ApJ...900L...1K
4201:2019RNAAS...3...59B
4079:on 23 December 2016
3994:2019PhT..2019b0645G
3844:on 2 September 2017
3504:Scientific American
3366:Krauss, Lawrence M.
2945:NASASpaceFlight.com
2838:on 27 November 2013
2580:2018GeoRL..45.8022G
2462:(4 November 2019).
2275:, taken in 1990 by
2234:is a photograph of
2199:and was chaired by
2162:interstellar medium
2117:will be within 1.6
1914:(distinct from the
1856:. This was done at
756:
546:interstellar medium
468:was launched after
336:gravitational field
289:planetary alignment
92:(ISM), a region of
90:interstellar medium
35:interstellar probes
7967:Missions to Uranus
7962:Missions to Saturn
7120:Parker Solar Probe
6985:(2028-30 proposed)
6832:Project Prometheus
6791:Planetary Observer
6714:Planetary Missions
6375:NASA cancellations
6270:Deep Space Network
6260:Near Earth Network
5745:Living With a Star
5719:Project Prometheus
5699:Planetary Observer
5040:Grand Tour program
4971:Stamatios Krimigis
3704:. 20 August 1977.
3375:The New York Times
3258:on 4 November 2013
2832:"Planetary Voyage"
2502:The New York Times
2460:University of Iowa
2368:. 9 January 2020.
2323:Interstellar probe
2229:
2188:
2060:
1996:Deep Space Network
1988:
1898:
1840:Deep Space Network
1828:inverse-square law
1726:plated-wire memory
1509:Stamatios Krimigis
1493:
1444:
1397:
1385:Triaxial Fluxgate
1222:
1192:
1169:
1142:
1119:
1089:
1066:
1043:
1008:Wide-angle camera
995:
972:
949:
926:
903:
880:
854:
831:
752:
657:high-gain antennas
636:
569:interstellar space
532:In December 2004,
495:During the 1990s,
404:second probe, now
376:On March 4, 1977,
374:
285:aerospace engineer
277:Grand Tour program
227:
204:
183:Grand Tour program
123:interstellar space
27:
7857:
7856:
7816:Goldstone Complex
7771:Canceled missions
7750:Proposed missions
7567:Mars Polar Lander
7219:
7218:
7209:Explorers program
7201:Discovery Program
7193:
7192:
7128:
7127:
7074:
7073:
7004:
7003:
6858:
6857:
6749:
6748:
6643:
6642:
6556:stolen or missing
6353:uncrewed missions
6331:Apollo astronauts
6326:Gemini astronauts
6244:
6243:
6028:2001 Mars Odyssey
5803:
5802:
5679:Mars Surveyor '98
5637:
5636:
5580: (with
5513:Human spaceflight
5507:
5506:
5465:Launch Complex 48
5460:Launch Complex 39
5212:
5211:
5189:
5188:
4807:Deep Space Videos
4680:on 25 August 2009
4468:978-0-698-18615-6
4446:978-0-14-311959-3
4439:. Penguin Books.
4427:978-0-8032-2220-5
4408:978-1-56347-252-7
4379:978-0-345-37659-6
4364:USA Inc. p.
4360:. United States:
3671:978-0-8247-2268-5
3073:978-0-698-18615-6
3016:978-1-56347-252-7
2991:978-0-16-049640-0
2875:978-1-4102-2531-3
2799:Astronautica Acta
2767:. .jpl.nasa.gov.
2564:(16): 8022–8028.
2166:heliospheric nose
1985:in November 2018.
1974:, in August 2012.
1754:computer programs
1743:digital computers
1719:Texas Instruments
1671:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1628:
1598:
1590:
1560:
1552:
1529:Cosmic Ray System
1520:
1512:
1472:
1464:
1422:
1414:
1377:
1369:
1340:
1324:
1291:
1275:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1208:
1183:
1178:
1160:
1155:
1133:
1128:
1110:
1105:
1080:
1075:
1057:
1052:
1034:
1029:
1001:
1000:
986:
981:
963:
958:
940:
935:
917:
912:
894:
889:
871:
866:
845:
840:
822:
817:
626:Spacecraft design
538:termination shock
390:William Pickering
7994:
7934:
7933:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7886:
7885:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7865:
7719:Planned missions
7710:Lunar Flashlight
7321:Keck observatory
7260:Current missions
7246:
7239:
7232:
7223:
7222:
7137:
7136:
7093:Van Allen Probes
7083:
7082:
7013:
7012:
6903:
6902:
6892:Flagship Program
6885:
6878:
6871:
6862:
6861:
6709:Mars Exploration
6692:
6691:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6631:
6630:
6619:
6618:
6457:Fallen Astronaut
6098:Van Allen Probes
5818:
5817:
5724:Mars Exploration
5649:
5648:
5520:
5519:
5288:Space Task Group
5260:
5259:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5075:
5074:
5045:Rings of Jupiter
4856:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4828:by Kevin M. Gill
4814:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4760:on 3 August 2014
4756:. Archived from
4749:
4747:
4745:
4740:on 3 August 2014
4736:. Archived from
4729:
4727:
4725:
4716:. Archived from
4709:
4707:
4705:
4696:. Archived from
4689:
4687:
4685:
4676:. Archived from
4669:
4667:
4665:
4656:. Archived from
4649:
4647:
4645:
4636:. Archived from
4629:
4627:
4625:
4616:. Archived from
4609:
4607:
4605:
4596:. Archived from
4589:
4587:
4585:
4576:. Archived from
4569:
4567:
4565:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4544:on 3 August 2014
4540:. Archived from
4533:
4532:on 21 July 2011.
4528:. Archived from
4472:
4450:
4431:
4412:
4384:
4383:
4359:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4194:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4127:. Archived from
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4101:. Archived from
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3840:. Archived from
3832:"Beyond Voyager"
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3764:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3614:on 21 July 2011.
3610:. Archived from
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3584:. 25 July 2022.
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:on 13 April 2020
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3317:on 22 March 2013
3313:. Archived from
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3287:. Archived from
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3254:. Archived from
3241:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3139:on 13 April 2020
3135:. Archived from
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3102:(23 June 2014).
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3037:. Archived from
3027:
3021:
3020:
3000:
2994:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2859:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2573:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2398:. Jpl.nasa.gov.
2391:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2358:
2254:
2250:
2108:
2034:and in 2017 for
1901:Electrical power
1874:Very Large Array
1692:
1679:
1660:
1652:
1623:
1607:Photopolarimeter
1593:
1585:
1555:
1544:
1515:
1504:
1482:Charged Particle
1467:
1459:
1417:
1409:
1372:
1364:
1327:
1319:
1278:
1270:
1243:
1235:
1211:
1199:
1181:
1176:
1158:
1149:
1131:
1126:
1108:
1096:
1078:
1073:
1055:
1050:
1032:
1027:
1005:
1004:
984:
979:
961:
956:
938:
933:
915:
910:
892:
887:
869:
861:
843:
838:
820:
815:
793:
792:
784:
783:
760:Instrument name
757:
755:
751:
653:attitude control
651:inputs to their
641:guidance systems
596:had crossed the
450:cosmic radiation
370:
239:
216:
156:
132:
8002:
8001:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7952:Voyager program
7942:
7941:
7940:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7906:
7904:
7894:
7892:
7880:
7870:
7868:
7860:
7858:
7853:
7830:
7789:
7766:
7745:
7714:
7561:Mars Pathfinder
7438:Cassini-Huygens
7425:
7405:Voyager program
7255:
7250:
7220:
7215:
7189:
7151:
7124:
7097:
7070:
7053:
7027:
7000:
6997:(2038 proposed)
6991:(2032 proposed)
6965:
6943:Curiosity rover
6927:
6923:Cassini–Huygens
6894:
6889:
6859:
6854:
6841:
6827:Mariner Mark II
6810:
6766:Lunar Precursor
6745:
6683:
6674:
6644:
6639:
6607:
6507:
6498:Mission patches
6473:Pioneer plaques
6436:Mystic Mountain
6413:Family Portrait
6406:The Blue Marble
6390:
6384:
6358:Apollo missions
6299:
6251:
6240:
6207:
6012:
6006:
5843:Mercury-Atlas 6
5813:
5809:
5799:
5733:
5669:Mariner Mark II
5633:
5614:Commercial Crew
5592:
5515:
5503:
5487:Mission Control
5386:Astronaut Corps
5381:Chief Scientist
5359:
5264:
5248:
5243:
5213:
5208:
5194:Popular culture
5185:
5166:
5147:
5115:
5070:
5064:
5005:
4996:Edward C. Stone
4991:Larry Soderblom
4981:Raymond Heacock
4959:
4954:Family Portrait
4934:
4890:
4865:
4863:Voyager program
4860:
4763:
4761:
4752:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4720:on 18 July 2009
4712:
4703:
4701:
4700:on 18 July 2009
4692:
4683:
4681:
4672:
4663:
4661:
4660:on 18 July 2009
4652:
4643:
4641:
4640:on 18 July 2009
4632:
4623:
4621:
4620:on 18 July 2009
4612:
4603:
4601:
4600:on 18 July 2009
4592:
4583:
4581:
4580:on 18 July 2009
4572:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4524:
4479:
4469:
4447:
4428:
4409:
4393:
4391:Further reading
4388:
4387:
4380:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4314:
4310:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4230:
4226:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4140:
4136:
4131:on 8 July 2013.
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4105:on 1 March 2017
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3957:. 9 June 2011.
3953:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3935:on 26 June 2008
3932:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3672:
3652:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3474:Wayback Machine
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3363:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3291:on 11 June 2020
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3242:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3183:Huffington Post
3175:
3171:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3041:on 21 July 2011
3029:
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3001:
2997:
2980:Wayback Machine
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2328:Pioneer program
2297:Family Portrait
2291:
2262:Family Portrait
2252:
2248:
2217:
2211:
2180:
2174:
2106:
2052:
2050:Mission details
1986:
1975:
1958:
1887:
1826:Because of the
1798:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1570:Radio Astronomy
1537:
1532:
1531:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1212:614–624 nm
1205:
1182:590–640 nm
1159:588–590 nm
1132:530–640 nm
1109:536–546 nm
1102:
1079:430–530 nm
1056:350–450 nm
1033:280–640 nm
985:590–640 nm
962:530–640 nm
939:530–640 nm
916:430–530 nm
893:350–450 nm
870:280–370 nm
844:280–640 nm
821:280–640 nm
779:
774:
773:
753:
750:
701:vidicon cameras
628:
422:magnetic fields
364:
356:Mariner program
354:), part of the
240:
237:Stephen J. Pyne
235:
214:
196:
190:
185:
179:
154:
130:
31:Voyager program
17:
12:
11:
5:
8000:
7990:
7989:
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7726:Europa Clipper
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7712:
7707:
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7695:
7690:
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7681:TOPEX/Poseidon
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6837:Voyager (Mars)
6834:
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6809:
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6803:
6798:
6793:
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6781:New Millennium
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6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6252:and navigation
6250:Communications
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6233:
6230:Europa Clipper
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5684:New Millennium
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5138:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5092:with volcanos
5083:
5081:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5017:Gravity assist
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
5001:Timothy Ferris
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
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4844:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4823:
4815:
4801:Gray, Meghan.
4798:
4788:
4783:
4774:Non-NASA sites
4771:
4770:
4750:
4730:
4710:
4690:
4670:
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4630:
4610:
4590:
4570:
4554:
4534:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4478:
4477:External links
4475:
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4407:
4392:
4389:
4386:
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4341:
4308:
4257:
4224:
4165:
4142:JPL.NASA.GOV.
4134:
4116:
4090:
4057:
4027:
3972:
3946:
3914:
3888:
3855:
3822:
3792:
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2413:
2394:Jpl.Nasa.Gov.
2383:
2349:
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2341:
2340:
2335:
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2325:
2320:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2213:Main article:
2210:
2205:
2197:Timothy Ferris
2176:Main article:
2173:
2170:
2051:
2048:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1886:
1883:
1866:Madrid (Spain)
1797:
1796:Communications
1794:
1783:microprocessor
1702:
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1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:Investigation
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1314:Saturn's rings
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789:
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771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
749:
746:
682:monopropellant
627:
624:
577:magnetic field
363:
362:Voyager probes
360:
328:gravity-assist
233:
189:
186:
178:
175:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7999:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7977:NASA programs
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
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7842:
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7833:
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7809:
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7792:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
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7763:
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7758:
7757:Europa Lander
7755:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7742:
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7737:
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7609:
7605:
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7577:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7554:Mars Observer
7551:
7548:
7547:Mars Cube One
7545:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7524:
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7509:
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7454:
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7446:
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7440:
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7434:
7432:
7430:Past missions
7428:
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7408:
7407:
7406:
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7398:
7395:
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7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7077:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7007:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6874:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6761:Lunar Orbiter
6759:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6724:New Frontiers
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6659:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6636:
6635:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6604:
6603:Nikon NASA F4
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:NASA insignia
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6468:Lunar plaques
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6420:Pale Blue Dot
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6348:NASA missions
6346:
6344:
6343:NASA aircraft
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6265:Space Network
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6009:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:Space Shuttle
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:New Frontiers
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Lunar Orbiter
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5629:Lunar Gateway
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5588:Constellation
5586:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5570:Space Shuttle
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:NASA research
5406:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5179:and its moon
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:with craters
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:and its moon
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:and its moon
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4976:Carolyn Porco
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4947:Pale Blue Dot
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4559:
4555:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4470:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4399:Voyager Tales
4395:
4394:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:Pale Blue Dot
4351:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:Physics Today
3983:
3976:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3488:, p. 39.
3487:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:"Voyager FAQ"
3026:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2272:Pale Blue Dot
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2232:Pale Blue Dot
2226:
2225:pale blue dot
2221:
2216:
2215:Pale Blue Dot
2209:
2208:Pale Blue Dot
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:296,000 years
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1938:thermocouples
1934:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:plutonium-238
1909:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:antenna array
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1779:RCA 1802
1776:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:visible light
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1622:
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1613:
1608:
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1603:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1571:
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1539:
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1455:
1451:
1446:
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1432:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1011:
1006:
1003:
997:
992:
988:
983:
978:
977:
974:
969:
965:
960:
955:
954:
951:
946:
942:
937:
932:
931:
928:
923:
919:
914:
909:
908:
905:
900:
896:
891:
886:
885:
882:
877:
873:
868:
865:
860:
859:
856:
851:
847:
842:
837:
836:
833:
828:
824:
819:
814:
813:
799:
794:
791:
790:
785:
781:
776:
770:
769:
765:
763:Abbreviation
758:
745:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
696:
694:
690:
685:
683:
680:
676:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:accelerometer
646:
642:
632:
623:
620:
617:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:spectrometers
435:
434:magnetometers
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
411:
407:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
369:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:outer planets
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
232:
224:
220:
213:
208:
200:
195:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
112:hydrogen wall
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:fly near them
56:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:
36:
32:
23:
19:
7924:Solar System
7686:
7664:
7629:
7607:
7592:
7584:
7571:
7559:
7552:
7539:
7528:
7496:
7482:
7466:Deep Space 2
7464:
7459:Deep Space 1
7457:
7451:
7444:
7437:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7361:
7352:
7345:Perseverance
7344:
7333:Mars Odyssey
7331:
7314:
7306:
7273:
7266:
6961:Voyager 1, 2
6960:
6952:Perseverance
6740:
6633:
6621:
6455:
6448:
6442:
6434:
6427:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6228:
6177:Perseverance
6176:
6138:
6131:
6108:
6068:
6051:
6035:New Horizons
6033:
6026:
6019:
5992:
5984:
5960:
5948:
5941:
5928:
5916:
5908:
5869:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5769:
5576:
5560:Apollo–Soyuz
5202:The Farthest
5200:
5028:
4964:Voyager team
4953:
4945:
4883:
4876:
4862:
4819:
4806:
4773:
4772:
4762:. Retrieved
4758:the original
4742:. Retrieved
4738:the original
4722:. Retrieved
4718:the original
4702:. Retrieved
4698:the original
4682:. Retrieved
4678:the original
4662:. Retrieved
4658:the original
4642:. Retrieved
4638:the original
4622:. Retrieved
4618:the original
4602:. Retrieved
4598:the original
4582:. Retrieved
4578:the original
4562:. Retrieved
4546:. Retrieved
4542:the original
4530:the original
4518:
4517:
4481:
4480:
4458:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4362:Random House
4355:
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4321:
4311:
4276:
4270:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4239:ScienceAlert
4237:
4227:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4147:
4137:
4129:the original
4119:
4109:13 September
4107:. Retrieved
4103:the original
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4074:the original
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4042:. NASA JPL.
4039:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
3988:(2): 30645.
3985:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3930:the original
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3868:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3842:the original
3835:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3804:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3737:. Retrieved
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3701:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3660:
3634:. Retrieved
3628:. seti.org.
3620:
3612:the original
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3503:
3493:
3481:
3476:Nasa website
3465:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3439:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3406:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3373:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:the original
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:the original
3305:
3295:12 September
3293:. Retrieved
3289:the original
3282:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3249:
3222:. Retrieved
3213:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3182:
3172:
3164:the original
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:the original
3133:www.nasa.gov
3132:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3107:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3062:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:the original
3034:
3025:
3005:
2998:
2983:
2971:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2943:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2911:
2884:. Retrieved
2864:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2802:
2798:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2705:
2681:. Retrieved
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2646:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2616:Live Science
2614:
2604:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2531:. JPL-NASA.
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2500:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2467:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2431:
2406:14 September
2404:. Retrieved
2374:. Retrieved
2365:
2315:, a pair of
2310:
2304:The Farthest
2302:
2295:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2267:Solar System
2261:
2255:miles, 40.5
2251:kilometers (
2239:
2231:
2230:
2207:
2193:time capsule
2189:
2160:(very local
2154:space probes
2150:Solar System
2143:
2126:
2114:
2111:40,000 years
2103:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1981:crossed the
1976:
1965:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1899:
1851:
1844:
1825:
1799:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1704:
1661:
1653:
1624:
1594:
1586:
1556:
1549:Edward Stone
1545:
1516:
1505:
1468:
1460:
1434:Spectrometer
1418:
1410:
1387:Magnetometer
1373:
1365:
1350:Spectrometer
1348:Ultraviolet
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1244:
1236:
1022:Sensitivity
810:Sensitivity
766:Description
741:
740:(VGR 77-1),
737:
735:
727:focal length
723:
715:transmission
712:
705:
697:
686:
669:
637:
621:
615:
611:
609:
604:
602:
593:
583:
581:
564:
562:
558:asymmetrical
553:
549:
536:crossed the
533:
531:
527:Solar System
522:
518:
514:
510:New Horizons
508:
496:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
465:
459:
458:
442:interstellar
426:ring systems
415:
398:
393:
385:
375:
351:
347:
343:
339:
313:
281:Gary Flandro
242:
229:
222:
211:
150:
126:
116:
107:New Horizons
105:
101:
85:
81:
77:
75:
62:
44:
38:
30:
28:
18:
7912:Outer space
7900:Spaceflight
7593:Opportunity
7452:Deep Impact
6913:Viking 1, 2
6463:Deep fields
6391:and artwork
6389:NASA images
5961:Opportunity
5430:NASA Social
5256:and history
5069:Observation
5055:Frank Drake
4811:Brady Haran
4764:11 November
4744:11 November
4548:11 November
4350:Sagan, Carl
4334:12 February
4083:20 November
3848:2 September
3386:5 September
2805:: 329–337.
2775:29 December
2748:10 February
2683:10 February
2539:19 February
2469:EurekAlert!
2444:10 December
2253:3.7 billion
2245:space probe
2148:beyond the
2119:light years
2012:The entire
1983:heliosheath
1972:heliosphere
1790:space probe
1715:7400 series
1484:Instrument
1480:Low Energy
1016:Wavelength
804:Wavelength
675:electronics
610:As of 2017
542:heliosheath
418:atmospheres
255:, Saturn's
161:(20.4
137:(24.2
119:heliosphere
94:outer space
7946:Categories
7489:spacecraft
7355:helicopter
7199:See also:
6822:Grand Tour
6551:Moon rocks
6311:Astronauts
6304:NASA lists
6161:OSIRIS-REx
5995:helicopter
5863:Pioneer 11
5856:Pioneer 10
5659:Hitchhiker
5534:suborbital
5371:Space Race
5104:Prometheus
5060:Carl Sagan
5035:Titan IIIE
4895:Components
4870:Spacecraft
4795:RL Heacock
4724:29 October
4704:29 October
4684:29 October
4664:29 October
4644:29 October
4624:29 October
4604:29 October
4584:29 October
4482:NASA sites
4250:19 October
4192:1912.03503
3815:6 February
3566:17 January
3540:17 January
3440:NASA Facts
3143:6 February
3100:Alan Stern
3084:9 February
2842:15 October
2571:1808.00400
2513:5 November
2480:4 November
2345:References
2201:Carl Sagan
2123:Gliese 445
2096:solar apex
2007:solar wind
2003:heliopause
1878:New Mexico
1747:autonomous
1683:detectors.
1568:Planetary
1177:7 – Orange
1051:3 – Violet
980:3 – Orange
888:1 – Violet
645:gyroscopic
598:heliopause
505:Pioneer 11
501:Pioneer 10
384:missions.
332:Mariner 10
324:Mariner 12
320:Mariner 11
192:See also:
98:solar wind
7876:Astronomy
7472:Explorers
7418:Voyager 2
7411:Voyager 1
7353:Ingenuity
7339:Mars 2020
6948:Mars 2020
6815:Cancelled
6754:Completed
6719:Discovery
6578:Moon tree
6399:Earthrise
6274:Goldstone
6171:Mars 2020
6140:Voyager 2
6133:Voyager 1
6069:Curiosity
6013:operating
6011:Currently
5993:Ingenuity
5930:MESSENGER
5909:Sojourner
5838:Mercury 3
5828:Apollo 11
5775:Discovery
5765:Explorers
5354:Augustine
5318:Augustine
5141:Shahrazad
5130:Enceladus
5029:Voyager 1
4986:Jim Blinn
4885:Voyager 2
4878:Voyager 1
4455:Bell, Jim
4303:225312823
4279:(1): L1.
4219:134524048
4185:(4): 59.
4020:11 August
4010:242207067
3965:11 August
3881:6 October
3636:10 August
3486:Pyne 2010
3113:29 August
3045:1 January
2886:25 August
2627:10 August
2596:119395450
2366:The Attic
2277:Voyager 1
2249:6 billion
2241:Voyager 1
2127:Voyager 2
2115:Voyager 1
2104:Voyager 2
2088:Voyager 1
2081:Voyager 2
2077:Voyager 1
2072:Voyager 2
2064:Voyager 1
2036:Voyager 1
2032:Voyager 2
2025:Voyager 1
2018:Voyager 1
2014:Voyager 2
1992:Voyager 2
1978:Voyager 2
1967:Voyager 1
1949:Voyager 2
1945:Voyager 1
1931:half-life
1820:microwave
1749:cameras.
1127:5 – Green
1028:2 – Clear
1019:Spectrum
957:6 – Green
934:5 – Green
839:4 – Clear
816:0 – Clear
807:Spectrum
742:Voyager 2
738:Voyager 1
679:hydrazine
672:decagonal
661:the Earth
643:that use
616:Voyager 2
612:Voyager 1
605:Voyager 2
594:Voyager 1
585:Voyager 1
565:Voyager 1
554:Voyager 1
550:Voyager 2
534:Voyager 1
523:Voyager 1
519:Voyager 1
515:Voyager 1
497:Voyager 1
490:Voyager 1
486:Voyager 2
482:Voyager 1
478:Voyager 1
470:Voyager 2
466:Voyager 1
461:Voyager 2
410:Voyager 1
406:Voyager 2
394:Navigator
231:handlers.
223:Voyager 2
212:Voyager 2
151:Voyager 2
127:Voyager 1
102:Voyager 1
100:, as did
86:Voyager 2
82:Voyager 2
78:Voyager 1
63:Voyager 2
46:Voyager 2
40:Voyager 1
7671:Surveyor
7665:Stardust
7619:QuikSCAT
7529:Magellan
7508:Herschel
7302:GRACE-FO
7281:ACRIMSAT
6801:Surveyor
6682:programs
6622:Category
6284:Canberra
6196:timeline
6184:timeline
6120:timeline
6076:timeline
5973:observed
5968:timeline
5936:Aquarius
5876:timeline
5849:Magellan
5811:missions
5709:Surveyor
5645:programs
5575:Shuttle–
5516:programs
5348:Aldridge
5267:creation
5160:and its
5136:Dunyazad
4929:contents
4457:(2015).
4352:(1997).
4328:Archived
4244:Archived
4152:Archived
4044:Archived
4014:Archived
3959:Archived
3901:Archived
3899:. NASA.
3875:Archived
3837:Nautilus
3809:Archived
3805:lanl.gov
3785:26 March
3776:Archived
3774:. NASA.
3733:Archived
3712:28 April
3706:Archived
3676:Archived
3630:Archived
3592:5 August
3586:Archived
3560:Archived
3558:. NASA.
3534:Archived
3532:. NASA.
3514:12 April
3508:Archived
3470:Archived
3444:Archived
3442:. NTRS.
3413:Archived
3380:Archived
3347:20 March
3321:20 March
3218:Archived
3214:BBC News
3187:Archived
3078:Archived
2976:Archived
2950:Archived
2918:Archived
2880:Archived
2807:Archived
2769:Archived
2742:Archived
2722:24 April
2716:Archived
2677:Archived
2651:Archived
2621:Archived
2533:Archived
2507:Archived
2474:Archived
2438:Archived
2400:Archived
2370:Archived
2289:See also
2131:Ross 248
2102:, while
2100:Hercules
2092:ecliptic
1813:downlink
1775:Internet
1074:1 – Blue
911:2 – Blue
787:Filters
731:aperture
667:system.
659:towards
573:magnetic
563:In 2010
234:—
210:Plot of
7936:Science
7862:Portals
7806:Caltech
7786:(MAX-C)
7762:FINESSE
7741:SPHEREx
7687:Ulysses
7630:Rosetta
7614:Pioneer
7608:Phoenix
7549:(MarCO)
7535:Mariner
7518:Jason-1
7497:Genesis
7483:Galileo
7308:InSight
7156:Current
7102:Current
7032:Current
6932:Current
6918:Galileo
6786:Pioneer
6771:Mariner
6741:Voyager
6634:Commons
6512:Related
6321:by year
6316:by name
6093:GOES 15
6083:GOES 14
6000:flights
5986:InSight
5942:Cassini
5870:Galileo
5795:SIMPLEx
5770:Voyager
5738:Current
5694:Pioneer
5664:Mariner
5643:Robotic
5624:Artemis
5597:Current
5540:Mercury
5532: (
5425:NASA TV
5364:General
5263:History
5071:targets
5010:Related
4902:MHW-RTG
4564:2 April
4281:Bibcode
4197:Bibcode
4050:11 June
3990:Bibcode
3739:27 July
3682:26 July
3419:12 July
3262:15 June
3224:15 June
3193:11 June
2740:. JPL.
2675:. JPL.
2576:Bibcode
2376:3 March
2317:Chinese
1905:MHW-RTG
1838:of the
1788:Galileo
1761:orbiter
1609:System
1286:VG_2803
386:Voyager
382:Mariner
316:Mariner
269:Neptune
249:Jupiter
177:History
163:billion
139:billion
71:Neptune
51:Jupiter
7706:(WIRE)
7700:(WFPC)
7693:Viking
7643:(SRTM)
7636:Seasat
7624:Ranger
7585:Spirit
7523:Kepler
7390:(SMAP)
7384:(MISR)
7293:(AIRS)
7275:Psyche
7268:Euclid
7186:(PACE)
7180:(JPSS)
7147:ICESat
7067:(2027)
7058:Future
6979:(2024)
6970:Future
6806:Viking
6796:Ranger
6688:Active
6279:Madrid
6212:Future
6127:NuSTAR
6058:THEMIS
5980:RHESSI
5917:Spirit
5714:Viking
5704:Ranger
5555:Skylab
5550:Apollo
5545:Gemini
5403:Budget
5356:(2009)
5350:(2004)
5344:(2004)
5338:(2003)
5332:(2002)
5330:CFUSAI
5326:(1996)
5320:(1990)
5314:(1989)
5308:(1987)
5302:(1986)
5300:Rogers
5296:(1986)
5290:(1958)
5284:(1958)
5278:(1915)
5254:Policy
5181:Triton
5094:Masubi
4939:Images
4915:(IRIS)
4560:. NASA
4465:
4443:
4424:
4405:
4376:
4301:
4217:
4158:27 May
4008:
3939:30 May
3907:30 May
3668:
3450:7 July
3070:
3013:
2989:
2956:17 May
2924:16 May
2872:
2816:1 June
2657:17 May
2594:
2139:Sirius
1922:at 30
1916:Pu-239
1864:, and
1817:X-band
1811:. The
1806:S-band
1802:uplink
1759:Viking
1454:plasma
1431:Plasma
719:Plasma
684:fuel.
454:decade
448:, and
428:, and
342:(also
326:. The
295:using
271:, and
265:Uranus
253:Saturn
219:Triton
165:
141:
67:Uranus
55:Saturn
7888:Stars
7780:(AFL)
7676:SVLBI
7655:(SIR)
7649:(SME)
7602:NSCAT
7595:rover
7587:rover
7503:GRACE
7477:GALEX
7396:(TES)
7378:(MLS)
7372:(MSL)
7366:(MRO)
7347:rover
7328:(LBT)
7286:ASTER
7163:Terra
7116:(MMS)
6776:MESUR
6224:NISAR
6179:rover
6151:MAVEN
6071:rover
6052:Swift
5963:rover
5924:LADEE
5919:rover
5911:rover
5888:GRAIL
5883:GALEX
5674:MESUR
5619:Orion
5420:NASA+
5396:Chief
5294:Paine
5162:rings
4921:(PWS)
4909:(CRS)
4299:S2CID
4215:S2CID
4187:arXiv
4077:(PDF)
4070:(PDF)
4006:S2CID
3933:(PDF)
3926:(PDF)
3779:(PDF)
3772:(PDF)
2810:(PDF)
2795:(PDF)
2592:S2CID
2566:arXiv
2236:Earth
2158:VLISM
2146:space
2107:'
1924:volts
1885:Power
1662:Data:
1625:Data:
1595:Data:
1557:Data:
1517:Data:
1469:Data:
1419:Data:
1374:Data:
1329:Data:
1280:Data:
1245:Data:
1013:Name
801:Name
474:Titan
446:solar
430:moons
401:Titan
350:, or
283:, an
273:Pluto
261:Titan
215:'
65:near
7801:NASA
7513:IRAS
7445:Dawn
7400:SWOT
7315:Juno
7173:Aura
7168:Aqua
7140:Past
7086:Past
7016:Past
6906:Past
6677:NASA
6203:PACE
6146:WISE
6109:Juno
5949:Dawn
5893:WMAP
5833:COBE
5821:Past
5652:Past
5530:X-15
5523:Past
5336:CAIB
5306:Ride
5276:NACA
5246:NASA
5109:Surt
5099:Pele
4766:2017
4746:2017
4726:2009
4706:2009
4686:2009
4666:2009
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