610:. The intention was that they would be able to carry either American or British bombs, but since the latter were not available, they were only fitted for American bombs. Later-model Canberras would be able to carry both. Since the specifications for the bomb bay doors said they opened 52 inches (1,300 mm) wide, and the tail fins of the bombs were between 50.36 and 50.69 inches (1,279 and 1,288 mm) wide, no problem was anticipated, but it turned out that the doors only opened between 50.50 and 51.19 inches (1,283 and 1,300 mm), depending on the aircraft, which meant that the bombs would have to be individually matched with aircraft. After some thought, 0.5 inches (13 mm) was cut off each bomb fin.
967:
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31:
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997:. When Sandys, now the Minister of Defence, visited the US in January 1957, he found the Americans anxious to deploy IRBMs in Britain. Macmillan and Eisenhower agreed to do so during their summit in Bermuda in March 1957, and a formal agreement was drawn up on 17 December; at the end of the month it was decided that Britain would receive Thor and not Jupiter missiles. The deployment was codenamed
816:
566:
understand that for the present at least these weapons will be in the kiloton range. The United
Kingdom forces could obviously play a much more effective part in joint strikes if the United States weapons made available to them in emergency were in the megaton range, and it is suggested that this possibility might be examined at the appropriate time."
690:(QRA) were armed with a pair of live bombs. These aircraft were kept armed and fuelled on hardstands surrounded by 6-foot (1.8 m) high chain-link fences. The Valiants were taken out of service in 1965. The Canberras continued in service, with their Project E B43 bombs until the last was retired in June 1972. They were replaced by
722:. The planned V-bomber force had now been reduced to 144 aircraft, and it was intended to equip half of them with Project E weapons. The first 28 Valiants were modified by October 1957; the remaining 20 Valiants, along with 24 Vulcans, were ready by January 1959. The Victors were also modified to carry US weapons.
598:, to initiate Project E. Wilson had been liaison officer with the Manhattan Project, and Deputy Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and was very familiar with nuclear weapons. The first aircraft to be fitted for American atomic bombs were not V-bombers but 28 Canberra bombers earmarked as night
489:, discussed carriage of American atomic bombs in British aircraft with the BJSM. A detailed list of the equipment and technical data required was drawn up, and the USAF undertook to provide training and technical assistance, and to establish facilities to store, assemble and assist with loading the bombs. The
390:
Once production of V-bombers began in earnest, their numbers soon exceeded that of the available atomic bombs. Production of atomic bombs was slow, and
Britain had only ten on hand in 1955, and fourteen in 1956. At this rate, there would not be sufficient bombs to arm all the V-bombers until 1961. At
806:
bombs at RAF Honington on 1 July 1961 and
Waddington on 30 March 1962. Problems encountered in the development of Red Beard meant that the replacement of kiloton weapons took longer. The UK-based Valiants at Honington and Wittering were withdrawn in April and October 1962, and the last Valiants were
725:
Under the
Project E Memorandum of Understanding, US personnel had custody of the weapons. That meant they performed all the tasks related to their storage, maintenance and readiness. The bombs were kept in secure storage areas (SSAs) on the same bases as the bombers. British staff were not permitted
395:
in
December 1953, Churchill suggested that the US allow Britain access to American nuclear weapons to make up the shortfall. There were several technical and legal issues. For American bombs to be carried in British aircraft, the US would have to disclose weights and dimensions, while their delivery
149:
fleet until sufficient
British weapons became available. This became known as Project E. Under an agreement reached in 1957, US personnel had custody of the weapons, and performed all tasks related to their storage, maintenance and readiness. The bombs were held in secure storage areas (SSAs) on the
1017:
in
California. Twelve test firings were conducted between 6 October 1959 and 12 June 1962. Under the original agreement, the USAF paid the cost of maintenance for the missiles for five years. After a debate over costs and benefits, the Air Council decided on 31 May 1962 that Project Emily should be
782:
immediately inquired as to whether this meant that the
British megaton bomb programme could be terminated. Project E was intended to be a stopgap measure, and while the RAF was impressed with the superior yield of US thermonuclear weapons, its Director of Plans noted that "by retaining Project E at
891:, which was to have used the British Indigo Hammer and later the Tony warhead. 47 Regiment gave up its Corporals in 1965, and returned to the UK, and the 27 Regiment followed in 1967. The British government's September 1965 announcement of the withdrawal of the Corporal missiles raised concerns in
493:
in August 1954, and while it did not go nearly as far as the
British government wanted—the transfer of information regarding the design and manufacture of nuclear weapons was still prohibited—it did now allow for the interchange of information on their use. This paved the way for the Agreement for
304:
In 1949, the
Americans offered to make atomic bombs in the US available for Britain to use if the British agreed to curtail their atomic bomb programme. This would have given Britain nuclear weapons much sooner than its own target date of late 1952. Only those bomb components required by war plans
309:
on the grounds that it was not "compatible with our status as a first class power to depend on others for weapons of this supreme importance". As a counter-offer, they proposed limiting the British nuclear weapons programme in return for American bombs. The opposition of key American officials,
734:
as bases with US SSAs. Another three sites had British SSAs. US custody created operational problems. The procedure for handing over the bombs added an extra ten minutes to the bombers' reaction time, and the requirement that US personnel had guardianship of the weapons at all times meant that
565:
The United States Government welcomes the agreement to coordinate the strike plans of the United States and United Kingdom bomber forces, and to store United States nuclear weapons on RAF airfields under United States custody for release subject to decision by the President in an emergency. We
284:
signed a new agreement that replaced the Quebec Agreement's requirement for "mutual consent" before using nuclear weapons with one for "prior consultation", and there was to be "full and effective cooperation in the field of atomic energy", but this was only "in the field of basic scientific
845:
from the US. It was intended that they would be equipped with British warheads under a project codenamed Violet Vision, but Project E offered a quicker, simpler and cheaper alternative. Weapons were made available under the same terms as those of the RAF: US custody and dual control.
177:
delivery role. Project E weapons equipped V-bombers at three bases in the UK from 1958. Due to operational restrictions imposed by Project E, and the consequential loss of independence of half of the British nuclear deterrent, they were phased out in 1962 when sufficient British
1106:. The United States then decided to withdraw its short-range nuclear weapons. The last US warheads, including the Mark 57 nuclear depth bombs and those used by the BAOR, were withdrawn in July 1992. The only American nuclear weapons then remaining in the UK were 110 or so
783:
its present strength the US may continue to underestimate the UK independent capability, so that the weight given to HM Government's influence on vital issues would be less than it might otherwise be." Both Sandys and the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir
538:. The UK government notified Wilson of its approval on 30 January 1957. The agreement was confirmed by Eisenhower and Macmillan, now Prime Minister, during their March 1957 meeting in Bermuda to repair the damage done to Anglo-American relations by the
787:, argued that the UK needed the capacity to initiate a nuclear war unilaterally, but this was not possible if US permission was required for half of the force. With sufficient British bombs becoming available, operational issues and the concept of an
1004:
The RAF activated 20 squadrons between September 1958 and December 1959 to operate the 120 Thor missiles. They were located at 20 old wartime airfields so that the government did not have to purchase new land. Each missile was supplied with its own
1102:, and approximately 100 were B57 nuclear depth bombs. The BAOR still had about 85 Lance missiles, and more than 70 W33 eight-inch and W48 155 mm nuclear artillery shells. The cruise missiles were withdrawn in 1991 under the terms of the 1987
858:, was formed at the Napier Barracks in 1961. Between them they had about 100 Corporal missiles. The Mark 7 warheads had to be drawn from US Army storage sites in southern Germany until arrangements were made for local storage in August 1959.
883:; there could be delays in the countdown process, which made it hard to warn the troops to close their eyes or aircraft to avoid the area; and it was guided by a radio beam that could be jammed or diverted. During test firings in the
887:, eight out of twelve missiles accurately hit their targets; four fell short, a significant concern given the danger nuclear weapons posed to friendly troops. A new British project was begun to develop a better missile, codenamed
525:
on 8 June 1956, which was officially denied the following day. Agreement on the provision of American bombs—now called Project E—was reached, resulting in a detailed plan on 12 December 1956. This was then approved by the
1077:
were no longer required, as Project E weapons could do the job pending the development of a British weapon. The British designers were particularly impressed by the Mark 28, which was not only lighter than the British
1009:, a variant of the Mark 28 with a thinner and lighter casing. While the Thor missile bases were manned by the RAF, the warheads were supplied under Project E. Each had a USAF authorisation officer. The missiles used a
438:
although it had greater range and could carry a larger bomb load. It would require 10,000-foot (3,000 m) runways, and the RAF had had a bad experience with the last American-built bomber it operated, the
260:
to create a combined British, American and Canadian project. The September 1944 Hyde Park Aide-Mémoire extended commercial and military cooperation into the post-war period. Many of Britain's top scientists
376:
on 7 and 11 November 1953, but the RAF had no bombers capable of carrying them. The first production order for 25 Vickers Valiants was issued on 9 February 1951, and they were delivered on 8 February 1955.
665:
was assigned to SACEUR on 1 January 1961, followed by two more in July. The UK-based Canberra squadrons were then disbanded. Each of the 24 Valiants was equipped with two of the more powerful Project E
934:. Yellow Anvil, a British nuclear artillery round project, was cancelled in 1958, and Blue Water met the same fate on 10 August 1962. The Honest Johns therefore remained in service until 1977. The
798:
decided on 7 July 1960 that Project E weapons would be phased out by December 1962, by which time it was anticipated that there would be sufficient British megaton weapons to equip the entire
1026:
A maritime version of Project E was created, known as Project N. Providing American atomic bombs for Royal Navy ships would have involved similar dual key arrangements and detachments of
396:
would require data concerning their ballistics. The release of such information was restricted by the McMahon Act. There would also be issues of custody, security and targeting.
807:
retired from the V-bomber force in July 1965. The final practice loading at RAF Marham—with the Mark 43s—was in January 1965, and the last US personnel left the base in July.
1013:
system, one of which was held by the authorisation officer. Occasionally a missile would be chosen for test firing, for which the missile and its RAF crew would be flown to
1122:
nuclear bombs used by the RAF and Royal Navy were withdrawn from service in August 1998, at which point the only remaining British nuclear weapons were the warheads on the
3044:
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into its war plans in 1954, and BAOR adopted a doctrine under which it would be the dominant arm on the battlefield as NATO forces conducted a fighting withdrawal to the
678:, in early 1963. The availability of US bombs meant that more British bombs were available for use elsewhere. A permanent storage site for 32 Red Beards was opened at
1082:
warhead used in Yellow Sun, but considerably more economical in its use of expensive fissile material. An Anglicised version of the Mark 28 was developed, known as
494:
Cooperation Regarding Atomic Information for Mutual Defence Purposes with Britain, which was signed on 15 June 1955. A colonel and two majors from the USAF and the
276:
The British government considered nuclear technology to be a joint discovery, and trusted that America would continue to share it. On 16 November 1945, President
3039:
498:
were given briefings on RAF aircraft to determine which US bombs could be carried. The Americans then wanted to know how many bombs would be required. The
265:. The Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent. On 4 July 1945, Field Marshal Sir
212:. Eight-inch and 155 mm nuclear artillery rounds were also acquired under Project E. The last Project E weapons were withdrawn from service in 1992.
289:(McMahon Act) ended technical cooperation. Its control of "restricted data" prevented US allies from receiving any information. Fearing a resurgence of
400:
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programme with the Minister of Supply, Duncan Sandys. This resulted in an agreement on collaboration being signed on 12 August 1954, and a British
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As well as meeting the needs of the UK forces, Project E affected the design and development of British nuclear weapons. Interim designs like
472:
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terminated by the end of 1963. The last Thor squadrons were inactivated on 23 August 1963. The missiles were returned to the United States.
726:
to enter the SSAs; it was therefore impossible to store British and Americans bombs in the same SSA. Bomber Command designated RAF Marham,
98:(RAF) until sufficient British nuclear weapons became available. It was subsequently expanded to provide similar arrangements for the
452:
1103:
946:
nuclear warhead. With four batteries, 50 Missile Regiment had the same number of launchers as the three Honest John regiments. The
270:
765:
760:, led to the United States Atomic Energy Act being amended again in 1958, resulting in the long-sought resumption of the nuclear
691:
464:
286:
2691:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
989:. The United States pursued two Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) projects in parallel to Blue Streak: the US Army's
311:
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2902:
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2848:
2821:
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2721:
MacDonald, Fraser (March 2006). "Geopolitics and 'The Vision Thing': Regarding Britain and America's First Nuclear Missile".
2696:
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on board Royal Navy ships. This was deemed impractical even for ships and weapons dedicated to use in European waters. RAF
506:, determined that the V-bomber force would reach a strength of 240 aircraft during 1958. Each would carry one atomic bomb.
495:
423:
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in October 1952, but production was slow and Britain had only ten atomic bombs on hand in 1955 and fourteen in 1956. The
606:(SACEUR) in 1957. These were new B(I)8 models, which came straight from the manufacturer for modification to carry the
527:
482:
In the lead-up to Churchill's next meeting with Eisenhower in June 1954, the President's assistant for atomic energy,
3049:
1079:
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637:(LABS) for tactical nuclear attacks. There were also four squadrons of nuclear-armed Canberras based in the UK at
1086:, and a Yellow Sun Mark 2 using Red Snow cost £500,000 compared with £1,200,000 for the Mark 1 with Green Grass.
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603:
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Dickson visited the US for talks with Twining in September 1955. A public announcement was made in the form of a
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were supplied for the V-bombers. They had a yield of up to 100 kilotonnes of TNT (420 TJ). The successful
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134:
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ended in 1991, there were more than 500 US nuclear weapons in the UK. Of these, about 400 were bombs, 48 were
2922:
RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces, Their Origins, Roles and Deployment, 1946–1969. A documentary history
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warheads were supplied in 1960, enough to equip three artillery regiments: 24 Regiment at Assaye Barracks in
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443:. Above all, there was the potential loss of prestige and independence. The head of RAF Bomber Command, Sir
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768:. The US now agreed to supply the V-bombers with megaton weapons in place of the Mark 5, in the form of
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between June 1972 and October 1976, when they in turn were replaced in the tactical nuclear role by the
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448:
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would be stored in the UK; the rest would be kept in the US and Canada. The offer was rejected by the
3006:
2762:. Nuclear Weapons and International Security since 1945. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
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954:. Both it and the W33 remained in service until 1992. The British Army also considered acquiring the
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440:
435:
384:
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99:
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maritime patrol aircraft from 1965 to 1971 under Project N. These were replaced by the more capable
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oxidiser were highly toxic and corrosive; it required several hours to fuel, so it could not engage
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834:
419:
174:
2447:
Bronk, Justin (2014). "Britain's 'Independent' V-Bomber Force and US Nuclear Weapons, 1957–1962".
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V-bombers became available and replaced the Valiants in the strategic role. A Valiant squadron at
2644:
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Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 2, Policy and Execution
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bombers. This represented about $ 400 million in equipment that would not be counted against the
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118:
326:, coupled with security concerns aroused by the 2 February 1950 arrest of the British physicist
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Project E was expanded to encompass similar arrangements for providing nuclear weapons to the
2982:
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986:
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854:, became the first unit to equip with the Corporal in June 1960. A second Corporal regiment,
535:
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as a replacement. They remained in service until 1977 when Honest John was superseded by the
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In 1953, the US Secretary of Defense, Charles E. Wilson, raised the possibility of a joint
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neither they nor the bombers could be relocated to dispersal airfields as the RAF desired.
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Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 1, Policy Making
8:
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Nuclear Illusion, Nuclear Reality: Britain, the United States and Nuclear Weapons 1958–64
922:. Each regiment had two batteries of Honest Johns, and two of nuclear-capable eight-inch
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Losing an Empire and Finding a Role: Britain, the USA, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1964–70
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Four squadrons of Canberras were based in Germany, their Mark 7 bombs being stored at
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2514:
Goldberg, Alfred (July 1964). "The Atomic Origins of the British Nuclear Deterrent".
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Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume 5: British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons
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was a joint project between the United States and the United Kingdom during the
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2422:
Thor Ballistic Missile: The United States and the United Kingdom in Partnership
1945:"The Real Meaning of the Words: a Pedantic Glossary of British Nuclear Weapons"
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status, the UK government restarted its own development effort, now codenamed
182:
weapons became available, but remained in use with the Valiants in the UK and
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in February 1956. Crew training was carried out with American instructors at
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197:
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nuclear bombs of the type supplied to the United Kingdom under Project E
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nuclear weapons. They too were assigned to the SACEUR in October 1960. The
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The Long Wait: the Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance, 1945–58
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1950:. Mountbatten Centre for International Studies, University of Southampton
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426:, with an offer to provide the RAF with an interim force of up to 90 new
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The American Bomb in Britain: US Air Forces' Strategic Presence 1946–64
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Nuclear Weapons-Free World?: Britain, Trident and the Challenges Ahead
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Norris, Robert S.; Burrows, Andrew S.; Fieldhouse, Richard W. (1994).
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The Corporal had several limitations. It was liquid-fuelled, and the
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Cold War project for the US to provide the UK with nuclear weapons
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1206:
756:, and a favourable international relations climate caused by the
347:
2397:. Contributions in Military Studies. New York: Greenwood Press.
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645:; these were capable of using either the Mark 7 or the British
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In a letter to Macmillan on 25 March 1957, Eisenhower stated:
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Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945–1964
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902:. The offer was accepted, and 120 Honest John missiles with
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141:, with a request that the US supply nuclear weapons for the
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Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952
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on Cyprus in November 1961, and one for 48 Red Beards at
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The first British atomic bomb was successfully tested in
2652:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
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decided to replace these Canberras with Valiants as the
434:. The RAF was wary. The B-47 was judged inferior to the
2811:
2547:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation.
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Test of Greatness: Britain's Struggle for the Atom Bomb
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200:. The British Army acquired Project E warheads for its
153:
The first bombers equipped with Project E weapons were
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RAF Strike Command 1968–2007: Aircraft, Men and Action
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1974:
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from 1962 to 1972; 39 Regiment at Dempsey Barracks in
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Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
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1998:
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802:force. Project E weapons were replaced by British
401:Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
391:the three-power Bermuda Conference with President
189:Project E nuclear warheads were used on the sixty
157:based in Germany and the UK that were assigned to
2787:British Weapons and Strategic Planning, 1955–1958
910:from 1960 to 1962 and then at Barker Barracks in
714:Project E modifications to Valiants commenced at
3026:
3045:United Kingdom–United States military relations
2843:. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press.
2639:
1212:
1164:
958:, but had decided against it by February 1962.
2897:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
2870:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
764:between Britain and the US in the form of the
2682:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969).
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1344:
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473:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
463:, advised Churchill against it. In June, the
256:, which merged Tube Alloys with the American
3040:Nuclear weapons program of the United States
1118:, which were withdrawn by 2008. The British
1069:Impact on British nuclear weapon development
810:
590:It fell to the commander of the UK-based US
196:operated by the RAF from 1959 to 1963 under
2943:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
895:that Britain might "de-denuclearise" BAOR.
856:47 Guided Weapons Regiment, Royal Artillery
848:27 Guided Weapons Regiment, Royal Artillery
102:. A maritime version of Project E known as
2152:
898:As an interim measure, the US offered the
841:. In 1954, the British Army purchased 113
360:in Australia on 3 October 1952. The first
334:, resulted in the proposal being dropped.
121:, successfully tested a nuclear weapon in
29:
2720:
2613:Gowing, Margaret; Arnold, Lorna (1974b).
1992:
204:in 1958. The US subsequently offered the
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2513:
2483:
2320:
2120:
2045:
2024:
1272:
1224:
1104:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
965:
860:
814:
754:British development of the hydrogen bomb
737:
579:
479:, that the RAF was declining the offer.
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2542:
2356:
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287:United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946
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2784:
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2373:
1968:
1870:
1824:
1566:
1392:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1152:
312:United States Atomic Energy Commission
3035:Nuclear history of the United Kingdom
2938:
2816:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
2757:
2446:
2419:
2392:
2344:
2333:Norris, Burrows & Fieldhouse 1994
2308:
2296:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2209:
2185:
2173:
2064:
2007:
1980:
1942:
1906:
1894:
1858:
1843:
1812:
1773:
1761:
1737:
1725:
1709:Norris, Burrows & Fieldhouse 1994
1697:Norris, Burrows & Fieldhouse 1994
1657:
1642:
1619:"Lieutenant General Roscoe C. Wilson"
1605:
1525:
1496:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1416:
985:(MRBM) development project codenamed
962:Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles
263:participated in the Manhattan Project
194:Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles
117:The British nuclear weapons project,
2919:
2838:
2284:
2272:
2221:
2197:
2092:
2070:
1930:
1918:
1882:
1800:
1785:
1681:
1669:
1590:
1578:
1554:
1542:
1508:
1431:
1404:
1368:
1236:
1065:for US, Dutch and British aircraft.
709:
546:was negotiated in Washington by the
496:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
271:use of nuclear weapons against Japan
238:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
127:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2789:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2567:Britain and Atomic Energy 1939–1945
1089:
766:1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
686:in Singapore. Only the aircraft on
670:. These were replaced by the newer
575:
364:atomic bombs were delivered to the
165:in 1960 and 1961 as the long-range
13:
2153:Richardson, Doug (30 April 1977).
850:, based at the Napier Barracks in
694:, which carried Project E B43 and
528:United States Secretary of Defense
269:agreed on Britain's behalf to the
14:
3061:
2924:. London: The Stationery Office.
2102:. British Army units from 1945 on
2080:. British Army units from 1945 on
950:was acquired for the 155 mm
570:
432:Mutual Defense Assistance Program
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2735:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2006.00196.x
346:; it was detonated on board the
2146:
2142:. 8 November 1962. p. 751.
2126:
1936:
1611:
1100:Ground Launched Cruise Missiles
926:, which were later replaced by
674:, which were more suitable for
604:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
447:, favoured acceptance, but the
2617:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
983:Medium Range Ballistic Missile
972:Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
938:was then re-equipped with the
337:
246:President of the United States
135:President of the United States
1:
2643:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
2366:
1943:Moore, Richard (March 2004).
789:independent nuclear deterrent
548:Deputy Chief of the Air Staff
410:, approached the head of the
220:During the early part of the
215:
2461:10.1080/01402390.2013.770736
2449:Journal of Strategic Studies
2424:. United Kingdom: Fonthill.
1021:
7:
2378:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1213:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1165:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
635:Low Altitude Bombing System
544:Memorandum of Understanding
412:British Joint Staff Mission
150:same bases as the bombers.
10:
3066:
2893:Stoddart, Kristan (2012).
2839:Paul, Septimus H. (2000).
2785:Navias, Martin S. (1991).
2393:Botti, Timothy J. (1987).
1057:, which was stockpiled at
633:. The crews practised the
449:Secretary of State for Air
155:English Electric Canberras
1621:. United States Air Force
1381:Gowing & Arnold 1974a
1357:Gowing & Arnold 1974b
1345:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1333:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1321:Gowing & Arnold 1974a
1309:Gowing & Arnold 1974a
1297:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1285:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1275:, pp. 23–24, 48, 57.
1261:Gowing & Arnold 1974a
1249:Gowing & Arnold 1974a
1015:Vandenberg Air Force Base
827:British Army of the Rhine
811:British Army of the Rhine
453:Lord de L'Isle and Dudley
436:English Electric Canberra
385:English Electric Canberra
293:, and Britain losing its
161:. These were replaced by
100:British Army of the Rhine
73:
65:
55:
44:
28:
23:
3050:1958 in military history
2685:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952
2646:The New World, 1939–1946
2134:"Tactical missiles 1962"
1139:
835:tactical nuclear weapons
702:, which carried British
175:strategic nuclear weapon
2920:Wynn, Humphrey (1997).
2758:Moore, Richard (2010).
2491:. London: John Murray.
491:McMahon act was amended
307:British Chiefs of Staff
299:High Explosive Research
119:High Explosive Research
2866:Ritchie, Nick (2014).
1051:Hawker Siddeley Nimrod
974:
881:targets of opportunity
868:
822:
745:
587:
568:
465:Chief of the Air Staff
387:
320:Bourke B. Hickenlooper
2590:. London: Macmillan.
2569:. London: Macmillan.
2543:Darling, Kev (2012).
2516:International Affairs
2374:Baylis, John (1995).
2163:. pp. 1192–1195.
969:
918:; and 50 Regiment at
864:
818:
774:Mark 39 nuclear bombs
741:
583:
563:
536:Joint Chiefs of Staff
428:Boeing B-47 Stratojet
383:
291:American isolationism
267:Henry Maitland Wilson
2420:Boyes, John (2015).
2323:, pp. 220, 314.
1897:, pp. 114, 210.
1815:, pp. 114, 256.
970:Thor missile at the
932:W33 nuclear warheads
762:Special Relationship
750:Mark 5 nuclear bombs
688:Quick Reaction Alert
393:Dwight D. Eisenhower
372:Armaments School at
236:in August 1943, the
139:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2939:Young, Ken (2016).
2641:Hewlett, Richard G.
2347:, pp. 104–105.
2311:, pp. 221–222.
2299:, pp. 152–153.
2275:, pp. 357–358.
2155:"Lance into Battle"
2123:, pp. 110–112.
2067:, pp. 132–133.
2027:, pp. 108–109.
1921:, pp. 494–500.
1885:, pp. 266–267.
1846:, pp. 213–214.
1827:, pp. 193–198.
1803:, pp. 264–265.
1788:, pp. 262–263.
1764:, pp. 978–980.
1711:, pp. 155–156.
1684:, pp. 371–372.
1608:, pp. 207–211.
1593:, pp. 258–259.
1545:, pp. 254–256.
1499:, pp. 204–205.
1482:, pp. 147–149.
1470:, pp. 203–204.
1458:, pp. 201–203.
1446:, pp. 200–201.
1434:, pp. 200–201.
1383:, pp. 234–235.
1359:, pp. 493–495.
1347:, pp. 312–314.
1311:, pp. 281–283.
1287:, pp. 307–308.
1263:, pp. 181–184.
1251:, pp. 106–108.
1215:, pp. 372–373.
1191:, pp. 236–242.
1179:, pp. 340–342.
1155:, pp. 108–111.
1116:F-15E Strike Eagles
1043:W34 nuclear warhead
1039:nuclear depth bombs
936:50 Missile Regiment
900:Honest John missile
659:Handley Page Victor
608:Mark 7 nuclear bomb
516:The Daily Telegraph
500:Minister of Defence
358:Monte Bello Islands
344:Operation Hurricane
280:and Prime Minister
206:Honest John missile
171:Handley Page Victor
123:Operation Hurricane
108:nuclear depth bombs
3007:Nuclear technology
2582:Gowing, Margaret;
2100:"27th Regiment RA"
2078:"47th Regiment RA"
975:
869:
833:began integrating
823:
791:came to the fore.
746:
588:
558:, on 21 May 1957.
522:The New York Times
457:Minister of Supply
388:
250:Franklin Roosevelt
228:project codenamed
2950:978-0-7190-8675-5
2931:978-0-11-772833-2
2904:978-1-349-33656-2
2877:978-1-349-33185-7
2850:978-0-8142-0852-6
2823:978-0-8133-1611-6
2796:978-0-19-827754-5
2769:978-0-230-21775-1
2698:978-0-520-07187-2
2659:978-0-520-07186-5
2624:978-0-333-16695-6
2597:978-0-333-15781-7
2554:978-1-84884-898-6
2498:978-0-7195-5225-0
2431:978-1-78155-481-4
2404:978-0-313-25902-9
2385:978-0-19-828012-5
2359:, pp. 14–16.
2176:, pp. 34–37.
1995:, pp. 59–60.
1983:, pp. 56–57.
1971:, pp. 86–87.
1645:, pp. 98–99.
1407:, pp. 55–56.
1239:, pp. 80–83.
1108:B61 nuclear bombs
979:ballistic missile
843:Corporal missiles
720:RAF Boscombe Down
710:Strategic bombers
696:B57 nuclear bombs
672:B43 nuclear bombs
668:B28 nuclear bombs
623:RAF Geilenkirchen
532:Charles E. Wilson
441:Boeing Washington
399:In May 1954, the
356:anchored off the
324:Arthur Vandenberg
258:Manhattan Project
242:Winston Churchill
234:Quebec Conference
202:Corporal missiles
143:strategic bombers
133:, approached the
131:Winston Churchill
81:
80:
3057:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2962:
2935:
2916:
2889:
2862:
2835:
2808:
2781:
2754:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2690:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2651:
2636:
2609:
2578:
2563:Gowing, Margaret
2558:
2539:
2510:
2480:
2455:(6–7): 974–997.
2443:
2416:
2389:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1124:Trident missiles
1090:End of Project E
1063:RAF Machrihanish
800:strategic bomber
676:laydown delivery
596:Roscoe C. Wilson
594:, Major General
576:Tactical bombers
504:Harold Macmillan
487:Howard G. Bunker
254:Quebec Agreement
224:, Britain had a
222:Second World War
163:Vickers Valiants
110:used by the RAF
33:
21:
20:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2951:
2932:
2905:
2878:
2851:
2824:
2797:
2770:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2688:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2649:
2625:
2598:
2555:
2528:10.2307/2610825
2499:
2485:Cathcart, Brian
2432:
2405:
2386:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2052:
2044:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1092:
1071:
1047:Avro Shackleton
1032:Coastal Command
1024:
1007:Mark 49 warhead
993:and the USAF's
964:
813:
716:RAE Farnborough
712:
592:Third Air Force
585:Vickers Valiant
578:
573:
556:Geoffrey Tuttle
471:, informed the
469:William Dickson
408:Thomas D. White
366:Royal Air Force
340:
318:, and Senators
285:research". The
278:Harry S. Truman
226:nuclear weapons
218:
112:Coastal Command
96:Royal Air Force
92:nuclear weapons
60:
50:nuclear weapons
45:Type of project
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3022:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2983:United Kingdom
2964:
2963:
2949:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2903:
2890:
2876:
2863:
2849:
2836:
2822:
2809:
2795:
2782:
2768:
2755:
2718:
2697:
2679:
2658:
2637:
2623:
2610:
2596:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2540:
2522:(3): 409–429.
2511:
2497:
2481:
2444:
2430:
2417:
2403:
2390:
2384:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2287:, p. 362.
2277:
2265:
2263:, p. 117.
2253:
2241:
2226:
2224:, p. 340.
2214:
2202:
2200:, p. 287.
2190:
2178:
2166:
2145:
2125:
2113:
2091:
2069:
2050:
2048:, p. 313.
2029:
2012:
2010:, p. 130.
1997:
1993:MacDonald 2006
1985:
1973:
1961:
1935:
1933:, p. 269.
1923:
1911:
1909:, p. 214.
1899:
1887:
1875:
1873:, p. 275.
1863:
1861:, p. 994.
1848:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1790:
1778:
1776:, p. 985.
1766:
1754:
1742:
1740:, p. 980.
1730:
1728:, p. 212.
1713:
1701:
1699:, p. 151.
1686:
1674:
1672:, p. 363.
1662:
1660:, p. 215.
1647:
1632:
1610:
1595:
1583:
1581:, p. 259.
1571:
1569:, p. 258.
1559:
1557:, p. 258.
1547:
1530:
1528:, p. 114.
1513:
1511:, p. 253.
1501:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1421:
1419:, p. 201.
1409:
1397:
1395:, p. 180.
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1335:, p. 309.
1325:
1323:, p. 220.
1313:
1301:
1299:, p. 310.
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 410.
1217:
1205:
1203:, p. 372.
1193:
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 277.
1157:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1112:RAF Lakenheath
1091:
1088:
1070:
1067:
1023:
1020:
963:
960:
952:M109 howitzers
928:M110 howitzers
924:M115 howitzers
885:Outer Hebrides
812:
809:
758:Sputnik crisis
748:Initially, 72
728:RAF Waddington
711:
708:
692:Phantom FGR.2s
631:RAF Wildenrath
577:
574:
572:
571:Implementation
569:
477:Nathan Twining
416:Washington, DC
370:Bomber Command
339:
336:
310:including the
282:Clement Attlee
217:
214:
79:
78:
75:
74:Disestablished
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
61:United Kingdom
57:
53:
52:
48:Deployment of
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3062:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:Arnold, Lorna
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2335:, p. 85.
2334:
2329:
2322:
2321:Stoddart 2012
2317:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2251:, p. 77.
2250:
2245:
2239:, p. 99.
2238:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2212:, p. 98.
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2188:, p. 40.
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2121:Stoddart 2012
2117:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2046:Stoddart 2012
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:Stoddart 2012
2021:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1752:, p. 50.
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
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1433:
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1426:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1371:, p. 92.
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1273:Cathcart 1995
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1225:Goldberg 1964
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
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1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:RAF St Mawgan
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
999:Project Emily
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
959:
957:
956:Davy Crockett
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Lance missile
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
866:Lance missile
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
820:M110 howitzer
817:
808:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
740:
736:
733:
732:RAF Honington
729:
723:
721:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:RAF Coningsby
636:
632:
628:
627:RAF Laarbruch
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
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586:
582:
567:
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559:
557:
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541:
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533:
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524:
523:
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517:
513:published in
512:
507:
505:
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497:
492:
488:
485:
484:Major General
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Duncan Sandys
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:John Whiteley
421:
417:
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386:
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378:
375:
374:RAF Wittering
371:
367:
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345:
335:
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329:
325:
321:
317:
316:Lewis Strauss
313:
308:
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283:
279:
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268:
264:
259:
255:
252:, signed the
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
213:
211:
210:Lance missile
207:
203:
199:
198:Project Emily
195:
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187:
185:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:United States
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2940:
2921:
2894:
2867:
2840:
2813:
2786:
2759:
2729:(1): 53–71.
2726:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2684:
2671:. Retrieved
2645:
2614:
2587:
2566:
2544:
2519:
2515:
2488:
2452:
2448:
2421:
2394:
2375:
2357:Ritchie 2014
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2158:
2148:
2137:
2128:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2072:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1820:
1808:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1750:Darling 2012
1745:
1733:
1704:
1677:
1665:
1623:. Retrieved
1613:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1504:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1412:
1400:
1388:
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1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1128:
1093:
1072:
1025:
1003:
976:
897:
893:West Germany
870:
824:
793:
785:Dermot Boyle
780:The Treasury
778:
747:
724:
713:
680:RAF Akrotiri
651:Air Ministry
612:
600:interdictors
589:
564:
560:
520:
514:
508:
481:
398:
389:
352:
341:
303:
275:
219:
188:
186:until 1965.
173:assumed the
152:
116:
103:
83:
82:
35:Set of four
18:
1969:Navias 1991
1954:14 February
1871:Baylis 1995
1825:Navias 1991
1567:Baylis 1995
1393:Baylis 1995
1201:Gowing 1964
1189:Gowing 1964
1177:Gowing 1964
1153:Gowing 1964
1080:Green Grass
1075:Violet Club
1036:Mk 101 Lulu
987:Blue Streak
942:, with its
877:nitric acid
796:Air Council
743:Avro Vulcan
700:Jaguar GR.1
655:Avro Vulcan
619:RAF Bruggen
615:RAF Germany
552:Air Marshal
542:. A formal
540:Suez Crisis
362:Blue Danube
338:Negotiation
328:Klaus Fuchs
295:great power
230:Tube Alloys
184:RAF Germany
167:Avro Vulcan
90:to provide
66:Established
3029:Categories
2367:References
2345:Moore 2010
2309:Moore 2010
2297:Boyes 2015
2261:Boyes 2015
2249:Boyes 2015
2237:Moore 2010
2210:Young 2016
2186:Boyes 2015
2174:Boyes 2015
2065:Moore 2010
2008:Moore 2010
1981:Moore 2010
1907:Moore 2010
1895:Moore 2010
1859:Bronk 2014
1844:Young 2016
1813:Moore 2010
1774:Bronk 2014
1762:Bronk 2014
1738:Bronk 2014
1726:Young 2016
1658:Moore 2010
1643:Moore 2010
1606:Young 2016
1526:Moore 2010
1497:Young 2016
1480:Botti 1987
1468:Young 2016
1456:Young 2016
1444:Young 2016
1417:Young 2016
1134:submarines
1110:stored at
1045:) for its
1041:(with the
1028:US Marines
916:Sennelager
889:Blue Water
804:Yellow Sun
684:RAF Tengah
663:RAF Marham
643:RAF Upwood
534:, and the
475:, General
455:, and the
445:Hugh Lloyd
414:(BJSM) in
332:atomic spy
244:, and the
216:Background
2959:942707047
2913:951512907
2886:951512317
2832:311858583
2778:705646392
2743:0020-2754
2668:637004643
2633:946341039
2606:611555258
2586:(1974a).
2477:153593727
2469:1743-937X
2440:921523156
2413:464084495
2285:Wynn 1997
2273:Wynn 1997
2222:Wynn 1997
2198:Wynn 1997
1931:Wynn 1997
1919:Wynn 1997
1883:Wynn 1997
1801:Wynn 1997
1786:Wynn 1997
1682:Wynn 1997
1670:Wynn 1997
1591:Wynn 1997
1579:Wynn 1997
1555:Wynn 1997
1543:Wynn 1997
1509:Wynn 1997
1432:Paul 2000
1405:Wynn 1997
1369:Wynn 1997
1237:Paul 2000
1114:for USAF
1094:When the
1034:acquired
1022:Project N
912:Paderborn
875:fuel and
873:hydrazine
647:Red Beard
617:bases at
511:news leak
351:HMS
232:. At the
106:provided
104:Project N
84:Project E
24:Project E
3019:Aviation
2995:Politics
2859:43615254
2805:22506593
2673:26 March
2565:(1964).
2507:31241690
2487:(1995).
1129:Vanguard
1096:Cold War
1084:Red Snow
1011:dual key
908:Nienburg
852:Dortmund
829:(BAOR).
602:for the
403:(USAF),
147:V bomber
88:Cold War
2969:Portals
2751:3804419
2712:7 March
2707:3717478
2575:3195209
2536:2610825
2106:5 March
2084:5 March
1625:4 March
1126:of the
1055:Mark 57
991:Jupiter
770:Mark 15
706:bombs.
420:General
405:General
348:frigate
180:megaton
145:of the
94:to the
56:Country
37:Mark 28
2957:
2947:
2928:
2911:
2901:
2884:
2874:
2857:
2847:
2830:
2820:
2803:
2793:
2776:
2766:
2749:
2741:
2705:
2695:
2666:
2656:
2631:
2621:
2604:
2594:
2573:
2551:
2534:
2505:
2495:
2475:
2467:
2438:
2428:
2411:
2401:
2382:
2160:Flight
2139:Flight
1131:-class
1120:WE.177
920:Menden
704:WE.177
467:, Sir
368:(RAF)
330:as an
2747:JSTOR
2689:(PDF)
2650:(PDF)
2532:JSTOR
2473:S2CID
1948:(PDF)
1140:Notes
930:with
839:Rhine
2955:OCLC
2945:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2909:OCLC
2899:ISBN
2882:OCLC
2872:ISBN
2855:OCLC
2845:ISBN
2828:OCLC
2818:ISBN
2801:OCLC
2791:ISBN
2774:OCLC
2764:ISBN
2739:ISSN
2714:2015
2703:OCLC
2693:ISBN
2675:2013
2664:OCLC
2654:ISBN
2629:OCLC
2619:ISBN
2602:OCLC
2592:ISBN
2571:OCLC
2549:ISBN
2503:OCLC
2493:ISBN
2465:ISSN
2436:OCLC
2426:ISBN
2409:OCLC
2399:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2108:2017
2086:2017
1956:2016
1627:2017
1061:and
1049:and
995:Thor
831:NATO
794:The
772:and
730:and
657:and
641:and
629:and
554:Sir
519:and
422:Sir
353:Plym
322:and
191:Thor
169:and
159:NATO
77:1992
69:1957
2731:doi
2524:doi
2457:doi
948:W48
944:W70
904:W31
314:'s
3031::
2953:.
2907:.
2880:.
2853:.
2826:.
2799:.
2772:.
2745:.
2737:.
2727:31
2725:.
2701:.
2662:.
2627:.
2600:.
2530:.
2520:40
2518:.
2501:.
2471:.
2463:.
2453:37
2451:.
2434:.
2407:.
2229:^
2157:.
2136:.
2053:^
2032:^
2015:^
2000:^
1851:^
1832:^
1793:^
1716:^
1689:^
1650:^
1635:^
1598:^
1533:^
1516:^
1487:^
1424:^
1136:.
1001:.
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625:,
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240:,
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2733::
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2635:.
2608:.
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2538:.
2526::
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2479:.
2459::
2442:.
2415:.
2388:.
2110:.
2088:.
1958:.
1629:.
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