173:
220:. Torpedoes can be used while the vessel is submerged and invisible to her target, while deck guns are used on the surface. Torpedoes were expensive, unreliable, and a submarine only carried a limited number of them. Ammunition for a deck gun, oppositely, was inexpensive and plentiful in comparison. As a result, submarine captains preferred to surface and use their deck gun on most targets. However, when encountering a warship, submarine commanders could recognise the threat they posed and use a torpedo, or simply not engage.
783:
759:
1029:
810:
771:
795:
31:
242:
By seeming to be a suitable target for the U-boat's deck gun, a Q-ship was intended to lure a submarine into surfacing to attack. Once the U-boat was vulnerable, perhaps even gulled further by pretence of some crew dressed as civilian mariners "abandoning ship" and taking to a boat, the Q-ship would
452:
After the war, it was concluded that Q-ships were greatly overrated, diverting skilled seamen from other duties without sinking enough U-boats to justify the strategy. Estimates differ due to the uncertainty of the attribution of lost submarines, but in a total of approximately 150 engagements,
444:
quotes no fewer than 157 named submarine decoy vessels converted from other types of ship, in addition to another ten whose name was unknown. It agrees with LeFleming about the number of sloops and PC-boats. These ones were completed as Q-ships, disguised as coastal freighters and differed from
134:
of "sailing under false colours". As a long standing element of naval tactics, warships may legally disguise themselves in various ways in transit, so long as the proper flags are hoisted before firing commences. Numerous examples exist of the tactic, used both defensively and offensively.
457:
in effectiveness. Around half of Q-ship successes took place in June to
September 1915, after which the ships were much less effective. With the second round of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, Q-ships sunk only 3 submarines, dwarfed by the ~28 sunk by undisguised warships.
445:
regular service PC-boats. None were lost in the war. The Flower-class sloops were designed on merchant ship lines thus making them easily adaptable for conversion to Q-ships, 39 being completed as such while the other was converted after being torpedoed. These all had single
239:("U-boat trap"). A Q-ship would appear to be an unarmed merchant ship and so an easy target, but in fact were warships that carried hidden armaments. A typical Q-ship might resemble a tramp steamer sailing alone in an area where a U-boat was reported to be operating.
1145:, the main base of operations is a Q-ship, a converted lumber carrier. The crew are mercenaries and former US covert and military personnel who carry out missions around the world in support of US policy while earning their living performing mercenary operations.
121:
in
Ireland, as Haulbowline Dockyard in Cork Harbour was responsible for the conversion of many mercantile steamers to armed decoy ships in World War One, although the majority appear to have been converted in larger navy yards such as Devonport.
453:
British Q-ships destroyed or assisted in the loss of around 12-15 U-boats and damaged 60, at a cost of 27-38 Q-ships lost out of ~200. Q-ships were thus responsible for under 10% of all U-boats sunk, ranking them well below the use of ordinary
390:(Q.17) while becalmed and without engines or wireless. Forced to return fire early, they managed to sink one U-boat and avoid two torpedo attacks. Sanders was promoted to lieutenant commander, eventually commanding the topsail schooner
866:, sent a coded dispatch to Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier (CESF), requesting immediate consideration of the manning and fitting-out of "Queen" ships to be operated as an antisubmarine measure. The result was "Project LQ."
850:
commanders found peacetime conditions prevailing along the coast: towns and cities were not blacked-out and navigational buoys remained lit; shipping followed normal routines and "carried the normal lights."
821:
By 12 January 1942, the
British Admiralty's intelligence community had noted a "heavy concentration" of U-boats off the "North American seaboard from New York to Cape Race" and passed along this fact to the
1951:
1656:
1212:
In DC Comics Star
Spangled War Stories #71 (reprinted in DC Comics Weird War #1) the story "The End of the Sea Wolf!" is a postwar "flashback" story of a U-boat commander engaging a Q-ship in WWII.
584:
was hit by all three on her port bow; following a number of internal explosions, she broke in two, the forward section sinking immediately and the aft section sinking later in heavy seas. Although
415:
opened fire. The submarine appeared to sink and he claimed a victory. However, the badly damaged submarine managed to struggle back to port. With his ship accurately described by the survivors of
989:
was not successful in engaging any enemy submarines, although she is believed to have damaged two friendly subs with depth charges when they were improperly operating in her vicinity.
1132:, when he was court-martialed and subsequently decorated for his actions aboard a Q-ship (the captured German officers disappeared and were allegedly burned alive in the boiler).
718:
were torpedoed and sunk on 21 and 29 June 1940 without even sighting a U-boat. The rest of the vessels were paid off in March 1941 without successfully accomplishing any mission.
251:
flag). When successfully fooled, a U-boat could quickly become overwhelmed by several guns to its one, or defer from firing and try to submerge before it became mortally wounded.
1681:
109:
Though legally recognised as an acceptable tactic of military deception, they have attracted much controversy, enjoying only marginal success during WWI and none in WWII.
449:
as the merchant ship silhouette was left to the builders. The "Flower-Q's" were employed mainly on convoy and anti-submarine work. Nine were lost during the war.
1566:
993:
was also withdrawn from Q-ship duty in 1943 and served out the remainder of World War II as an armed transport in the South
Pacific and Aleutian Islands.
2290:
2275:
2280:
2270:
223:
A solution to this was the creation of the Q-ship, one of the most closely guarded secrets of the war. Their codename referred to the vessels'
2265:
1842:
347:. About a dozen of the U-boat sailors survived and swam towards the merchant ship. The commanding officer, allegedly fearing that they might
1740:
2834:
1837:
1058:
in 1922 and served as the London
Division RNR drill ship until 1988, when she was sold privately and remains moored at King's Reach on the
313:
243:
drop its panels and immediately open fire with its deck guns. At the same time, the vessel would reveal her true colours by raising the
1685:
1087:, the main character Thomas Hudson commands a Q-ship for the US Navy around Cuba as he hunts the survivors of a sunken German U-boat.
1074:
poem "Kilmeny" is about a Q-ship, a
British trawler equipped with two deck guns, that destroys a German submarine during World War I.
1020:
have brought suggestions from some security experts that Q-ships be used again to tempt pirates into attacking a well-defended ship.
193:
that were harassing its sea-lanes. Convoys, which had proved effective in earlier times (and would again prove effective during the
1754:
1827:
407:, while the ship sustained heavy shellfire, waited until the submarine was within 80 yards (73 m), whereupon he hoisted the
2785:
2237:
1946:
1886:
186:
1941:
1552:
1294:
728:, was converted in September, 1940, to carry a torpedo defense net, four 4-inch (100 mm) guns, four torpedo tubes, two
2546:
375:
1612:
Marder, Arthur (November 1972). "The
Influence of History on Sea Power: The Royal Navy and the Lessons of 1914–1918".
1979:
1482:
1391:
1364:
1000:
for its Q-ships (AG, AK, AO, IX and PYc were all used). This and the unprecedented use of duplicate hull numbers for
522:
1574:
3001:
2827:
1908:
2986:
1913:
1807:
1206:
432:
by H. M. LeFleming, the Royal Navy converted 58 from merchant ships (18 were sunk by U-boats), in addition to 40
2730:
1896:
1173:
As with other naval concepts, the idea of a Q-ship has also been applied to space vessels in fictional works:
1847:
1403:
1083:
827:
1502:
1100:, Japanese Q-ships make two appearances with one surprising the Walrus and the second being attacked by the
2768:
2820:
2530:
1901:
479:
1936:
846:(literally, "a strike on the kettledrum" and sometimes referred to in English as "Operation Drumbeat").
2879:
2222:
997:
205:
would only start to become available at the start of 1916, and so almost the only chance of sinking a
2562:
2523:
2285:
1768:
1269:
150:
869:
Five vessels were acquired and converted secretly at the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine:
2507:
2250:
1931:
1274:
497:, vessels designed to disrupt enemy trade and sink merchantmen, rather than attack enemy warships.
466:
The
Imperial German Navy commissioned six Q-boats during the Great War for the Baltic Sea into the
292:
1427:
2778:
2300:
1971:
276:
2110:
527:, which sank a number of ships with a total tonnage of 145,960 t including the Norwegian tanker
2763:
2316:
2040:
1876:
1832:
741:
574:
544:
383:
95:
17:
817:
exhibiting non-regulation attire typical of U.S. sleeper ship duty to imitate merchant vessels
2891:
2515:
2499:
905:
419:, Sanders and his crewmen were all killed in action when they attempted a surprise attack on
291:
received a cash award. The following month an even smaller converted fishing trawler renamed
139:
2857:
2679:
2491:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2145:
1881:
1159:
1096:
1052:
936:
79:
2173:
397:
in command of which he was awarded the Victoria Cross for an action on 30 April 1917 with
172:
8:
2996:
2951:
2886:
2872:
2605:
2538:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2131:
2082:
2061:
1998:
1855:
1800:
1192:
1186:
1091:
1045:
962:
The careers of all five ships were almost entirely unsuccessful and very short, with USS
859:
2166:
2005:
1984:
1735:
2843:
2684:
2659:
2621:
2589:
2570:
2554:
2159:
2152:
2019:
1629:
1128:, 2 November 1938. Geoffrey Firmin reflects back to his time as a naval officer during
823:
733:
722:
433:
356:
99:
2012:
68:
into making surface attacks. This gave Q-ships the chance to open fire and sink them.
2946:
2725:
2709:
2699:
2664:
2180:
2117:
2103:
2054:
1774:
1712:
1548:
1478:
1387:
1360:
1259:
1150:
1117:
1112:
1017:
951:
842:
352:
338:
266:
198:
61:
2991:
2613:
2232:
2138:
2068:
2026:
1868:
1621:
1239:
1234:
1181:
1078:
560:
515:
494:
1322:
Hank Whipple (2015). ""Sailing Under False Colours": An historic Ruse De Guerre".
2597:
2124:
1991:
1891:
1759:
1749:
1125:
863:
729:
532:
362:
1428:"Captain Andrew Dougall Blair (1872-1955) – Remembering War – Tauranga Memories"
2966:
2916:
2898:
2862:
2096:
2089:
2047:
1793:
1229:
379:
316:(47 mm) gun. The British crew fired nine rounds from their 3-pounder into
305:
131:
72:
1961:
320:
at close range, sinking her with the loss of all hands despite the attempt of
2980:
2745:
2735:
2644:
2295:
2194:
2187:
2075:
1778:
1716:
1703:
Beyer, Edward F. & Beyer, Kenneth M. (1991). "U. S. Navy Mystery Ships".
1254:
1136:
1107:
758:
747:
613:
446:
437:
130:
The general idea and legal framework for the Q-ship derives from the classic
1341:
782:
2940:
2689:
2674:
2649:
2475:
2227:
2217:
2033:
1956:
1221:
1198:
1141:
1071:
1059:
1028:
642:
408:
331:
244:
202:
194:
103:
90:
1730:
1523:
1452:
2669:
2654:
2212:
1745:
1244:
1177:
1129:
974:
878:
799:
470:. None were successful in destroying enemy submarines. The German Q-ship
85:
382:(VC). New Zealanders Lieutenant Andrew Dougall Blair and Sub-Lieutenant
2867:
1633:
1249:
1121:
970:
strongly criticized the program and all Q-ships patrols ended in 1943.
886:
601:
454:
248:
75:
275:. The first victory by an unassisted Q-ship came on 24 July 1915 when
2812:
920:
respectively (these hull numbers were actually duplicates of the USS
556:
552:
391:
348:
224:
206:
65:
1625:
573:. At 22:00 that evening, the vessels were detected by the submarine
551:, into a Q-ship. On 15 January 1944, she departed from Nagaura (now
355:
party to kill all who had made it aboard. This became known as the "
1264:
913:
809:
567:
420:
272:
217:
1184:
series of books. Harrington destroys a Q-ship in the first novel,
2795:
967:
858:
Losses mounted rapidly. On January 20, 1942, Commander-in-Chief,
398:
369:
299:
282:
255:
254:
The first Q-ship victory was on 23 June 1915, when the submarine
232:
213:
1116:(1947) tells the story of Geoffrey Firmin, an alcoholic British
794:
2790:
1816:
1202:, Thomas Bachfisch commands a pair of privately owned Q-ships.
1154:
features a battle with a Q-Ship by the fictional submarine USS
847:
770:
190:
161:
154:
30:
985:
which was converted to Q-ship duty as project "Love William".
973:
American Q-ships also operated in the Pacific Ocean. One was
604:
in September and October 1939 for work in the North Atlantic:
351:
her, ordered the survivors to be shot in the water and sent a
2921:
2704:
146:
138:
Examples of the tactic used against commerce raiders include
1209:, Joel Richards has a short story titled "Q-ship Militant".
836:
Reinhard Hardegen, torpedoed and sank the British steamship
153:. An example of the latter was beaten back by the privateer
1594:
1592:
228:
118:
1785:
966:
sunk on its first patrol with all hands on 26 March 1942.
1711:(4). International Naval Research Organization: 322–372.
1386:. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, Maryland, USA. 1999.
1190:, and commands a squadron of Q-ships in the sixth novel,
343:, which was preparing to attack the nearby merchant ship
176:
Q-ships hid naval guns behind moveable or pivoting panels
1589:
327:
s commander to rescue one surviving German submariner.
1011:
798:
Hinged flaps aft of the anchor hid 3-inch guns aboard
189:, Britain was in need of a countermeasure against the
1404:"Helgoland Q17 – Remembering War – Tauranga Memories"
1158:, inspired by an encounter with an enemy ship by the
510:
Germany employed at least 13 Q-ships, including the
27:
Heavily armed merchant ships with concealed weaponry
1008:reflect the great secrecy attached to these ships.
209:was by gunfire or by ramming while on the surface.
312:was an unpowered sailing ship fitted with a small
442:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
2978:
1384:Q-Ships versus U-Boats. America's Secret Project
1748:, His Imperial German Majesty's U-boats in the
1611:
2877:
2828:
1801:
1600:British and Dominion Warships of World War II
1567:"The Short Life of the First Japanese Q-Ship"
1496:
1494:
2896:
1321:
125:
2753:
1646:New Hampshire v. Maine, 426 U.S. 363 (1977)
1547:Hauschild, Bremen 2008, p. 94-98, 106-108.
740:sailed with a French crew, and was sunk by
559:) on her first mission in company with the
2835:
2821:
1808:
1794:
1766:
1702:
1491:
1040:A surviving example of the Q-ships is HMS
746:on 30 December 1942 during the battle for
197:), were rejected by the resource-strapped
64:with concealed weaponry, designed to lure
855:had caught the United States unprepared.
235:. These became known by the Germans as a
1450:
1354:
1027:
1018:pirates originating on the Somalia coast
808:
793:
781:
769:
757:
171:
29:
1828:Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I
1472:
1378:
1376:
1317:
1315:
547:converted the 2,205-ton merchant ship,
461:
14:
2979:
2842:
1500:
904:, identical cargo vessels that became
721:The last Royal Navy Q-ship, 2,456-ton
600:Nine Q-ships were commissioned by the
474:heavily damaged the Russian submarine
386:faced three U-boats simultaneously in
2816:
1833:Battle of the Atlantic (World War II)
1789:
1168:
1065:
996:The US Navy did not use a consistent
877:, which briefly became the auxiliary
1545:Der Seekrieg in der Ostsee 1914-1918
1373:
1312:
261:, cooperating with the decoy vessel
1755:"Q-Boats – An Answer to Submarines"
1477:. London: Bison Books. p. 58.
1196:. In the tenth book in the series,
1051:completed in 1918. She was renamed
1012:Proposed use against modern pirates
500:
34:British First World War Q-ship HMS
24:
1773:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
1736:British Special Service or Q-Ships
1564:
1104:in the final battle of the story.
580:, which launched three torpedoes.
167:
145:in the 1670s and French disguised
25:
3013:
1980:List of wolfpacks of World War II
1724:
1598:Lenton, H.T. and Colledge, J.J.:
595:
514:which sank the British submarine
374:on 22 March 1916. Her commander,
1663:. Lloyd's Register. 9 April 2009
813:Yeomen and supply clerks of USS
753:
1696:
1674:
1649:
1640:
1605:
1558:
1537:
1516:
1342:"The Queenstown Q Ships of WW1"
1207:Analog Science Fiction and Fact
1176:Q-ships feature prominently in
531:on 10 June 1940, was more of a
2731:Unrestricted submarine warfare
1657:"Use Q ships against pirates?"
1466:
1444:
1420:
1396:
1348:
1334:
1287:
1044:, a Flower-class sloop of the
981:formerly the lumber transport
403:, which was severely damaged.
201:and the independent captains.
13:
1:
1767:Chatterton, E. Keble (1922).
1614:The Pacific Historical Review
1280:
1205:In the Jan/Feb 2020 issue of
1120:in the small Mexican town of
1016:Attacks on merchant ships by
180:
1843:Mediterranean (World War II)
1023:
187:First Battle of the Atlantic
112:
7:
2878:
1838:Mediterranean (World War I)
1815:
1661:Safety at Sea International
1215:
873:the Boston beam trawler MS
485:on 27 May 1916. The famous
212:Submarines could attack by
88:and by the Royal Navy, the
10:
3018:
2223:Battle of the St. Lawrence
998:hull classification symbol
505:
2960:
2935:
2909:
2850:
2744:
2718:
2637:
2582:
2484:
2474:
2309:
2258:
2249:
2205:
1970:
1952:Knight's Cross recipients
1924:
1867:
1823:
1524:"U-boat Losses 1914-1918"
1503:"Q-Ships in World War II"
1473:Preston, Anthonu (1982).
1270:Merchant aircraft carrier
885:(AM-132) before becoming
592:, she escaped unscathed.
151:French Revolutionary Wars
126:Early uses of the concept
2547:Italian battleship
2531:Russian battleship
1451:McMullen, Chris (2001).
1295:"Anti-submarine warfare"
1275:Mary B Mitchell (Q-ship)
538:
3002:Military use of mimicry
2563:French battleship
2508:French battleship
1947:World War II commanders
1770:Q-Ships and Their Story
1501:Langenberg, William H.
1355:Jamieson, A.G. (1986).
430:Warships of World War I
298:successfully destroyed
287:. The civilian crew of
2987:Anti-submarine weapons
2897:
1942:World War I commanders
1453:"Royal Navy 'Q' Ships"
1037:
818:
806:
791:
779:
767:
545:Imperial Japanese Navy
468:Handelsschutzflottille
384:William Edward Sanders
177:
96:Imperial Japanese Navy
71:They were used by the
38:
2892:Psychological warfare
1705:Warship International
1084:Islands in the Stream
1031:
812:
797:
785:
773:
761:
588:was depth charged by
175:
54:special service ships
33:
2858:Denial and deception
2680:Metox radar detector
1902:Uncompleted projects
1746:FĂĽr Kaiser und Reich
1731:Royal Navy 'Q' Ships
1577:on 23 September 2016
1432:Tauranga.kete.net.nz
1408:Tauranga.kete.net.nz
1097:Run Silent, Run Deep
612:(X85) ex-Royal Navy
462:Imperial German Navy
293:HM Armed Smack
185:In 1915, during the
62:armed merchant ships
2887:Military camouflage
2873:Information warfare
1571:www.subsowespac.org
1382:Beyer, Kenneth M.:
1357:A people of the sea
1193:Honor Among Enemies
1187:On Basilisk Station
1092:Edward L. Beach Jr.
860:United States Fleet
434:Flower-class sloops
425:on 14 August 1917.
330:On 19 August 1915,
2844:Military deception
2660:FuG 200 Hohentwiel
1543:Lutz Bengelsdorf:
1301:. 30 November 2012
1169:In science fiction
1066:Q-ships in fiction
1038:
824:United States Navy
819:
807:
792:
780:
768:
734:Motor Torpedo Boat
378:, was awarded the
178:
100:United States Navy
81:Kaiserliche Marine
39:
2974:
2973:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2726:Submarine warfare
2700:Sieglinde (decoy)
2633:
2632:
2549:Regina Margherita
2470:
2469:
2206:Major engagements
1553:978-3-89757-404-5
1260:Armed merchantmen
1151:Operation Pacific
1113:Under the Volcano
732:floatplanes, and
661:Willamette Valley
357:Baralong incident
16:(Redirected from
3009:
2902:
2883:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2751:
2750:
2482:
2481:
2256:
2255:
2251:U-boat flotillas
1909:Austro-Hungarian
1892:Foreign captured
1810:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1720:
1690:
1689:
1684:. Archived from
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:. Archived from
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1556:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
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1338:
1332:
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1319:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1299:navymuseum.co.nz
1291:
1240:Commerce raiding
1235:Merchant raiders
1182:Honor Harrington
1079:Ernest Hemingway
616:PC-74 built 1918
561:submarine chaser
501:Second World War
495:merchant raiders
326:
195:Second World War
104:Second World War
44:, also known as
21:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2956:
2931:
2905:
2846:
2841:
2811:
2802:
2740:
2714:
2629:
2578:
2466:
2305:
2245:
2201:
1966:
1920:
1887:Most successful
1863:
1819:
1814:
1760:Popular Science
1750:First World War
1727:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1626:10.2307/3638394
1610:
1606:
1597:
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1578:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1218:
1171:
1148:The 1951 movie
1126:Day of the Dead
1068:
1026:
1014:
950:, which became
935:, which became
864:Earnest J. King
840:, inaugurating
834:Kapitänleutnant
756:
730:OS2U Kingfisher
598:
541:
533:merchant raider
508:
503:
464:
376:Gordon Campbell
324:
183:
170:
168:First World War
128:
115:
86:First World War
78:and the German
60:, were heavily
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2972:
2971:
2967:The Art of War
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Military dummy
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:Ruse de guerre
2894:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Disinformation
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2301:Constantinople
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1897:Never deployed
1894:
1889:
1884:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1764:
1763:, January 1940
1752:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1725:External links
1723:
1722:
1721:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:on 2012-07-09.
1682:"Chapter Four"
1673:
1648:
1639:
1620:(4): 413–443.
1604:
1602:, 1968, p. 279
1588:
1557:
1536:
1515:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1443:
1419:
1395:
1372:
1365:
1347:
1333:
1311:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1224:of Q-ship HMS
1217:
1214:
1170:
1167:
1067:
1064:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1010:
960:
959:
944:
931:the tanker SS
929:
928:respectively),
918: (AK-101)
910: (AK-100)
894:
891: (PYc-40)
755:
752:
709:
708:
699:1,090-ton HMS
697:
688:1,030-ton HMS
686:
677:4,398-ton HMS
675:
672:City of Durban
666:5,945-ton HMS
664:
655:4,702-ton HMS
653:
639:
630:4,443-ton HMS
628:
619:5,072-ton HMS
617:
597:
596:United Kingdom
594:
540:
537:
521:. The German
507:
504:
502:
499:
463:
460:
380:Victoria Cross
306:Great Yarmouth
289:Prince Charles
278:Prince Charles
182:
179:
169:
166:
132:ruse de guerre
127:
124:
114:
111:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:Saint-Nazaire
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2736:Rocket U-boat
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Anechoic tile
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:Capital ships
2473:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1484:0-86124-043-X
1480:
1476:
1469:
1454:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1392:1-55750-044-4
1389:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1366:0-416-40540-1
1362:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:East Indiaman
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:Clive Cussler
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:Malcolm Lowry
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1036:in the Thames
1035:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979: (AG-49)
978:
971:
969:
965:
957:
956: (IX-93)
955:
954:Irene Forsyte
949:
946:the schooner
945:
942:
941: (AO-45)
940:
934:
930:
927:
923:
919:
917:
911:
909:
903:
899:
895:
892:
890:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
861:
856:
854:
849:
845:
844:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
816:
811:
805:
804: (AG-49)
803:
796:
789:
788:Irene Forsyte
784:
777:
772:
765:
760:
754:United States
751:
749:
748:Convoy ON-154
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
719:
717:
713:
706:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
646:
640:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
614:P-class sloop
611:
607:
606:
605:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:
520:
519:
513:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
477:
473:
469:
459:
456:
450:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:According to
426:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:
336:
335:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
296:
290:
286:
285:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
252:
250:
246:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
203:Depth charges
200:
196:
192:
188:
174:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
136:
133:
123:
120:
110:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
58:mystery ships
55:
51:
50:decoy vessels
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
2965:
2941:World War II
2926:
2754:World War II
2694:
2690:Pillenwerfer
2675:Mark 24 mine
2650:Depth charge
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:World War II
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2310:World War II
2238:
2228:Convoy ONS 5
2218:Convoy PQ 17
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1957:Erich Raeder
1869:U-boat lists
1857:
1849:
1769:
1758:
1708:
1704:
1697:Bibliography
1686:the original
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1642:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1581:22 September
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1570:
1565:Howard, Ed.
1560:
1544:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1474:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1383:
1356:
1350:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1303:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1225:
1222:Harold Auten
1211:
1204:
1199:War of Honor
1197:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1142:Oregon Files
1140:
1139:book series
1134:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1072:Alfred Noyes
1069:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1015:
1005:
1001:
995:
990:
986:
982:
976:
972:
963:
961:
953:
948:Irene Myrtle
947:
938:
932:
925:
924:and the USS
921:
915:
907:
901:
897:
888:
882:
874:
868:
857:
853:Paukenschlag
852:
843:Paukenschlag
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:. That day,
820:
814:
801:
787:
775:
763:
742:
737:
724:
720:
715:
711:
710:
704:
700:
693:
689:
682:
678:
671:
667:
660:
656:
649:
644:
635:
631:
625:King Gruffyd
624:
620:
609:
608:610-ton HMS
599:
589:
585:
581:
576:
570:
563:
548:
542:
528:
523:
517:
511:
509:
490:
486:
480:
475:
471:
467:
465:
451:
441:
429:
427:
421:
416:
412:
409:White Ensign
404:
399:
393:
387:
370:
364:
361:
344:
339:
333:
329:
321:
317:
309:
300:
294:
288:
283:
277:
267:
262:
257:
253:
245:White Ensign
241:
237:U-Boot-Falle
236:
222:
211:
184:
157:
141:
137:
129:
116:
108:
91:Kriegsmarine
89:
80:
70:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
35:
2670:Leigh light
2655:Elektroboot
2485:World War I
2259:World War I
2213:Convoy SC 7
2147:Steinbrinck
1962:Karl Dönitz
1458:14 December
1359:. Methuen.
1245:Tonnage war
1226:Stock Force
1178:David Weber
1156:Thunderfish
1130:World War I
1122:Quauhnahuac
879:minesweeper
368:(Q.5) sank
365:Farnborough
149:during the
102:during the
84:during the
2997:Ship types
2981:Categories
2936:Operations
2880:Maskirovka
2868:False flag
2851:Techniques
2638:Technology
2608:Courageous
2518:Formidable
2502:Cornwallis
2133:Schlieffen
2084:Pfadfinder
2063:Kreuzotter
2000:Delphin II
1925:Commanders
1856:Operation
1850:Regenbogen
1848:Operation
1667:2009-04-11
1475:Submarines
1437:2017-06-30
1413:2017-06-30
1305:2024-03-25
1281:References
1250:False flag
862:(Cominch)
707:built 1930
696:built 1924
685:built 1936
683:Cape Sable
674:built 1921
663:built 1928
652:built 1917
641:5,119-ton
638:built 1930
627:built 1919
610:Chatsgrove
602:Royal Navy
582:Delhi Maru
549:Delhi Maru
455:minefields
440:. However
249:Royal Navy
229:Queenstown
181:Royal Navy
142:Kingfisher
119:Queenstown
117:Short for
98:, and the
76:Royal Navy
66:submarines
2952:Bodyguard
2910:Equipment
2685:Mousetrap
2624:Royal Oak
2622:HMS
2614:HMS
2606:HMS
2598:HMS
2592:Ark Royal
2590:HMS
2571:HMS
2555:HMS
2539:HMS
2516:HMS
2500:HMS
2494:Britannia
2492:HMS
2233:Black May
2161:Streitaxt
2154:Siegfried
2021:Eisteufel
1972:Wolfpacks
1858:Deadlight
1779:558195598
1717:0043-0374
1124:, on the
1110:'s novel
1094:'s novel
1081:'s novel
1055:President
1053:HMS
1042:Saxifrage
1034:President
1024:Survivors
975:USS
952:USS
937:USS
933:Gulf Dawn
914:USS
906:USS
887:USS
800:USS
723:HMS
703:(X72) ex-
692:(X63) ex-
681:(X44) ex-
670:(X96) ex-
659:(X39) ex-
648:(X15) ex-
645:Lambridge
636:Cape Howe
634:(X02) ex-
623:(X28) ex-
586:Swordfish
577:Swordfish
575:USS
571:Tatu Maru
557:Tokyo Bay
553:Sodegaura
516:HMS
512:SchĂĽrbeck
405:Helgoland
392:HMS
388:Helgoland
363:HMS
332:HMS
322:Inverlyon
314:3-pounder
310:Inverlyon
295:Inverlyon
256:HMS
225:home port
207:submarine
199:Admiralty
140:HMS
113:Etymology
2779:Valentin
2775:Germany
2719:Concepts
2665:Hedgehog
2541:Majestic
2533:Peresvet
2286:Flanders
2239:Bismarck
2182:Weddigen
2175:Vorwärts
2119:Rossbach
2105:Raubgraf
2042:Hartmann
1529:11 April
1508:11 April
1324:Coriolis
1265:CAM ship
1228:awarded
1216:See also
1002:Asterion
983:Coos Bay
939:Big Horn
908:Asterion
776:Big Horn
766:(AK-101)
738:Fidelity
725:Fidelity
716:Edgehill
712:Prunella
657:Edgehill
632:Prunella
568:netlayer
566:and the
529:Tirranna
524:Atlantis
472:Schiff K
438:PC-boats
353:boarding
345:Nicosian
334:Baralong
273:Eyemouth
263:Taranaki
218:deck gun
36:Tamarisk
2992:Q-ships
2947:Bertram
2796:Dora II
2764:Lorient
2760:France
2710:Snorkel
2573:Triumph
2565:Suffren
2557:Russell
2525:Gaulois
2317:Regions
2291:Kurland
2168:TĂĽmmler
2140:Seewolf
2070:Leuthen
2056:Kiebitz
2028:Endrass
2007:Dränger
1986:BlĂĽcher
1914:Classes
1817:U-boats
1634:3638394
1162:Growler
1135:In the
1047:Anchusa
991:Anacapa
987:Anacapa
977:Anacapa
968:COMINCH
902:Carolyn
838:Cyclops
815:Anacapa
802:Anacapa
790:(IX-93)
778:(AO-45)
701:Antoine
621:Maunder
506:Germany
478:of the
447:funnels
436:and 20
349:scuttle
265:, sank
233:Ireland
214:torpedo
191:U-boats
160:out of
158:Vulture
73:British
46:Q-boats
42:Q-ships
2927:Q-ship
2791:Dora I
2786:Norway
2695:Q-ship
2600:Barham
2510:Danton
2126:Schill
2112:Rösing
2014:Eisbär
1993:Borkum
1877:German
1777:
1715:
1709:XXVIII
1632:
1551:
1481:
1390:
1363:
1118:consul
1060:Thames
898:Evelyn
889:Captor
848:U-boat
832:under
736:105.
694:Beauty
679:Cyprus
668:Brutus
650:Botlea
518:Tarpon
476:Gepard
216:or by
162:Jersey
155:lugger
94:, the
18:Q ship
2961:Texts
2922:Decoy
2746:Bases
2705:Sonar
2616:Eagle
2241:chase
2098:Prien
2091:Pfeil
2049:Hecht
1882:Types
1630:JSTOR
1049:group
943:, and
883:Eagle
829:U-123
743:U-435
705:Orchy
590:Ch-50
564:Ch-50
539:Japan
493:were
483:class
422:UB-48
413:Prize
394:Prize
337:sank
325:'
304:near
281:sank
231:, in
147:brigs
56:, or
2478:sunk
2296:Pola
2196:Wolf
2189:West
2077:Lohs
1775:OCLC
1741:Q-23
1713:ISSN
1583:2016
1549:ISBN
1531:2024
1510:2024
1479:ISBN
1460:2011
1388:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1160:USS
1070:The
1032:HMS
1006:Atik
1004:and
964:Atik
926:Lyra
922:Lynx
916:Atik
912:and
900:and
881:USS
875:Wave
786:USS
774:USS
764:Atik
762:USS
714:and
690:Looe
643:HMS
543:The
491:Wolf
489:and
487:Möwe
481:Bars
417:U-93
411:and
400:U-93
371:U-68
340:U-27
318:UB-4
301:UB-4
284:U-36
271:off
268:U-40
2462:33.
2457:32.
2452:31.
2447:30.
2442:29.
2437:27.
2432:26.
2427:25.
2422:24.
2417:23.
2412:22.
2407:21.
2402:20.
2397:19.
2392:18.
2387:14.
2382:13.
2377:12.
2372:11.
2367:10.
2276:III
2035:Hai
1937:FdU
1932:BdU
1622:doi
1180:'s
1102:Eel
1090:In
1077:In
896:SS
555:on
359:".
258:C24
2983::
2943::
2362:9.
2357:8.
2352:7.
2347:6.
2342:5.
2337:4.
2332:3.
2327:2.
2322:1.
2281:IV
2271:II
1757:,
1707:.
1659:.
1628:.
1618:41
1616:.
1591:^
1569:.
1493:^
1430:.
1406:.
1375:^
1326:.
1314:^
1297:.
1230:VC
1165:.
1062:.
750:.
535:.
308:.
227:,
164:.
106:.
52:,
48:,
2836:e
2829:t
2822:v
2266:I
1809:e
1802:t
1795:v
1781:.
1719:.
1670:.
1636:.
1624::
1585:.
1555:.
1533:.
1512:.
1487:.
1462:.
1440:.
1416:.
1369:.
1344:.
1330:.
1328:5
1308:.
958:.
893:,
247:(
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