106:
878:
rear. This front-to-rear burn pattern minimizes the effect seen in rear-igniting cartridges where a portion of the powder at the front of the charge is wasted, as it is forced down and out of the barrel and burns in the air as muzzle flash. It also ensures that the whole charge burns under the highest possible pressure, theoretically minimising unburnt residues. Consequently, a smaller charge can be used to obtain the same velocity as a rear-ignited charge of the same bullet calibre and weight. It also increases the handling security of the cartridge, since it is virtually impossible to set the primer off accidentally.
930:
that purpose. The needle could be easily replaced in under 30 seconds, even in the field. Because the rifle used black powder, residue accumulated at the back of the barrel, making cleaning necessary after about 60–80 shots. This was not a large problem because the individual soldier carried fewer cartridges than that and Dreyse created an "air chamber" by having a protruding needle tube. (The
Chassepot also had this, but it was more likely to jam after fewer shots because its chamber had a smaller diameter.) A soldier trained before the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 had to finish field cleaning in less than 10 minutes.
845:
36:
858:
1502:
825:
in 1866. The employment of the needle-gun changed military tactics in the 19th century, as a
Prussian soldier could fire five (or more) shots, even while lying on the ground, in the time that it took his Austrian muzzle-loading counterpart to reload while standing. Production was ramped up after the
776:
The
British Army evaluated the Dreyse needle gun in 1849–1851. In the British trials, the Dreyse was shown to be capable of six rounds per minute, and to maintain accuracy at 800–1,200 yards (730–1,100 m). The trials suggested that the Dreyse was "too complicated and delicate" for service use.
929:
The placement of the primer directly behind the bullet meant the firing needle was enclosed in black powder when the gun was fired, causing stress to the pin, which could break over time and render the rifle useless until it could be replaced. Soldiers were provided with two replacement needles for
873:
charge. The 15.4 mm (0.61 in) bullet was shaped like an acorn, with the broader end forming a point and the primer attached to its base. The bullet was held in a paper case known as a sabot, which separated from the bullet as it exited the muzzle. Between this inner lining and the outer
877:
The upper end of the paper case is rolled up and tied. Upon release of the trigger, the point of the needle pierces the rear of the cartridge, passes through the powder and hits the primer fixed to the base of the sabot. Thus the burn-front in the black powder charge passes from the front to the
816:
of the weapon possible in the early 1860s. The new 1862 model and the enhanced M/55 ammunition type expedited the use and widespread adoption of the weapon in the 1860s. The success of German private industry in delivering the necessary amount of armaments for the army marked the definite end of
840:
Sometime in the late 1860s, Japan acquired an unknown number of Model 1862 rifles and bayonets. These were marked with the imperial chrysanthemum stamp. China also acquired Dreyse rifles for the modernisation of their armed forces.
881:
There was also a blank cartridge developed for the needle gun. It was shorter and lighter than the live round, since it lacked the projectile, but was otherwise similar in construction and powder load.
1581:
Rolf
Wirtgen (Ed.) Das Zündnadelgewehr - Eine militärtechnische Revolution im 19.Jhd., Herford 1991 (In-depth German monograph on Dreyse and the development of his weapon in historical context)
699:. His adoption of the bolt-action breech-loading principle combined with this igniter system gave the rifle its military potential, as these factors allowed a much faster rate of fire.
914:, against which it was fielded during the Franco-Prussian War. This was mainly because a sizable amount of gas escaped at the breech when the rifle was fired with a
730:
in 1849. Many German states subsequently adopted the weapon. The Sömmerda factory could not meet demand and produced only 30,000 rifles a year. Most of the
Prussian
750:
being equipped with the weapon in 1855. Dreyse consented to state manufacture of the rifle to increase production. The Royal
Prussian Rifle Factory at the
1682:
173:
785:
muzzle-loading rifle was judged to be a better weapon, and an improved version was adopted as the
Pattern 1851 Minié-type muzzle-loading rifle.
1646:
1517:
1631:
1522:
833:
In 1867, Romania purchased 20,000 rifles and 11,000 carbines from the
Prussian government. These were used to great effect in the
1677:
759:
897:
When the needle was dirty, the rifle tended to misfire. Colonel Hawker considered that a new needle was required every 12 shots.
1596:
1572:
1463:
695:
consisting of a long needle driven by a coiled conchoidal spring that fired the internal percussion cap on the base of the
1162:
17:
1615:
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1546:
1270:
1213:
723:
227:
79:
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50:
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666:. However, to conceal the revolutionary nature of the design, the rifle entered military service in 1841 as the
1487:
1335:
267:
834:
797:
272:
105:
800:
from 1859 to 1863, the Dreyse needle gun played an important role in the Austro-Prussian victory in the
1672:
722:, but only 45,000 units had been produced by 1848. It was used in combat for the first time during the
636:
277:
773:. At first, the Spandau factory produced 12,000 Dreyse needle guns a year, rising to 48,000 in 1867.
922:
and increased speed in loading, was introduced later, but it was replaced shortly thereafter by the
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44:
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204:
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with the help of state loans to ramp up production. It was accepted for service in 1841 as the
632:
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On the Road to Total War: The
American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861–1871
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Tactics and Rifles of the Battle of Königgrätz – Lorenz and Dreyse Rifles in Action
1112:
821:. The Prussian Army infantry had 270,000 Dreyse needle guns by the outbreak of the
696:
183:
1453:
919:
915:
830:
broke out in 1870, the
Prussian Army had 1,150,000 needle guns in its inventory.
813:
751:
655:
643:
540:
500:
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PreuĂźische ZĂĽndnadelgewehre In Deutschland 1861-1871 und die Aptierung nach Beck
1206:
Preußische Zündnadelgewehre In Deutschland 1861–1871 und die Aptierung nach Beck
865:
The cartridge used with this rifle consisted of the paper case, the bullet, the
1608:
From Musket to Metallic Cartridge: A Practical History of Black Powder Firearms
1455:
From Musket to Metallic Cartridge: A Practical History of Black Powder Firearms
1352:
From Musket to Metallic Cartridge: A Practical History of Black Powder Firearms
1328:
From Waterloo to Balaclava: tactics, technology, and the British Army 1815–1854
866:
788:
After the Prussian army received a 25% increase in funding and was reformed by
735:
659:
247:
1641:
1636:
1372:
954:
857:
739:
738:, a smoothbore weapon whose range and accuracy was far inferior to the French
627:
to open and close the chamber. It was used as the main infantry weapon of the
1656:
1513:
1508:
874:
case was the powder charge, consisting of 4.8 g (74 grains) of black powder.
639:(1787–1867), who had been conducting numerous design experiments since 1824.
193:
149:
900:
When the gun was heated and foul, operating the bolt required much strength.
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Die Handwaffen des brandenburgisch-preußisch-deutschen Heeres 1640–1945
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1567:(First ed.). West Sussex, England: Woodfield Publishing Ltd.
1565:
The Dreyse MILITARY NEEDLE-IGNITION SYSTEM, an illustrated history
1507:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1145:
1143:
1423:
The Reality of War, a memory of the Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871
805:
507:
1632:
The Needle-Gun and Cartridge, Chambers's Journal, 18 August 1866
726:
and proved its combat superiority in street fighting during the
1425:, translated by Fermer, Douglas, Cassell & Co, p. 27,
1140:
770:
746:. The Prussian Army's low level of funding resulted in just 90
691:
made by Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse were muzzle-loading, with a
663:
579:
678 m (741.5 yd) (maximum setting on sights for M/65)
576:
527 m (576.3 yd) (maximum setting on sights for M/62)
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
906:
The escape of gas at the breech got worse as firing continued.
734:
in the 1850s were still equipped with the obsolete 1839 Model
620:
903:
The barrel tended to wear at the junction with the cylinder.
1300:
1279:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
679:). It had a rate of fire of about six rounds per minute.
1398:
1396:
1312:
1163:"Frederick Townsend Ward and the Ever— Victorious Army"
933:
1393:
623:, as well as the first breech-loading rifle to use a
706:
ordered 60,000 of the new rifles. Dreyse set up the
702:
After successful testing in 1840, the Prussian king
1241:
1239:
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1231:
1229:
1227:
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1245:
635:. It was invented in 1836 by the German gunsmith
1654:
1222:
1605:
1330:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–40.
910:Its effective range was less than that of the
894:The spring that drove the needle was delicate.
1536:
1480:A Day of Battle, Mars-La-Tours 16 August 1870
1306:
1294:
1526:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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654:, since it passed like a needle through the
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1642:Forgotten Weapons – Dreyse M60 Needle Rifle
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1445:
1443:
1441:
852:
1541:. Cambridge: German Historical Institute.
1416:
1414:
1246:Eckhardt, Werner; Morawietz, Otto (1957).
1683:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1836
1591:. Krause Publications. pp. 102–106.
1471:
890:British trials in 1849–1851 showed that:
848:Chinese Hunan Army with Dreyse needle gun
565:200 m (218.7 yd) (point target)
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1562:
1512:
1438:
1325:
856:
843:
677: Light Percussion Rifle Model 1841
43:This article includes a list of general
1451:
1411:
1045:265–350 m/s (870–1,150 ft/s)
14:
1655:
1647:Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse (in German)
1637:Cut through drawings of the Needle Gun
1477:
1420:
754:began production in 1853, followed by
669:leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Modell 1841
1381:from the original on 12 December 2021
1260:
1203:
719:leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Model 1841
1563:A-R-West, Leonard & Guy (2019).
1537:Förster, Stig; Nagler, Jörg (1997).
1402:
1354:. Crowood Press, 2013, pp. 125–130.
1265:(in German). BoD – Books on Demand.
1006:6 to 8 rounds/minute (estimate, see
918:. An improved model, giving greater
29:
1610:. Crowood Press. pp. 125–130.
1261:Finze, Wolfgang (22 January 2016).
1204:Finze, Wolfgang (22 January 2016).
934:Comparison with contemporary rifles
673:
24:
1556:
642:The name "ignition needle rifle" (
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1694:
1625:
1192:Imperial Chinese Armies 1840–1911
826:war against Austria and when the
1500:
562:Effective firing range
104:
34:
1530:
1364:
1344:
1042:305 m/s (1,000 ft/s)
1678:Single-shot bolt-action rifles
1254:
1197:
1184:
1169:
1155:
980:1,200 m (1,300 yd)
885:
570:Maximum firing range
315:
13:
1:
1133:
995:1,600 m (1,750 yd)
977:1,460 m (1,600 yd)
974:1,000 m (1,100 yd)
861:Dreyse mechanism, model 1862.
808:in 1864. The introduction of
724:German revolutions of 1848–49
545:305 m/s (1,000 ft/s) (before
228:German revolutions of 1848–49
1031:17.8 mm (.702 in)
1028:17.5 mm (0.69 in)
1025:15.4 mm (0.61 in)
835:Romanian War of Independence
798:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
616:was a 19th-century military
499:Acorn-shaped lead bullet in
273:Romanian War of Independence
7:
1371:capandball (17 June 2016).
1101:
1088:4.7 kg (10.4 lb)
1076:126 cm (49.6 in)
1073:142 cm (55.9 in)
512:15.4 mm (0.61 in)
464:134 cm (52.8 in)
435:4.8 kg (10.6 lb)
426:4.9 kg (10.8 lb)
10:
1699:
1405:From Waterloo to Balaclava
1060:78 cm (30.7 in)
1057:91 cm (35.8 in)
1034:11 mm (0.43 in)
682:
637:Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse
633:Wars of German Unification
302:Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse
278:Second Franco-Dahomean War
27:Prussian bolt-action rifle
1307:Förster & Nagler 1997
1295:Förster & Nagler 1997
1208:. BoD – Books on Demand.
1091:5 kg (11.0 lb)
1063:99.1 cm (39 in)
988:600 m (660 yd)
971:600 m (660 yd)
708:
610:
594:
586:
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561:
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455:143 cm (56 in)
448:
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298:
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268:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
213:
156:
140:
135:
126:Place of origin
125:
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103:
96:
1452:Flatnes, Oyvind (2013),
1190:Jowett, Phillip (2016).
1150:Ryozen Museum of History
853:Ammunition and mechanism
812:barrels made industrial
110:M-1841 Dreyse needle-gun
1606:Oyvind Flatnes (2013).
1523:Encyclopædia Britannica
1482:, Harrap, p. 279,
728:May Uprising in Dresden
598:V-notch and front post
484:91 cm (36 in)
283:First Sino-Japanese War
64:more precise citations.
1478:Ascoli, David (1987),
1421:LĂ©once, Patry (2001),
1326:Strachan, Hew (1985).
1177:
862:
849:
817:government-owned army
779:
718:
668:
647:
553:
547:
531:Rate of fire
466:
457:
437:
428:
404:ZĂĽndnadelpioniergewehr
403:
396:ZĂĽndnadelpioniergewehr
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
349:
341:
333:
1175:D'Albéca, Alexandre.
1017:6 to 7 rounds/minute
860:
847:
535:4–5 rounds per minute
205:French auxiliary army
1585:John Walter (2006).
1178:La France au Dahomey
802:Second Schleswig War
704:Friedrich Wilhelm IV
541:Muzzle velocity
399:U/M (modified model)
243:Second Schleswig War
1588:Rifles of the World
1250:. pp. 118–126.
1128:Caseless ammunition
828:Franco-Prussian War
823:Austro-Prussian War
687:The first types of
662:at the base of the
650:) was based on its
263:Franco-Prussian war
253:Austro-Prussian War
18:Prussian needle gun
1123:Werndl–Holub rifle
959:Fusil modèle 1866
863:
850:
364:ZĂĽndnadelkarabiner
294:Production history
200:Tokugawa Shogunate
179:Khedivate of Egypt
146:Kingdom of Prussia
130:Kingdom of Prussia
98:Dreyse needle-gun
1673:Rifles of Germany
1598:978-0-89689-241-5
1574:978-1-84683-190-4
1465:978-1-84797-594-2
1350:Flatnes, Oyvind.
1099:
1098:
924:Mauser Model 1871
794:Albrecht von Roon
605:
604:
238:Taiping Rebellion
120:Bolt-action rifle
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1165:. 6 August 2021.
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1113:M1819 Hall rifle
1039:Muzzle velocity
1012:2 rounds/minute
1003:6 rounds/minute
968:Effective range
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709:Dreyse-ZĂĽndnadel
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1557:Further reading
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814:mass production
781:carabine Ă tige
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752:Spandau Arsenal
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656:paper cartridge
648:ZĂĽndnadelgewehr
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522:Breech-loading
501:paper cartridge
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388:ZĂĽndnadelbĂĽchse
380:ZĂĽndnadelgewehr
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342:ZĂĽndnadelbĂĽchse
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141:In service
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1663:Early rifles
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1383:. Retrieved
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871:black powder
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744:Lorenz rifle
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658:to strike a
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608:
606:
481: length
157:Used by
91:
76:
67:
48:
1458:, Crowood,
1432:030435913-0
1385:20 December
1377:. YouTube.
1118:Kammerlader
985:Sighted to
955:Minié rifle
948:Kammerlader
886:Limitations
777:The French
763: [
712:factory in
625:bolt action
600:iron sights
590:Single-shot
551:), 350m/s (
524:bolt action
356:PikenbĂĽchse
318: built
233:Platine War
144:1841–1876 (
62:introducing
1657:Categories
1649:(archived)
1518:Needle-Gun
1489:0245542507
1337:0521304393
1134:References
810:cast steel
748:battalions
693:firing pin
689:needle gun
652:firing pin
614:needle-gun
321:1,375,000+
258:Boshin War
45:references
961:Chassepot
950:M1849/55
912:Chassepot
819:workshops
790:Wilhelm I
629:Prussians
548:Aptierung
495:Cartridge
310:From 1824
70:July 2011
1379:Archived
1181:. p.218.
1102:See also
1022:Calibre
1008:article)
869:and the
804:against
732:infantry
714:Sömmerda
326:Variants
307:Designed
299:Designer
1511::
1152:exhibit
944:Dreyse
926:rifle.
806:Denmark
683:History
674:transl.
631:in the
554:aptiert
508:Caliber
189:Bavaria
174:Romania
164:Prussia
58:improve
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963:rifle
941:Rifle
771:Erfurt
756:Danzig
664:bullet
644:German
611:Dreyse
595:Sights
518:Action
479:Barrel
449:Length
359:) M/54
184:Brazil
47:, but
767:]
760:Saarn
740:Minié
697:sabot
621:rifle
169:China
1612:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1387:2016
1356:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1210:ISBN
796:and
769:and
607:The
470:M/62
461:M/41
441:M/62
432:M/41
420:Mass
407:M/69
391:M/65
383:M/62
375:M/60
345:M/49
337:M/41
220:List
214:Wars
148:and
116:Type
1520:".
316:No.
1659::
1440:^
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837:.
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