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Approximately 22 kg (49 lb) of propellants were left at landing. Due to radar misidentification of a rock or highly reflective surface, the thrusters fired an extra time 0.4 seconds before landing, cracking the surface and raising dust. The lander settled down with one leg on a rock, tilted
701:. The normal procedure called for the structure connecting the orbiter and lander (the bioshield) to be ejected after separation. However, due to problems with the separation process, the bioshield remained attached to the orbiter. The orbit inclination was raised to 75 degrees on September 30, 1976.
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The results were
Unusual and conflicting: the GCMS and GEX gave negative results, while the PR and LR gave positive results. Viking scientist Patricia Straat stated in 2009, "Our (LR) experiment was a definite positive response for life, but a lot of people have claimed that it was a false positive
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Many scientists believe that the data results were attributed to inorganic chemical reactions in the soil. However, this view may be changing due to a variety of discoveries and studies since Viking. These include the discovery of near-surface ice near the Viking landing zone, the possibility of
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The Viking
Orbiters led to significant discoveries about the presence of water on Mars. Huge river valleys were found in many areas. They showed that water floods carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. In the southern hemisphere, the presence of
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perchlorate destruction of organic matter, and the reanalysis of GCMS data by scientists in 2018. Some scientists still believe the results were due to living reactions. The formal declaration at the time of the mission was that the discovery of organic chemicals was inconclusive.
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in the
Martian soil. Perchlorate is a powerful oxidizing agent, which could have eradicated any organic material on the surface. Perchlorate is now considered widespread on Mars, making it hard to detect any organic compounds on the Martian surface.
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crater acts like mud. It moves around small craters (indicated by arrows), instead of just falling down on them. Craters like this suggest that large amounts of frozen water were melted when the impact crater was produced. Image is located in
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lander operated on the surface for 1,316 days, or 1281 sols, and was turned off on April 12, 1980, when its batteries failed. The orbiter worked until July 25, 1978, returning almost 16,000 images in 706 orbits around Mars.
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shows several channels/troughs. Some channels are associated with lava flows; others are probably caused by running water. A large trough or graben turns into a line of collapse pits. Image is located in
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713:. The extended mission commenced on December 14, 1976, after the solar conjunction. On December 20, 1976, the periapsis was lowered to 778 km, and the inclination raised to 80 degrees.
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Mars has almost no ozone layer, unlike the Earth, so UV light sterilizes the surface and produces highly reactive chemicals such as peroxides that would oxidize any organic chemicals. The
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in
October 1977, and the periapsis was lowered to 300 km and the period changed to 24 hours on October 23, 1977. The orbiter developed a leak in its propulsion system that vented its
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separated from the orbiter on
September 3, 1976, at 19:39:59 UT. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 4 km/s. After separation, rockets fired to begin lander
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of 1,499 km and an inclination of 55.2 degrees on August 9. The orbiter then began taking photographs of candidate landing sites, which were used to select the final landing site.
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2371:"Identification of chlorobenzene in the Viking gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer data sets: Reanalysis of Viking mission data consistent with aromatic organic compounds on Mars"
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that were like those remaining after the evaporation of seawater. Sulfur was more concentrated in the crust on top of the soil than in the bulk soil beneath.
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gas. It was placed in a 302 × 33,176 km orbit and turned off on July 25, 1978, after returning almost 16,000 images in about 700–706 orbits around Mars.
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experiment (PR), the
Labeled Release experiment (LR), and the Gas Exchange experiment (GEX). In addition, independent of the biology experiments,
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carried a Gas
Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) that could measure the composition and abundance of organic compounds in the Martian soil.
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Guzman, Melissa; Mckay, Christopher; Quinn, Richard; Szopa, Cyril; Davila, Alfonso; Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael; Freissinet, Caroline (2018).
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Arvidson, R et al. 1989. The
Martian surface as Imaged, Sampled, and Analyzed by the Viking Landers. Reviews of Geophysics:27. 39-60.
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However, the way the samples were handled prohibited an exact measurement of the amount of water. But, it was around 1%. Studies with
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aboard the landers indicated that the soil is between 3 and 7 percent magnetic materials by weight. The magnetic chemicals could be
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began returning global images of Mars prior to orbit insertion. The orbiter was inserted into a 1,500 x 33,000 km, 24.6 h
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The branched channels seen by Viking from orbit strongly suggested that it rained on Mars in the past. Image is located in
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748:. After a few hours, at about 300 km attitude, the lander was reoriented for entry. The aeroshell with its ablative
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lander was powered by radioisotope generators and operated on the surface until its batteries failed on April 12, 1980.
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Clark, B. et al. 1976. Inorganic
Analysis of Martian Samples at the Viking Landing Sites. Science: 194. 1283–1288.
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was probably formed when catastrophic floods came out of the ground to the right (chaotic terrain). Image located in
1343:, were produced by flowing water from Maja Valles, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around
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at an altitude of -4.23 km relative to a reference ellipsoid with an equatorial radius of 3,397.2 km and a
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Raeburn, P. 1998. Uncovering the
Secrets of the Red Planet Mars. National Geographic Society. Washington D.C.
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image. Image is located in
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1493:, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Networks of channels like this are strong evidence for rain on Mars in the past.
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rover (landed in 2004) suggest that magnetite could explain the magnetic nature of the dust and soil on Mars.
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was one-fifth of the average for the Earth's crust. Some chemicals in the soil contained sulfur and
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The regolith, referred to often as "soil," resembled those produced from the weathering of basaltic
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Streamlined islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is located in
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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Mineralogic and Petrologic Implications of Viking Geochemical Results From Mars: Interim Report.
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Lander Camera 2 FROST (Low Resolution Color) Sol 1028, 1030 and 1050 between 11:34 and 12:40.
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biology experiment weighed 15.5 kg (34 lb) and consisted of three subsystems: the
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Bertelsen, P. et al. 2004. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration rover
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Hargraves, R. et al. 1976. Viking Magnetic Properties Investigation: Further Results.
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lander Camera 1 FROST HIGH RESOLUTION (With Low Resolution Color) Sol 959 14:39
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Hartmann, W. 2003. A Traveler's Guide to Mars. Workman Publishing. NY NY.
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Photo of the Viking 2 lander taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2006
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1585:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
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The orbiter's primary mission ended on October 5, 1976, at the beginning of
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at 8.2 degrees. The cameras began taking images immediately after landing.
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on August 7, 1976, and trimmed to a 27.3 h site certification orbit with a
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lander Camera 1 NOON HIGH RESOLUTION MOSAIC (With Low Resolution Color).
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The lander separated from the orbiter on September 3, 1976, at 22:37:50
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carried a biology experiment whose purpose was to look for life. The
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The craft was launched on September 9, 1975. Following launch using a
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The Viking Mars Missions Education & Preservation Project, VMMEPP
2425:
Alien Rumors Quelled as NASA Announces Phoenix Perchlorate Discovery.
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6115:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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The images below are mosaics of many small, high-resolution images.
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lander Camera 2 SKY AT SUNRISE (Low Resolution Color) Sol 631 04:00
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lander Camera 2 SKY AT SUNRISE (Low Resolution Color) Sol 34 04:22
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Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Release Images: Opportunity
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lander touched down about 200 km west of the crater Mie in
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Area around northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among
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This article is about the mission to Mars. For other uses, see
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branched stream areas suggests that there was once rainfall.
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Arvidson, R, A. Binder, and K. Jones. The Surface of Mars.
2217:"Mars Rover Landing Site Named for Sci-Fi Icon Ray Bradbury"
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2672:
2176:
2107:
2055:
1387:, and Maja Valles flowed from Lunae Planum on the left, to
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lander Camera 2 22G144 (Low Resolution Color) Sol 552 19:16
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897:
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lander Camera 1 FROST (Low Resolution Color) Sol 960 14:14
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lander Camera 2 FROST (Low Resolution Color) Sol 955 12:13
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slowed the craft as it plunged through the atmosphere.
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rock. Subsequent experiments carried out by the Mars
849:) at 22:58:20 UT (9:49:05 a.m. local Mars time).
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Tear-drop shaped islands caused by flood waters from
882:
2163:
2161:
5025:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
4870:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
2535:Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
2473:
1991:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
1311:, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Image is located in
4941:
675:launch vehicle and a 333-day cruise to Mars, the
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224:18:39, September 9, 1975 (UTC)
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1596:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
1146:lander Camera 2 sol 2, September 5, 1976) 14:36
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6111:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
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1996:U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps
891:
142:Orbiter: 1050 days (1022 sol)
2437:
2027:
736:Proof test article of the Viking Mars Lander
144:Lander: 1316 days (1281 sol)
2336:Viking Data May Hide New Evidence For Life.
2191:"Viking 1 and 2, NASA's first Mars landers"
2091:
1315:. The islands are formed in the ejecta of
635:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6217:September 1975 events in the United States
5236:
5222:
4951:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
4095:
4081:
3036:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
2664:
2650:
2571:
2557:
1005:, which could come from the weathering of
875:(1926–2000), the project scientist of the
506:
4986:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
3930:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
655:Learn how and when to remove this message
2375:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
2049:Williams, David R. (December 18, 2006).
2048:
1554:
1521:Ravi Vallis, as seen by Viking Orbiter.
1363:. The erosion shaped the ejecta around
1200:Frost at the landing site. (false color)
979:Minerals typical weathering products of
754:
731:
716:Operations included close approaches to
4015:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
2578:
2471:
1431:and includes parts of Lunae Planum and
986:were found. All samples heated in the
6159:
2803:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
2173:NASA Science – Solar System Exporation
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2073:
900:. The tested soil contained abundant
5217:
4855:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
4076:
3593:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
2645:
2552:
2513:. Mitchell Beazley Publishers NY, NY.
2443:
2214:
16:Space orbiter and lander sent to Mars
6197:Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets
4055:
2610:Viking lander biological experiments
908:, along with significant amounts of
837:Viking 2 landing site planetographic
633:adding citations to reliable sources
600:
191:Orbiter: 883 kg (1,947 lb)
2338:Barry E. DiGregorio, July 16, 2000.
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1391:on the right. Image is located in
988:gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer
193:Lander: 572 kg (1,261 lb)
13:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4129:List of artificial objects on Mars
2709:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2444:Chang, Kenneth (October 1, 2013).
2145:National Space Science Data Center
2100:
2085:National Space Science Data Center
2014:"fully fueled orbiter-lander pair"
1347:crater is shown on the next image.
1265:
1037:
596:
146:Launch to last contact: 1,676 days
14:
6233:
5142:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
3663:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3217:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2519:
2472:Kieffer, Hugh H. (October 1992).
2351:Likely Came Close to Finding H2O.
1270:
958:, magnesium, calcium, or iron. A
574:was operational on Mars for 1281
556:mission was part of the American
6144:
6132:
4830:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
4054:
4043:
4042:
3958:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3716:Space Flight Operations Facility
2902:Operations and Checkout Building
2215:Malik, Tariq (August 22, 2012).
1950:
1930:
1912:
1892:
1874:
1853:
1835:
1817:
1797:
1779:
1761:
1745:
1729:
1713:
1695:
1677:
1657:
1639:
1588:
1577:, overlaid with the position of
1534:
1514:
1498:
1482:
1477:and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
1461:
1456:and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
1440:
1400:
1395:and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
1372:
1352:
1332:
1300:
1284:
1250:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1193:
1178:
1166:
1151:
1135:
1114:
1093:
1032:lander image of Utopia Planitia.
1018:
605:
514:Large Strategic Science Missions
38:
5001:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
4807:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
3177:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2503:
2494:
2465:
2418:
2362:
2341:
2329:
2311:
2294:
2282:
2269:
2260:
2247:
2236:
2227:
345:33,176 km (20,615 mi)
2208:
2183:
2133:
2122:
2008:
962:of iron is also possible. The
869:Gerald Soffen Memorial Station
109:
1:
6182:Derelict landers (spacecraft)
4956:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2511:The Atlas of the Solar System
2021:
1527:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
1507:Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
976:both found sulfates on Mars.
950:The sulfur may be present as
3995:Space program on U.S. stamps
3920:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3870:Solar System Family Portrait
3646:Joint Polar Satellite System
3515:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2769:Vision for Space Exploration
2739:Space Exploration Initiative
2434:A.J.S. Rayl, August 6, 2008.
7:
6207:Spacecraft launched in 1975
4880:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
4825:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
4801:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
4169:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3990:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3947:We choose to go to the Moon
3910:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3468:International Space Station
3448:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3187:Great Observatories program
3031:International Space Station
3009:Roscosmos State Corporation
2926:Science Mission Directorate
2872:Manned Space Flight Network
2356:September 30, 2009, at the
1969:
1549:
1339:Scour patterns, located in
1061:for a variety of reasons."
585:3 years, 221 days
10:
6238:
3807:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3618:James Webb Space Telescope
3530:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2751:U.S. National Space Policy
2446:"Hitting Pay Dirt on Mars"
2430:September 4, 2010, at the
2253:Baird, A. et al. 1976.
1468:This view of the flank of
892:Landing site soil analysis
704:
520:Planetary Science Division
133:Viking Project Information
20:
6105:
5268:
5204:
5155:
5124:
5058:
5049:
4937:
4847:
4765:
4758:
4678:
4641:
4576:
4478:
4369:
4299:
4292:
4263:
4210:
4187:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
4144:
4137:
4114:
4038:
3938:
3815:
3730:
3675:
3638:
3437:
3247:
3234:
3164:
3078:
3068:
3023:
2949:
2938:
2882:Vehicle Assembly Building
2790:
2689:
2679:
2631:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2618:
2586:
2323:October 20, 2014, at the
1575:global topography of Mars
1454:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
727:
505:
501:
455:
433:
422:
414:
406:
395:
387:
383:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
335:300 km (190 mi)
329:
319:
309:
304:
300:
296:
281:
276:
272:
268:
258:
245:
235:
220:
215:
211:
207:
197:
187:
179:
163:
158:
154:
150:
138:
128:
106:
77:
67:
56:
52:
37:
5137:Mars Exploration Program
4119:List of missions to Mars
3953:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3877:The Day the Earth Smiled
3212:Solar Terrestrial Probes
2671:
2509:Moore, P. et al. 1990.
2257:Science: 194. 1288–1293.
2051:"Viking Mission to Mars"
2001:
1981:List of missions to Mars
1075:discovered the chemical
847:planetographic longitude
285:April 12, 1980
6060:Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 2
5754:Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 1
4227:Mars Science Laboratory
4010:Other primates in space
3722:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3542:Mars Science Laboratory
3330:Spitzer Space Telescope
2919:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2862:Launch Services Program
990:(GCMS) gave off water.
867:lander was renamed the
6192:Nuclear-powered robots
4596:Mars Exploration Rover
4286:
4278:
4270:
4025:National Astronaut Day
3968:The Astronaut Monument
3790:Space Shuttle missions
3490:Mars Exploration Rover
3473:Hubble Space Telescope
3382:Kepler space telescope
3182:Earth Observing System
3156:Mars Exploration Rover
2867:Mercury Control Center
2544:1 Touches Down on Mars
1636:
1544:, photo taken in 1977.
1429:Lunae Palus quadrangle
1427:. Map location is in
1393:Lunae Palus quadrangle
1361:Lunae Palus quadrangle
1341:Lunae Palus quadrangle
1293:Lunae Palus quadrangle
760:
737:
6202:Soft landings on Mars
4791:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4783:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4362:(2023, flyby in 2026)
4353:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
4285:
4277:
4269:
4124:List of Mars orbiters
3973:Lunar sample displays
3963:Space Mirror Memorial
3905:Voyager Golden Record
3797:United States rockets
2989: (with the
2897:Launch Control Center
2195:The Planetary Society
1986:List of Mars orbiters
1571:Interactive image map
1558:
1489:Branched channels in
1313:Oxia Palus quadrangle
758:
735:
310:Reference system
228:1975-09-09T18:39Z
159:Spacecraft properties
6001:Fanhui Shi Weixing 2
5252:Orbital launches in
5147:Mars Next Generation
5106:Permanent settlement
4996:Mars Surveyor Lander
4462:Mars Climate Orbiter
4448:Mars Global Surveyor
2991:Soviet space program
2909:Johnson Space Center
2877:Kennedy Space Center
2840:spinoff technologies
2395:10.1029/2018JE005544
2169:"In Depth: Viking 2"
1491:Thaumasia quadrangle
1087:lander image gallery
629:improve this section
423:Spacecraft component
396:Spacecraft component
6187:Cebrenia quadrangle
6172:1975 in spaceflight
4104:Spacecraft missions
4000:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3856:Pillars of Creation
3763:Space Shuttle crews
3241:(human and robotic)
3235:Individual featured
2818:Ranks and positions
2626:Exploration of Mars
2580:Viking Mars landers
2387:2018JGRE..123.1674G
2290:Scientific American
1976:Exploration of Mars
1772:Mars Polar Lander ↓
1631:Mars Memorials list
1142:First color image (
821: /
786: /
740:The lander and its
473: /
331:Periareion altitude
201:Orbiter: 620 W
34:
5132:Mars Scout Program
4971:Mars 4NM & 5NM
4895:Mars Micro Orbiter
4885:Mars Geyser Hopper
4287:
4279:
4271:
3802:NASA cancellations
3697:Deep Space Network
3687:Near Earth Network
3172:Living With a Star
3146:Project Prometheus
3126:Planetary Observer
2304:at Gusev Crater.
2279:: 194. 1303–1309.
2141:"Viking 2 Orbiter"
1637:
1475:Arcadia quadrangle
928:. Trace elements,
863:In July 2001, the
826:47.967°N 225.737°W
790:48.269°N 225.990°W
761:
738:
341:Apoareion altitude
305:Orbital parameters
30:
6120:
6119:
5211:
5210:
5200:
5199:
5171:The Case for Mars
5081:Atmospheric entry
5045:
5044:
4976:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
4933:
4932:
4910:Next Mars Orbiter
4818:Rosalind Franklin
4754:
4753:
4674:
4673:
4529:Mars Polar Lander
4261:
4260:
4155:2001 Mars Odyssey
4070:
4069:
3983:stolen or missing
3780:uncrewed missions
3758:Apollo astronauts
3753:Gemini astronauts
3671:
3670:
3455:2001 Mars Odyssey
3230:
3229:
3106:Mars Surveyor '98
3064:
3063:
3007: (with
2940:Human spaceflight
2934:
2933:
2892:Launch Complex 48
2887:Launch Complex 39
2639:
2638:
2487:978-0-8165-1257-7
2081:"Viking 2 Lander"
1962:
1944:
1924:
1906:
1886:
1868:
1847:
1845:Rosalind Franklin
1829:
1811:
1791:
1773:
1755:
1739:
1723:
1707:
1689:
1671:
1651:
1594:Clickable image:
1051:Pyrolytic Release
936:, were detected.
883:Results from the
711:solar conjunction
665:
664:
657:
587:
548:
547:
522:
437:September 3, 1976
407:Orbital insertion
203:Lander: 70 W
6229:
6177:Missions to Mars
6149:
6148:
6147:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6128:
5894:Intelsat IVA F-1
5444:Soyuz 7K-T No.39
5257:
5256:
5255:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5177:Inspiration Mars
5164:The Mars Project
5056:
5055:
4939:
4938:
4763:
4762:
4680:
4679:
4297:
4296:
4142:
4141:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4058:
4057:
4046:
4045:
3884:Fallen Astronaut
3525:Van Allen Probes
3245:
3244:
3151:Mars Exploration
3076:
3075:
2947:
2946:
2715:Space Task Group
2687:
2686:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2381:(7): 1674–1683.
2366:
2360:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2315:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2046:
2015:
2012:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1592:
1557:
1538:
1518:
1502:
1486:
1465:
1447:The ejecta from
1444:
1404:
1376:
1356:
1336:
1304:
1288:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1209:
1197:
1182:
1170:
1155:
1139:
1118:
1097:
1022:
845:
844:
842:
841:
840:
838:
833:
832:
831:47.967; -225.737
827:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
801:
800:
798:
797:
796:
795:48.269; -225.990
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
722:attitude control
660:
653:
649:
646:
640:
609:
601:
583:
518:
510:
497:
496:
494:
493:
492:
490:
485:
484:
479:
478:47.64°N 225.71°W
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
292:
290:
231:
229:
216:Start of mission
139:Mission duration
111:
99:
91:
42:
35:
29:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6212:1975 in Florida
6157:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6101:
6097:Molniya-3 No.15
5971:Molniya-3 No.13
5637:Molniya-1 No.24
5558:Intelsat IV F-1
5478:Molniya-3 No.12
5417:Nauka-5KSA No.4
5341:Intelsat IV F-6
5264:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5212:
5207:
5196:
5151:
5120:
5041:
4943:
4929:
4875:Mars Base Alpha
4865:Icebreaker Life
4843:
4750:
4732:Mars 3MS No.170
4684:
4670:
4637:
4572:
4523:Mars Pathfinder
4474:
4365:
4324:Mariner 6 and 7
4288:
4280:
4272:
4257:
4206:
4133:
4110:
4101:
4071:
4066:
4034:
3934:
3925:Mission patches
3900:Pioneer plaques
3863:Mystic Mountain
3840:Family Portrait
3833:The Blue Marble
3817:
3811:
3785:Apollo missions
3726:
3678:
3667:
3634:
3439:
3433:
3270:Mercury-Atlas 6
3240:
3236:
3226:
3160:
3096:Mariner Mark II
3060:
3041:Commercial Crew
3019:
2942:
2930:
2914:Mission Control
2813:Astronaut Corps
2808:Chief Scientist
2786:
2691:
2675:
2670:
2640:
2635:
2614:
2582:
2577:
2528:online exhibit.
2522:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2432:Wayback Machine
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2367:
2363:
2358:Wayback Machine
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2325:Wayback Machine
2316:
2312:
2308:: 305. 827–829.
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2099:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2047:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1586:
1569:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1466:
1457:
1445:
1436:
1433:Chryse Planitia
1405:
1396:
1389:Chryse Planitia
1377:
1368:
1357:
1348:
1337:
1328:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1273:
1268:
1266:Orbiter results
1261:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1040:
1038:Search for life
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
894:
889:
836:
834:
830:
828:
824:
823:
820:
815:
812:
810:
808:
807:
794:
792:
788:
785:
780:
777:
775:
773:
772:
769:Utopia Planitia
730:
707:
699:Utopia Planitia
661:
650:
644:
641:
626:
610:
599:
597:Mission profile
544:
537:
536:
530:
523:
517:
489:Viking 2 lander
488:
486:
482:
480:
476:
475:
472:
467:
464:
462:
460:
459:
438:
288:
286:
263:Martin Marietta
227:
225:
202:
192:
174:Martin Marietta
171:
145:
143:
124:
102:
95:
87:
48:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6235:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6167:Viking program
6154:
6153:
6141:
6118:
6117:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:Interkosmos 14
6037:
6030:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5874:Meteor-M No.28
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5553:Nauka-9KS No.2
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5439:
5434:
5432:Meteor-M No.31
5429:
5427:Interkosmos 13
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5259:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5182:Mars Institute
5179:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5015:
5012:Northern Light
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4822:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4784:
4781:Europa Clipper
4778:
4769:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Mars 2M No.521
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4423:Phobos program
4420:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4402:Viking program
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4020:Astronauts Day
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3679:and navigation
3677:Communications
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3657:Europa Clipper
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:New Millennium
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2684:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2590:
2588:Viking program
2584:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2540:45 years ago:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2520:External links
2518:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2493:
2486:
2464:
2451:New York Times
2436:
2417:
2408:
2361:
2340:
2328:
2310:
2293:
2281:
2268:
2259:
2246:
2235:
2226:
2207:
2182:
2157:
2132:
2121:
2090:
2069:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1949:
1936:
1929:
1911:
1898:
1891:
1873:
1859:
1852:
1834:
1816:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1728:
1712:
1694:
1683:
1676:
1663:
1656:
1638:
1623:
1619: Planned)
1612: Inactive
1598:
1587:
1579:Martian rovers
1559:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1272:
1271:Viking program
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:Frost on Mars.
1172:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1015:
939:The amount of
893:
890:
888:
881:
729:
726:
706:
703:
697:and landed at
663:
662:
613:
611:
604:
598:
595:
558:Viking program
546:
545:
541:Viking program
538:
531:
525:
524:
511:
503:
502:
499:
498:
483:47.64; -225.71
457:
453:
452:
435:
431:
430:
424:
420:
419:
412:
411:
410:August 7, 1976
408:
404:
403:
397:
393:
392:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
363:
357:
356:
353:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
333:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
283:
279:
278:
277:End of mission
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:Cape Canaveral
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
222:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
119:
115:
113:
104:
103:
101:
100:
92:
83:
81:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
63:Orbiter/Lander
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6234:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5940:E-8-5M No.412
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5722:Meteor-2 No.1
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5626:DS-U3-IK No.5
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5247:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5203:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Human mission
5099:
5097:
5096:Sample return
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4441:Mars Observer
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
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3915:NASA insignia
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3895:Lunar plaques
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3847:Pale Blue Dot
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3775:NASA missions
3773:
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3770:NASA aircraft
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3325:Space Shuttle
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3207:New Frontiers
3205:
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3116:Lunar Orbiter
3114:
3112:
3109:
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3056:Lunar Gateway
3054:
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3034:
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3028:
3026:
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3016:
3015:Constellation
3013:
3010:
3006:
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3000:
2998:
2997:Space Shuttle
2995:
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2835:NASA research
2833:
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2110:
2109:
2104:
2101:Nelson, Jon.
2097:
2095:
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2031:
2026:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
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1973:
1964:
1961:
1953:
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1933:
1926:
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1471:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:Maumee Valles
1418:
1414:
1413:Bahram Vallis
1410:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Maumee Valles
1382:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
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1123:
1117:
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1096:
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1074:
1072:
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1062:
1058:
1056:
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1048:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
984:igneous rocks
982:
977:
975:
973:
968:
966:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
886:
880:
878:
874:
873:Gerald Soffen
870:
866:
861:
859:
854:
850:
848:
843:
805:
799:
770:
766:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
734:
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723:
719:
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696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
659:
656:
648:
638:
634:
630:
624:
623:
619:
614:This section
612:
608:
603:
602:
594:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
554:
543:
542:
535: →
534:
529:
526:←
521:
516:
515:
509:
504:
500:
495:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:July 24, 1980
374:
372:
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
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261:
257:
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251:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
223:
219:
214:
210:
206:
200:
196:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
120:
118:Orbiter: 8199
117:
116:
114:
112:
105:
98:
93:
90:
85:
84:
82:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
36:
33:
28:
24:
19:
6222:1976 on Mars
6139:Solar System
6112:
6108:
6092:Meteor No.38
6087:Gran' No.11L
6074:
6070:Molniya-2-15
6032:
6025:
5938:
5818:
5809:Molniya-2-14
5799:Molniya-1-31
5728:Apollo–Soyuz
5726:
5717:Molniya-2-13
5624:
5567:
5513:Molniya-1-29
5470:
5442:
5441:
5339:
5315:Molniya-2-12
5272:
5187:Mars Society
5169:
5162:
5116:Terraforming
5111:Colonization
5037:Voyager Mars
5029:
5017:
5010:
4836:
4816:
4787:
4774:Mangalyaan-2
4773:
4692:Mars 1M No.1
4651:
4631:
4615:
4601:
4589:
4565:
4558:
4552:Schiaparelli
4551:
4543:
4533:Deep Space 2
4522:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4468:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4358:
4345:
4338:
4240:Perseverance
4239:
4220:
4199:
4192:
4167:
4162:Mars Express
4160:
4153:
4060:
4048:
3882:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3655:
3604:Perseverance
3603:
3565:
3558:
3535:
3495:
3478:
3462:New Horizons
3460:
3453:
3446:
3419:
3411:
3387:
3375:
3368:
3355:
3343:
3335:
3296:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3003:
2987:Apollo–Soyuz
2603:
2602:
2595:
2541:
2532:
2510:
2505:
2496:
2475:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:
2420:
2411:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2348:
2343:
2331:
2318:Life on Mars
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2249:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2172:
2148:. Retrieved
2135:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2106:
2060:. Retrieved
2054:
2010:
1959:
1956:
1941:
1921:
1903:
1883:
1865:Schiaparelli
1864:
1844:
1826:
1809:Perseverance
1808:
1788:
1704:
1688:Deep Space 2
1668:
1648:
1605: Active
1593:
1417:Vedra Valles
1409:Kasei Valles
1381:Vedra Valles
1379:Waters from
1278:
1274:
1257:
1242:
1227:
1212:
1185:
1158:
1143:
1125:
1104:
1084:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1010:
992:
978:
971:
964:
949:
938:
895:
884:
876:
868:
864:
862:
857:
855:
851:
764:
762:
739:
715:
708:
692:
676:
666:
651:
642:
627:Please help
615:
589:
584:
571:
565:
552:
551:
549:
539:
519:
512:
456:Landing site
447:36500 00:13
434:Landing date
426:
399:
321:Eccentricity
282:Last contact
164:Manufacturer
121:Lander: 9408
57:Mission type
44:
31:
27:
18:
6151:Spaceflight
5981:Explorer 55
5919:Explorer 54
5789:Symphonie 2
5518:Explorer 53
5051:Exploration
4900:MELOS rover
4803:(mid 2020s)
4742:Fobos-Grunt
4616:Opportunity
3890:Deep fields
3818:and artwork
3816:NASA images
3388:Opportunity
2857:NASA Social
2683:and history
2457:October 10,
2114:February 2,
2062:February 2,
1789:Opportunity
1625:(See also:
1523:Ravi Vallis
1470:Alba Patera
1425:Maja Valles
1309:Maja Valles
1077:perchlorate
972:Opportunity
829: /
816:225°44′13″W
806:of 0.0105 (
793: /
781:225°59′24″W
750:heat shield
645:August 2010
481: /
365:24.08 hours
351:Inclination
314:Areocentric
246:Launch site
221:Launch date
180:Launch mass
6161:Categories
6065:Kosmos 786
6045:Kosmos 785
6011:Kosmos 784
6006:Kosmos 783
5996:Kosmos 782
5991:Kosmos 781
5986:Kosmos 780
5966:Kosmos 779
5961:Kosmos 778
5956:Kosmos 777
5951:Kosmos 776
5924:Kosmos 775
5914:Kosmos 774
5909:Kosmos 773
5904:Kosmos 772
5889:Kosmos 771
5884:Kosmos 770
5879:Kosmos 769
5869:Kosmos 768
5864:Kosmos 767
5859:Kosmos 766
5854:Kosmos 765
5849:Kosmos 764
5844:Kosmos 763
5839:Kosmos 762
5834:Kosmos 761
5829:Kosmos 760
5824:Kosmos 759
5804:Kosmos 758
5794:Kosmos 757
5784:Kosmos 756
5774:Kosmos 755
5769:Kosmos 754
5759:Kosmos 753
5749:Kosmos 752
5744:Kosmos 751
5739:Kosmos 750
5712:Kosmos 749
5707:Kosmos 748
5702:Kosmos 747
5697:Kosmos 746
5692:Kosmos 745
5682:Kosmos 744
5667:Kosmos 743
5632:Kosmos 742
5620:Kosmos 741
5615:Kosmos 740
5610:Kosmos 739
5605:Kosmos 738
5600:Kosmos 737
5595:Kosmos 736
5590:Kosmos 735
5585:Kosmos 734
5580:Kosmos 733
5575:Kosmos 732
5548:Kosmos 731
5508:Kosmos 730
5503:Kosmos 729
5488:Kosmos 728
5483:Kosmos 727
5466:Kosmos 726
5456:Kosmos 725
5451:Kosmos 724
5437:Kosmos 723
5422:Kosmos 722
5412:Kosmos 721
5407:Kosmos 720
5402:Kosmos 719
5392:Kosmos 718
5387:Kosmos 717
5382:Kosmos 716
5377:Kosmos 715
5372:Kosmos 714
5367:Kosmos 713
5362:Kosmos 712
5357:Kosmos 711
5352:Kosmos 710
5335:Kosmos 709
5330:Kosmos 708
5310:Kosmos 707
5305:Kosmos 706
5300:Kosmos 705
5295:Kosmos 704
5285:Kosmos 703
5280:Kosmos 702
5125:Strategies
5019:Red Dragon
4981:Mars-Aster
4925:Sky-Sailor
4920:Phootprint
4890:Mars-Grunt
4707:2MV-3 No.1
4702:2MV-4 No.1
4654:helicopter
4469:Mangalyaan
3978:Moon rocks
3738:Astronauts
3731:NASA lists
3588:OSIRIS-REx
3422:helicopter
3290:Pioneer 11
3283:Pioneer 10
3086:Hitchhiker
2961:suborbital
2798:Space Race
2476:Mars: Maps
2150:August 16,
2103:"Viking 2"
2022:References
835: (
813:47°58′01″N
804:flattening
778:48°16′08″N
684:Mars orbit
487: (
289:1980-04-12
259:Contractor
240:Titan IIIE
23:Viking Two
6109:underline
6082:Prognoz 4
5672:Venera 10
5498:Aryabhata
5320:Starlette
5290:Landsat 2
5192:Mars race
5006:NetLander
4966:Marsokhod
4944:proposals
4942:Cancelled
4746:Yinghuo-1
4727:Mariner 8
4722:2M No.522
4712:Mariner 3
4664:Mars 2020
4652:Ingenuity
4590:Sojourner
4566:Tianwen-1
4387:Mariner 9
4314:Mariner 4
4246:Mars 2020
4221:Curiosity
4200:Tianwen-1
4005:Moon tree
3826:Earthrise
3701:Goldstone
3598:Mars 2020
3567:Voyager 2
3560:Voyager 1
3496:Curiosity
3440:operating
3438:Currently
3420:Ingenuity
3357:MESSENGER
3336:Sojourner
3265:Mercury 3
3255:Apollo 11
3202:Discovery
3192:Explorers
2781:Augustine
2745:Augustine
2403:133854625
2221:Space.com
1884:Sojourner
1669:Curiosity
1243:Viking 2
1003:maghemite
999:magnetite
941:potassium
930:strontium
910:magnesium
879:program.
742:aeroshell
688:periapsis
616:does not
570:mission.
533:Voyager 2
439:22:37:50
167:Orbiter:
97:1975-083C
89:1975-083A
86:Orbiter:
79:COSPAR ID
6055:OPS 3165
6050:Satcom 1
6021:OPS 5547
6016:OPS 4428
5976:Soyuz 20
5929:OPS 5499
5819:Viking 2
5779:Viking 1
5677:OPS 4966
5662:Nimbus 6
5652:OPS 6381
5647:Venera 9
5569:Soyuz 18
5563:OPS 6226
5543:OPS 9436
5538:OPS 9435
5493:OPS 4883
5397:OPS 2439
5274:Soyuz 17
5156:Advocacy
5091:Aircraft
5059:Concepts
4991:Mars One
4961:Beagle 3
4848:Proposed
4838:Kazachok
4821:) (2028)
4795:EscaPADE
4685:launches
4643:Aircraft
4622:timeline
4608:timeline
4550:ExoMars
4538:Beagle 2
4516:Viking 2
4509:Viking 1
4433:Phobos 2
4428:Phobos 1
4415:Viking 2
4408:Viking 1
4370:Orbiters
4251:timeline
4232:timeline
4175:timeline
4146:Orbiters
4049:Category
3711:Canberra
3623:timeline
3611:timeline
3547:timeline
3503:timeline
3400:observed
3395:timeline
3363:Aquarius
3303:timeline
3276:Magellan
3238:missions
3136:Surveyor
3072:programs
3002:Shuttle–
2943:programs
2775:Aldridge
2694:creation
2604:Viking 2
2597:Viking 1
2533:Viking 2
2428:Archived
2354:Archived
2349:Viking 2
2321:Archived
2200:June 14,
2129:NASA.gov
1970:See also
1960:Viking 2
1942:Viking 1
1649:Beagle 2
1627:Mars map
1550:Location
1327:craters.
1258:Viking 2
1228:Viking 2
1213:Viking 2
1186:Viking 2
1159:Viking 2
1144:Viking 2
1126:Viking 2
1105:Viking 2
1085:Viking 2
1055:Viking 2
1047:Viking 2
1043:Viking 2
1030:Viking 2
969:and the
952:sulfates
945:chlorine
926:titanium
914:aluminum
885:Viking 2
865:Viking 2
858:Viking 2
765:Viking 2
677:Viking 2
590:Viking 2
572:Viking 2
567:Viking 1
553:Viking 2
528:Viking 1
468:225°43′W
427:Viking 2
400:Viking 2
188:Dry mass
183:3,530 kg
172:Lander:
94:Lander:
68:Operator
32:Viking 2
6125:Portals
6113:italics
6076:Unnamed
5934:Triad 2
5657:P-226-1
5523:Anik A3
5076:Landing
5071:Orbiter
4860:DePhine
4813:ExoMars
4766:Planned
4737:Mars 96
4697:1M No.2
4659:flights
4632:Zhurong
4559:InSight
4544:Phoenix
4480:Landers
4340:Rosetta
4202:orbiter
4061:Commons
3939:Related
3748:by year
3743:by name
3520:GOES 15
3510:GOES 14
3427:flights
3413:InSight
3369:Cassini
3297:Galileo
3222:SIMPLEx
3197:Voyager
3165:Current
3121:Pioneer
3091:Mariner
3070:Robotic
3051:Artemis
3024:Current
2967:Mercury
2959: (
2852:NASA TV
2791:General
2690:History
2619:Related
2383:Bibcode
2306:Science
2277:Science
1922:Zhurong
1827:Phoenix
1705:InSight
1583:landers
1573:of the
1566:discuss
1449:Arandas
1365:Dromore
1345:Dromore
1071:Phoenix
995:magnets
960:sulfide
934:yttrium
922:calcium
902:silicon
887:mission
746:deorbit
705:Orbiter
680:Orbiter
673:Centaur
637:removed
622:sources
588:). The
578:(1,316
465:47°38′N
443: (
402:Orbiter
391:orbiter
325:0.81630
287: (
226: (
129:Website
108:SATCAT
47:Orbiter
5946:GOES 1
5814:Kiku 1
5642:SRET-2
5533:Castor
5528:Polluz
5461:GEOS-3
5261:1976 →
5246:← 1974
4905:MetNet
4809:(2026)
4797:(2024)
4777:(2024)
4759:Future
4683:Failed
4602:Spirit
4584:PrOP-M
4577:Rovers
4568:lander
4503:Mars 7
4498:Mars 6
4493:Mars 3
4488:Mars 2
4455:Nozomi
4397:Mars 5
4392:Mars 4
4382:Mars 3
4377:Mars 2
4359:Psyche
4334:Mars 7
4329:Mars 6
4319:Zond 2
4309:Mars 1
4301:Flybys
4212:Rovers
4138:Active
3706:Madrid
3639:Future
3554:NuSTAR
3485:THEMIS
3407:RHESSI
3344:Spirit
3141:Viking
3131:Ranger
2982:Skylab
2977:Apollo
2972:Gemini
2830:Budget
2783:(2009)
2777:(2004)
2771:(2004)
2765:(2003)
2759:(2002)
2757:CFUSAI
2753:(1996)
2747:(1990)
2741:(1989)
2735:(1987)
2729:(1986)
2727:Rogers
2723:(1986)
2717:(1958)
2711:(1958)
2705:(1915)
2681:Policy
2542:Viking
2484:
2401:
2302:Spirit
1904:Spirit
1754:Mars 6
1738:Mars 3
1722:Mars 2
1617:
1610:
1603:
1542:Deimos
1423:, and
1323:, and
1073:Lander
1011:Spirit
1007:basalt
965:Spirit
956:sodium
924:, and
918:sulfur
877:Viking
871:after
728:Lander
718:Deimos
429:Lander
418:lander
361:Period
236:Rocket
45:Viking
6034:DAD-B
6027:DAD-A
5764:Cos-B
5687:OSO-8
5472:RM-20
5347:Taiyo
5325:SMS-2
5086:Rover
5066:Flyby
5031:Vesta
4915:PADME
4182:MAVEN
3651:NISAR
3606:rover
3578:MAVEN
3498:rover
3479:Swift
3390:rover
3351:LADEE
3346:rover
3338:rover
3315:GRAIL
3310:GALEX
3101:MESUR
3046:Orion
2847:NASA+
2823:Chief
2721:Paine
2399:S2CID
2002:Notes
981:mafic
974:rover
967:rover
898:lavas
669:Titan
371:Epoch
355:80.5°
253:LC-41
198:Power
5899:Aura
5734:DM-2
5254:1975
4788:Hera
4347:Dawn
4293:Past
4193:Hope
4108:Mars
3630:PACE
3573:WISE
3536:Juno
3376:Dawn
3320:WMAP
3260:COBE
3248:Past
3079:Past
2957:X-15
2950:Past
2763:CAIB
2733:Ride
2703:NACA
2673:NASA
2482:ISBN
2459:2013
2202:2024
2177:NASA
2152:2019
2116:2014
2108:NASA
2064:2014
2056:NASA
1581:and
1562:view
1325:Gold
1001:and
932:and
906:iron
904:and
856:The
763:The
620:any
618:cite
580:days
576:sols
562:Mars
550:The
416:Mars
389:Mars
72:NASA
61:Mars
4106:to
3583:MMS
3004:Mir
2391:doi
2379:123
1867:EDM
1321:Bok
1317:Lod
954:of
771:at
631:by
560:to
449:AMT
445:MSD
441:UTC
169:JPL
110:no.
6163::
4744:/
4531:/
2480:.
2448:.
2397:.
2389:.
2377:.
2373:.
2219:.
2193:.
2175:.
2171:.
2160:^
2143:.
2105:.
2093:^
2083:.
2072:^
2053:.
2029:^
1633:)
1629:;
1614:•
1607:•
1564:•
1419:,
1415:,
1411:,
1383:,
1319:,
920:,
916:,
912:,
695:UT
582:;
6127::
5237:e
5230:t
5223:v
4815:(
4096:e
4089:t
4082:v
3949:"
3945:"
3718:)
3699:(
3011:)
2993:)
2963:)
2696:)
2692:(
2665:e
2658:t
2651:v
2572:e
2565:t
2558:v
2490:.
2461:.
2405:.
2393::
2385::
2223:.
2204:.
2179:.
2154:.
2118:.
2087:.
2066:.
1599:(
1568:)
1560:(
1529:.
1509:.
1435:.
1367:.
1295:.
839:)
671:/
658:)
652:(
647:)
643:(
639:.
625:.
491:)
451:)
291:)
230:)
25:.
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