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autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to discrete emotional states. For example, anger might be constituted by a certain set of physiological responses, such as increased cardiac output and high diastolic blood pressure, which would allow us to better understand patterns and predict emotional responses. Some studies were able to detect consistent patterns of ANS responses that corresponded to specific emotions under certain contexts, like an early study by Paul Ekman and colleagues in 1983 "Emotion-specific activity in the autonomic nervous system was generated by constructing facial prototypes of emotion muscle by muscle and by reliving past emotional experiences. The autonomic activity produced distinguished not only between positive and negative emotions, but also among negative emotions". However, as more studies were conducted, more variability was found in ANS responses to discrete emotion inductions, not only among individuals but also over time in the same individuals, and greatly between social groups. Some of these differences can be attributed to variables like induction technique, context of the study, or classification of stimuli, which can alter a perceived scenario or emotional response. However it was also found that features of the participant could also alter ANS responses. Factors such as basal level of arousal at the time of experimentation or between test recovery, learned or conditioned responses to certain stimuli, range and maximal level of effect of ANS action, and individual attentiveness can all alter physiological responses in a lab setting. Even supposedly discrete emotional states fail to show specificity. For example, some emotional typologists consider fear to have subtypes, which might involve fleeing or freezing, both of which can have distinct physiological patterns and potentially distinct neural circuitry. As such no definitive correlation can be drawn linking specific autonomic patterns to discrete emotions, causing emotion theorists to rethink classical definitions of emotions.
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and often only one-dimensional. The loop used to describe this process is known as the biocybernetic loop. The biocybernetic loop describes the closed loop system that receives psychophysiological data from the player, transforms that data into a computerized response, which then shapes the future psychophysiological response from the player. A positive control loop tends towards instability as player-software loop strives towards a higher standard of desirable performance. The physiological computer game may wish to incorporate both positive and negative loops into the adaptive controller.
262:. A psychophysiologist will attempt to link the two. Psychophysiologists generally study the psychological/physiological link in intact human subjects. While early psychophysiologists almost always examined the impact of psychological states on physiological system responses, since the 1970s, psychophysiologists also frequently study the impact of physiological states and systems on psychological states and processes. It is this perspective of studying the interface of mind and body that makes psychophysiologists most distinct.
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381:, or measures of interoceptive visceral awareness such as heartbeat detection. Merits to self-report are an emphasis on accurately understand the participants' subjective experience and understanding their perception; however, its pitfalls include the possibility of participants misunderstanding a scale or incorrectly recalling events. Physiological responses also can be measured via instruments that read bodily events such as heart rate change,
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Physiological computing systems all contain an element that may be termed as an adaptive controller that may be used to represent the player. This adaptive controller represents the decision-making process underlying software adaptation. In their simplest form, adaptive controllers are expressed in
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statements. Adaptive controllers encompass not only the decision-making rules, but also the psychophysiological inference that is implicit in the quantification of those trigger points used to activate the rules. The representation of the player using an adaptive controller can become very complex
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page). The advantages of using psychophysiological indices are that their changes are continuous, measures are covert and implicit, and only available data source when the user interacts with the computer without any explicit communication or input device. These systems rely upon an assumption that
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Psychophysiology studies multiple aspects of behavior, and emotions are the most common example. It has long been recognized that emotional episodes are partly constituted by physiological responses. Early work done linking emotions to psychophysiology started with research on mapping consistent
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that incorporates real-time software adaption to the psychophysiological activity of the user. The main goal of this is to build a computer that responds to user emotion, cognition and motivation. The approach is to enable implicit and symmetrical human-computer communication by granting the
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Finally, one can measure overt action or behavior, which involves the observation and recording actual actions, such as running, freezing, eye movement, and facial expression. These are good response measures and easy to record in animals, but they are not as frequently used in human studies.
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While psychophysiology was a discipline off the mainstream of psychological and medical science prior to roughly the 1940s, more recently, psychophysiology has found itself positioned at the intersection of psychological and medical science, and its popularity and importance have expanded
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event; or how activation of one neural brain structure exerts excitatory activity in another neural structure which then induces an inhibitory effect in some other system. Often, physiological psychologists examine the effects that they study in
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processes. While psychophysiology was a general broad field of research in the 1960s and 1970s, it has now become quite specialized, based on methods, topic of studies and scientific traditions. Methods vary as combinations of
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Welcome MO, Pereverzeva EV, and
Pereverzev VA. A novel psychophysiological model of the effect of alcohol use on academic performance of male medical students of Belarusian State Medical University. IJCRIMPH 2 (6): 183–197,
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Kircanski, K.; Morazavi, A.; Castriotta, N.; Baker, A. S.; Mystkowski, J. L.; Yi, R.; Craske, M. G. (2012). "Challenges to the traditional exposure paradigm: Variability in exposure therapy for contamination fears".
377:, neuroimaging and behavioral methods. Evaluative reports involve participant introspection and self-ratings of internal psychological states or physiological sensations, such as self-report of arousal levels on the
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Task Force of the
European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology. Heart Rate Variability Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use.
389:(functional magnetic resonance imaging), electrodermal activity (a standardized term encompassing skin conductance response, SCR, and galvanic skin response, GSR), cardiovascular measures (
325:. Overlaps in areas of interest between psychophysiologists and physiological psychologist may consist of observing how one cardiovascular event may influence another cardiovascular or
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the psychophysiological measure is an accurate one-to-one representation of a relevant psychological dimension such as mental effort, task engagement and frustration.
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Satpute, A. B.; Mumford, J. A.; Naliboff, B. D.; Poldrack, R. A. (2012). "Human anterior and posterior hippocampus respond distinctly to state and trait anxiety".
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Greenland, K.; Xenias, D.; Maio, G. (2012). "Intergroup anxiety from the self and other: Evidence from self-report, physiological effects, and real interactions".
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Hussein, M.S; Hussain, M. S.; AlZoubi, O.; Calvo, R. A.; D'Mello, S. K. (2011). "Affect
Detection from Multichannel Physiology during Learning Sessions with Auto
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Van Dooren, M.; de Vries, J. J. G.; Janssen, J. H. (2012). "Emotional sweating across the body: Comparing 16 different skin conductance measurement locations".
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Effects of Low-Intensity
Exercise Conditioning on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Autonomic Modulation of Heart Rate in Men and Women with Hypertension.
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Ong, A. D.; Rothstein, J. D.; Uchino, B. N. (2012). "Loneliness accentuates age differences in cardiovascular responses to social evaluate threat".
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168:. Topics have branched into subspecializations such as social, sport, cognitive, cardiovascular, clinical and other branches of psychophysiology.
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Kakarot, N.; Mueller, F.; Bassarak, C. (2012). "Activity–rest schedules in physically demanding work and the variation of responses with age".
301:, MEG, and other neuroimagery techniques. A psychophysiologist may look at how exposure to a stressful situation will produce a result in the
385:, muscle tension, and cardiac output. Many indices are part of modern psychophysiology, including brain waves (electroencephalography, EEG),
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Robinson, Michael; Clore, Gerald (2002). "Episodic and
Semantic Knowledge in Emotional Self-Report: Evidence for Two Judgment Processes".
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Cacioppo, John; Berntson, Gary; Larsen, Jeff; Poehlmann, Kirsten; Ito, Tiffany (2000). "The
Psychophysiology of Emotion".
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Paul, Ekman; Levenson, Robert; Friesen, Wallace (1983). "Autonomic
Nervous System Activity Distinguishes Among Emotions".
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Society for
Psychophysiological Research. The primary American professional organization of psychophysiological research.
413:), eye movements, recorded via the electro-oculogram (EOG) and direction-of-gaze methods, cardiodynamics, recorded via
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Bradley, Margaret; Lang, Peter (1994). "Measuring
Emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential".
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Pietschnig, J.; Nader, I. W.; Gittler, G. (2012). "Pheromone exposure impairs spatial task performance in young men".
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Stemmler, Gerhard; Wacker, Jan (2010). "Personality, Emotion, and
Individual Differences in Physiological Responses".
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Arroyo, Ivon; Woolf, B; Cooper, D; Burleson, W; Muldner, K; Christopherson, R (2009). "Emotion Sensors Go To School".
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APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Foundations, planning, measures, and psychometrics (Vol. 1) (2nd ed.).
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Bos, M. W.; Dijksterhuis, A.; Van Baaren, R. (2012). "Food for thought? Trust your unconscious when energy is low".
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Weins, Stefan; Mezzacappa, Elizabeth; Katkin, Edward (2000). "Heartbeat Detection and the Experience of Emotions".
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Cushman, F.; Gary, K.; Gaffey, A.; Mendes, W. B. (2012). "Simulating murder: The aversion to harmful action".
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Sahar, Yotam; Elbaum, Tomer; Musicant, Oren; Wagner, Michael; Altarac, Leon; Shoval, Shraga (2023-02-23).
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Gruszynski, Mike; Stephen H Faircloug. "Psychophysiological Inference and Physiological Computer Games".
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Psychophysiology measures exist in multiple domains; reports, electrophysiological studies, studies in
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L. P.T. Hua, C. A. Brown, S. J.M. Hains, M. Godwin, and J. L. Parlow (2009) Biol Res Nurs 11, 129-143
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software access to a representation of the user's psychological status.
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Some people have difficulty distinguishing a psychophysiologist from a
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Gross, Cornelius; Canteras, Newton (2012). "The Many Paths to Fear".
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Cacioppo, John; Tassinary, Louis; Berntson, Gary (2007). "25".
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Psychophysiological inference and physiological computer games
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subjects using surgical or invasive techniques and processes.
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Glynn, Laura; Christenfeld, Nicholas; Gerin, William (2002).
651:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 581–607.
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Brain, Body and Bytes: Psychophysiological User Interaction
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Psychophysiological measures are often used to study
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changes in pupil diameter with thought and emotion (
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Psychophysiology is closely related to the field of
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933:Brady, ST; Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Price DL. (2012).
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1231:Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics
452:Emotions as example of psychophysiological studies
1641:The Medipsych Institute Clinical Psychophysiology
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465:Physiological computing represents a category of
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1018:Williams, James (1884). "What is an Emotion?".
604:, in Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (eds.),
561:Cacioppo, John T.; Tassinary, Louis G. (1990).
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1593:Handbook of psychophysiology 4th Edition
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600:Schell, A.; Dawson, M. E. (2001-01-01),
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1433:Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science
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281:potentials such as the many types of
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208:adding citations to reliable sources
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1552:, & Tassinary, Louis G (1990),
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1545:. Futura Publishing Company, 1995.
935:Basic Neurochemistry. McGill Press
903:10.1097/01.psy.0000031574.42041.23
250:are interested in why we may fear
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995:10.1007/978-3-642-21869-9_19
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649:Handbook of Psychophysiology
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446:intelligent tutoring systems
383:electrodermal activity (EDA)
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475:affective computing
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131:) is the branch of
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1331:
1328:10.1002/ejsp.867
1310:
1300:
1285:Psychophysiology
1275:
1264:10.1037/a0025071
1246:
1243:10.1037/a0027388
1216:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1009:
1008:
978:
972:
971:
959:
953:
952:
946:
938:
930:
924:
923:
905:
881:
875:
874:
864:
846:
822:
816:
815:
814:
813:
780:
774:
773:
737:
731:
730:
702:
696:
695:
659:
653:
652:
644:
633:
632:
631:
630:
597:
591:
590:
558:
552:
545:Psychophysiology
542:
403:electromyography
395:beats per minute
315:vasoconstriction
235:
228:
224:
221:
215:
184:
176:
124:
123:
114:
113:
104:
103:
94:Psychophysiology
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
39:
38:
31:
22:Psychophysiology
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2981:Neuropsychology
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:Neurophysiology
2923:
2919:Cell physiology
2907:
2881:
2872:
2853:Fish physiology
2841:
2835:
2805:
2800:
2757:
2733:Psychotherapies
2694:
2651:Martin Seligman
2616:Daniel Kahneman
2556:Richard Lazarus
2506:Raymond Cattell
2410:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2311:
2223:
2050:
2043:
2034:
1995:Neuropsychology
1875:
1868:
1840:
1835:
1805:
1800:
1712:
1707:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1622:
1617:
1598:
1597:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1224:
1219:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1164:10.1038/nrn3301
1148:
1144:
1105:
1101:
1086:
1082:
1035:
1031:
1016:
1012:
1005:
979:
975:
960:
956:
940:
939:
931:
927:
882:
878:
823:
819:
811:
809:
807:
781:
777:
738:
734:
703:
699:
660:
656:
645:
636:
628:
626:
624:
598:
594:
559:
555:
543:
539:
535:
530:
522:Behavior change
493:
463:
454:
434:
371:
236:
225:
219:
216:
201:
185:
174:
87:
76:
70:
67:
56:
40:
36:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2928:Related topics
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
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2875:
2873:
2871:
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2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
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2802:
2801:
2799:
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2793:
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2783:
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2773:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:Roy Baumeister
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Michael Posner
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Elliot Aronson
2608:
2606:Walter Mischel
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Albert Bandura
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Leon Festinger
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Neal E. Miller
2513:
2511:Abraham Maslow
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:Ernest Hilgard
2493:
2491:Donald O. Hebb
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:J. P. Guilford
2468:
2466:Gordon Allport
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:John B. Watson
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Animal testing
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Cross-cultural
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1620:External links
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1585:
1566:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1489:(2): 298–304.
1478:
1449:
1428:
1410:(1): 190–198.
1399:
1381:(2): 745–751.
1369:
1343:(3): 282–294.
1332:
1322:(2): 150–163.
1311:
1291:(3): 283–304.
1276:
1247:
1237:(2): 124–130.
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1208:|journal=
1185:
1158:(9): 651–658.
1142:
1115:(3): 541–551.
1099:
1080:
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1003:
973:
954:
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896:(5): 714–726.
876:
817:
805:
775:
748:(1): 198–215.
732:
713:(3): 417–427.
697:
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622:
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375:neurochemistry
370:
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355:psychosomatics
279:cortical brain
258:system of the
238:
237:
188:
186:
179:
173:
170:
166:neurochemistry
89:
88:
59:cleanup reason
43:
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34:
15:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2941:
2940:Ecophysiology
2938:
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2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
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2856:
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2754:
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2749:
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2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Psychologists
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Organizations
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:John Anderson
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
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2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Ulric Neisser
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Endel Tulving
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Robert Zajonc
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Jerome Bruner
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:B. F. Skinner
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Clark L. Hull
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Sigmund Freud
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:William James
2419:
2417:
2416:Wilhelm Wundt
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:Psychologists
2404:
2396:
2395:Psychometrics
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Consciousness
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Psychophysics
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2229:Methodologies
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Psychotherapy
2187:
2185:
2184:Psychometrics
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Developmental
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Reaction time
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Lie detection
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Consciousness
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:(2): 188–205.
1025:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
958:
950:
944:
936:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
808:
806:1-4338-3713-7
802:
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790:
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728:
724:
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681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
650:
643:
641:
639:
625:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
550:
546:
541:
537:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Jemma B. King
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:Karl U. Smith
495:
494:
488:
485:
479:
476:
471:
468:
458:
449:
447:
443:
439:
429:
425:
424:
423:neuropeptides
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
351:endocrinology
348:
344:
343:psychological
340:
335:
333:
328:
324:
323:stroke volume
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:organ systems
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Psychologists
245:
234:
231:
223:
213:
209:
205:
199:
198:
194:
189:This section
187:
183:
178:
177:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
141:psychological
138:
137:physiological
134:
130:
129:
118:
108:
99:
95:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
54:
50:
49:
42:
33:
32:
29:
25:
23:
2641:Larry Squire
2636:Bruce McEwen
2631:Amos Tversky
2601:Jerome Kagan
2591:Noam Chomsky
2531:Hans Eysenck
2501:Harry Harlow
2481:Erik Erikson
2380:Intelligence
2277:Neuroimaging
2020:Quantitative
2014:
1985:Mathematical
1980:Intelligence
1970:Experimental
1965:Evolutionary
1955:Differential
1864:Psychologist
1731:Biofeedback
1709:
1661:
1648:
1592:
1555:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1519:
1486:
1482:
1460:(1): 56–68.
1457:
1453:
1439:(2): 93–98.
1436:
1432:
1407:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1340:
1336:
1319:
1315:
1288:
1284:
1255:
1251:
1234:
1230:
1222:Bibliography
1199:cite journal
1188:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1013:
986:
982:
976:
967:
963:
957:
934:
928:
893:
889:
879:
834:
830:
820:
810:, retrieved
788:
778:
745:
741:
735:
710:
706:
700:
670:(1): 49–59.
667:
663:
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627:, retrieved
605:
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573:(1): 16–28.
570:
566:
556:
540:
480:
472:
464:
455:
435:
426:
411:pupillometry
372:
363:
339:neuroscience
336:
311:vasodilation
277:, exploring
264:
256:input/output
241:
226:
217:
202:Please help
190:
154:neuroimaging
126:
116:
106:
93:
92:
77:
68:
45:
28:
21:
2713:Disciplines
2686:Susan Fiske
2576:Roger Brown
2476:Carl Rogers
2461:Jean Piaget
2426:Ivan Pavlov
2282:Observation
2262:Experiments
2209:Suicidology
2104:Educational
2059:Anomalistic
2030:Theoretical
2005:Personality
1935:Comparative
1918:Cognitivism
1909:Behaviorism
1761:Orientation
1751:Habituation
1520:Circulation
970:(1): 18–37.
837:(5): 4005.
345:events and
287:brain waves
220:August 2016
65:if you can.
2838:Physiology
2776:Wikisource
2621:Paul Ekman
2456:Kurt Lewin
2350:Competence
2272:Interviews
2252:Case study
2129:Humanistic
2109:Ergonomics
2094:Counseling
2069:Assessment
2051:psychology
2000:Perception
1960:Ecological
1876:psychology
1854:Philosophy
1838:Psychology
1337:Ergonomics
1258:(1): 2–7.
1096:: 173–191.
812:2023-12-21
629:2023-12-14
528:References
391:heart rate
332:infrahuman
307:heart rate
172:Background
133:psychology
71:April 2011
2796:Wikibooks
2786:Wikiquote
2656:Ed Diener
2441:Carl Jung
2345:Cognition
2174:Political
2084:Community
1914:Cognitive
1786:Sensation
1776:Satiation
943:cite book
853:1660-4601
587:1935-990X
533:Citations
442:cognitive
327:endocrine
191:does not
139:bases of
24:(journal)
2975:Category
2791:Wikinews
2748:Timeline
2370:Feelings
2365:Emotions
2325:Behavior
2316:Concepts
2194:Religion
2179:Positive
2169:Pastoral
2154:Military
2119:Forensic
2114:Feminist
2099:Critical
2089:Consumer
2079:Coaching
2074:Clinical
2049:Applied
1945:Cultural
1884:Abnormal
1736:Blushing
1721:Appetite
1601:citation
1575:citation
1511:19704826
1503:22330325
1474:22309734
1424:22004517
1395:22104655
1365:25508336
1357:22273280
1307:22220910
1272:21910540
1172:22850830
1137:24408358
1129:19800934
1075:15285913
912:12271102
871:36901016
862:10002433
770:17805222
762:12088126
727:14815385
692:17630161
491:See also
405:, EMG),
369:Measures
293:(fMRI),
285:(ERPs),
260:amygdala
46:require
2846:Animals
2723:Outline
2219:Traffic
2214:Systems
2149:Medical
1975:Gestalt
1849:History
1726:Arousal
1454:Emotion
1252:Emotion
1180:5319555
1067:6612338
1047:Bibcode
1039:Science
920:1533394
684:7962581
484:Boolean
438:emotion
397:, BPM;
252:spiders
212:removed
197:sources
164:), and
48:cleanup
2886:Plants
2753:Topics
2199:School
2124:Health
2025:Social
1928:Social
1874:Basic
1859:Portal
1771:Reflex
1659:about
1564:
1509:
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551:(MeSH)
393:, HR;
309:(HR),
128:-logia
122:-λογία
117:physis
107:psȳkhē
96:(from
2912:Cells
2840:types
2700:Lists
2159:Music
2144:Media
2139:Legal
1990:Moral
1791:Sleep
1614:2010.
1507:S2CID
1361:S2CID
1176:S2CID
1133:S2CID
1071:S2CID
983:Tutor
916:S2CID
766:S2CID
723:S2CID
688:S2CID
347:brain
321:, or
112:φύσις
98:Greek
2385:Mind
1607:link
1581:link
1562:ISBN
1499:PMID
1470:PMID
1420:PMID
1391:PMID
1353:PMID
1303:PMID
1268:PMID
1212:help
1168:PMID
1125:PMID
1063:PMID
1020:Mind
999:ISBN
949:link
908:PMID
867:PMID
849:ISSN
801:ISBN
758:PMID
680:PMID
618:ISBN
583:ISSN
432:Uses
421:and
387:fMRI
357:and
195:any
193:cite
102:ψῡχή
1491:doi
1487:106
1462:doi
1441:doi
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1293:doi
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991:doi
985:".
898:doi
857:PMC
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793:doi
750:doi
715:doi
672:doi
610:doi
575:doi
299:PET
295:MRI
206:by
162:PET
158:MRI
152:),
150:EEG
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