Prosecutor - Knowledge

1289:—or receive a bill of complaint. They can direct investigations or conduct them through orders and directives given to (judicial) police detectives, who can make their own parallel investigations in coordination with the Prosecutor. If enough evidence has been gathered in order to proceed, the prosecution is compulsory and it must move from preliminary investigations to initiate trial proceedings. At trial, the prosecuting attorney has to handle the prosecution but has an overarching duty to promote justice. In practice, this duty means that prosecutors are prohibited from withholding exculpatory evidence and must request that the judge acquit the defendant if, during the trial, the prosecutor becomes convinced of the defendant's innocence, or agrees that there is no evidence that proves his guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. 1137:) who practice before the state courts of appeals. There are also military prosecutors whose career, although linked to the federal prosecutors, is divided in a manner similar to state prosecutors. In Brazil, the prosecutors' main job is to promote justice, as such they have the duty of not only trying criminal cases, but, if during the trial, they become convinced of a defendant's innocence, requesting the judge to acquit him. The prosecutor's office has always the last word on whether criminal offenses will or will not be charged, with the exception of those rare cases in which Brazilian law allows for private prosecution. In such cases, the prosecutor will officiate as 56: 1249:. The Staatsanwalt heads pre-trial criminal investigations, decides whether to press a charge or drop it, and represents the government in criminal courts. The Staatsanwalt not only has the "professional responsibility" not to withhold exculpatory information, but is also required by law to actively determine such circumstances and to make them available to the defendant or the defense attorney. If the Staatsanwalt is not convinced of the defendant's guilt, the state attorney is required to plead against or in favor of the defendant according to the prosecutor's own assessment. Prosecution is 1153:) or other procedure provided by law that has the purpose of ascertaining the circumstances, materiality, and authorship of criminal offenses. Similar provisions are found in the Code of Criminal Procedure and in article 144 of the federal constitution. Beside their criminal duties, Brazilian prosecutors are among those authorized by the Brazilian constitution to bring action against private individuals, commercial enterprises, and the federal, state and municipal governments, in the defense of minorities, the environment, consumers, and the civil society in general. 569:(1991) 2 All ER 201, it was found by the court that a prosecution is instituted by the police only when they have investigated, arrested and brought the arrested person to the custody officer. A case is not instituted by the police simply because a custody officer at a police station charges the suspect. Applying the same principle, proceedings are instituted by another prosecuting agency when they have been solely responsible for the investigation and arrest of the suspect, even though the suspect is taken to the police station to be charged by a custody officer. 565:, may all bring prosecutions themselves without using the CPS. Nevertheless, these prosecutors will follow the standards set by the Code of Crown Prosecutors alongside their own prosecution policies, which may deal with issues specific to the types of crime they engage with. There may, at times, be confusion as to which agency is responsible for having brought a prosecution. Which agency is prosecuting may affect whether an offence can be properly tried, as not all agencies can investigate and prosecute all offences. In 1395:. Prosecutors can conduct crime investigations directly or indirectly. They are responsible for the entire process of investigations and court prosecutions. Since Korean modern law was designed after civil law, the role of Korean prosecutors is similar or identical to that of European equivalents in commanding investigations, determining indictable cases and prosecuting process. A prosecutor has the power to prohibit a defendant or an accused individual from departing the Republic of Korea via an "international hold". 4585: 988:

As such, he is in a peculiar and very definite sense the servant of the law, the two-fold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer. He may prosecute with earnestness and vigor—indeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not at liberty to strike foul ones. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.

2510: 2115: 1741: 4599: 1542: 348:, and the Attorney General also has supervisory authority as the sponsor of the CPS; however, the CPS is an independent body and the Attorney General cannot direct particular prosecutions. Unlike in the United States and other jurisdictions, the Attorney General is not a prosecutor in England and Wales. Instead, the role is a political office of the chief legal advisor to the 456:

reasonable jury or bench of magistrates or judge hearing a case alone, properly directed and acting in accordance with the law, is more likely than not to convict the defendant of the charge alleged. This is a different test from the one that the criminal courts themselves must apply. A court may only convict if it is sure that the defendant is guilty.

1141:, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out. Although empowered by law to do so, prosecutors conduct criminal investigations only in major cases, usually involving police or public officials' wrongdoings. Also, they are in charge of external control over police activity and requesting the initiation of a police investigation. 2980:("São funções institucionais do Ministério Público: . . . (VII) exercer o controle externo da atividade policial, na forma da lei complementar mencionada no artigo anterior ; (VIII) requisitar diligências investigatórias e a instauração de inquérito policial, indicados os fundamentos jurídicos de suas manifestações processuais; . . . ."). 818:. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual or a corporation suspected of breaking the law, initiating and directing further criminal investigations, guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders, and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings. 2735:, Ark. Const. amdt. 21, § 1 (offenses may be prosecuted by an "information filed by the Prosecuting Attorney"), and amdt. 80, § 20 ("A Prosecuting Attorney shall be elected by the qualified electors of each judicial circuit."); Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-21-101 et seq. (provisions concerning "prosecuting attorneys"). 300:

typically barristers, and they represent the state or Commonwealth in serious criminal cases in higher courts, County Court and above. Aside from police prosecutors and Crown prosecutors, government agencies have the authority to appoint non-lawyers to prosecute on their behalf, such as the RSPCA Inspectors.

762:. In very serious cases, a Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute, or even the Lord Advocate may take charge of a police investigation. It is at the discretion of the Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute, or Lord Advocate to take a prosecution to court, and to decide on whether or not to prosecute it under 693:

It is usually practically difficult for an individual to bring a private prosecution given the high cost – estimated by the Ministry of Justice at £8,500 on average. Even if a private prosecutor is not legally qualified, they must meet the usual legal requirements lawyers must undertake including the

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This determination must be based on a proper risk assessment, which reveals that the suspect is not suitable to be bailed, even with substantial conditions. For example, a dangerous suspect who poses a serious risk of harm to a particular person or the public, or a suspect who poses a serious risk of

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are professional officials who have considerable powers of investigation, prosecution, superintendence of criminal execution and so on. Prosecutors can direct police for investigation purposes, and sometimes investigate directly. Only prosecutors can prosecute criminals in principle, and prosecutors

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The power of individual prosecutors to hold criminal investigations was controversial and, although massively supported by judges, prosecutors and the general population, it was contested before the Supremo Tribunal Federal, but in 2015, this Court decided favorably to its power (RGE n. 593.727-MG).

279:. At least in the case of very serious matters, the DPP will be asked by the police, during the investigation, to advise them on the sufficiency of evidence and may well be asked to prepare an application to the relevant court for search, listening device or telecommunications interception warrants. 1075:

During a criminal trial, prosecutors must introduce and explain the case to the trier of fact, i.e., judges or jury. They generally suggest a reasonable sentence which the court is not obligated to follow; the court may decide on a tougher or softer sentence. Crown prosecutors also have a number of

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is the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern at all, and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done.

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in which these prosecutions have widely come to be seen as a miscarriage of justice. The RSPCA have come under strong criticism for lacking sufficient independence to act as a prosecutor from the independent 'Wooler' review; the Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs Committee and the Justice Select

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need to be filed. They are employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to ensure such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Multiple offices exist in a single country, especially in those countries with federal governments where sovereignty

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In the early history of England, victims of a crime and their family had the right to hire a private attorney to prosecute criminal charges against the person alleged to have injured the victim. In the 18th century, prosecution of almost all criminal offences in England was private, usually by the

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In many countries, the prosecutor's administration is directly subordinate to the executive branch (e.g., the United States Attorney General is a member of the President's cabinet). In some other countries, such as Brazil or Italy, the prosecutors are judicial civil servants, so they have the same

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countries. While the defense and the plaintiff are both represented by common lawyers, who sit (on chairs) on the courtroom floor, the prosecutor sits on a platform as the judge does, although he doesn't participate in deliberation. Judges and prosecutors are trained at the same school, and regard

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can bring criminal cases on behalf of private parties in some states. Prosecutors are required by state and federal laws to follow certain rules. For example, the government must disclose exculpatory evidence to the defense; must disclose matters affecting the credibility of prosecution witnesses,

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In order to charge, the circumstances must meet the Full Code Test. In some urgent cases, a lower Threshold Test can be applied to get a charge quickly; however, the Full Code Test must then be applied at the earliest opportunity. The Full Code Test has two stages; both parts are equal and must be

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It has never been the rule that a prosecution will automatically take place once the evidential stage is met. A prosecution will usually take place unless the prosecutor is satisfied that there are public interest factors tending against prosecution which outweigh those tending in favour. In some

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Prosecutors must be satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction against each suspect on each charge. They must consider what the defence case may be, and how it is likely to affect the prospects of conviction. A case which does not pass the evidential

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Prosecutors in Australia come in a few distinct species. Prosecutors of minor criminal cases in lower courts are police sergeants with a traineeship in prosecution and advocacy lasting approximately one year in duration, although they may hold law degrees. Crown Prosecutors are always lawyers and

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The final consideration is designed to cover the situation where, for whatever reason, the investigative authorities with which the CPS usually deals have not brought the case to the CPS' attention and yet it is a case that merits the prosecution being conducted by a public prosecuting authority

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Prosecutors must be satisfied, on an objective assessment of the evidence, that there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the person to be charged has committed the offence. The assessment must consider the impact of any defence or information that the suspect has put forward or on which they

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acts as the prosecuting attorney. In court, the prosecutor is not necessarily in an adversarial relationship to the defendant, but is under an obligation to investigate and present information that may incriminate or exonerate the defendant. The prosecutor is not a judicial officer, nor do they

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The DPP has authority to take over any prosecution instituted by another person or organisation, and to discontinue the prosecution if they see fit. The CPS have set out public guidance on when they will take over a prosecution; this indicates that the CPS should take over and continue with the

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Prosecutors must be satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the continuing investigation will provide further evidence, within a reasonable period of time, so that when all the evidence is considered together, including material which may point away from as well as towards a

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liberties and independence that judges traditionally enjoy. In other countries, a form of private prosecution is available, meaning persons or private entities can directly petition the courts to hold trial against someone they feel is guilty of a crime, should the prosecutor refuse to indict.

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The finding that there is a realistic prospect of conviction is based on the prosecutor's objective assessment of the evidence, including the impact of any defence and any other information that the suspect has put forward or on which they might rely. It means that an objective, impartial, and

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Crown Prosecutors are lawyers who work for the CPS. They are responsible for researching, advising police investigations, preparing cases for trial and sometimes presenting the case at trial. These lawyers may also be referred to as prosecutors. A number of other bodies have authority to bring

1415:) and direct police investigations of serious crimes. For all criminal cases, public prosecutors decide arrests and charges on behalf of the public and are the only public officers who can make such decisions. Plaintiffs also have the option of hiring their own special prosecutor ( 1622:, public officials came to dominate the prosecution of crimes; however, privately funded prosecutors constituted a significant element of the state criminal justice system throughout the nineteenth century. The use of a private prosecutor was incorporated into the common law of 492:

In determining whether there are reasonable grounds to suspect, prosecutors must consider all of the material or information available, whether in evidential format or otherwise. Prosecutors must be satisfied that the material to be relied on at this stage is capable of being:

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Committee, given they also investigate the offences and campaign politically for animal rights. The ongoing issues with private prosecutions outlined above has led to the Justice Select Committee calling for a closer examination of the process and regulation by government.

1203:) be assigned to lead a formal judicial investigation. When an investigation is led by a judge, the prosecutor plays a supervisory role, defining the scope of the crimes being examined by the judge and law enforcement forces. Like defense counsel, the chief prosecutor may 400:, and barristers may work in teams with a leader directing juniors. Unlike in the United States, these prosecuting barristers will work on a case-by-case basis, and so may also engage in defence work; they will not be employed solely to undertake prosecution advocacy. 2926:, 877 (Ariz. 2006) ("Indictments can be dismissed for various reasons, including a prosecutor's determination that the person charged did not in fact commit the crime or—as this case illustrates—that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction.").. 973:

such as an agreement to dismiss the witness's own charges in exchange for their testimony; must not destroy potentially useful evidence in bad faith; and must not use false testimony to secure a conviction. Failure to follow these rules may result in a finding of

344:, the DPP does not take on cases themselves and instead plays an administrative and leadership role. In this way, while the DPP may be referred to as a prosecutor, the individual in the role would not take any cases to court. The DPP is appointed by His Majesty's 396:). In these instances, referring to the prosecutor would refer to the lawyer conducting the case during trial. In most serious offences, the CPS or other prosecuting authority will instruct a barrister to represent them. In the most serious cases, this may be a 247:

cases and other appellate cases have ruled that such disclosure is required. Typical sources of ethical requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinions, state or federal court rules, and state or federal statutes (codified laws).

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administrative duties. They may advise the court during civil actions. Under Belgian law, judges and prosecutors are judicial officers with equal rank and pay. The Minister of Justice can order a criminal investigation but cannot prevent one (

412:, which governs how cases are charged and trials conducted. This fundamental code is supported by a range of other policies, most notably the Director's Guidance on Charging. The first stage in prosecuting a case is deciding to 1219:. Prosecutors generally suggest advisory sentencing guidelines, but the sentence remains at the court's discretion to decide, to increase or reduce as it sees fit. In addition, prosecutors have several administrative duties. 1068:) be appointed to lead a judicial inquest. With a judge investigating, Crown prosecutors do not conduct the interrogatories, but simply lay out the scope of the crimes which the judge and law enforcement forces investigate ( 469:

cases the prosecutor may be satisfied that the public interest can be properly served by offering the offender the opportunity to have the matter dealt with by an out-of-court disposal rather than bringing a prosecution.

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requires prosecutors to "make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense." Not all U.S. states adopt the model rules; however,

3048: (1988) ("Às polícias civis, dirigidas por delegados de polícia de carreira, incumbem, ressalvada a competência da União, as funções de polícia judiciária e a apuração de infrações penais, exceto as militares."). 1283:, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out. They are obligated under the Constitution to initiate preliminary investigations once they are informed or take personal notice of a criminal act— 1102:)—working both at the federal and state level. Members of the Federal Prosecution Service are divided in three ranks, according to the jurisdiction of the courts before which they officiate. Federal Prosecutors ( 1072:). Like defense counsel, Crown prosecutors can request or suggest further investigation be carried out. The Crown prosecutor is in charge of policy decisions and may prioritize cases and procedures as need be. 3306:

Die Rolle des Staatsanwaltes Erfahrungen in Europa–Il ruolo del Pubblico Ministero Esperienze in Europa–Le role du Magistrat du Parquet Expériences en Europe–The role of the Public Prosecutor Experiences in

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In every case where there is sufficient evidence to justify a prosecution or to offer an out-of-court disposal, prosecutors must go on to consider whether a prosecution is required in the public interest.

1466:, which in some ways corresponds to that of a public prosecutor in other legal systems but with more far-reaching responsibilities, such as handling investigations otherwise performed by branches of the 798:

The United States is the only country in the world where citizens elect prosecutors. The director of a prosecution office is known by any of several names depending on the jurisdiction, most commonly

340:(DPP). The CPS prosecutes on behalf of the Crown and also takes forward prosecutions originating from police investigations. While the DPP must be a suitably qualified lawyer under section 71 of the 613:

Offences stipulating Attorney General's consent require the explicit consent of either the Attorney or Solicitor General. These roles together are known as the Law Officers. Under section 1 of the

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but is no longer permitted there. Private prosecutors were also used in North Carolina as late as 1975. Private prosecution has been used in Nigeria, although the practice is being phased out.

1383:— district public prosecutor's offices (358). Apart from a brief period between 2010 and 2016, the position of Public Prosecutor General has been held concurrently by the Minister of Justice. 531:

absconding or interfering with witnesses. Prosecutors should not accept, without careful enquiry, any unjustified or unsupported assertions about risk if release on bail were to take place.

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the suspect, and it is this process which begins the prosecution. The CPS has the authority to decide whether a person is charged in all offences. However, the police may charge all

3035:("A polícia judiciária será exercida pelas autoridades policiais no território de suas respectivas circunscrições e terá por fim a apuração das infrações penais e da sua autoria."). 2940: 2873: 1645: 3171: 3150: 3074: 637:

Where an offence requires the personal consent of the DPP, this must be sought from the serving DPP by prosecutors, though the exact process varies depending on the offence.

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The seriousness and the circumstances of the case should be assessed in relation to the alleged offending and should be linked to the level of risk created by granting bail.

1016:, Michigan, and New York, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the People. In the remaining states, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the State. 2183: 2100: 1367:), who is the chief of the Prokuratura Krajowa (National Public Prosecutor's Office). The GP has 5 deputies. The sttructure of Public Prosecution in Poland is four-level: 409: 948:

Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the actual work of the office.

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in Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, North Dakota, and Vermont; State Prosecutor; Attorney General in Delaware and Rhode Island; and Solicitor in South Carolina.

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Prosecutions under certain acts require the consent of the Attorney General or DPP before they can proceed. In practice, the following types of consent may be required:

1810: 368:(FCA). These organisations and their legal representatives may be called prosecutors. This is the same for any person, organisation, or their representatives during a 2365: 677:. Some organisations regularly use private prosecutions on a large scale to achieve an institutional goal, for example the vast majority of prosecutions under the 2300: 2460: 1060:). They open preliminary investigations and can hold a suspect in custody for up to 48 hours. When necessary, a Crown prosecutor will request an examining judge ( 673:

In England and Wales, there is a statutorily protected common law right for any person to institute a private prosecution. This right is retained by section 6(1)

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There are continuing substantial grounds to object to bail in accordance with the Bail Act 1976 and in all the circumstances of the case it is proper to do so

202:, an individual accused of breaking the law. Typically, the prosecutor represents the state or the government in the case brought against the accused person. 2895: 2851: 2826: 2801: 2776: 2042: 1364: 1312:

stated that prosecutors who wish to become judges must relocate to another region and are prohibited to sit or hear trials that they themselves initiated.

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The prosecution landscape in England and Wales is highly varied, meaning that a prosecutor can refer to a number of different individuals and roles.

3118: 2994: 2591: 1832: 1279: 2043:"Charging (The Director's Guidance) - sixth edition, December 2020, incorporating the National File Standard | The Crown Prosecution Service" 1356: 3022: 579:

the police were only involved in overseeing a search, effecting an arrest or assisting other investigators in the conduct of an interview;

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participate in the private deliberations of the court. Public prosecutors are the only public officers who can decide to appeal cases to

1115: 996:, if they determine that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction. Prosecutors may dismiss charges in this situation by seeking a 625:

Where an offence requires the consent of the DPP to proceed, this consent may be granted by a Crown Prosecutor under section 1(7) of the

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Prosecutors are also tasked with seeking justice in their prosecutions. "The United States Attorney," explained the U.S. Supreme Court,

685:(RSPCA) as private prosecutions. The Post Office also undertook a wide array of private prosecutions against post masters, leading to a 2936: 2152: 1960: 783: 2870: 2222: 1870: 2538: 2259: 1780: 4566: 3369: 1523: 1149:), as the police authority, is responsible for conducting the criminal investigation in Brazil by means of a police investigation ( 3165: 585:

someone other than a police officer is named on the charge sheet as the person accepting the charge or as the officer in the case.

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The Threshold Test must be kept under proactive and continuous review, and should only be used in rare and urgent circumstances.

239: 2092: 1992: 1308:, the Supreme Court of Italy. Prosecutors are allowed during their career to act in the other's stead, although a ruling by the 1093: 345: 2561: 730:. The most serious crimes, which are about 5% of all crimes, is outsourced to a lawyer working at private law firm known as a 3338: 554: 357: 1802: 1428:. Otherwise, appeals are initiated by defense counsel, the plaintiff, their representatives, and other parties to the case ( 514:

particular suspect, it is capable of establishing a realistic prospect of conviction in accordance with the Full Code Test.

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vary from state to state and level of government (i.e. city, county, and state) and include the terms District Attorney in

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is a mixed system, its civil law jurisdiction indicates its civil law heritage. Here, all prosecutions are carried out by

2292: 1197:). The Chief Prosecutor generally initiates preliminary investigations and, if necessary, asks that an examining judge ( 572:

The CPS advise that another prosecuting authority should probably conduct a case if any of the following factors apply:

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Prosecutors must apply the public interest stage of the Full Code Test based on the information available at that time.

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and are recognised as suitable legal professionals by the court in which they are acting. This may mean they have been

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is based on an underlying offence which requires consent to prosecute, the inchoate offence will also need consent.

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Robert M. Ireland (January 1995). "Privately Funded Prosecution of Crime in the Nineteenth-Century United States".

646: 626: 4654: 4561: 3908: 3809: 373: 261: 2633: 4068: 3702: 2400: 1552: 1420: 1004:. In Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the 953: 731: 389: 385: 2963: 2423: 2411: 1930: 1900: 3421: 1718: 1640: 1489: 1404: 1309: 562: 361: 2514: 2119: 1745: 4228: 3707: 3235:

Okagbue, Isabella (Spring 1990). "Private Prosecution in Nigeria: Recent Developments and Some Proposals".

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of the Soviet Union, were not aimed at fulfilling the same roles as police forces in democratic countries.

1437: 965: 425: 283: 2990: 2745: 1241:("state attorney") is a life-tenured public official in the senior judicial service belonging to the same 1162: 790:, which are not courts of law, but a panel of lay members empowered to act in the interests of the child. 4223: 3353: 3114: 2616: 1344: 1186: 992:

Prosecutors in some jurisdictions have the discretion to not pursue criminal charges, even when there is

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The seriousness or the circumstances of the case justifies the making of an immediate charging decision

4664: 4198: 3697: 1425: 977:, although a 2013 investigation found that actual discipline for prosecutorial misconduct was lacking. 878: 655:

The range of offences which require consent is wide, a list of the offences can be found at Annex 1 of

4659: 4281: 1005: 775: 333: 125: 3393: 2711: 4669: 4076: 4058: 2923: 2093:"Charging (The Director's Guidance) - sixth edition, December 2020 | The Crown Prosecution Service" 1273:). Prosecutors in Italy are judicial officers just like judges and are ceremonially referred to as 1223: 974: 969: 238:

rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the

191: 4410: 1199: 4451: 4238: 3727: 3712: 2890: 2796: 1563: 1433: 678: 3245:(1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 53–66. 1098:

In Brazil, the public prosecutors form a body of autonomous civil servants—the Public Ministry (

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There are reasonable grounds to suspect that the person to be charged has committed the offence

55: 4506: 4491: 3237: 3045: 3018: 2588:"Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations (Table of Contents) | Criminal Justice Section" 1510:

Investigate criminal cases directly accepted by the People's Procuratorates as provided by law.

1250: 949: 787: 349: 264:(DPP) and is appointed, not elected. A DPP may be subject to varying degrees of control by the 2685: 1679: 4649: 4610: 4203: 3881: 3692: 2899: 2855: 2830: 2821: 2805: 2780: 2487: 1123: 614: 3375: 2144: 2017: 1952: 1032:

in law and additional training in the administration of justice. In some countries, such as

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In Australia, the Offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions institute prosecutions for

4644: 4639: 4331: 3677: 2322: 2214: 1862: 1419:). The exception is cases concerning crimes against the freedom of the press for which the 1208: 957: 854: 257: 187: 1764: 8: 4486: 3626: 3543: 2534: 2346: 2280: 2255: 2243: 1776: 1608: 1500:. According to Article 6, the functions and duties of public procurators are as follows: 1305: 997: 942: 668: 421: 369: 215: 3115:"Fleeing Korea while under Police/Prosecutor Investigation: International Hold in Korea" 2390:

https://www.rspca.org.uk/webContent/staticImages/Downloads/WoolerReviewFinalSept2014.pdf

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The Rule of Compulsory Prosecution and the Scope of Prosecutorial Discretion in Germany

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The Supreme People's Procuracy is the highest office of public procurators in Vietnam.

1237: 930: 727: 381: 272: 244: 219: 179: 2833: 2684:. Prosecutor's Office Management Association ("POMA") of New Jersey. 5 November 2010. 726:

In New Zealand, most crimes are prosecuted by a Police Prosecutor, an employee of the

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The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor: Is Institutional Separation Warranted?

3266: 2846: 2771: 1985: 1635: 1457: 799: 747: 397: 61: 1559: 4291: 4258: 3757: 3621: 3616: 3581: 3246: 3194: 3097: 2902: 1619: 1618:, because of Dutch and possibly French practice and the expansion of the office of 1615: 1441: 1408: 826: 763: 265: 65: 3088:

Guarnieri, Carlo (January 1997), "The Judiciary in the Italian Political Crisis",

1432:). When a case has been decided by an appellate court, the right to appeal to the 4540: 4513: 4501: 4481: 4415: 4393: 4373: 4368: 4348: 4213: 4193: 4188: 4091: 4051: 3762: 3687: 3611: 3596: 3516: 3357: 2877: 2521: 2126: 1752: 1182: 1168: 1029: 767: 759: 751: 617:, the Solicitor General can undertake any role assigned to the Attorney General. 417: 413: 226:. They become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and 99: 3360:

indexes almost 2,900 prosecutor web sites throughout the US and other countries.

1106:) officiate before single judges and lower courts, Federal Circuit Prosecutors ( 4617: 4425: 4343: 3932: 3898: 3849: 3834: 3606: 3511: 3491: 3481: 3323:, Volume XXXVIII, New Series 2003, The Law Faculty, University College, Dublin 1001: 993: 850: 510:

Further evidence can be obtained to provide a realistic prospect of conviction

429: 309: 195: 3250: 3101: 1110:) before federal appellate courts, and Associate Federal Prosecutors General ( 194:. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case in a 4633: 4471: 4430: 4316: 4296: 4268: 4218: 4183: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4096: 4036: 3876: 3866: 3824: 3747: 3742: 3672: 3631: 3555: 1463: 1211:, prosecutors are responsible for presenting the case at trial to either the 1025: 934: 846: 755: 313: 2401:

https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmenvfru/117/117.pdf

2176:"Regina v Stafford Justices ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners: 1991" 629:. The prosecutor should apply all the normal tests before granting consent. 234:

Since the power of the state backs prosecutors, they are subject to special

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https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/2823/documents/27637/default/

1719:"Relations with other prosecuting agencies | The Crown Prosecution Service" 941:

where cities additionally use City Attorneys to prosecute on their behalf;

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At the state level, the career is usually divided in state prosecutors (

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is a legal representative of the prosecution in states with either the

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can decide whether to prosecute or not. High-ranking officials of the

453:

stage must not proceed, no matter how serious or sensitive it may be.

408:

Crown Prosecutors are bound by a strict code of conduct, known as the

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In France, the Office of the Prosecutor includes a Chief Prosecutor (

894: 862: 743: 377: 276: 199: 154: 150: 38: 4584: 2746:"South Carolina Bench Book for Summary Court Judges–General Section" 1570:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1222:

Prosecutors are considered magistrates under French law, as in most

1056:

in appellate courts) is supported by subordinate Crown prosecutors (

713:

there is a particular need for the CPS to take over the prosecution.

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No One Can Serve Two Masters: Arguments against Private Prosecutors

1922: 1892: 1623: 1261:

In Italy, a Prosecutor's Office is composed of a Chief Prosecutor (

1204: 1013: 1009: 938: 926: 914: 890: 886: 882: 870: 842: 316:. They are generally appointed by the provincial Attorney-General. 158: 913:; District Attorney General in Tennessee; Prosecuting Attorney in 786:. Procurators fiscal will usually refer cases involving minors to 582:

the other authority is in possession of all the main exhibits; and

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Making Sense of English Law Enforcement in the Eighteenth Century

2871:

Who Polices Prosecutors Who Abuse Their Authority? Usually Nobody

910: 898: 877:

cities (typically prosecute only minor and misdemeanor offenses)

770:. Other remedies are open to a prosecutor in Scotland, including 3363: 2145:"The Code for Crown Prosecutors | The Crown Prosecution Service" 2018:"The Code for Crown Prosecutors | The Crown Prosecution Service" 697: 218:

or obtained a comparable qualification where available, such as

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Criminal Procedure Rules and appropriate disclosure standards.

567:

R v Stafford Justices ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners

3319:

Raoul Muhm, "The role of the Public Prosecutor in Germany" in

2513:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under an

2118:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under an

1744:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under an

1403:

In Sweden, public prosecutors are lawyers who work out of the

1277:("Public Ministry" or P.M.). Italian Prosecutors officiate as 707:

the evidential sufficiency stage of the Full Code Test is met;

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prosecution if the papers clearly show all of the following:

576:

the police did not conduct the majority of the investigation;

162: 128:

in the jurisdiction, law degree, in some cases a traineeship.

2937:"Traduções oficiais do MPF conforme Portaria PGR/MPF nº 618" 2707: 2293:"Consent of the Attorney General to prosecute: how to apply" 1292:

In appellate courts, the Office of the Prosecutor is called

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The Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2012 (English)

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the public interest stage of the Full Code Test is met; and

308:

In Canada, public prosecutors in most provinces are called

2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 286:, guarantee the independence and impartiality of the DPP. 3430: 2681: 1498:

Public Procurators' Law of the People's Republic of China

589: 95: 3170:, vol. 2, U. Chi. L. Sch. Roundtable, p. 475, 3142: 1391:

Prosecutors are public officials who are members of the

497:

put into an admissible format for presentation in court;

260:, the head of the prosecuting authority is known as the 2323:"Consents to Prosecute | The Crown Prosecution Service" 2215:"Consents to Prosecute | The Crown Prosecution Service" 2060: 1765:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/41/section/71

1648:(European Association of Judges and Public Prosecutors) 1646:

Magistrats Européens pour la Démocratie et les Libertés

3399: 3066: 2656:"Maricopa County Attorney's Office • Phoenix, Arizona" 2488:"Private Prosecutions | The Crown Prosecution Service" 2347:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/6

2281:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/1

2244:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/60/section/1

1253:

if the prosecutor has sufficient evidence to convict.

683:

Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

403: 268:, a formal written directive which must be published. 30:"Prosecution" redirects here. Not to be confused with 2961:

Article 129, preamble paragraphs VII and VIII of the

1122:) heads the federal body, and tries cases before the 205: 3396:

Edmonds Marshall McMahon Leading Private Prosecutors

758:, and, in theory, they can direct investigations by 3291:(Jerusalem: The Israel Democracy Institute, 2010). 3219: 1504:

Supervise the enforcement of laws according to law.

536:It is in the public interest to charge the suspect 251: 3366:Free trial advocacy tips for prosecutors and trial 3163: 1496:and public prosecutor. Legally, they are bound by 1302:Procuratore Generale presso la Corte di Cassazione 561:(FCA), alongside independent prosecutors like the 332:The primary prosecutor in the jurisdiction is the 114:Advocacy skills, analytical mind, sense of justice 3184: 1379:— regional public prosecutor's offices (45); and 356:prosecutions in England and Wales, including the 4631: 210:Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a 3372:Summaries of Recent U.S. Criminal Law Decisions 1375:— provincial public prosecutor's offices (11); 1335: 3073:, vol. 41, U. Chi. L. Rev., p. 468, 1513:Other functions and duties as provided by law. 1451: 1329: 1145:According to a 2012 law, the chief of police ( 372:. Finally, when cases are brought to trial, a 3415: 2562:"$ 40m of public money for private law firms" 1531: 1477: 1355:The highest-ranking prosecutor office of the 698:DPP's power to take over private prosecutions 231:has been bifurcated or devolved in some way. 3378:Consultative Council of European Prosecutors 3309:, Vecchiarelli Editore Manziana (Roma) 2005 3222:Outmoded Concept of Private Prosecution, The 428:. The nature of the offence is suitable for 3224:, vol. 25, Am. U. L. Rev., p. 754 1893:"About CPS | The Crown Prosecution Service" 1304:is the Chief General Prosecutor before the 774:and non-court based interventions, such as 289: 3422: 3408: 3138: 3136: 1507:Public prosecution on behalf of the State. 1207:or move for further investigation. During 1019: 784:Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service 782:. All prosecutions are handled within the 436:met before a prosecution can be brought. 3087: 2604:Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations 1586:Learn how and when to remove this message 1488:A Public Procurator is a position in the 1462:A Public Procurator is an office used in 1436:passes from the case's prosecutor to the 1048:In Belgium, the Senior Crown prosecutor ( 553:State investigative agencies such as the 549:Prosecutions by other government agencies 4567:History of the American legal profession 3390:International Association of Prosecutors 3304:Raoul Muhm, Gian Carlo Caselli (Hrsg.), 2630:"Directory of Nebraska County Attorneys" 3234: 3133: 2708:"St. Joseph County Prosecutor's Office" 2559: 1371:— National Public Prosecutor's Office; 662: 240:ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct 14: 4632: 3301:, 5ª edição, São Paulo: Saraiva, 2001. 3019:"Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure" 1602: 1114:) before superior federal courts. The 1050:Procureur du Roi/Procureur des Konings 590:Prosecutions requiring special consent 346:Attorney General for England and Wales 327: 3403: 3299:Regime Juridico do Ministério Público 3187:The American Journal of Legal History 2997:from the original on 14 November 2016 2943:from the original on 29 November 2021 2688:from the original on 4 September 2012 2482: 2480: 2478: 2447: 2445: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2139: 2137: 2135: 1980: 1978: 1524:Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam 718:rather than by a private individual. 2752:from the original on 3 December 2013 2714:from the original on 28 October 2016 2424:"JSC Report on Private Prosecutions" 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1535: 1054:Procureur Général/Procureur-Generaal 424:when there is an anticipated guilty 319: 2662:from the original on 5 October 2013 2568:from the original on 3 October 2021 2173: 1667:Director of Public Prosecutions Act 1189:) and his deputies and assistants ( 1112:subprocuradores gerais da República 1108:procuradores regionais da República 1094:Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil) 404:Approach of the CPS to prosecutions 282:More recent constitutions, such as 24: 2475: 2442: 2430:from the original on 29 April 2022 2198: 2132: 1975: 1690:from the original on 23 March 2019 1116:Prosecutor General of the Republic 968:in both civil and criminal cases. 342:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 206:Prosecutor as a legal professional 25: 4681: 3551:Restitution and unjust enrichment 3344: 3174:from the original on 1 April 2012 3153:from the original on 1 April 2012 3143:Nichols, Matthew S. (2000–2001), 3077:from the original on 11 July 2011 3025:from the original on 22 July 2012 2560:Espiner, Guyon (3 October 2021). 2541:from the original on 15 June 2022 2498:from the original on 15 June 2022 2463:from the original on 15 June 2022 2371:from the original on 7 April 2022 2303:from the original on 15 June 2022 2262:from the original on 9 April 2022 2225:from the original on 15 June 2022 2186:from the original on 9 April 2022 2155:from the original on 15 June 2022 2103:from the original on 15 June 2022 1998:from the original on 27 July 2022 1963:from the original on 15 June 2022 1903:from the original on 12 June 2022 1873:from the original on 15 June 2022 1843:from the original on 15 June 2022 1813:from the original on 15 June 2022 1783:from the original on 15 June 2022 1729:from the original on 15 June 2022 1702: 1322:Public Prosecutors Office (Japan) 675:Prosecution of Offenders Act 1985 4598: 4597: 4583: 3121:from the original on 7 July 2016 2508: 2113: 1933:from the original on 22 May 2022 1739: 1540: 793: 627:Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 252:Directors of public prosecutions 54: 4562:History of the legal profession 3278: 3228: 3213: 3193:(1). Temple University: 43–58. 3178: 3157: 3107: 3081: 3067:Herrmann, Joachim (1973–1974), 3060: 3051: 3044:Article 144, Section IV of the 3038: 3010: 2983: 2970:from the original on 5 May 2016 2955: 2929: 2908: 2883: 2864: 2839: 2814: 2789: 2764: 2738: 2726: 2700: 2674: 2648: 2636:from the original on 7 May 2019 2622: 2607: 2580: 2553: 2527: 2416: 2405: 2394: 2383: 2351: 2340: 2315: 2285: 2274: 2248: 2237: 2167: 2035: 2010: 1953:"Service Prosecuting Authority" 1945: 1915: 338:Director of Public Prosecutions 262:director of public prosecutions 3149:, vol. 13, Cap. Def. J., 2658:. Maricopacountyattorney.org. 1885: 1855: 1825: 1795: 1769: 1758: 1672: 1659: 1484:Supreme People's Procuratorate 1386: 1040:, they are classed as judges. 721: 384:may present the case before a 13: 1: 1652: 1405:Swedish Prosecution Authority 1310:Constitutional Court of Italy 1296:and the Chief Prosecutor the 1120:Procurador Geral da República 821:The titles of prosecutors in 563:Service Prosecuting Authority 362:Service Prosecuting Authority 3220:Sidman, Andrew (1975–1976), 2515:Open Government Licence v3.0 2120:Open Government Licence v3.0 1746:Open Government Licence v3.0 1326:In Japan, Public Prosecutors 294: 7: 3325:LARCHIVIO - Finance Journal 3164:Friedman, David D. (1995), 2617:Category:District attorneys 1863:"Attorney General - GOV.UK" 1629: 1566:the claims made and adding 1452:Socialist law jurisdictions 1336: 1078:droit d'injonction positive 737: 610:Attorney General's consent 559:Financial Conduct Authority 432:in the magistrates' court. 366:Financial Conduct Authority 336:(CPS), which is led by the 236:professional responsibility 10: 4686: 4229:International legal theory 3708:International slavery laws 3703:International human rights 3698:International criminal law 3333:(Paris: Gallimard, 2008), 2256:"s1 Law Officers Act 1997" 1986:"FCA Prosecution Handbook" 1641:Public prosecutor's office 1606: 1532:Institutional independence 1521: 1517: 1490:People's Republic of China 1481: 1478:People's Republic of China 1455: 1319: 1230: 1175:Procureur de la République 1166: 1160: 1091: 1043: 1024:Prosecutors are typically 666: 410:Code for Crown Prosecutors 126:authorised to practice law 36: 29: 4577: 4554: 4444: 4282:Administration of justice 4267: 4176: 4067: 3946: 3848: 3569: 3437: 3394:Private Prosecution in UK 3251:10.1017/s0021855300008196 3102:10.1080/01402389708425179 1398: 1350: 1347:are largely prosecutors. 1330: 1227:one other as colleagues. 1163:Ministère public (France) 1156: 1104:Procuradores da República 1087: 970:Private attorneys general 480: 443: 382:higher rights of audience 334:Crown Prosecution Service 303: 144: 132: 124:Typically required to be 118: 110: 105: 89: 77: 72: 53: 4059:Basic structure doctrine 3909:Natural and legal rights 3790:Public international law 2964:"Constitution of Brazil" 2748:. Judicial.state.sc.us. 1315: 1265:) assisted by deputies ( 1256: 975:prosecutorial misconduct 290:Common law jurisdictions 140:Government legal service 37:Not to be confused with 4239:Principle of typicality 3713:International trade law 3429: 2891:Berger v. United States 2797:Giglio v. United States 1135:procuradores de Justiça 1124:Brazilian Supreme Court 1082:positief injunctierecht 1020:Civil law jurisdictions 950:United States Attorneys 901:; County Prosecutor in 879:Commonwealth's Attorney 816:commonwealth's attorney 679:Animal Welfare Act 2006 634:DPP's personal consent 64:(on the pulpit) at the 4655:Government occupations 3238:Journal of African Law 3090:West European Politics 3046:Constitution of Brazil 2453:"Private Prosecutions" 1445: 1412: 1373:prokuratury regionalne 1058:substituts/substituten 990: 802:. Other names include 681:are prosecuted by the 462:Public Interest Stage 190:, which is adopted in 182:, which is adopted in 4234:Principle of legality 3993:Delegated legislation 3693:Intellectual property 3297:Hugo Nigro Mazzilli. 2822:Arizona v. Youngblood 2682:"President's Message" 2174:dls (24 April 2021). 1421:Chancellor of Justice 1271:sostituti procuratori 1131:promotores de Justiça 985: 960:. They represent the 956:and confirmed by the 889:; County Attorney in 657:Consents to Prosecute 615:Law Officers Act 1997 4452:Barristers' chambers 4394:Legal representation 4332:Justice of the peace 3678:Financial regulation 3356:23 July 2008 at the 3331:Paroles de procureur 3057:RiStBV, No. 138/139. 2924:127 P.3d 873 2876:30 June 2017 at the 2524:. © Crown copyright. 2520:28 June 2017 at the 2129:. © Crown copyright. 2125:28 June 2017 at the 1927:Serious Fraud Office 1755:. © Crown copyright. 1751:28 June 2017 at the 1492:, analogous to both 1381:prokuratury rejonowe 1377:prokuratury okręgowe 1361:Prokurator Generalny 1298:Procuratore Generale 1267:procuratori aggiunti 1209:criminal proceedings 1177:in trial courts and 1052:in trial courts and 958:United States Senate 663:Private prosecutions 555:Serious Fraud Office 358:Serious Fraud Office 258:Commonwealth Nations 188:inquisitorial system 4487:Election commission 4199:Expressive function 3728:Landlord–tenant law 3627:Consumer protection 3384:"diritto – history" 2594:on 19 December 2017 1609:Private prosecution 1603:Private prosecution 1393:Prosecutor's Office 1369:Prokuratura Krajowa 1345:Ministry of Justice 1306:Corte di Cassazione 1147:delegado de polícia 998:voluntary dismissal 873:; City Attorney in 788:Children's Hearings 669:Private prosecution 598: 477: 440: 422:either-way offences 392:(with or without a 370:private prosecution 328:Types of prosecutor 273:indictable offences 220:solicitor advocates 216:admitted to the bar 50: 4445:Legal institutions 4312:Lawsuit/Litigation 4302:Dispute resolution 4107:Catholic canon law 3815:State of emergency 3778:Will and testament 3502:Law of obligations 3455:Constitutional law 3445:Administrative law 3364:ProsecutorTips.com 3016:Article 4 of the 1839:. 14 August 2019. 1551:possibly contains 1438:Prosecutor-General 1413:Åklagarmyndigheten 1365:General Prosecutor 1275:Pubblico Ministero 1269:) and assistants ( 1200:juge d'instruction 1187:Court of Cassation 1151:inquérito policial 1100:Ministério Público 1062:juge d'instruction 962:federal government 748:Procurators Fiscal 728:New Zealand Police 687:subsequent scandal 642:Inchoate offences 597: 476: 439: 245:U.S. Supreme Court 180:adversarial system 120:Education required 48: 4665:Legal professions 4627: 4626: 4287:Constitutionalism 4209:Law and economics 4047:Act of parliament 3785:Product liability 3738:Legal archaeology 3663:Environmental law 3657:Entertainment law 3497:International law 3339:978-2-07-011977-6 2991:"Law 12.830/2013" 2847:Napue v. Illinois 2772:Brady v. Maryland 1636:Public procurator 1596: 1595: 1588: 1553:original research 1458:Public Procurator 1359:in Poland is the 1179:procureur général 1066:onderzoeksrechter 1030:university degree 1008:. In California, 952:are appointed by 800:district attorney 768:summary procedure 754:on behalf of the 653: 652: 543: 542: 474: 473: 449:Evidential Stage 320:England and Wales 172: 171: 62:Robert H. Jackson 60:Chief Prosecutor 16:(Redirected from 4677: 4660:Local government 4602: 4601: 4600: 4588: 4587: 4411:Question of fact 4292:Criminal justice 3622:Construction law 3617:Conflict of laws 3582:Agricultural law 3424: 3417: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3370:Burnley Law Firm 3321:The Irish Jurist 3272: 3270: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2906: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2862: 2843: 2837: 2818: 2812: 2793: 2787: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2590:. 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ProPublica. 2879: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2540: 2536: 2535:"s6 PoA 1985" 2530: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2386: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2023: 2019: 2013: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1782: 1778: 1777:"s2 PoA 1985" 1772: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1600: 1590: 1587: 1579: 1576:December 2010 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1549:This section 1547: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:socialist law 1459: 1449: 1447: 1446:Riksåklagaren 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Supreme Court 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1338: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 989: 984: 981: 978: 976: 971: 967: 966:federal court 963: 959: 955: 954:the President 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 935:West Virginia 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847:Massachusetts 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 794:United States 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756:Lord Advocate 753: 749: 745: 735: 733: 729: 719: 712: 709: 706: 705: 704: 695: 691: 688: 684: 680: 676: 670: 660: 658: 648: 644: 641: 640: 636: 633: 632: 628: 624: 621: 620: 616: 612: 609: 608: 604: 602:Consent type 601: 600: 595: 584: 581: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 546: 538: 535: 534: 529: 526: 525: 521: 518: 517: 512: 509: 508: 502: 500:reliable; and 499: 496: 495: 494: 488: 485: 484: 479: 470: 464: 461: 460: 457: 451: 448: 447: 442: 437: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 325: 317: 315: 314:Crown Counsel 311: 301: 287: 285: 280: 278: 275:on behalf of 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 249: 246: 241: 237: 232: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 143: 139: 131: 127: 123: 117: 113: 109: 104: 101: 97: 94: 88: 85: 82: 76: 71: 67: 63: 57: 52: 46: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4650:Criminal law 4616: 4609: 4595: 4581: 4398: 4354:Jurisdiction 4322:Legal remedy 4277:Adjudication 4177:Legal theory 4015:Ratification 4010:Promulgation 3981:Proclamation 3961:Codification 3894:Human rights 3882:Divine right 3872:Constitution 3840:Women in law 3758:Military law 3753:Marriage law 3748:Maritime law 3647:Election law 3587:Aviation law 3577:Abortion law 3529:Property law 3465:Criminal law 3330: 3320: 3305: 3298: 3288: 3285:Gad Barzilai 3279:Bibliography 3242: 3236: 3230: 3221: 3215: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3166: 3159: 3145: 3123:. 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In 1430:målsäganden 1387:South Korea 1357:Prokuratura 780:social work 722:New Zealand 364:(SPA), and 224:England law 106:Description 32:Persecution 18:Prosecution 4634:Categories 4519:Law school 4399:Prosecutor 4337:Magistrate 4124:Jewish law 4082:Common law 4003:Rulemaking 3998:Regulation 3948:Law making 3887:Divine law 3863:Legal code 3810:Sports law 3733:Law of war 3683:Health law 3668:Family law 3652:Energy law 3602:Bankruptcy 3539:Punishment 3534:Public law 3382:L'Archivio 3001:8 November 2718:5 December 1923:"About us" 1867:www.gov.uk 1653:References 1560:improve it 1300:(PG). 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