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and late Roman style of depicting her, a number of mythological persons have been suggested. Despite this, due to the imagery surrounding the woman, it is believed that this specific fresco depicts a
Nilotic scene. There have been a number of visual connections made between the Nile and the River Jordan that could support this claim. The Nile specifically was understood to be a symbol of plenty and a provider of life, and this meaning, which when placed in the context of where in the bathhouse this fresco is located, connects to al-Walid's role as a ruler. Opposite this wall the fresco of al-Walid enthroned sits, and this contrast between the large fresco of al-Walid and the fresco of the woman swimming implies that as caliph, al-Walid saw himself as a provider of life to the people he ruled over.
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erotes, but also the Roman-esque backgrounds and the belief that the scenes depicted could be part of a
Dionysiac infant cycle. It is accurate to say that the women depicted were most likely goddesses of some kind since women were not allowed to enter bathhouses. Additionally, men were only allowed to enter if they were covered, which is reflected by the images of men somewhat covered in the bathhouse, so depictions of nudity of women would only be acceptable if the subjects were not human. Since the frescoes only have a few figures, it made it so viewers could focus on them more and on what was happening in the scene. The scene of a woman pouring water over another person's head would have mimicked what occurred in the room and further connects the frescoes to the viewer.
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769:. They believed that baths drained the spirits of the bathers, and that to revive "the three vital principles in the body, the animal, the spiritual and the natural," the bath's walls should be covered with pictures of activities like hunting, of lovers, and of gardens and palm trees. There were a variety of themes and patterns throughout the frescos and mosaics. One aspect which can be seen through a majority of these mosaics is a focus on repeating and geometric shapes, colors, and patters. One of the major themes in this palace is water. One examples of this theme of water is a mosaic where the Triumph of the Roman god
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599:, and watch tower, which have not been conserved, since previous projects focused mainly on the frescoes and interior of the bathhouse. The conservation efforts began with documentation of the state of the paintings, frescoes, and the building. Lime mortar was applied to parts of the structure that were showing signs of leaking water and loss of original mortar. Additionally, windows and ceiling covers were added to prevent water from entering the bathhouse and to protect it from outside conditions. Removal of more shellac and cleaning of the paintings and frescoes revealed rich colors that had not been visible before.
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puts them closer to the
Biblical version, but this detail could indicate that the artists based their pictures on third-party models rather than working directly from religious texts. In the Quran, Jonah had many roles and was often seen as an example of good and bad behavior as well as a spiritual leader. The inclusion of multiple images of Jonah in the bathhouse alludes to its builder's belief in a predestined right to rule, since Jonah was divinely appointed as a leader.
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856:. The angle of the zodiac is depicted accurately as well. Creating the fresco on the dome was technically difficult, however, based on evidence showing that the artist had to redo several parts, it was clear that he was very skilled and focused on accuracy. The only error discernible in the surviving artwork is the counterclockwise order of the stars, which suggests the image was copied from one on a flat surface.
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restoration, it focused greatly on restoring the frescoes throughout the bathhouse. The frescoes were cleaned of soot, as well as covered with a layer of shellac to protect the paintings. However, this shellac was more damaging than protective, and was removed during a conservation project in 1996 carried out by the
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is depicted four times in the frescoes of the west aisle; these are the earliest known images of Jonah in
Islamic art. It is difficult to tell whether they illustrate the story as told in the Quran or in the Bible, since these two tellings are very similar. The inclusion of amphorae in the frescoes
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in 1985 under criteria i), iii), and iv) ("masterpiece of human creative genius", "unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition" and "an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human
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On the north wall of the west aisle, there is a large fresco of a nude woman swimming. In this fresco, there are fish that appear to be swimming around the woman, and a large flower that is understood to be a lotus flower. It is not known who the woman represents, but due to the apparent classical
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activities depicted on the frescoes, particularly sitting on the edge of pools listening to music or poetry. He was once entertained by performers dressed as stars and constellations, suggesting a connection to the sky painting in the caldarium. Yazid's mother was a
Persian princess, suggesting a
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as well. These women are depicted completely in the nude, which was not uncommon since the
Umayyads accepted depictions of nudity, and since this building is not a religious one, depictions of humans was also approved. These frescoes have clear Roman influence with not only the inclusion of the
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Since 1970, there have been multiple conservation projects undertaken at Qusayr 'Amra to address the state of the structure and the frescoes. The first was carried out by the
Archaeological Museum of Madrid and spanned three years from 1971 to 1974. While the project involved some architectural
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Qusayr 'Amra is most notable for the frescoes on the inside walls. The frescoes are not only appreciated for their artistic value, but also for their role as markers of the birth and evolution of
Islamic Art, especially during the Umayyad Period. The frescoes depict a wide variety of scenes
753:, meaning victory, was discovered nearby, suggesting that the "six kings" image was meant to suggest the caliph's supremacy over his enemies. Another possible interpretation is that the six figures are depicted in supplication, presumably towards the Caliph who would be seated in the hall.
495:, were the more likely candidates for that role. The discovery of an inscription during work in 2012 has allowed for the dating of the structure to the two decades between 723 and 743, when it was commissioned by Walid Ibn Yazid, crown prince under caliph
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825:. Out of the three frescoes depicting women bathing in Qusayr 'Amra, two are located in the tepidarium. These frescoes depict women carrying water buckets to bathe their children, and included imagery of
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Key considerations in the placement of the desert castles centered on access and proximity to the ancient routes running north from Arabia to Syria. A major route ran from the
Arabian city of
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of Spain, whose short reign (710–712) has been taken to date of the image, and possibly the building, to around 710. Therefore, for a long time researchers believed that sitting caliph
575:. Over the years, the color of the shellac turned and covered the paintings. During and after the removal process, the shellac also caused some of the paint to come off of the wall.
852:. It is believed to be the earliest image of the night sky painted on anything other than a flat surface. The radii emerge not from the dome's center but, accurately, from the north
745:. The last one was for a long time unidentified, speculated to be the Turkish, Chinese, or Indian ruler, and now known to represent the emperor of China. Its intent was unclear. The
595:. While this project works on the bathhouse itself as well as restoring the frescoes, it makes a point to also focus on the architecture outside of the bathhouse, such as the qasr,
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is located at the southeast corner, just off the road. A small visitor's center collects admission fees. The castle is located in the west of the enclosed area, below a small rise.
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The main entry vault has scenes of hunting, fruit and wine consumption, and naked women. Some of the animals shown are not abundant in the region but were more commonly found in
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Ababneh, Abdelkader 2015. “QUSAIR AMRA (JORDAN) WORLD HERITAGE SITE: A REVIEW OF CURRENT STATUS OF PRESENTATION AND PROTECTION APPROACHES” Yarmouk
University-Irbid, Jordan.
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Traces of stone walls used to enclose the site suggest it was part of a 25-hectare (62-acre) complex; there are remains of a castle which could have temporarily housed a
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The building is actually the remnant of a larger complex that included an actual castle, meant as a royal retreat, without any military function, of which only the
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depicts the Umayyad caliph and the rulers of realms near and far. Based on details and inscriptions in the image, four of the depicted kings are identified as the
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destination. A preservation project that began in 2010 involves both removing old maintenance attempts and implementing new ones to support the site better.
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Qusayr 'Amra is located on the north side of Jordan's Highway 40, roughly 85 kilometres (53 mi) from Amman and 21 kilometres (13 mi) southwest of
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was the builder and primary user of Qasr Amra, until doubts arose, making specialists believe that one of two princes who later became caliph themselves,
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was greatly focused on legitimacy, especially that coming from God, and the connection he made between himself and Jonah enforces this idea.
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Sourdel-Thomine, J.; Louis, A. (2012). "Ḥammām". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
773:. This was the god of the sea and his presence accentuates the theme of water. These themes emphasize the water within the bathhouses.
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1060:, Isis, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Sep. 1933), pp. 504-506, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society
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remains. What stands today is a small country cabin. The foundation has a simple layout with a rectangular audience hall,
2155:
1630:
Hana Taragan, "Constructing a Visual Rhetoric: Images of Craftsmen and Builders in the Umayyad Palace at Qusayr ‘Amra,"
1163:"Umayyad Building Techniques And The Merging Of Roman-Byzantine And Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity And Change"
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300:, whose dominance of the region was rising at the time. It is considered one of the most important examples of early
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1976:
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1094:"QUSAIR AMRA (JORDAN) WORLD HERITAGE SITE: A REVIEW OF CURRENT STATUS OF PRESENTATION AND PROTECTION APPROACHES"
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including: hunting scenes, bathing scenes, animals, vegetal motifs, mythological figures, and religious scenes.
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In 2010, a new conservation project began and is currently still active. This project has been conducted by the
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tradition), while Amra's bath was erected using rough masonry held together by gypsum-lime mortar (based on the
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454:. The northern block, two stories high, features a triple-vaulted ceiling over the main entrance on the east
340:, hunting scenes, dancing scenes containing nude women, working craftsmen, the recently discovered "cycle of
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Christian Sahner, "Snapshot of a Civilization in the Making," The Wall Street Journal, 27 November 2010
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1588:, Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Wien : k.k. Hof- u. Staatsdruckerei 1907,
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in Jordan and accounts for the location of Qusayr 'Amra and other similar fortifications such as
435:, also in Jordan, except the latter was erected using finely-cut limestone ashlars (based on the
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1033:, Nicola & Pina Giordania, Frescoes in Qasr Amra, Jordan, UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 2005
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That status, and its location along Jordan's major east–west highway, relatively close to
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Sign present at Qusayr 'Amra explaining what exactly is this as a World Heritage Site
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Almagro, Martín; Caballero, Luis; Zozaya, Juan; Almagro, Antonio (1 August 2002).
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familiarity with that culture, and he too was known for similar pleasure-seeking.
319:, and a bathhouse. The bathhouse is also one of the oldest surviving remains of a
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or hot bath's hemispheric dome has a representation of the heavens in which the
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capital, before assuming the throne. Walid was known to indulge in the sort of
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The architecture of the reception-hall-cum-bathhouse is identical to that of
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290:. It was built some time between 723 and 743, by Walid Ibn Yazid, the future
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Fresco in Qasr Amra showing a hunter killing an animal and a dancing woman
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in 1898, with the frescoes made famous in drawings by the Austrian artist
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Qusayr 'Amra : residencia y baños omeyas en el desierto de Jordania
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Qusayr Amra : Residencia y Baños Omeyas en el desierto de Jordania
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Qusayr Amra : residencia y baños omeyas en el desierto de Jordania
813:, or warm bath, are scenes of plants and trees similar to those in the
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that remain mainly on the ceilings inside, which depict, among others,
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The Colors of the Prince: Conservation and Knowledge in Qusayr 'Amra
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Qusayr 'Amra : Art and the Umayyad Elite In Late Antique Syria
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Quṣayr ʻAmra : art and the Umayyad elite in late antique Syria
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The Symbolic Display of Water in the Qusayr Amra Bathhouse, Jordan
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The Symbolic Display of Water in the Qusayr Amra Bathhouse, Jordan
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Martín Almagro, Luis Caballero, Juan Zozaya y Antonio Almagro,
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Martin Almagro, Luis Caballero, Juan Zozaya y Antonio Almagro,
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The Astronomical Significance of the Zodiac of the Quṣayr 'Amra
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and his successor during a short reign as caliph in 743–744.
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1343:(in Spanish). Granada, Spain: Fundación El Legado Andalusí.
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M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Bath".
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282:'small qasr of 'Amra'), is the best-known of the
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East (front) elevation and portion of south profile, 2009
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king is shown on a throne. An adjoining section, now in
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352:. This has led to the designation of Qusayr 'Amra as a
1306:
Palumbo, Gaetano; Atzori, Angela, eds. (January 2014).
950:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
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Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro
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History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
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Constellations and zodiac painted on the dome of the
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8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate
550:for Musil's book. In the late 1970s a Spanish team
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639:, one of the most well known frescoes in Qasr Amra
502:Both princes spent long periods of time away from
1254:Robinson, Chase (2011). Robinson, Chase F (ed.).
1005:Jordan's Qusayr Amra is a bathhouse for the noble
967:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 215.
923:, World Monuments Fund, accessed 14 December 2019
2142:
1376:
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787:, or changing room, is decorated with scenes of
1387:Studies in the History of Archaeology of Jordan
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1632:Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean
1598:, Ed. Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura, 1975
1383:"Qusayr 'Amra Conservation Project: 2010-2014"
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458:. The western wings feature smaller vaults or
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1381:De Palma, Giovanna; Palumbo, Gaetano (2016).
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1082:, 12 November 2014, accessed 14 December 2019
542:The abandoned structure was re-discovered by
234:Location of Qusayr 'Amra, Qasr Amra in Jordan
1528:
1526:
1524:
1453:Leal, Beatrice (2017). Lidov, Alexei (ed.).
1430:
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848:is depicted, among 35 separate identifiable
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1258:. Cambridge University Press. p. 669.
424:Just to the southeast of the building is a
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1970:
1901:
1887:
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1101:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry
55:
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795:in the area believe the middle figure is
1605:, Ed. Fundación El Legado Andalusí, 2002
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1212:
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1208:
1206:
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1200:
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1092:Ababneh, Abdelkader (31 December 2014).
1068:
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714:Wall fresco of figures from Qusayr 'Amra
709:
642:
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385:It is within a large area fenced off in
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14:
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1619:Claude Vibert-Guigue et Ghazi Bisheh,
1122:
935:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
877:List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan
537:
373:
1965:
1882:
1688:
1545:from the original on 30 November 2020
1492:
1459:. Moscow: Theoria. pp. 233–254.
1397:from the original on 10 December 2022
1318:from the original on 12 December 2022
1216:
1195:
1167:Technology in Transition A.d. 300-650
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985:from the original on 13 December 2019
909:
907:
905:
903:
1563:
1532:
1452:
1217:Baker, Patricia (July–August 1980).
1160:
789:animals engaging in human activities
554:the frescoes. The castle was made a
2176:Protected areas established in 1985
1664:Pictures of the site, many frescoes
1308:"Qusayr 'Amra Site Management Plan"
965:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
593:Department of Antiquities of Jordan
260:
48:
24:
1653:UNESCO World Heritage Site listing
1625:Institut français du Proche-Orient
1499:. University of California Press.
1256:The New Cambridge History of Islam
1085:
900:
761:The frescoes in all rooms but the
578:
25:
2207:
1671:, The American Center of Research
1641:
1183:from the original on 4 April 2019
1014:, The Arab Weekly, 28 August 2015
719:An image known as the "six kings"
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807:On the walls and ceiling of the
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1247:
1154:
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470:
446:It is a low building made from
400:South (rear) view, from highway
286:located in present-day eastern
2181:Umayyad architecture in Jordan
2171:World Heritage Sites in Jordan
1910:World Heritage Sites in Jordan
1614:University of California Press
1539:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1107:(2): 28–44 – via zenodo.
1036:
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1:
1621:Les peintures De Qusayr 'Amra
979:"The Frescoes of Qusayr Amra"
894:
802:
684:
609:The Painting of the Six Kings
833:
767:contemporary Arab physicians
7:
859:
602:
332:It is most notable for the
271:
10:
2212:
2156:8th-century fortifications
1568:. Russian Academy of Arts.
1231:(4): 22–25. Archived from
1126:(September–October 1990).
1045:The Zodiac of Quṣayr 'Amra
952:. Oxford University Press.
606:
465:
366:, have made it a frequent
140:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2127:
2071:
2060:
2006:
1916:
1844:
1816:
1805:
1722:
1660:, Archnet Digital Library
1264:10.1017/CHOL9780521838238
963:Marçais, Georges (1954).
628:Fresco of a bathing woman
477:painting of the six kings
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1078:14 December 2019 at the
1056:13 December 2019 at the
1029:22 February 2020 at the
1010:13 December 2019 at the
919:28 November 2021 at the
437:Late Roman architectural
1634:, 20,2 (2008), 141–160.
1564:Leal, Beatrice (2017).
756:
548:Alphons Leopold Mielich
251:, sometimes also named
35:Qusayr 'Amra, Qasr Amra
27:Historic site in Jordan
1831:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
1826:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
1716:Umayyad desert castles
1675:Photos of Qusayr 'Amra
1669:Photos of Qusayr 'Amra
1493:Garth, Fowden (2004).
1219:"The Frescoes of Amra"
1161:Arce, Ignacio (2008).
765:reflect the advice of
715:
653:
640:
629:
621:
441:Sasanian architectural
421:
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679:Museum of Islamic Art
646:
637:Fresco of "Six kings"
635:
627:
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573:University of Granada
419:
399:
2019:Amathus, Transjordan
585:World Monuments Fund
526:toward the plain of
317:hydraulic structures
1138:(5). Archived from
868:(Islamic bathhouse)
691:Jonah and the whale
559:World Heritage Site
538:Rediscovery in 1898
374:Location and access
357:World Heritage Site
102:31.8017°N 36.5873°E
98: /
2151:743 establishments
1224:Saudi Aramco World
1132:Saudi Aramco World
716:
654:
641:
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534:and Qasr al-tuba.
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402:
186:Reference no.
2186:Tourism in Jordan
2166:Castles in Jordan
2138:
2137:
2049:Montréal (castle)
2044:Montreal (castle)
2000:Castles in Jordan
1959:
1958:
1876:
1875:
1533:Williams, Betsy.
1506:978-0-520-92960-9
1466:978-5-91796-061-6
1235:on 29 August 2008
1142:on 3 January 2010
1042:A. P., review of
1003:Raied T. Shuqum,
981:. Lonely Planet.
889:Jordan portal
723:Byzantine Emperor
617:Fresco of Caliph
338:a group of rulers
281:
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242:
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181:
71:Zarqa Governorate
16:(Redirected from
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2094:Qasr Al-Kharanah
2084:Qasr al-Hallabat
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1608:Garth Fowden,
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2078:
2039:Kerak Castle
1946:Umm ar-Rasas
1941:Umm al-Jimāl
1936:Qusayr 'Amra
1935:
1799:Umm al-Walid
1771:
1757:Qasr Kharana
1732:Qusayr 'Amra
1731:
1658:Qusayr 'Amra
1631:
1620:
1609:
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1595:
1586:Ḳuṣejr ʿAmra
1585:
1576:Bibliography
1565:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1495:
1455:
1399:. Retrieved
1390:
1386:
1339:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1311:
1255:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1228:
1222:
1185:. Retrieved
1166:
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1140:the original
1135:
1131:
1124:Khouri, Rami
1104:
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987:. Retrieved
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866:Turkish bath
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797:Jesus Christ
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327:Muslim world
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306:architecture
252:
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245:Qusayr 'Amra
244:
243:
40:
29:
1868:Al-Sinnabra
1767:Al-Muwaqqar
1747:Qasr Burqu'
1582:Alois Musil
1401:13 December
1393:: 667–682.
1128:"Qasr'Amra"
989:14 December
784:apodyterium
777:Apodyterium
706:Throne apse
619:Al Walid II
562:history").
544:Alois Musil
524:Wadi Sirhan
405:Description
391:parking lot
387:barbed wire
302:Islamic art
272:Qaṣr ‘Amrah
249:Quseir Amra
200:Arab States
150:Quseir Amra
105: /
81:Coordinates
41:Native name
18:Qusayr Amra
2145:Categories
2114:Qasr Burqu
2109:Qasr Bayir
2089:Qasr Azraq
1921:Al-Maghtas
1836:Jabal Sais
1742:Qasr Bayir
1549:16 October
1475:1019648426
895:References
810:tepidarium
803:Tepidarium
793:Christians
749:word ΝΙΚΗ
727:Visigothic
685:West Aisle
607:See also:
591:, and the
479:includes
389:. A paved
313:foundation
171:Designated
166:i, iii, iv
93:36°35′14″E
90:31°48′06″N
2119:Qasr Tuba
1850:Palestine
1789:Qasr Tuba
841:caldarium
834:Caldarium
763:caldarium
650:caldarium
512:sybaritic
448:limestone
266:romanized
253:Qasr Amra
118:Elevation
1951:Wadi Rum
1543:Archived
1515:57516692
1395:Archived
1359:51097413
1316:Archived
1181:Archived
1076:Archived
1054:Archived
1027:Archived
1008:Archived
983:Archived
937:. Brill.
917:Archived
860:See also
823:Damascus
743:Ethiopia
696:Al-Walid
603:Frescoes
552:restored
504:Damascus
411:garrison
380:Al-Azraq
334:frescoes
298:Walid II
261:قصر عمرة
163:Criteria
158:Cultural
129:743 A.D.
67:Location
49:قصر عمرة
2196:Hammams
1677:at the
1590:on-line
1187:10 July
1169:: 498.
817:at the
771:Neptune
731:Roderic
508:Umayyad
485:Walid I
466:History
368:tourist
292:Umayyad
280:
268::
178:session
1846:Israel
1724:Jordan
1623:, Ed.
1616:, 2004
1612:, Ed.
1513:
1503:
1473:
1463:
1357:
1347:
1322:9 June
1312:UNESCO
1270:
1239:28 May
1173:
1146:18 May
846:zodiac
827:erotes
815:mosaic
733:, the
725:, the
675:Berlin
671:haloed
667:Persia
597:saqiya
556:UNESCO
506:, the
497:Hisham
456:facade
452:basalt
354:UNESCO
350:zodiac
322:hammam
295:caliph
288:Jordan
257:Arabic
196:Region
75:Jordan
45:Arabic
1931:Petra
1818:Syria
1627:, 200
1097:(PDF)
747:Greek
739:Negus
729:king
528:Balqa
520:Tayma
493:Yazid
489:Walid
460:domes
364:Amman
342:Jonah
176:(9th
174:1985
126:Built
1926:Salt
1848:and
1551:2016
1511:OCLC
1501:ISBN
1471:OCLC
1461:ISBN
1403:2022
1355:OCLC
1345:ISBN
1324:2023
1268:ISBN
1241:2009
1189:2019
1171:ISBN
1148:2009
991:2019
838:The
781:The
757:Bath
751:nike
522:via
475:The
450:and
426:well
359:.
304:and
278:lit.
155:Type
121:520m
1260:doi
821:in
741:of
677:'s
491:or
247:or
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259::
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255:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
