2223:"In some cases, according to some expert observers, important principles were not included in the legislation because the drafters, not having any experience in commerce, could not appreciate the importance of the principles and the advisors could not convince them of the necessity of certain principles. For example, under legislation adopted, boards of directors can be held criminally and civilly liable if the corporation does not turn a profit, not exactly a great incentive to risk taking. It illustrates the difficulty of changing societal norms. At the same time, in deciding commercial cases, the judges are not to examine the prevailing practices regarding what agreements mean within the trade at the time the contract was entered into, a fundamental concept in western commerce and judicial practice
59:
31:
3869:
3883:
860:
672:
419:
1385:(except Hong Kong and Macau) is a mixture of civil law and socialist law. Presently, Chinese laws absorb some features of common law system, especially those related to commercial and international transactions. Hong Kong, although part of China, uses common law. The Basic Law of Hong Kong ensures the use and status of common law in Hong Kong. Macau continues to have a Portuguese legal system of civil law.
365:, a systematic collection of interrelated articles, arranged by subject matter in some pre-specified order. Codes explain the principles of law, rights and entitlements, and how basic legal mechanisms work. The purpose of codification is to provide all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow. Law codes are laws enacted by a
2161:
1343:(except for the principle of abstraction), while it is not true at all in the matters of family and successions. This code was integrally adopted by Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela (although only for one year). According to other Latin American experts of its time, like
1139:
In theory, codes conceptualized in the civil law system should go beyond the compilation of discrete statutes, and instead state the law in a coherent, and comprehensive piece of legislation, sometimes introducing major reforms or starting anew. In this regard, civil law codes are more similar to the
823:
Consequently, neither of the two waves of Roman influence completely dominated in Europe. Roman law was ultimately a secondary source that was applied only when local customs and laws were found lacking on a certain subject. However, after a time, even local law came to be interpreted and evaluated
1210:
The primary contrast between the two systems is the role of written decisions and precedent as a source of law (one of the defining features of common law legal systems). While Common law systems place great weight on precedent, civil law judges tend to give less weight to judicial precedent. For
1221:
in the French civil law tradition. There are regular, good quality law reports in France, but it is not a consistent practice in many of the existing civil law jurisdictions. In French-speaking colonial Africa there were no law reports and what little we know of those historical cases comes from
773:
until its final fall in the 15th century. However, given the empire's influence on the continent in Late
Antiquity and then multiple incursions and occupations by Western European powers in the late medieval period, its laws became widely implemented in the West. It was first received in the
1816:âThe role of legislation is to set, by taking a broad approach, the general propositions of the law, to establish principles which will be fertile in application, and not to get down to the details. . . .â Alain Levasseur, Code Napoleon or Code Portalis?, 43 Tul. L. Rev. 762, 769 (1969).
1273:
ideals. Even if this is so, civil law was generally the legal system in place before the rise of socialist law, and some
Eastern European countries reverted to the pre-socialist civil law following the fall of socialism, while others continued using a socialist legal systems.
1065:
that would be applicable to that state. There was also a reaction to law codification. The proponents of codification regarded it as conducive to certainty, unity and systematic recording of the law; whereas its opponents claimed that codification would result in the
1475:. By contrast, Quebec private law has innovated mainly from civil sources. To a lesser extent, other states formerly part of the Spanish Empire, such as Texas and California, have also retained aspects of Spanish civil law into their legal system, for example
1003:
The use of custumals from influential towns soon became commonplace over large areas. In keeping with this, certain monarchs consolidated their kingdoms by attempting to compile custumals that would serve as the law of the land for their realms, as when
1402:
alliance. This approach has been imitated by other countries, including
Portugal (1966), the Netherlands (1992), Brazil (2002) and Argentina (2014). Most of them have innovations introduced by the Italian legislation, including the unification of the
972:
during the 18th century BC. However, this, and many of the codes that followed, were mainly lists of civil and criminal wrongs and their punishments. The codification typical of modern civilian systems did not first appear until the
Justinian Code.
316:, with concise and broadly applicable texts that typically avoid factually specific scenarios. The short articles in a civil law code deal in generalities and stand in contrast with ordinary statutes, which are often very long and very detailed.
1000:âand later regionalâcustoms, court decisions, and the legal principles underpinning them. Custumals were commissioned by lords who presided as lay judges over manorial courts in order to inform themselves about the court process.
1241:, adopted new legal codes. Some of the codes introduced problems which the judiciary was not empowered to adjudicate under the established principles of the common law of contracts - they could only apply the code as written.
1073:
In the end, despite whatever resistance to codification, the codification of
Continental European private laws moved forward. Codifications were completed by Denmark (1687), Sweden (1734), Prussia (1794), France (1804), and
1826:
1421:
is considered mainly influenced by the German civil code and partly influenced by the French civil code. The civil code of the
Republic of Turkey is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during
1102:(1912) adopted their own codifications. These codifications were in turn imported into colonies at one time or another by most of these countries. The Swiss version was adopted in Brazil (1916) and Turkey (1926).
1465:
borrowed heavily from Roman-Dutch law. Swiss law is categorized as
Germanistic, but it has been heavily influenced by the Napoleonic tradition, with some indigenous elements added in as well.
976:
Germanic codes appeared over the 6th and 7th centuries to clearly delineate the law in force for
Germanic privileged classes versus their Roman subjects and regulate those laws according to
1487:'s Civil Code is based on the Spanish Civil Code of 1889, available jurisprudence has tended to rely on common law innovations due to the code's age and in many cases, obsolete nature.
1325:), Malta, Romania, and most of the Arab world (e.g. Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, etc.) when Islamic law is not used. Former colonies include Quebec (Canada) and Louisiana (U.S.).
1183:, European legal systemsâespecially the civil law of Germany and Franceâwere the primary models for emulation. In China, the German Civil Code was introduced in the later years of the
824:
primarily on the basis of Roman law, since it was a common
European legal tradition of sorts, and thereby in turn influenced the main source of law. Eventually, the work of civilian
1222:
publication in journals. Civil law codes must be changed constantly because the precedent of courts is not binding and because courts lack authority to act if there is no statute.
546:, which are of a hybrid character since their background law is a mix of civil law and Scandinavian customary law and they have been partially codified. Likewise, the laws of the
629:
or BGB), which went into effect in the German empire in 1900. The German Civil Code is highly influential, inspiring the civil codes in countries such as Japan, South Korea and
1834:
828:
and commentators led to the development of a common body of law and writing about law, a common legal language, and a common method of teaching and scholarship, all termed the
2109:
It is characteristic of the common law to adopt an approach based "on precedent, and on the development of the law incrementally and by analogy with established authorities".
1366:, Czech Republic, Russia, Lithuania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Ukraine, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand
1471:
law, whose private law is also of French civil origin, has developed along the same lines, adapting in the same way as
Louisiana to the public law and judicial system of
1433:
developed as a mixture of French and German civil law in the 19th century. After the reunification of Poland in 1918, five legal systems (French Napoleonic Code from the
1057:. Those ideals required certainty of law; recorded, uniform law. So, the mix of Roman law and customary and local law gave way to law codification. Also, the notion of a
1484:
2236:
1553:
1136:(except for Article 2) and certain legal devices of American common law. In fact, any innovation, whether private or public, has been decidedly common law in origin.
2673:
2517:
Hamza, G. "Origine e sviluppo degli ordinamenti giusprivatistici moderni in base alla tradizione del diritto romano", Andavira Editora, Santiago de Compostela, 2013.
1369:
South Africa, a former colony of the Netherlands and later the United Kingdom, was heavily influenced by English colonists and therefore is bi-juridical/mixed.
1512:
is considered a mixture drawing roughly 60% from the German civil code, roughly 30% from the French civil code, 8% from Japanese customary law, and 2% from
1335:. Traditionally, the Napoleonic Code has been considered the main source of inspiration for the Chilean Code. However, this is true only with regard to the
405:, except for the councils of state and constitutional courts. Except for the highest courts, all publication of legal opinions is unofficial or commercial.
2196:
1247:, however, is by no means a defining characteristic of a civil law system. For example, the statutes that govern the civil law systems of Sweden and other
19:
This article is about the legal system originating in France and Italy. For non-criminal law under the common law legal system originating in England, see
585:, Mexico, Russia, Spain: it is this last category that is normally regarded as typical of civil law systems, and is discussed in the rest of this article.
1191:, which remains in force in Taiwan. Furthermore, Taiwan and Korea, former Japanese colonies, have been strongly influenced by the Japanese legal system.
387:, the supreme courts can and do tend to write more verbose opinions, supported by legal reasoning. A line of similar case decisions, while not precedent
2631:
2211:
332:
Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The expression "civil law" is a translation of Latin
1340:
2214:
In the common talk among lawyers, it has even been said that in the Civil Law system legislators are almost like gods, and judges not even men."
1998:
762:
system. Roman law was received differently in different countries. In some it went into force wholesale by legislative act, i.e., it became
2431:
1498:
of 1810 that developed in the early 19th centuryâwhich remains in force in Egypt is the basis for the civil law in many countries of the
2002:
1688:
1483:
exhibits similarities to that of Louisiana: a civil code whose interpretations rely on both the civil and common law systems. Because
1453:, while originally codified in the Napoleonic tradition, has been heavily altered under influence from the Dutch native tradition of
924:
877:
689:
440:
524:
those with codified mixed systems in which civil law is the background law but has its public law heavily influenced by common law:
3850:
2387:
1381:
896:
1972:
1670:
397:. While civil law jurisdictions place little reliance on court decisions, they tend to generate a phenomenal number of reported
2145:"5. The judges are forbidden to pronounce, by way of general and legislative determination, on the causes submitted to them."
2047:
Clark, David S. (2019), Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard (eds.), "Development of Comparative Law in the United States",
1075:
903:
497:
those with uncodified mixed systems in which civil law is an academic source of authority but common law is also influential:
401:. However, this tends to be uncontrolled, since there is no statutory requirement that any case be reported or published in a
2664:
2601:
2554:
2275:
2064:
1970:, edd. F.A.C. Mantello and A.G. Rigg (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press of America, 1996), 254â266; , available at
1801:
1783:
1708:
1165:
193:
1506:
attempted to integrate principles and features of Islamic law in deference to the unique circumstances of Egyptian society.
324:
The civil law system is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 150 countries.
2623:
1737:
1286:
comes from English legal scholarship and is used in English-speaking countries to lump together all legal systems of the
2645:
2292:"The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics: China's Discourse for the Rule of Law and a Bitter Experience"
1078:(1811). The French codes were imported into areas conquered by Napoleon and later adopted with modifications in Poland (
910:
1633:
1875:
1160:(laying down civil procedure rules and inspired by European and Louisiana codes). Other examples include California's
3923:
3276:
2834:
2733:
2582:
2371:
2084:
943:
711:
466:
2075:
Wang, Tay-Sheng (2014), Haley, O. John; Takenaka, Toshiko (eds.) 4.1 "The influence of Japanese law on Taiwan law,"
448:
3390:
3259:
2146:
1395:: The Italian civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865, introducing German elements as a result of its
1172:(1926), which are closer to compilations of statute than to systematic expositions of law akin to civil law codes.
892:
1037:
The concept of codification was further developed during the 17th and 18th centuries AD, as an expression of both
3845:
3192:
3093:
1441:
from Western Poland, Austrian ABGB from Southern Poland, Russian law from Eastern Poland, and Hungarian law from
1251:
and the Roman-Dutch countries are not grouped into larger, expansive codes like those in French and German law.
1188:
2194:
3352:
2986:
1638:
881:
693:
444:
210:
369:, even if they are in general much longer than other laws. Rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of
2705:
2535:
1348:
2640:
1351:(main author of the Argentinian Civil Code), it is the most important legal accomplishment of Latin America.
782:, and it spread in Europe mainly because its students were the only trained lawyers. It became the basis of
3512:
2991:
1643:
956:
An important common characteristic of civil law, aside from its origins in Roman law, is the comprehensive
3507:
1344:
1234:
766:, whereas in others it was diffused into society by increasingly influential legal experts and scholars.
358:. It draws heavily from Roman law, arguably the most intricate known legal system before the modern era.
270:
577:
those with comprehensive codes that exceed a single civil code, such as France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
3482:
2981:
24:
1438:
1095:
620:
3565:
1305:: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Chile, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, other
288:
Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes
285:
is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 120 countries.
186:
2291:
917:
248:
that arises as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally binding
3342:
1503:
637:
The General Part, covering definitions and concepts, such as personal rights and legal personality.
429:
384:
3694:
2461:
2127:
Garoupa, Nuno; Liguerre, Carlos Gomez (2011). "The Syndrome of the Efficiency of the Common Law".
1423:
3735:
3522:
3011:
2996:
2635:
2267:
2027:
2006:
1145:
1141:
1133:
870:
795:
682:
483:
those where Roman law in some form is still living law but there has been no attempt to create a
433:
393:
140:
104:
2428:
1215:
expressly forbade French judges to pronounce general principles of law. There is no doctrine of
3790:
3775:
1450:
1389:
However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature:
1322:
1204:
20:
255:
Historically, a civil law is the group of legal ideas and systems ultimately derived from the
3894:
3487:
3165:
2976:
2589:
2475:
1408:
1157:
1005:
1700:
352:. Civil law practitioners, however, traditionally refer to their system in a broad sense as
244:. Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes, the common law comes from uncodified
3615:
2961:
2326:"The historical development of the Civil Law tradition in China: a private law perspective"
2056:
1295:
1125:
1042:
1008:
in 1454 commissioned an official custumal of Crown law. Two prominent examples include the
836:, or law common to Europe, which consolidated canon law and Roman law, and to some extent,
791:
770:
733:
348:
305:
257:
179:
1668:
Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems
221:
that has been adopted in large parts of the world. Modern civil law stems mainly from the
8:
3770:
2910:
2827:
2649:
2565:
The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America
2237:"The Advantages of the Civil Law Judicial Design as the Model for Emerging Legal Systems"
1793:
1615:
1509:
1495:
1012:(written 1510; revised 1580), which served as the basis for the Napoleonic Code, and the
779:
1128:. Current Louisiana law has converged considerably with American law, especially in its
3585:
3244:
3098:
3083:
3061:
2805:
2785:
2738:
2728:
1976:
1667:
1521:
1480:
1476:
1328:
1244:
1169:
1087:
1086:; Kodeks cywilny 1806/1825), Louisiana (1807), Canton of Vaud (Switzerland; 1819), the
961:
957:
849:
740:
582:
266:
230:
2594:
Accidental Tourist on the New Frontier: An Introductory Guide to Global Legal Research
1946:
3570:
3492:
3330:
3073:
3068:
3021:
2946:
2940:
2780:
2698:
2597:
2578:
2529:
2367:
2325:
2271:
2080:
2060:
1922:
1797:
1704:
1549:
1502:
where the civil law is usedâ is based on the Napoleonic Code, but its primary author
1336:
1091:
965:
775:
167:
114:
78:
73:
2406:
1067:
3575:
3542:
3041:
2905:
2900:
2865:
2337:
2173:
2114:
2052:
1789:
1696:
1628:
1607:
1597:
1418:
1310:
1270:
1248:
1161:
1149:
1099:
630:
571:
543:
278:
241:
119:
58:
1426:'s presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization.
1354:
Cameroon, a former colony of both France and United Kingdom, is bi-juridical/mixed
3824:
3797:
3785:
3765:
3699:
3677:
3657:
3652:
3632:
3497:
3477:
3472:
3375:
3335:
3046:
2971:
2895:
2880:
2800:
2674:
The O.J. Inquisition: A United States Encounter With Continental Criminal Justice
2435:
2261:
2200:
1674:
1577:
1454:
1434:
1363:
1291:
1254:
In actual practice, an increasing degree of precedent is creeping into civil law
1226:
1212:
1083:
1079:
977:
595:
547:
502:
377:
289:
282:
262:
222:
1332:
1269:
countries, which in this view would basically be civil law with the addition of
3901:
3709:
3627:
3216:
3182:
3133:
3118:
2890:
2795:
2775:
2765:
1611:
1545:
1541:
1446:
1014:
812:
361:
In civil law legal systems where codes exist, the primary source of law is the
340:
term for its legal system, as opposed to the laws governing conquered peoples (
293:
2224:
2177:
3917:
3755:
3714:
3600:
3580:
3552:
3502:
3467:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3380:
3320:
3160:
3150:
3108:
3031:
3026:
2956:
2915:
2839:
2341:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1430:
1318:
1262:
1255:
1225:
In some civil law jurisdictions the judiciary does not have the authority to
1217:
1113:
1031:
398:
380:
301:
163:
99:
83:
3887:
3637:
3605:
3560:
3298:
3293:
3264:
3177:
3155:
3123:
3056:
3036:
2930:
2870:
2860:
2812:
2770:
2748:
2691:
2407:""On the Legal Method of the Uniform Commercial Code" by Mitchell Franklin"
1603:
1563:
1472:
1396:
1230:
1184:
1176:
1117:
1058:
807:
763:
759:
644:
609:
578:
506:
154:
109:
42:
2618:
A collection of Roman Law resources maintained by professor Ernest Metzger
1490:
Several Islamic countries have civil law systems that contain elements of
383:
decision is short, concise and devoid of explanation or justification, in
3809:
3750:
3740:
3537:
3532:
3370:
3271:
3187:
3146:
3113:
3078:
3001:
2925:
2875:
2790:
1593:
1567:
1517:
1513:
1429:
Some systems of civil law do not fit neatly into this typology, however.
1399:
1180:
1054:
1038:
1027:
997:
831:
529:
525:
366:
354:
342:
313:
274:
145:
30:
960:
of received Roman law, i.e., its inclusion in civil codes. The earliest
308:, but the terms are not synonymous. There are key differences between a
3873:
3802:
3682:
3620:
3365:
3286:
3281:
3239:
3221:
3209:
3170:
3016:
3006:
2966:
2951:
2935:
2885:
2822:
2817:
1499:
1404:
1200:
1153:
1129:
1121:
1109:
989:
837:
787:
752:
696: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
651:
567:
492:
484:
402:
362:
237:
2543:
2505:
Comparative Legal Traditions: Text, Materials and Cases on Western Law
1187:, emulating Japan. In addition, it formed the basis of the law of the
3780:
3745:
3687:
3662:
3527:
3424:
3412:
3397:
3385:
3313:
3231:
3204:
3088:
1559:
1462:
1266:
1105:
1046:
1023:
1019:
825:
783:
744:
725:
537:
514:
498:
337:
249:
226:
135:
3868:
1094:(1844), Italy and Romania (1865), Portugal (1867) and Spain (1888).
1045:. The political ideals of that era was expressed by the concepts of
859:
747:. The Justinian Code's doctrines provided a sophisticated model for
671:
418:
312:
and a code. The most pronounced features of civil systems are their
273:, feudal, and local practices, as well as doctrinal strains such as
233:
into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law.
3829:
3814:
3517:
3402:
3199:
2743:
1458:
1050:
985:
817:
803:
756:
748:
599:
559:
555:
510:
370:
297:
245:
2659:
1859:. Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States
1298:
prefer to subdivide civil law jurisdictions into distinct groups:
3719:
3667:
3647:
3595:
3407:
3325:
3141:
3103:
3051:
969:
799:
739:(6th century AD), and further expanded and developed in the late
488:
309:
2514:, 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014 (1st edn 2000).
1966:
Kenneth Pennington, "Roman and Secular Law in the Middle Ages",
1853:
1851:
790:. In England, it was taught academically at the universities of
34:
Legal systems of the world. Civil law-based systems are in blue.
3819:
3672:
3417:
3308:
3303:
3249:
2920:
1589:
1537:
1491:
1468:
981:
551:
533:
518:
225:
of the early 19th century, and it is a continuation of ancient
218:
2524:. Trans. Andrew Hammel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
3760:
3704:
3610:
3451:
3254:
2753:
1848:
1442:
1347:(author of the "Esboço de um Código Civil para o Brasil") or
1238:
214:
2503:
Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker.
2496:
Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker.
3642:
3590:
3446:
2844:
2760:
2617:
2193:, Robbins Collection, University of California at Berkeley.
1677:, Website of the Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa
1648:
1306:
640:
Obligations, including concepts of debt, sale and contract;
563:
2462:"What is the Civil Law? | LSU Law â Civil Law Online"
1738:"The Napoleonic Code | History of Western Civilization II"
2714:
1968:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1516:. Regarding the latter, the code borrows the doctrine of
1314:
1258:, and is generally seen in many nations' highest courts.
1062:
50:
373:, the code sets out general principles as rules of law.
806:
law insofar as both were inherited from canon law, and
2683:
1900:
1879:
1532:
Some countries where civil law is practiced includes:
1194:
1999:"How the Code Napoleon makes Louisiana law different"
1030:
which was used in northern Germany, Poland, and the
2263:
Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, '63: Sweden'
2111:
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police
1527:
1261:Some authors consider civil law the foundation for
1199:Civil law is primarily contrasted with the English
884:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
724:Civil law takes as its major inspiration classical
2299:Temple International & Comparative Law Journal
2162:"An Introduction to Law in French-Speaking Africa"
1362:: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia,
1124:. In Louisiana, private law was codified into the
602:. The Napoleonic code comprises three components:
236:The civil law system is often contrasted with the
2563:John Henry Merryman & Rogelio PĂ©rez-Perdomo.
2225:Rule of Law Assistance Impact Assessment: Armenia
1727:, s.v. "Civilian" (London: Routledge, 2001), 308.
1148:(which drew from European inspirations), and the
3915:
1112:whose private civil law is based heavily on the
769:Roman law continued without interruption in the
2126:
1377:: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
594:A prominent example of a civil law code is the
2666:The Concept of Civil Law. Historical Dimension
2577:, Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 2004,
2556:The Concept of Civil Law. Historical Dimension
2438:". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
2388:"Towards a civil code: the italian experience"
2259:
2699:
2627:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
2590:"Introduction to Foreign and Comparative Law"
2544:Scots Law and the Road to the New Ius Commune
2089:
1331:is an original work of jurist and legislator
187:
2260:Dotevall, Rolf (2006), Smits, Jan M. (ed.),
1203:that influenced the legal traditions of the
1152:in the United States. In the United States,
996:, 1200â1245), then elsewhere, to record the
647:), including immovable and movable property;
624:
2592:. In Rehberg, Jeanne; Popa, Radu D (eds.).
2567:, 4th edn. Stanford University Press, 2018.
2129:Boston University International Law Journal
1857:Neubauer, David W., and Stephen S. Meinhold
1570:(such as Indonesia, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, and
829:
786:, though partly rivaled by received feudal
447:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2706:
2692:
2560:Revista de Derecho Actual, vol. III, 2017.
2507:, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing, 2014.
2500:, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing, 2015.
2498:Comparative Legal Traditions in a Nutshell
2447:ćä»éœăćČĄæŸćć€Șé â æłæŻèŒăšćŠçăšăźæȘćźăźç¶ć â ăăæłćŠæ柀ăNo.183
1973:"Roman and Secular Law in the Middle Ages"
1861:. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007, p. 28.
1457:(still in effect in its former colonies).
194:
180:
16:Legal system originating in Western Europe
1872:12th District Court â Jackson, County, MI
944:Learn how and when to remove this message
712:Learn how and when to remove this message
467:Learn how and when to remove this message
3851:History of the American legal profession
2587:
2404:
2366:. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
2051:, Oxford University Press, pp. 147â180,
1906:
1894:
1788:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
1695:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
1156:began codification with New York's 1850
589:
29:
2678:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
2241:Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies
2191:The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions
1781:
1132:, judicial system, and adoption of the
633:(1907). It is divided into five parts:
479:Civil law systems can be divided into:
3916:
2527:
2364:Basic Principles of Civil Law in China
2049:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law
327:
2687:
2548:Electronic Journal of Comparative Law
2361:
2289:
2217:
2166:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1923:"German Civil Code | German law code"
1917:
1915:
1782:Steiner, Eva (2018). "Codification".
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1701:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.26
1229:. For example, after the fall of the
346:); hence, the Justinian Code's title
304:. Civil law is often paired with the
2646:A Civil Law to Common Law Dictionary
2212:Judicial Discretion in the Civil Law
2057:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198810230.013.6
1765:, 4th edn. (Paris: Dalloz, 2001), 8.
1686:
882:adding citations to reliable sources
853:
694:adding citations to reliable sources
665:
619:Another prominent civil code is the
445:adding citations to reliable sources
412:
336:, or "citizens' law", which was the
2572:Comparative Law: University Courses
2476:"Legal system - The World Factbook"
2323:
2099:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334.
2097:Black's Law Dictionary â Common law
1449:) were merged into one. Similarly,
1415:Germanistic to Napoleonic influence
1393:Napoleonic to Germanistic influence
1195:Comparison with other legal systems
598:(1804), named after French emperor
13:
2392:teoriaestoriadeldirittoprivato.com
1912:
1794:10.1093/oso/9780198790884.001.0001
1768:
1763:Grands systĂšmes de droit Ă©trangers
1634:International Roman Law Moot Court
14:
3935:
2835:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2611:
2405:Franklin, Mitchell (April 1951).
1227:invalidate legislative provisions
778:partly because it was considered
3882:
3881:
3867:
2632:A Primer on the Civil Law System
2596:. F.B. Rothman. pp. 47â86.
2150:, Decree of March 5, 1803, Law 5
1725:The Companion to British History
1528:Countries with civil law systems
1524:from English common law system.
1237:, with substantial support from
858:
670:
417:
408:
57:
3846:History of the legal profession
2660:Brehon Law (King Ollamh Fodhla)
2490:
2468:
2454:
2441:
2421:
2398:
2380:
2355:
2317:
2283:
2253:
2229:
2205:
2184:
2154:
2139:
2120:
2103:
2069:
2041:
2020:
1991:
1960:
1939:
1864:
988:were compiled, first under the
869:needs additional citations for
843:
732:. AD 1â250), and in particular
681:needs additional citations for
2670:Moreno Navarrete, Miguel Ăngel
2641:Brasil Law Articles in English
2550:4, no. 4 (December 2000).
1819:
1810:
1755:
1730:
1717:
1689:"The Future of Legal Families"
1680:
1661:
1639:List of national legal systems
1:
2536:Institute of European History
2512:Legal Traditions of the World
2028:"Louisiana â Judicial system"
1947:"Roman Law and Its Influence"
1874:, retrieved on 12 June 2009:
1693:Oxford Handbook Topics in Law
1654:
1294:and economists promoting the
1120:codes, as opposed to English
893:"Civil law" legal system
300:secondary and subordinate to
2588:Reynolds, Thomas H. (1998).
1644:Rule according to higher law
1618:, Angola, and Cote d'Ivoire)
1277:
240:system, which originated in
7:
1988:, retrieved 27 August 2011.
1870:"Glossary of Legal Terms",
1687:Husa, Jaakko (2016-05-02).
1622:
1481:legal system of Puerto Rico
1345:Augusto Teixeira de Freitas
319:
10:
3940:
3513:International legal theory
2992:International slavery laws
2987:International human rights
2982:International criminal law
847:
661:
544:Scandinavian legal systems
261:, but heavily overlain by
229:. Its core principles are
66:Foundations and Philosophy
25:Civil law (disambiguation)
18:
3861:
3838:
3728:
3566:Administration of justice
3551:
3460:
3351:
3230:
3132:
2853:
2721:
2528:Lydorf, Claudia. (2011).
2178:10.1017/S0022278X00025064
2077:Legal Innovations in Asia
1742:courses.lumenlearning.com
1309:countries, Macau, former
984:law, a number of private
128:Methodological background
3924:Civil law (legal system)
3343:Basic structure doctrine
3193:Natural and legal rights
3074:Public international law
2553:Moreno Navarrete, M. A.
2342:10.1163/157181910X487350
2330:The Legal History Review
1504:Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri
1349:Dalmacio VĂ©lez SĂĄrsfield
1164:(1872), and the federal
657:Succession (estate law).
3523:Principle of typicality
2997:International trade law
2713:
2636:Federal Judicial Center
2268:Edward Elgar Publishing
1927:Encyclopedia Britannica
1168:(1874) and the current
1146:Uniform Commercial Code
1142:Restatements of the Law
1134:Uniform Commercial Code
743:under the influence of
626:BĂŒrgerliches Gesetzbuch
394:jurisprudence constante
105:Judicial interpretation
1723:Charles Arnold Baker,
1323:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
830:
755:, wills, and a strong
751:, rules of procedure,
625:
35:
23:. For other uses, see
21:Civil law (common law)
3518:Principle of legality
3277:Delegated legislation
2977:Intellectual property
2625:The Roman Law Library
2542:MacQueen, Hector L. "
2362:Jones, David (2015).
2199:22 April 2016 at the
2115:[2018] UKSC 4
1520:and the precedent of
1494:. As an example, the
1424:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂŒrk
1177:legal system of Japan
1041:and the ideas of the
1006:Charles VII of France
994:TrĂšs ancien coutumier
968:, written in ancient
590:Prominent civil codes
33:
3736:Barristers' chambers
3678:Legal representation
3616:Justice of the peace
2962:Financial regulation
2676:by Myron Moskovitz,
2654:Louisiana Law Review
2570:Moustaira, Elina N.
2531:Romance Legal Family
1827:"The World Factbook"
1296:legal origins theory
1292:legal comparativists
1290:tradition. However,
1126:Louisiana Civil Code
878:improve this article
798:, but underlay only
771:Eastern Roman Empire
690:improve this article
650:Domestic relations (
568:Norman customary law
441:improve this section
349:Corpus Juris Civilis
306:inquisitorial system
277:, codification, and
258:Corpus Juris Civilis
3771:Election commission
3483:Expressive function
3012:Landlordâtenant law
2911:Consumer protection
2650:N. Stephan Kinsella
2510:Glenn, H. Patrick.
1510:Japanese Civil Code
1496:Egyptian Civil Code
1473:Canadian common law
1463:civil law tradition
1311:Portuguese colonies
1235:Armenian Parliament
1179:, beginning in the
328:Origin and features
3729:Legal institutions
3596:Lawsuit/Litigation
3586:Dispute resolution
3391:Catholic canon law
3099:State of emergency
3062:Will and testament
2786:Law of obligations
2739:Constitutional law
2729:Administrative law
2434:2009-10-28 at the
2324:Lei, Chen (1996).
2290:Zhang, Mo (2010).
1673:2016-07-22 at the
1612:Francophone Africa
1522:Hadley v Baxendale
1477:community property
1337:law of obligations
1170:United States Code
850:Codification (law)
606:the law of persons
376:While the typical
36:
3911:
3910:
3571:Constitutionalism
3493:Law and economics
3331:Act of parliament
3069:Product liability
3022:Legal archaeology
2947:Environmental law
2941:Entertainment law
2781:International law
2603:978-0-837-71075-4
2277:978-1-84542-013-0
2065:978-0-19-881023-0
1803:978-0-19-879088-4
1710:978-0-19-993535-2
1189:Republic of China
1061:implied recorded
1018:(c. 1220) of the
966:Code of Hammurabi
954:
953:
946:
928:
776:Holy Roman Empire
722:
721:
714:
621:German Civil Code
477:
476:
469:
290:substantive rules
204:
203:
168:judicial opinions
115:Law and economics
3931:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3695:Question of fact
3576:Criminal justice
2906:Construction law
2901:Conflict of laws
2866:Agricultural law
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2607:
2576:
2539:
2484:
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2402:
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2378:
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2350:
2348:
2336:(1â2): 159â181.
2321:
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2281:
2280:
2257:
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2248:
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2233:
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2221:
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2188:
2182:
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2158:
2152:
2148:Code of Napoleon
2143:
2137:
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2124:
2118:
2117: at para. 21
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2073:
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2014:
2005:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1987:
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1984:
1975:. Archived from
1964:
1958:
1957:
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1954:
1949:. Infoplease.com
1943:
1937:
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1910:
1904:
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1892:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1833:. Archived from
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1779:
1766:
1761:Michel Fromont,
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1684:
1678:
1665:
1629:Civil law notary
1608:Lusophone Africa
1598:Falkland Islands
1419:Swiss civil code
1409:commercial codes
1329:The Chilean Code
1271:Marxist-Leninist
1249:Nordic countries
1205:English-speaking
1166:revised statutes
1150:Model Penal Code
1049:, protection of
1010:Coutume de Paris
949:
942:
938:
935:
929:
927:
886:
862:
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835:
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697:
674:
666:
628:
572:French civil law
472:
465:
461:
458:
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421:
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294:procedural rules
279:legal positivism
242:medieval England
196:
189:
182:
120:Sociology of law
61:
38:
37:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3880:
3866:
3857:
3834:
3825:Political party
3798:Legal education
3786:Law enforcement
3766:Court of equity
3724:
3700:Question of law
3653:Practice of law
3633:Judicial review
3547:
3498:Legal formalism
3478:Comparative law
3473:Contract theory
3456:
3376:Legal pluralism
3347:
3336:Act of Congress
3260:Executive order
3226:
3128:
3047:Nationality law
2972:Immigration law
2896:Competition law
2849:
2717:
2712:
2680:(November 1995)
2614:
2604:
2574:
2522:Comparative Law
2493:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2460:
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2455:
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2436:Wayback Machine
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2201:Wayback Machine
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1675:Wayback Machine
1666:
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1625:
1530:
1455:Roman-Dutch law
1435:Duchy of Warsaw
1280:
1213:Napoleonic Code
1197:
1084:Congress Poland
1080:Duchy of Warsaw
950:
939:
933:
930:
887:
885:
875:
863:
852:
846:
810:, adapted from
718:
707:
701:
698:
687:
675:
664:
615:commercial law.
596:Napoleonic Code
592:
548:Channel Islands
503:Roman-Dutch law
473:
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456:
453:
438:
422:
411:
385:Germanic Europe
378:French-speaking
330:
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283:Napoleonic Code
223:Napoleonic Code
213:originating in
200:
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2449:(in Japanese)
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2417:(2): 330â343.
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2098:
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2085:9781783472789
2082:
2078:
2072:
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2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2009:on 2006-10-31
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1979:on 2011-09-27
1978:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1909:, p. 59.
1908:
1907:Reynolds 1998
1903:
1897:, p. 58.
1896:
1895:Reynolds 1998
1891:
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1582:South America
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1341:law of things
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1319:Daman and Diu
1316:
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1263:socialist law
1259:
1257:
1256:jurisprudence
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:stare decisis
1214:
1211:example, the
1208:
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1043:Enlightenment
1040:
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1032:Low Countries
1029:
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1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
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990:Norman empire
987:
983:
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974:
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967:
964:known is the
963:
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937:
926:
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909:
905:
902:
898:
895: â
894:
890:
889:Find sources:
883:
879:
873:
872:
867:This article
865:
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750:
746:
742:
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727:
716:
713:
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695:
691:
685:
684:
679:This section
677:
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635:
634:
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627:
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494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
480:
471:
468:
460:
450:
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442:
436:
435:
431:
426:This section
424:
420:
415:
414:
409:Subcategories
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:
391:, constitute
390:
386:
382:
381:supreme court
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
356:
351:
350:
345:
344:
339:
338:late imperial
335:
325:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:statutory law
299:
295:
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286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
253:
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247:
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232:
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197:
192:
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185:
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169:
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162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
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147:
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137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:Jurisprudence
98:
97:
96:
95:
91:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
32:
26:
22:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3865:
3638:Jurisdiction
3606:Legal remedy
3561:Adjudication
3461:Legal theory
3360:
3299:Ratification
3294:Promulgation
3265:Proclamation
3245:Codification
3178:Human rights
3166:Divine right
3156:Constitution
3124:Women in law
3042:Military law
3037:Marriage law
3032:Maritime law
2931:Election law
2871:Aviation law
2861:Abortion law
2813:Property law
2749:Criminal law
2677:
2665:
2653:
2624:
2593:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2530:
2521:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2491:Bibliography
2479:
2470:
2456:
2443:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2333:
2329:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2302:
2298:
2285:
2262:
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2190:
2186:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2076:
2071:
2048:
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1967:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1902:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:the original
1830:
1821:
1812:
1784:
1762:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1692:
1682:
1663:
1604:North Africa
1564:Central Asia
1544:, including
1536:Continental
1531:
1508:
1489:
1467:
1428:
1414:
1413:
1397:World War II
1392:
1391:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1359:
1333:Andrés Bello
1302:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1260:
1253:
1245:Codification
1243:
1231:Soviet Union
1224:
1216:
1209:
1198:
1185:Qing dynasty
1174:
1138:
1108:is the only
1104:
1098:(1900), and
1072:
1070:of the law.
1068:ossification
1059:nation-state
1036:
1013:
1009:
1002:
993:
975:
962:codification
958:codification
955:
940:
934:January 2024
931:
921:
914:
907:
900:
888:
876:Please help
871:verification
868:
844:Codification
822:
816:through the
811:
808:maritime law
780:imperial law
768:
764:positive law
734:
729:
723:
708:
702:January 2024
699:
688:Please help
683:verification
680:
645:property law
618:
610:property law
593:
507:South Africa
478:
463:
457:January 2024
454:
439:Please help
427:
392:
388:
375:
360:
353:
347:
341:
333:
331:
323:
287:
256:
254:
235:
211:legal system
206:
205:
155:Legal debate
141:Prescriptive
110:Positive law
92:Legal theory
3810:Legislature
3741:Bureaucracy
3538:Rule of man
3533:Rule of law
3508:Libertarian
3371:Chinese law
3272:Legislation
3222:Regulations
3210:Law reports
3188:Natural law
3084:Reparations
3079:Refugee law
3002:Jurimetrics
2943:(Media law)
2881:Banking law
2876:Amnesty law
2854:Disciplines
2791:Private law
2480:www.cia.gov
2347:20 November
2309:20 November
2172:(2). 1971.
1568:Middle East
1518:ultra vires
1514:English law
1492:Islamic law
1485:Puerto Rico
1364:Roman-Dutch
1360:Germanistic
1288:jus commune
1207:countries.
1154:U.S. states
1100:Switzerland
1088:Netherlands
1055:rule of law
1039:natural law
1028:Halberstadt
832:jus commune
804:matrimonial
757:monarchical
741:Middle Ages
631:Switzerland
530:Philippines
526:Puerto Rico
505:countries (
367:legislature
355:jus commune
343:jus gentium
314:legal codes
296:. It holds
275:natural law
146:Jurimetrics
3803:Law school
3683:Prosecutor
3621:Magistrate
3408:Jewish law
3366:Common law
3287:Rulemaking
3282:Regulation
3232:Law making
3171:Divine law
3147:Legal code
3094:Sports law
3017:Law of war
2967:Health law
2952:Family law
2936:Energy law
2886:Bankruptcy
2823:Punishment
2818:Public law
2575:(in Greek)
2246:2024-05-10
2034:2011-08-18
2013:2006-10-26
1983:2011-08-27
1953:2011-08-18
1932:2020-05-27
1841:2010-12-11
1785:French Law
1747:30 January
1655:References
1566:, and the
1550:Azerbaijan
1500:Arab world
1439:German BGB
1431:Polish law
1313:in India (
1303:Napoleonic
1201:common law
1158:Field Code
1130:public law
1122:common law
1110:U.S. state
1020:bishoprics
978:folk-right
904:newspapers
848:See also:
838:feudal law
826:glossators
788:Norman law
753:family law
652:family law
493:San Marino
485:civil code
403:law report
334:jus civile
263:Napoleonic
238:common law
79:Philosophy
74:Definition
3781:Judiciary
3776:Executive
3751:The bench
3688:Solicitor
3663:Barrister
3543:Sociology
3528:Pseudolaw
3468:Anarchist
3425:Roman law
3413:Parsi law
3398:Hindu law
3386:Canon law
3361:Civil law
3314:Concordat
3205:Precedent
3114:Trust law
3089:Space law
2926:Drugs law
2796:Procedure
2734:Civil law
2634:from the
2534:. Mainz:
2429:Civil Law
1614:(such as
1560:East Asia
1451:Dutch law
1284:civil law
1282:The term
1278:Subgroups
1267:communist
1181:Meiji Era
1106:Louisiana
1047:democracy
1024:Magdeburg
986:custumals
796:Cambridge
784:Scots law
749:contracts
745:canon law
735:Justinian
726:Roman law
538:Louisiana
515:Sri Lanka
428:does not
271:canonical
250:precedent
227:Roman law
207:Civil law
136:Normative
3918:Category
3888:Category
3830:Tribunal
3815:Military
3658:Attorney
3628:Judgment
3488:Feminist
3403:Jain law
3200:Case law
2921:Cyberlaw
2828:Corporal
2806:Criminal
2776:Evidence
2766:Doctrine
2744:Contract
2432:Archived
2411:Duke.edu
2197:Archived
2003:LA-Legal
1671:Archived
1623:See also
1596:and the
1584:(except
1540:(except
1459:Scotland
1339:and the
1265:used in
1175:For the
1090:(1838),
1053:and the
1051:property
998:manorial
980:. Under
818:Bordeaux
643:Things (
600:Napoleon
560:Alderney
556:Guernsey
511:Zimbabwe
501:and the
499:Scotland
371:case law
363:law code
320:Overview
298:case law
267:Germanic
246:case law
231:codified
43:a series
41:Part of
3902:Outline
3839:History
3746:The bar
3720:Verdict
3668:Counsel
3648:Justice
3503:History
3326:Statute
3142:Charter
3104:Tax law
3052:Probate
1831:cia.gov
1578:Central
1554:Georgia
1546:Armenia
1542:Andorra
1382:Chinese
1118:Spanish
1096:Germany
1076:Austria
970:Babylon
918:scholar
820:trade.
800:probate
662:History
489:Andorra
449:removed
434:sources
310:statute
84:History
3820:Police
3791:Agency
3673:Lawyer
3418:Sharia
3309:Treaty
3304:Repeal
3250:Decree
3161:Custom
3057:Estate
3007:Labour
2771:Equity
2656:(1994)
2600:
2581:
2370:
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2083:
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1800:
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1610:, and
1590:Belize
1586:Guyana
1572:Turkey
1552:, and
1538:Europe
1479:. The
1469:Quebec
1417:: The
1375:Nordic
1144:, the
1114:French
1092:Serbia
982:feudal
920:
913:
906:
899:
891:
792:Oxford
654:); and
566:) mix
552:Jersey
534:Quebec
519:Guyana
389:per se
281:. The
219:France
3895:Index
3761:Court
3705:Trial
3611:Judge
3452:Yassa
3255:Edict
2801:Civil
2754:Crime
2451:p. 79
2295:(PDF)
2113:
1616:Egypt
1447:Orawa
1443:Spisz
1405:civil
1239:USAID
1162:codes
925:JSTOR
911:books
612:, and
583:Chile
579:Japan
292:from
215:Italy
209:is a
164:Legal
3643:Jury
3591:Fiqh
3447:Xeer
2845:Tort
2761:Deed
2598:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2349:2022
2311:2022
2272:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2061:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1749:2021
1705:ISBN
1649:Tort
1594:Cuba
1580:and
1445:and
1407:and
1400:Axis
1321:and
1307:CPLP
1233:the
1116:and
1026:and
897:news
802:and
794:and
570:and
564:Sark
542:the
536:and
517:and
491:and
432:any
430:cite
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166:and
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2648:by
2546:."
2338:doi
2174:doi
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