Privatization - Knowledge

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corruption that accompanied those sales, according to research released by the World Bank there has been increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, according to the World Bank extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. Other research suggests that privatization in Russia resulted in a dramatic rise in the level of economic inequality and a collapse in GDP and industrial output.

3228:. When contracts are complete, institutions such as (private or public) property are difficult to explain, since every desired incentive structure can be achieved with sufficiently complex contractual arrangements, regardless of the institutional structure. All that matters is who are the decision makers and what is their available information. In contrast, when contracts are incomplete, institutions matter. A leading application of the incomplete contract paradigm in the context of privatization is the model by 2187: 3240:(1997). In their model, a manager can make investments to increase quality (but they may also increase costs) and investments to decrease costs (but they may also reduce quality). It turns out that it depends on the particular situation whether private ownership or public ownership is desirable. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model has been further developed in various directions, e.g. to allow for mixed public-private ownership and endogenous assignments of the investment tasks. 580: 7844: 2312: 2162: 2287: 2212: 2262: 2882: 2400: 1572: 556: 1584: 568: 2237: 2337: 2868:

sold to foreign investors. In 1993, 265 companies were privatized, followed by 604 in 1994. Two companies were sold to foreign investors during this period, one each in 1993 and 1994. At the start of 1999, 4,330 companies were left to be privatized, with 5,476 having been sold during 1993–1998. At the end of 1998, only 2.4% of privatized companies had foreign participation.

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debt, typically because governments do not have the needed time to wait for a return. Another economic factor that influences this area is the resulting efficiency of SOEs once privatised. Commonly, governments aren’t able to provide the required investments required to ensure profitability for various reasons. These factors may lead to a government deciding to privatize.

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the commission found that the UK rail network (which was privatized from 1994 to 1997) was most improved out of all the 27 EU nations from 1997 to 2012. The report examined a range of 14 different factors and the UK came top in four of the factors, second and third in another two and fourth in three, coming top overall. Nonetheless, the

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efficient investments by private companies, instead of cross-subsidizing them with the overall credit-risk of the country. Investment decisions are then governed by market interest rates. State-owned industries have to compete with demands from other government departments and special interests. In either case, for smaller markets,

2763:(NCPCR) – Utilization of Free Medical Services by Children Belonging to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in Private Hospitals in New Delhi, 2011–12: A Rapid Appraisal – indicates under-utilization of the free beds available for EWS category in private hospitals in Delhi, though they were allotted land at subsidized rates. 2510:

insufficiently developed, however, it would be difficult to find enough buyers. The shares may have to be underpriced, and the sales may not raise as much capital as would be justified by the fair value of the company being privatized. Many governments, therefore, elect for listings in more sophisticated markets, for example,

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flawed (e.g. lack of transparency leading to state-owned assets being appropriated at minuscule amounts by those with political connections, absence of regulatory institutions leading to transfer of monopoly rents from public to private sector, improper design and inadequate control of the privatization process leading to

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Capital: a privately held companies can sometimes more easily raise investment capital in the financial markets when such local markets exist and are suitably liquid. While interest rates for private companies are often higher than for government debt, this can serve as a useful constraint to promote

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Accountability: managers of privately owned companies are accountable to their owners/shareholders and to the consumer, and can only exist and thrive where needs are met. Managers of publicly owned companies are required to be more accountable to the broader community and to political "stakeholders".

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emphasizes the societal concerns of self-regulating markets through a concept known as a "double movement". In essence, whenever societies move towards increasingly unrestrained, free-market rule, a natural and inevitable societal correction emerges to undermine the contradictions of capitalism. This

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Romania's first privatization took place on 3 August 1992. There was "very little" privatization during 1992: only 22 state-owned enterprises were privatized. The pace picked up throughout the following year, with more than 260 companies privatized. Four of the 22 enterprises privatized in 1992 were

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of the loan, while the proceeds from the underlying asset correspond to secured interest payments—the transaction can be considered substantively the same as a secured loan, though it is structured as a sale. This interpretation is particularly argued to apply to recent municipal transactions in the

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There are also private entities that may perform public functions. These entities could also be described as privatized. Privatization may mean the government sells state-owned businesses to private interests, but it may also be discussed in the context of the privatization of services or government

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Job gains: as the economy becomes more efficient, more profits are obtained and no government subsidies and less taxes are needed, there will be more private money available for investments and consumption and more profitable and better-paid jobs will be created than in the case of a more regulated

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In one study assimilating some of the literature on "privatization" that occurred in Russian and Czech Republic transition economies, the authors identified three methods of privatization: "privatization by sale", "mass privatization", and "mixed privatization". Their calculations showed that "mass

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when a heavily regulated private company or industry becomes less regulated. Government functions and services may also be privatised (which may also be known as "franchising" or "out-sourcing"); in this case, private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or performance

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Privatization and poverty: it is acknowledged by many studies that there are winners and losers with privatization. The number of losers—which may add up to the size and severity of poverty—can be unexpectedly large if the method and process of privatization and how it is implemented are seriously

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and disease control. Some national constitutions in effect define their governments' "core businesses" as being the provision of such things as justice, tranquility, defense, and general welfare. These governments' direct provision of security, stability, and safety, is intended to be done for the

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argues that privatisation in Europe had mixed effects on service quality and has achieved only minor productivity gains, driven mainly by lower labour input combined with other cost cutting strategies that led to a deterioration of employment and working conditions. Meanwhile, a different study by

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points to the absence of any productivity shock resulting strictly from ownership change. Instead, the impact on the previously nationalized companies of the UK productivity leap under the Conservatives varied in different industries. In some cases, it occurred prior to privatization, and in other

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More recent research and literature review performed by Professor Saul Estrin and Adeline Pelletier concluded that "the literature now reflects a more cautious and nuanced evaluation of privatization" and that "private ownership alone is no longer argued to automatically generate economic gains in

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There are various reasons why a government may decide to privatize; commonly due to economic reasons. The economic factors that influence a government's decision to privatize assume this will lower government debt. Studies have shown that governments are more likely to privatise with higher public

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between 1933 and 1937: "It is a fact that the government of the National Socialist Party sold off public ownership in several state-owned firms in the middle of the 1930s. The firms belonged to a wide range of sectors: steel, mining, banking, local public utilities, shipyard, ship-lines, railways,

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Lack of market discipline: poorly managed state companies are insulated from the same discipline as private companies, which could go bankrupt, have their management removed, or be taken over by competitors. Private companies are also able to take greater risks and then seek bankruptcy protection

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In Australia a "People's Inquiry into Privatisation" (2016/17) found that the impact of privatisation on communities was negative. The report from the inquiry "Taking Back Control" made a range of recommendations to provide accountability and transparency in the process. The report highlighted

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However, in economies "characterized by shortages" and maintained by the state bureaucracy, wealth was accumulated and concentrated by "gray/black market" operators. Privatizing industries by sale to these individuals did not mean a transition to "effective private sector owners state assets".

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has written that: "Private entities provide a vast array of social services for the government; administer core aspects of government programs; and perform tasks that appear quintessentially governmental, such as promulgating standards or regulating third-party activities." Metzger mentions an

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Through privatization by direct asset sale or the stock market, bidders compete to offer higher prices, generating more revenue for the state. Voucher privatization, on the other hand, could represent a genuine transfer of assets to the general population, creating a sense of participation and

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Corruption: government ministers and civil servants are bound to uphold the highest ethical standards, and standards of probity are guaranteed through codes of conduct and declarations of interest. However, the selling process could lack transparency, allowing the purchaser and civil servants

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Reduced wages and benefits: a 2014 report by In the Public Interest, a resource center on privatization, argues that "outsourcing public services sets off a downward spiral in which reduced worker wages and benefits can hurt the local economy and overall stability of middle and working class

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may mean different things depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean moving something from the public sphere into the private sphere, but it may also be used to describe something that was always private, but heavily regulated, which becomes less regulated through a process of

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than those in the private sector. In Chile, women are disproportionately affected by the privatization of the pension system because factors such as "women's longer life expectancy, earlier retirement age, and lower rates of labor-force participation, lower salaries" affect their ability to

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Privatizations in Russia and Latin America were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state-owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have widely reported the grand

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during the 1990s, although a further study suggested that there were errors in their method and "correlations reported in the original article are simply not robust." A subsequent body of scholarship, while still controversial, demonstrates that rapid privatization schemes associated with

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Cuts in essential services: if a government-owned company providing an essential service (such as the water supply) to all citizens is privatized, its new owner(s) could lead to the abandoning of the social obligation to those who are less able to pay, or to regions where this service is

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and the political and firm-specific factors. Privatization through the stock market is more likely to be the method used when there is an established capital market capable of absorbing the shares. A market with high liquidity can facilitate the privatization. If the capital markets are

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Rather than mainly participating in a market economy, these individuals could prefer elevating their personal status or prefer accumulating political power. Instead, outside foreign investment led to the efficient conduct of former state assets in the private sector and market economy.

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were rapidly sold off to the private sector. In the 1990s, privatization revenue from 18 Latin American countries totaled 6% of gross domestic product. Private investment in infrastructure from 1990 and 2001 reached $ 360.5 billion, $ 150 billion more than in the next emerging economy.

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for their products, or by reducing costs). Private corporations typically profit more if they serve the needs of their clients well. Corporations of different sizes may target different market niches in order to focus on marginal groups and satisfy their demand. A company with good

2648:. Yet, some empirical literature suggests that privatization could also have very modest effects on efficiency and quite regressive distributive impact. In the first attempt at a social welfare analysis of the British privatization program under the Conservative governments of 2083:

While economists generally give favorable evaluations of the impact of privatization in Latin America, opinion polls and public protests across the countries suggest that a large segment of the public is dissatisfied with or have negative views of privatization in the region.

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etc. In addition to this, delivery of some public services produced by public administrations prior to the 1930s, especially social services and services related to work, was transferred to the private sector, mainly to several organizations within the Nazi Party."

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Although private companies may provide a similar good or service alongside the government, opponents of privatization are critical about completely transferring the provision of public goods, services and assets into private hands for the following reasons:

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Concentration of wealth: ownership of and profits from successful enterprises tend to be dispersed and diversified—particularly in voucher privatization. The availability of more investment vehicles stimulates capital markets and promotes liquidity and job

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Capital: governments can raise money in the financial markets most cheaply to re-lend to state-owned enterprises, although this preferential access to capital markets risks undermining financial discipline because of the assurance of a bailout from the

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Alen Jugovič, Ante Bistričić & Borna Debelić (2010) Economic Effects of Privatisation of Public Services Sector in the Republic of Croatia Emphasising MaritimePassenger Traffic, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 23:4, 114–126, DOI:

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issues) in a state-run corporation affects the ongoing asset stream and company performance, whereas any corruption that may occur during the privatization process is a one-time event and does not affect ongoing cash flow or performance of the

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contributing to the debate by stating "IMF economic reform programs are associated with significantly worsened tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in post-communist Eastern European and former Soviet countries." Historian

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for 75 years. It is argued that this is motivated by "politicians' desires to borrow money surreptitiously", due to legal restrictions on and political resistance to alternative sources of revenue, viz, raising taxes or issuing debt.

3820:"Privatization in Latin America: The rapid rise, recent fall, and continuing puzzle of a contentious economic policy" by John Nellis, Rachel Menezes, Sarah Lucas. Center for Global Development Policy Brief, Jan 2004, p. 1. 3073:

reasons. Examples include making an industry buy supplies from local producers (when that may be more expensive than buying from abroad), forcing an industry to freeze its prices/fares to satisfy the electorate or control

4555:"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $ 4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute 5604:

An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University–San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring

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An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University-San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring

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has been the subject of much debate, with the stated benefits including improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks including higher fares, lower punctuality and increased rail subsidies.

3829:"The Distributive Impact of Privatization in Latin America: Evidence from Four Countries" by David McKenzie, Dilip Mookherjee, Gonzalo Castañeda and Jaime Saavedra. Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 162. 3162:

Accountability: the public has less control and oversight of private companies although these remain answerable to various stakeholders, including shareholders, clients, suppliers, regulators, employees and

2689:-backed rapid privatization schemes saw half the Russian population fall into destitution in just several years as unemployment climbed to double digits by the early to mid 1990s. A 2009 study published in 2767:

privatisation in healthcare, aged care, child care, social services, government departments, electricity, prisons and vocational education featuring the voices of workers, community members and academics.

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Job loss: due to the additional financial burden placed on privatized companies to succeed without any government help, unlike the public companies, jobs could be lost to keep more money in the company.

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Improvements: conversely, the government may put off improvements due to political sensitivity and special interests—even in cases of companies that are run well and better serve their customers' needs.

2138:'s privatization index rated transition countries from 1 (maximum progress) to 7 (no progress). The table below shows the privatization index for various Eastern European countries in 1998 and 2002: 5461: 2087:

In the 1990s, the governments in Eastern and Central Europe engaged in extensive privatization of state-owned enterprises in Eastern and Central Europe and Russia, with assistance from the

2068:, but the subsequent sale of state-run firms saw the number of shareholders double by 1985. By the time of her resignation in 1990, there were more than 10 million shareholders in Britain. 3017:

Civil-liberty concerns: a company controlled by the state may have access to information or assets which may be used against dissidents or any individuals who disagree with their policies.

1850:—for example, much of the grain was eventually produced on estates owned by the Emperor. David Parker and David S. Saal suggest that the cost of bureaucracy was one of the reasons for the 2864:

had sold almost everything, having only 65 firms left to privatize as of December 1994. More than 80% of the privatized businesses were bought by foreigners (chiefly West Germans – 75%).

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India says "The privatization of public services...implies limited or no access to essential services for women living in poverty, who are often the ones more in need of these services."

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Security: governments have had the tendency to "bail out" poorly run businesses, often due to the sensitivity of job losses, when economically, it may be better to let the business fold.

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had privatized 8,175 companies, with 5,950 left on hand (4,340 remaining to be sold and the remainder to be liquidated). June 1992 was also when the last East German on the board of the

2105:'s privatization in 1987 involved the largest share offering in financial history at the time. 15 of the world's 20 largest public share offerings have been privatizations of telecoms. 2060:

when many state-run firms were sold off to the private sector. The privatization received very mixed views from the public and the parliament. Even former Conservative prime minister

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Evenson, Robert E.; Megginson, William L. (2006). "Reviewed work: The Great Divestiture: Evaluating the Welfare Impact of the British Privatizations, 1979–1997, Massimo Florio".

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Although typically there are many costs associated with these efficiency gains, many economists argue that these can be dealt with by appropriate government support through

1638:) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for 2753: 2456: 3014:

This can reduce their ability to directly and specifically serve the needs of their customers, and can bias investment decisions away from otherwise profitable areas.

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and are criticized as a "particularly noxious form of governmental debt". In this interpretation, the upfront payment from the privatization sale corresponds to the

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Privatization in Latin America was extensive in the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of a Western liberal economic policy. Companies providing public services such as

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started allowing privatization of the centrally planned economy. Large privatization of the Soviet economy occurred over the next few years as the country

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Kikeri, Sunita; Nellis, John (June 2002). "Privatisation in Competitive Sectors: The Record to Date, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2860".

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has the ability to focus all relevant human and financial resources onto specific functions. A state-owned firm does not have the necessary resources to

2606:, "it is somewhere between difficult and impossible to separate the effects of privatisation from the effects of such things as trends in the economy". 5458: 2760: 1666:

to private investors; in this case shares may be traded in the public market for the first time, or for the first time since an enterprise's previous

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medical journal has found that as many as a million working men died as a result of economic shocks associated with mass privatization in the former

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Privatization had different outcomes around the world. Results of privatization may vary depending on the privatization model employed. According to

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Privatisation in Competitive Sectors: The Record to Date. Sunita Kikeri and John Nellis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2860, June 2002.

4384: 4147:. Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), Beesley series. Presentation at London Business School, 7 Nov 2000, Beesley series of lectures on regulation. 3005:; decisions are made primarily for political reasons, personal gain of the decision-maker (i.e. "graft"), rather than economic ones. Corruption (or 5415: 4050: 3094: 2657: 3119:

should remain primarily in the hands of government in order to ensure that everyone in society has access to them (such as law enforcement, basic

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Increased efficiency: private companies and firms have a greater incentive to produce goods and services more efficiently to increase profits.

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more often resort to direct asset sales to a few investors, partly because those countries do not yet have a stock market with high capital.

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economic reforms did result in poorer health outcomes in former Eastern Bloc countries during the transition to markets economies, with the

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was critical of the policy, likening it to "selling the family silver". There were around 3 million shareholders in Britain when Thatcher

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Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".

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Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".

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Inferior quality products: private, for-profit companies cut corners on providing quality goods and services in order to maximize profit.

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in the early 2000s, privatization in competitive industries with well-informed consumers, consistently improved efficiency. According to

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began once more to practice privatization, especially with regards to their manufacturing industries. This was a reversal of the earlier

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Proponents of privatization argue that, over time, this can lead to lower prices, improved quality, more choices, less corruption, less

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functions, where private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or the performance of government services.

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Goals: the government may seek to use state companies as instruments to further social goals for the benefit of the nation as a whole.

2483:: distribution of vouchers, which represent part ownership of a corporation, to all citizens, usually for free or at a very low price. 1962:

in the United States that privatization gained worldwide momentum. Notable privatization attempts in the UK included privatization of

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Saul Estrin; Adeline Pelletier (22 March 2018). "Privatization in Developing Countries: What Are the Lessons of Recent Experience?".

5441: 4827: 5349: 3385: 1877:(無為), literally meaning "do nothing". The rulers were counseled by the Taoist clergy that a strong ruler was virtually invisible. 1798:. The term may also be used descriptively for something that has always been private, but could be public in other jurisdictions. 5887:

Vom Niedergang des unternehmerisch tätigen Staates: Privatisierungspolitik in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Italien und Deutschland

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Some reports show that the results of privatization are experienced differently between men and women for numerous reasons: when

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Improvements: the government is motivated to performance improvements as well run businesses contribute to the State's revenues.

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investors, which is more often called "going private". The buyout withdraws the company's shares from being traded at a public

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Concentration of wealth: profits from successful enterprises end up in private hands instead of being available for public use.

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results. On the other hand, however, privatisation has been largely met with a negative criticism and citizen coalitions. This

306: 6088: 6068: 5937: 5918: 5773: 5743: 5703: 5319: 4746:"Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Paper, 2004, p. 1. 4409: 3838:"Why is Sector Reform So Unpopular in Latin America?" by Mary Shirley. The Ronald Coase Institute Working Papers, 2004, p. 1. 3737: 3653: 3491: 2977:. A political government may only be motivated to improve a function when its poor performance becomes politically sensitive. 1643:

of government services that had previously been the purview of state-run agencies. Some examples include revenue collection,

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Clarke, Thomas and Pitelis, Christos (eds.) (1995) "The Political Economy of Privatisation" London and New York: Routledge,

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Clarke, Thomas (ed.) (1994) "International Privatisation: Strategies and Practices" Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter,

3440: 7463: 6162: 4598: 4256:"Liberalization and privatization of public utilities: origins of the debate, current issues and challenges for the future" 2721:

and wealth concentration in the top percentile "had been made possible by the transfer of state assets to private owners."

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Political influence: governments may more easily exert pressure on state-owned firms to help implement government policy.

603: 346: 6117: 3903: 3152:, and is motivated to safeguarding the assets of the nation. The profit motive may be subordinated to social objectives. 3140:, opponents of privatization claim that they aren't subject to fair competition, and better administrated by the state. 5999: 4731: 4697: 4548: 4368: 535: 311: 1762:

reported on Nazi Germany's sale of nationalized banks back to public shareholders following the 1931 economic crisis.

7547: 6050: 6035: 5958: 5894: 5827: 5817: 5276: 5234: 5191: 5148: 5106: 5063: 5020: 4978: 4295: 3875: 3319: 2921: 2560:. Additionally, privatization from below had made important contribution to economic growth in transition economies. 2439: 1109: 31: 5636: 3089:

Profits: corporations exist to generate profits for their shareholders. Private companies make a profit by enticing

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Performance: a democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a legislature, Congress or

2946:, and/or quicker delivery. Many proponents do not argue that everything should be privatized. According to them, 2373:, most of the public began to call for re-nationalization, citing allegations of the privatized firms practicing 2117: 1737:

has been used since at least the 19th century. Ultimately, the word came to German through French from the Latin

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suggests that implementing a less efficient but more politically mindful approach could be more sustainable.

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Parker, David (1991). "Privatisation ten years on : a critical analysis of its rationale and results".

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Chowdhury, F. L. ‘’Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatisation of Tax Enforcement’’, 2006: Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.

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its goods and services as a result of the general products provided to the greatest number of people in the

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call for international bidding, reflecting the assumption that foreign investment would play a major role.

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in the former Central and Eastern Europe, the rapid privatization preferred by international institutions (

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inclusion. A market could be created if the government permits transfer of vouchers among voucher holders.

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https://web.archive.org/web/20120623162706/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/harold-macmillan-2/

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Does Fiscal Stress Induce Privatization? Correlates of Private and Intermunicipal Contracting, 1992–2002

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Black, Bernard; et al. (2000). "Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?".

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Democratising Capitalism?: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformations in Romania, 1989–2001

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Mitchell Alexander Orenstein, Stephen R. Bloom, Nicole Lindstrom, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008,

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The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

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Making Russia and Turkey Great Again?: Putin and Erdogan in Search of Lost Empires and Autocratic Power

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Race to the Bottom: How Outsourcing Public Services Rewards Corporations and Punishes the Middle Class

4191: 2501:: distribution of shares for free or at a very low price to workers or management of the organization. 2495:: purchase of public shares by management of the company, sometimes by borrowing from external lenders 7901: 7891: 7286: 6635: 6447: 6310: 2709: 2003: 1807:

expansion of privatization that includes health and welfare programs, public education, and prisons.

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policies, which had themselves overturned earlier policies in favor of more rigorous state control.

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Civil-liberty concerns: a democratically elected government is accountable to the people through a

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Privatization in Latin America has invariably experienced increasing push-back from the public.

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private individuals and companies performed the majority of services including tax collection (

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Opponents of privatization in general—or of certain privatizations in particular—believe that

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does not mean that these sectors must be state owned. Governments can enact or are armed with

2625:, but through improved incentives to innovate and reduce costs also tend to raise the rate of 2037:. This has been reverted by the same party in Britain in the early 2020s with the state-owned 7853: 7826: 7806: 7798: 7650: 7422: 6976: 6810: 6785: 6770: 6701: 6686: 6521: 6487: 6410: 6395: 6280: 6195: 6018: 5305: 5262: 5220: 5177: 4166: 4084: 4044: 3861: 3349: 2515: 2480: 2017:

Such efforts culminated in 1993 when British Rail was privatized under Thatcher's successor,

1916: 1501: 1486: 1408: 1388: 1343: 1240: 1099: 1089: 1061: 934: 924: 852: 540: 316: 225: 127: 6405: 5899:

Megginson and Netter, From state to market: A survey of empirical studies on privatization,

2014:

their homes (at a heavily discounted rate). One million purchased their residences by 1986.

847: 7689: 7023: 6885: 6427: 6390: 6265: 6230: 5965: 4571: 3128: 3099: 3002: 2847: 2819: 2736:

criticism highlights the ongoing conflict between varying visions of economic development.

2614: 1991: 1551: 1506: 1481: 1448: 1152: 1147: 1084: 1079: 837: 674: 394: 389: 379: 87: 6290: 4575: 3264:. Depending on the involvement of internal and external investors, it may occur through a 3136:

common good (in the public interest) with a long-term (for posterity) perspective. As for

8: 7812: 7500: 7495: 7182: 7096: 7038: 6971: 6740: 6735: 6620: 6452: 6422: 6235: 6215: 6148: 6118:

Reports of the Public Services International Research Unit at the University of Greenwich

5759: 5470: 5445: 4689: 3863:

Norman A. Graham, Folke Lindahl, Timur Kocaoglu, Rowman & Littlefield, Mar 19, 2021,

3412: 2988: 2955: 2934:

Arguments for and against the controversial subject of privatization are presented here.

2718: 2665: 2125: 1954:

to small investors in public share offerings in 1961. However, it was in the 1980s under

1912: 1687: 1675: 1648: 1265: 1187: 1142: 1137: 1004: 994: 894: 704: 669: 627: 515: 248: 5346: 7779: 7103: 6900: 6760: 6581: 6512: 6472: 6335: 5762: 5682: 5524: 4653: 4339: 4277: 4025: 3718: 3613: 3551: 3381: 3249: 3137: 3047: 2951: 2589:

United States, particularly for fixed term, such as the 2008 sale of the proceeds from

2541: 2534: 2530: 2076: 1915:). Significant privatizations of this nature occurred from 1760 to 1820, preceding the 1908: 1839: 1803: 1694: 1511: 1471: 1348: 1197: 1162: 949: 909: 864: 784: 739: 719: 510: 5696:

La privatisation au Liban : allocation des ressources et efficacité de la gestion

5486: 4640: 4623: 1765:

The word became common in the late 1970s and early 1980s as part of UK prime minister

7848: 7572: 7557: 7177: 7043: 6993: 6988: 6730: 6601: 6596: 6553: 6497: 6467: 6432: 6375: 6240: 6084: 6064: 6061:

Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism

6046: 6005: 5995: 5954: 5933: 5914: 5890: 5823: 5813: 5769: 5739: 5699: 5516: 5438: 5385:

Dagdeviren (2006). "Revisiting privatisation in the context of poverty alleviation".

5315: 5309:

Constructing Capitalisms: Transforming Business Systems in Central and Eastern Europe

5272: 5230: 5187: 5144: 5102: 5059: 5016: 4974: 4807: 4727: 4693: 4645: 4544: 4364: 4281: 4272: 4255: 4162: 4072: 4013: 3871: 3796: 3722: 3710: 3696: 3507: 3487: 3269: 3132: 3131:

when the government provides society at large with public goods and services such as

3054:

and bodies to deal with anti-competitive behavior of all companies public or private.

2649: 2492: 2113: 1983: 1955: 1733: 1576: 1443: 1310: 1300: 1245: 1167: 1041: 1026: 904: 874: 804: 794: 729: 560: 462: 452: 442: 72: 40: 5528: 5365: 4657: 4482: 3555: 7749: 7741: 7669: 7366: 7306: 7059: 6945: 6935: 6920: 6890: 6820: 6795: 6790: 6696: 6586: 6548: 6543: 6502: 6492: 6482: 6442: 6260: 6245: 6129: 5987: 5799: 5722: 5672: 5664: 5551: 5508: 5459:

How a Bogus, Industry-Funded Study Helped Spur a Privatization Disaster in Michigan

5394: 4685: 4635: 4515: 4267: 4017: 4009: 3972: 3938: 3700: 3692: 3605: 3541: 3265: 3237: 3185: 2374: 2072: 2061: 1378: 1353: 1305: 1285: 1230: 1207: 1157: 1036: 939: 929: 919: 884: 774: 724: 714: 709: 572: 482: 447: 422: 182: 82: 5726: 5626:"Water for sale: how business and the market can resolve the world's water crisis" 5555: 4504:"The Necessity of Gangster Capitalism: Primitive Accumulation in Russia and China" 4413: 4111:

U. of C. professor argues privatization of public assets just like borrowing money

4029: 3942: 3570: 1830:, when governments contracted out almost everything to the private sector. In the 7792: 7614: 7604: 7580: 7517: 7383: 7339: 7240: 6940: 6925: 6815: 6805: 6775: 6681: 6315: 6225: 6031: 5979: 5973: 5910:

Benchmarking Privatization: the building of privatization index using fuzzy logic

5465: 5419: 5372: 5353: 4713: 4671: 4602: 4536:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

4519: 4489: 4465: 4144: 3910: 3329: 3294: 3289: 3233: 3225: 3202: 2852: 2714: 2626: 2049: 2033:, as doubling of passenger numbers and investment was balanced by an increase in 2026: 2007: 1999: 1987: 1857:

Perhaps one of the first ideological movements towards privatization came during

1671: 1667: 1644: 1635: 1588: 1433: 1338: 1295: 1275: 1270: 1260: 1255: 1177: 972: 584: 505: 437: 427: 417: 326: 205: 116: 67: 4595: 2841: 7697: 7468: 7451: 7388: 7361: 7344: 7033: 6966: 6930: 6910: 6533: 6477: 6457: 6295: 6250: 6205: 6200: 5991: 5983: 4458: 4356: 3334: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3033: 2947: 2783: 2771: 2700: 2553: 2506: 2192: 1947: 1939: 1869:

came into prominence for the first time at a state level, and it advocated the

1831: 1827: 1727: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1541: 1526: 1496: 1418: 914: 759: 749: 679: 664: 659: 472: 321: 162: 142: 5835:"The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatised Firms during the 1990s" 3197:

Profit: private companies do not have any goal other than to maximize profits.

3102:

will therefore be incentivized to meet the needs of its customers efficiently.

1280: 7875: 7787: 7754: 7532: 7483: 7160: 7140: 7081: 6998: 6895: 6765: 6640: 6558: 6462: 6300: 6270: 6056: 6009: 5969: 5520: 3976: 3850:

The Financial Economics of Privatisation By William L. Megginson, pp. 205–206

3714: 3324: 2779: 2729: 2682: 2603: 2366: 2135: 1959: 1935: 1870: 1774: 1758: 1531: 1403: 1363: 1235: 899: 799: 467: 457: 432: 172: 137: 122: 48: 5512: 4963:

Orenstein, Mitchell Alexander; Bloom, Stephen R.; Lindstrom, Nicole (2008).

4828:"Privatisation and Women's Human Rights : Factsheet for CSW63 advocacy" 3992: 3093:

to buy their products in preference to their competitors' (or by increasing

3061:

Political influence: nationalized industries are prone to interference from

1769:. She was drawing on the work of the pro-privatization Member of Parliament 7759: 7735: 7702: 7683: 7664: 7619: 7592: 7585: 7567: 7505: 7281: 7235: 7230: 7133: 7118: 6961: 6711: 6665: 6645: 6576: 6437: 6385: 6220: 5946: 5876: 4649: 3742: 3304: 3299: 3273: 3184:

Natural monopolies: privatization will not result in true competition if a

3083: 3079: 2974: 2774:

are privatized women are expected to take on the health and social care of

2737: 2724:

In Latin America, on the one hand, according to John Nellis's research for

2696: 2581: 2460: 2121: 2044:

The United Kingdom's largest public share offerings were privatizations of

2034: 2022: 2011: 1967: 1928: 1897: 1889: 1843: 1795: 1639: 1453: 1393: 1320: 1104: 879: 789: 487: 384: 132: 77: 4306: 2802:

The increase in privatization since the 1980s has been a factor in rising

2006:(1988), and the regional water authorities (mostly in 1989). After 1979, 7727: 7527: 7412: 7301: 7276: 7264: 7245: 7128: 7108: 7018: 6915: 6830: 6615: 6538: 6528: 6355: 6305: 6255: 5908: 5804: 5677: 5448:

Web Archives. In the Public Interest, 3 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.

3738:"Forget the nostalgia for British Rail – our trains are better than ever" 3546: 3529: 3120: 3062: 2109: 1995: 1943: 1881: 1862: 1766: 1679: 1536: 1438: 1358: 1114: 809: 764: 734: 689: 525: 283: 278: 258: 107: 5760:

Beito, David T.; Peter Gordon; Alexander Tabarrok; Paul Johnson (2002).

5738:. Jefferson City, NC and London: McFarland & Co., Inc., Publishers. 4937:"The new Gilded Age: 2,750 people have more wealth than half the planet" 4357:

Dominik Sobczak; Elke Loeffler; Frankie Hine-hughes (10 November 2012).

4343: 4071:

Roin, Julie (2011-07-06). "Privatization and the Sale of Tax Revenues".

4021: 3958:"Privatization: Implications of a Shift from State to Private Ownership" 1946:

government embarked on large-scale privatization, including sale of the

579: 7820: 7707: 7324: 6905: 6650: 6625: 6563: 6350: 6171: 5686: 5608: 5582: 3617: 3530:"The Coining of "Privatization" and Germany's National Socialist Party" 3167: 3149: 2992: 2906: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2831: 2792: 2733: 2705: 2691: 2653: 2645: 2610: 2424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2088: 2018: 1951: 1516: 1225: 1046: 977: 635: 356: 253: 215: 112: 5785:"The coining of 'privatisation´and Germany's National Socialist Party" 5487:"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons" 4181:"From State To Market: A Survey Of Empirical Studies On Privatisation" 3995:"Methods of privatization and economic growth in transition economies" 3705: 3020:

Goals: a political government tends to run an industry or company for

7721: 7522: 7473: 7456: 7394: 7376: 7150: 7064: 6825: 6755: 6725: 6655: 6400: 6345: 6320: 6285: 5768:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press/The Independent Institute. 5736:

Privatization: The Provision of Public Services by the Private Sector

5398: 3929:

Ramamurti, Ravi (1992). "Why Are Developing Countries Privatizing?".

3124: 3075: 3066: 3021: 2787: 2775: 2359: 1904: 1773:, who was himself drawing on the Austrian-American management expert 1556: 1546: 1491: 1315: 1250: 1094: 842: 649: 263: 62: 6133: 6120:

Research database with many articles on the effects of privatization

5668: 5138:

Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition

3860:

Graham, Norman A.; Lindahl, Folke; Kocaoglu, Timur (19 March 2021).

3609: 2881: 2399: 2029:

of private rail companies. The privatization was controversial, and

7609: 7542: 7478: 7291: 7269: 7165: 7113: 6871: 5913:. Valladolid: International Conference on Modeling and Simulation. 5600:"Assessing the Ethical Issues Found in the Contracting Out Process" 4941: 4469: 3801: 3277: 3224:

In economic theory, privatization has been studied in the field of

3090: 3070: 3025: 2984: 2943: 2557: 2511: 2474: 2317: 2292: 2167: 2092: 2045: 1971: 1652: 1383: 1290: 744: 654: 341: 187: 6041:

von Weizsäcker, Ernst, Oran Young, and Matthias Finger (editors):

4677:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

4624:"Did mass privatisation really increase post-communist mortality?" 2661:

cases, it occurred upon privatization or several years afterward.

2580:

Some privatization transactions can be interpreted as a form of a

2489:: start of new private businesses in formerly socialist countries. 7562: 7356: 7349: 7214: 7010: 6706: 6568: 5784: 5096:

Going Global: Transition from Plan to Market in the World Economy

4860:"An International Perspective of Privatization and Women Workers" 4253: 3758:"Great British Railways : The Williams-Shapps Plan for Rail" 3309: 2958:

prefer that every function of the state be privatized, including

2470: 2267: 2217: 1975: 1963: 1571: 684: 555: 5413:

Privatizing Government Services Doesn’t Only Hurt Public Workers

1903:

In Britain, the privatization of common lands is referred to as

7537: 7489: 7258: 6360: 5136:

Roger East, Jolyon Pontin, Bloomsbury Publishing, Oct 6, 2016,

2791:

accumulate funds for retirement which leads to lower pensions.

2637:, liberalization and privatization has produced mixed results. 2549: 2342: 2242: 1885: 1874: 1866: 1583: 567: 4305:. Center for Global Development. March 9, 2006. Archived from 4138:

A review of privatisation and regulation experience in Britain

3678:"Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany1" 2633:

developing economies". According to a 2008 study published in

7626: 7222: 6140: 5010:

Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide

4968:

Transnational Actors in Central and East European Transitions

2842:

Contrasting cases in Eastern Europe: Romania and East Germany

2796: 1893: 1858: 769: 5051:

Volker Schneider, Burkard Eberlein, Springer, May 26, 2015,

4238: 2091:, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the German 27:

Transferring something from the public sphere to the private

6840: 5877:"Privatisation and the Federal Government: An Introduction" 4190:. Journal of Economic Literature. June 2001. Archived from 2823: 2786:, and the women in the public sector are more likely to be 2618: 2585: 1927:

The first mass privatization of state property occurred in

1693:

Separately, privatization can refer to the purchase of all

5485:

Hart, Oliver; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1997).

3666:

Bouye, Thomas M., Manslaughter, markets, and moral economy

2969:

Proponents of privatization make the following arguments:

1658:

Another definition is that privatization is the sale of a

7599: 5053:

Complex Democracy: Varieties, Crises, and Transformations

4607: 4254:

Giuseppe Bognetti; Gabriel Obermann (11 September 2008).

3915: 2827: 2686: 7676:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

5764:

The voluntary city: choice, community, and civil society

5222:

Liliana Pop, Manchester University Press, Sep 19, 2006,

3378:"Musselburgh Co-op in crisis as privatization bid fails" 3170:, and can intervene when civil liberties are threatened. 2469:: asset divestiture to a strategic investor, usually by 1725:

first appeared in English, with quotation marks, in the

4962: 4906:

Stinson, Jane. "Why Privatization is a Women's Issue".

1979: 1842:), religious sacrifices and construction. However, the 5833:

D'Souza, Juliet; Megginson, William L. (August 1999).

4501: 2358:

The largest public shares offering in France involved

1884:, most of Europe was still by and large following the 5347:"Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy" 3993:

John Bennett, Saul Estrin, and Giovanni Urga (2007).

3859: 3243: 3001:

Corruption: a state-monopolized function is prone to

2795:

women face an even greater burden; Anjela Taneja, of

5832: 5048:

Schneider, Volker; Eberlein, Burkard (26 May 2015).

4459:

Have train fares gone up or down since British Rail?

3248:

Privatization can also refer to the purchase of all

2782:employs a larger proportion of women than does the 5761: 5484: 4882:"Five facts on gender equity in the public sector" 4410:"Performance and punctuality (PPM) – Network Rail" 2761:National Commission for Protection of Child Rights 2132:Freedom House's privatization index, 1998 and 2002 6113:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 5340: 5047: 4502:Holmstrom, Nancy; Richard Smith (February 2000). 2452:There are several main methods of privatization: 7873: 6083:, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2008, 4670: 4329: 4173: 2183: 6326:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 3904:"In Egypt, Revolution Moves Into The Factories" 3846: 3844: 2717:, a specialist in ancient history, posits that 2505:The choice of sale method is influenced by the 2365:Egypt undertook widespread privatization under 6128:. Cranfield University, School of Management. 6055: 5927: 5906: 5881:Report from the Congressional Research Service 5366:Central Europe's Mass-Production Privatization 5133:East, Roger; Pontin, Jolyon (6 October 2016). 4622:Earle, John S.; Gehlbach, Scott (2010-01-30). 2778:, women have less access to privatized goods, 2564:privatization" was the most effective method. 1982:(gradually privatized between 1979 and 1987), 6856: 6156: 6123: 4621: 4363:. Publications Office of the European Union. 4150: 3652:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLiZheng2001 ( 3036:may add substantially to the cost of capital. 2973:Performance: state-run industries tend to be 2540:Voucher privatization occurred mainly in the 1670:. This type of privatization can include the 1608: 604: 6026:Haiti: Workers Protest Privatisation Layoffs 5712: 5541: 5356:Libertarian Papers Vol. 3, ART. NO. 3 (2011) 4756:Perappadan, Bindu shajan (August 17, 2013). 4568:"Death surge linked with mass privatisation" 4156: 4049:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3841: 3571:"Privatization and Political Accountability" 2380: 1751: 5307:Roderick Martin, OUP Oxford, Mar 28, 2013, 4758:"Private hospitals shun destitute children" 3631: 3629: 3627: 3043:against creditors if those risks turn sour. 2850:East Germany, by the end of June 1992, the 2671:impact of the privatisation of British Rail 2597: 1756:), was used frequently in the mid-1930s as 1738: 352:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 6863: 6849: 6163: 6149: 5623: 5384: 5179:Stephen D. Roper, Routledge, Aug 2, 2004, 5132: 4755: 4360:Liberalisation and privatisation in the EU 4260:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 4117:Ameet Sachdev's Chicago Law, Ameet Sachdev 3988: 3986: 2635:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 2308: 2283: 2158: 1966:(1982), the radioactive-chemicals company 1615: 1601: 611: 597: 5803: 5676: 5571: 5502: 4919: 4639: 4452: 4271: 4188:William L. Megginson and Jeffry M. Netter 3931:Journal of International Business Studies 3928: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3704: 3545: 2922:Learn how and when to remove this message 2440:Learn how and when to remove this message 2389: 2258: 2208: 1750:, again translated directly from German ( 5607:. Texas State University. Archived from 5597: 5581:. Texas State University. Archived from 5004: 4864:Journal of International Women's Studies 4712: 4612:15 January 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2014. 3624: 3481: 3159:controlling the sale to gain personally. 2813: 2333: 2233: 1826:The history of privatization dates from 5693: 5008:Ian Jeffries, Routledge, May 27, 1993, 4857: 4214:. 2010-02-22. p. 9. Archived from 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 3983: 3919:, April 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-20. 3735: 3647: 3636:International Handbook on Privatization 3591: 3585: 3568: 2609:According to research performed by the 2544:in Central and Eastern Europe, such as 1922: 14: 7874: 5303: 4934: 4812:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4532: 4492:. David Martimort and Stéphane Straub. 3809: 3465:"Asserts Americans 'Plot' With French" 2128:introduced non-communist governments. 1705:investors, which is more often called 307:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 6844: 6144: 5963: 5654: 5328:from the original on December 4, 2022 5285:from the original on December 4, 2022 5264:OECD, OECD Publishing, Oct 29, 2002, 5243:from the original on December 4, 2022 5200:from the original on December 4, 2022 5175: 5157:from the original on December 4, 2022 5090: 5072:from the original on December 4, 2022 5029:from the original on December 4, 2022 4853: 4851: 4209:"Privatising State-owned Enterprises" 3955: 3884:from the original on December 4, 2022 3486:(in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 3441:"Why Do Public Companies Go Private?" 3370: 3046:Natural monopolies: the existence of 1767:Margaret Thatcher's economic policies 5733: 5387:Journal of International Development 4201: 4070: 4057: 3523: 3521: 3434: 3432: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3078:, increasing its staffing to reduce 2904:adding citations to reliable sources 2875: 2575: 2422:adding citations to reliable sources 2393: 5932:. e-privatization.com publication. 5782: 5266:OECD Economic Surveys: Romania 2002 5218: 5176:Roper, Stephen D. (2 August 2004). 4905: 4634:(9712): 372, author reply 372–374. 4514:(9). Monthly Review Foundation: 1. 3675: 3527: 3315:List of nationalizations by country 1821: 347:North American Free Trade Agreement 24: 6098:. Governance 22.3 (July): 459–481. 5975:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5491:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 5304:Martin, Roderick (28 March 2013). 5219:Pop, Liliana (19 September 2006). 5181:Romania: The Unfinished Revolution 4935:Picchi, Aimee (December 7, 2021). 4848: 4690:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 3438: 3244:Privatization of private companies 3219: 2124:countries followed suit after the 536:Criticism of intellectual property 312:Bank for International Settlements 25: 7918: 6102: 6036:Globalization and Its Discontents 4674:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 4596:Privatisation 'raised death rate' 4436:"92% of UK trains arrive on time" 3518: 3429: 3399: 3320:List of privatizations by country 2810:inequality in the United States. 2369:. Following his overthrow in the 2031:its impact is still debated today 2010:tenants in the UK were given the 1888:economic model. By contrast, the 32:List of privatizations by country 7843: 7842: 5792:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4973:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. 4303:Nancy Birdsall & John Nellis 4273:10.1111/j.1467-8292.2008.00367.x 4241:The World Bank Research Observer 4014:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2007.00300.x 3765:Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk 3697:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00473.x 3534:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2880: 2834:) and other foreign banks was a 2398: 2335: 2310: 2285: 2260: 2235: 2210: 2185: 2160: 1582: 1570: 578: 566: 554: 289:Economic liberalization in India 5930:The privatization leaders guide 5535: 5478: 5457:Joshua Holland (17 July 2014). 5451: 5432: 5405: 5378: 5359: 5297: 5255: 5229:. Manchester University Press. 5212: 5169: 5126: 5115:from the original on 2022-12-04 5084: 5041: 4998: 4987:from the original on 2022-12-04 4956: 4928: 4899: 4874: 4820: 4775: 4749: 4740: 4706: 4664: 4615: 4589: 4560: 4526: 4495: 4475: 4428: 4402: 4377: 4350: 4323: 4288: 4247: 4232: 4130: 4120: 4104: 3949: 3922: 3896: 3853: 3832: 3823: 3789: 3778: 3750: 3729: 3669: 3660: 3641: 3592:Metzger, Gillian (2003-01-01). 2954:could be problematic. However, 2891:needs additional citations for 2409:needs additional citations for 178:Structural Adjustment Programme 7408:Right of way (property access) 6170: 6063:. Princeton University Press. 5901:Journal of Economic Literature 5094:Padma Desai, MIT Press, 1997, 4332:Journal of Economic Literature 4127:10.1080/1331677X.2010.11517437 3638:by David Parker, David S. Saal 3562: 3500: 3475: 3457: 3361: 3082:, or moving its operations to 2664:A 2012 study published by the 2103:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 13: 1: 6692:Critique of political economy 5867:von Hayek, Friedrich, (1960) 5727:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009 5565: 5556:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009 5005:Jeffries, Ian (27 May 1993). 4641:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60159-6 4159:John Nellis and Sunita Kikeri 3943:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490266 3594:"Privatization as Delegation" 3110: 2726:Center for Global Development 2097:non-governmental organization 2095:, and other governmental and 1784: 1664:municipally owned corporation 1374:Critique of political economy 1032:Critique of political economy 6870: 6276:History of capitalist theory 5624:Segerfeldt, Fredrik (2006). 5411:David Moberg (6 June 2014). 4520:10.14452/MR-051-09-2000-02_1 4483:Privatisation and Corruption 4385:"European rail study report" 3870:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3797:"Thatcher years in graphics" 3569:Beerman, Jack (2001-01-01). 3482:Kämmerer, Jörn Axel (2001). 3384:. 2005-11-01. Archived from 3345:Privately owned public space 2818:Due to low levels of native 2656:during the 1980s and 1990s, 1716: 1424:Periodizations of capitalism 332:Greater Arab Free Trade Area 274:Positive non-interventionism 7: 7714:Two Treatises of Government 5870:The Constitution of Liberty 5715:Journal of Public Economics 5544:Journal of Public Economics 4541:University of Chicago Press 3736:Birrell, Ian (2013-08-15). 3685:The Economic History Review 3471:. 7 April 1923 . p. 4. 3283: 2052:during the 1980s under the 1120:Simple commodity production 337:International Monetary Fund 10: 7923: 5992:10.4135/9781412965811.n244 5903:39(2), June 2001, 321–389. 5598:Dovalina, Jessica (2006). 4858:Prizzia, Ross (Nov 2005). 4724:Princeton University Press 3528:Bel, Germa (Summer 2006). 3413:"Going Private Definition" 3340:Private sector development 2983:Specialization: a private 2937: 2871: 2860:left. By the end of 1994, 2759:In India, a survey by the 2754:The Ronald Coase Institute 1958:in the United Kingdom and 1814: 1810: 1684:public-private partnership 1429:Perspectives on capitalism 158:Public–private partnership 29: 7838: 7635: 7437: 7317: 7210: 7203: 7052: 7009: 6954: 6878: 6719: 6673: 6636:Labour market flexibility 6609: 6520: 6369: 6311:Multinational corporation 6188: 6178: 6045:. Earthscan, London 2005 5964:Poole, Robert W. (2008). 5951:Economia pubblica rimossa 5572:Alexander, Jason (2009). 5271:. OECD. 29 October 2002. 4533:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 3676:Bel, Germà (2010-02-01). 3575:Fordham Urban Law Journal 3117:public goods and services 2710:World Health Organization 2457:Share issue privatization 2381:Reasons for privatization 2025:had been formed by prior 2004:British Steel Corporation 103:Foreign direct investment 7766:The Great Transformation 7124:Labor theory of property 5889:, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, 5875:Kosar, Kevin R. (2006), 5694:Feghali, Khalil (2013). 4908:Canadian Women's Studies 3977:10.1177/0149206320988356 3355: 2743:2000 Cochabamba protests 2598:Results of privatization 2487:Privatization from below 2467:Asset sale privatization 1852:fall of the Roman Empire 1779:The Age of Discontinuity 700:Economic interventionism 521:Authoritarian capitalism 362:World Trade Organization 93:Economic interdependence 7887:Economics of regulation 7335:Forest-dwelling (India) 7297:restraint on alienation 7077:Common good (economics) 6781:Individualist anarchism 6094:Zullo, Roland. (2009). 6043:Limits to Privatisation 5928:Onses, Richard (2004). 5907:Onses, Richard (2004). 5734:Kemp, Roger L. (2007). 5513:10.1162/003355300555448 5475:Retrieved 20 July 2014. 5429:Retrieved 28 June 2014. 5375:, Heritage Lecture #352 4682:Oxford University Press 4002:Economics of Transition 3084:marginal constituencies 1848:state-owned enterprises 1369:Criticism of capitalism 531:Criticism of capitalism 98:Economic liberalization 7907:Management cybernetics 7774:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 7548:Primitive accumulation 7403:Right of way (transit) 7188:Tragedy of the commons 7070:fictitious commodities 6746:Collectivist anarchism 6661:Social venture capital 6631:Freedom of association 6028:. Inter Press Service. 5885:Mayer, Florian (2006) 5778:. editors and forward. 5698:. Paris: L'Harmattan. 4574:. 2009. Archived from 4092:Cite journal requires 3956:Radíc, Mislav (2021). 3052:anti-trust legislation 2591:Chicago parking meters 2390:Forms of privatization 2377:under the old regime. 2075:, transportation, and 2039:Great British Railways 1968:Amersham International 1942:in the 1950s, and the 1817:List of privatizations 1752: 1739: 1660:state-owned enterprise 1399:Exploitation of labour 1110:Primitive accumulation 7827:The Wealth of Nations 7807:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 7799:The Ethics of Liberty 6811:Post-scarcity economy 6786:Libertarian socialism 6771:Free-market socialism 6702:Market fundamentalism 6687:Capitalist propaganda 6281:Industrial Revolution 6196:Anarchy of production 6019:The Wealth of Nations 5978:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5091:Desai, Padma (1997). 4440:Global Railway Review 3965:Journal of Management 3350:Structural adjustment 2814:Foreign privatization 2481:Voucher privatization 2459:: shares sale on the 1917:Industrial Revolution 1861:'s golden age of the 1577:Capitalism portal 1389:Culture of capitalism 1344:Capitalist propaganda 1100:Industrial Revolution 1090:Commercial Revolution 561:Capitalism portal 541:Market fundamentalism 317:European Central Bank 148:Mundell–Fleming model 128:Intellectual property 7897:Monopoly (economics) 7690:Progress and Poverty 7024:Common-pool resource 6266:Financial Revolution 6231:Economic development 6109:Privatization's Rise 5986:. pp. 143–144. 5805:10.1257/jep.20.3.187 5471:Moyers & Company 4572:University of Oxford 4543:. pp. 301–302. 4136:Stelzer, I. (2000). 3547:10.1257/jep.20.3.187 3129:positive externality 3100:corporate governance 2900:improve this article 2820:capital accumulation 2741:was the case in the 2615:William L. Megginson 2542:transition economies 2535:transition countries 2531:developing countries 2418:improve this article 1923:20th century onwards 1907:(in Scotland as the 1840:military contractors 1552:Right-libertarianism 1482:Classical liberalism 1449:Venture philanthropy 1085:Capitalism and Islam 1080:Age of Enlightenment 675:Capital accumulation 573:Economics portal 395:Adam Smith Institute 390:World Economic Forum 380:Mont Pelerin Society 88:Economic integration 7813:The Social Contract 7501:population transfer 7418:prior-appropriation 7097:homestead principle 6741:Anarcho-syndicalism 6736:Anarcho-primitivism 6621:Economic inequality 6236:Economic liberalism 6024:Sprague, Jeb 2007. 6016:Smith, Adam (1776) 5783:Bel, Germà (2006). 5657:Stanford Law Review 5446:Library of Congress 4888:. 27 September 2021 4886:blogs.worldbank.org 3648:Li & Zheng 2001 3256:private company by 2956:anarcho-capitalists 2719:economic inequality 2666:European Commission 2126:Revolutions of 1989 2066:took office in 1979 1913:Highland Clearances 1688:joint-stock company 1686:in order to form a 1676:mutual organization 1589:Business portal 705:Economic liberalism 695:Competitive markets 585:Politics portal 516:Alter-globalization 249:Fiscal conservatism 7793:Murray N. Rothbard 7104:Free-rider problem 6761:Economic democracy 6582:Private foundation 5842:Journal of Finance 5464:2014-07-23 at the 5444:2014-06-04 at the 5418:2014-06-25 at the 5371:2009-10-18 at the 5352:2018-10-01 at the 4601:2016-03-06 at the 4488:2011-07-18 at the 4464:2018-03-14 at the 4416:on 8 December 2015 4143:2018-02-20 at the 3909:2018-03-08 at the 3469:The New York Times 3250:outstanding shares 3138:natural monopolies 3048:natural monopolies 3024:goals rather than 2964:dispute resolution 2952:natural monopolies 2681:Russian President 2077:telecommunications 1909:Lowland Clearances 1838:), army supplies ( 1804:Gillian E. Metzger 1695:outstanding shares 1349:Capitalist realism 740:Goods and services 720:Fictitious capital 511:Anti-globalization 7869: 7868: 7780:What Is Property? 7573:human trafficking 7558:Regulatory taking 7433: 7432: 7178:Right to property 6838: 6837: 6731:Anarcho-communism 6602:Spontaneous order 6597:Social alienation 6554:Economic mobility 6241:Economic planning 6089:978-84-96859-46-3 6070:978-0-691-13566-3 5953:, Milan, Giuffrè 5939:978-84-607-9613-8 5920:978-84-688-7867-6 5855:on 2 October 2005 5775:978-0-472-08837-9 5745:978-0-7864-3250-9 5705:978-2-343-00839-4 5633:Stockholm Network 5321:978-0-19-965766-7 4472:, 22 January 2013 4113:, July 22, 2011, 3493:978-3-16-147515-3 3411:Fernando, Jason. 3382:Co-operative News 3270:management buyout 2932: 2931: 2924: 2650:Margaret Thatcher 2576:Secured borrowing 2526:stock exchanges. 2493:Management buyout 2450: 2449: 2442: 2356: 2355: 2114:Mikhail Gorbachev 2058:Margaret Thatcher 1984:British Aerospace 1980:British Petroleum 1956:Margaret Thatcher 1919:in that country. 1653:prison management 1625: 1624: 1444:Spontaneous order 1414:History of theory 1057:New institutional 1027:Market monetarism 962:Economic theories 795:Supply and demand 730:Free price system 621: 620: 463:Yasuhiro Nakasone 453:Margaret Thatcher 443:James M. Buchanan 73:Denationalization 16:(Redirected from 7914: 7902:Public economics 7892:Market structure 7846: 7845: 7750:John Stuart Mill 7670:Friedrich Engels 7651:Frédéric Bastiat 7644: 7496:Forced migration 7464:Collectivization 7208: 7207: 7087:First possession 7060:Bundle of rights 6865: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6821:Social anarchism 6796:Market socialism 6791:Market anarchism 6697:Critique of work 6587:Private property 6549:Economic freedom 6544:Decentralization 6522:Cultural aspects 6483:Regulated market 6261:Financial crisis 6246:Entrepreneurship 6165: 6158: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6081:Democracia S. A. 6074: 6032:Stiglitz, Joseph 6013: 5943: 5924: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5854: 5848:. Archived from 5839: 5809: 5807: 5789: 5779: 5767: 5749: 5730: 5721:(3–4): 258–268. 5709: 5690: 5680: 5663:(6): 1731–1808. 5651: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5635:. 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3266:leveraged buyout 3186:natural monopoly 2927: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2884: 2876: 2586:principal amount 2445: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2402: 2394: 2375:crony capitalism 2345: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2141: 2140: 2073:water management 2062:Harold Macmillan 1986:(1985 to 1987), 1978:ferries (1984), 1822:Pre-20th century 1755: 1753:Reprivatisierung 1742: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1587: 1586: 1575: 1574: 1379:Critique of work 1354:Capitalist state 1037:Critique of work 920:Regulated market 822:Economic systems 775:Private property 725:Financial market 715:Entrepreneurship 710:Economic surplus 623: 622: 613: 606: 599: 583: 582: 571: 570: 559: 558: 483:Alberto Fujimori 478:Hernando de Soto 448:Augusto Pinochet 423:Ludwig von Mises 183:Supranationalism 83:Economic freedom 36: 35: 21: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7834: 7638: 7637: 7631: 7581:husband-selling 7518:Illegal logging 7513:Illegal fishing 7442: 7429: 7340:Freedom to roam 7313: 7226:(agrarian land) 7199: 7156:Property rights 7048: 7005: 6967:Estate (landed) 6950: 6874: 6869: 6839: 6834: 6816:Sharing economy 6806:Post-capitalism 6776:Green anarchism 6715: 6682:Anti-capitalism 6669: 6605: 6516: 6508:State-sponsored 6365: 6341:Property rights 6316:Nationalization 6226:Economic bubble 6184: 6174: 6169: 6126:Cranfield CERES 6105: 6071: 6002: 5966:"Privatization" 5940: 5921: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5837: 5787: 5776: 5746: 5706: 5669:10.2307/1229501 5645: 5643: 5639: 5628: 5614: 5612: 5611:on 25 June 2010 5588: 5586: 5585:on 21 June 2010 5568: 5563: 5540: 5536: 5504:10.1.1.318.7133 5483: 5479: 5466:Wayback Machine 5456: 5452: 5437: 5433: 5420:Wayback Machine 5410: 5406: 5383: 5379: 5373:Wayback Machine 5364: 5360: 5354:Wayback Machine 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5322: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5279: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5237: 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buyout 2473:or through the 2446: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2415: 2403: 2392: 2383: 2371:2011 revolution 2336: 2334: 2311: 2309: 2286: 2284: 2261: 2259: 2236: 2234: 2211: 2209: 2186: 2184: 2161: 2159: 2145: 2134: 2046:British Telecom 2027:nationalization 2000:British Leyland 1972:British Telecom 1938:privatized its 1925: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1787: 1748:reprivatization 1719: 1707:"going private" 1699:publicly traded 1672:demutualization 1668:nationalization 1645:law enforcement 1636:British English 1621: 1581: 1569: 1562: 1561: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1434:Post-capitalism 1339:Anti-capitalism 1334: 1326: 1325: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1075: 1067: 1066: 963: 955: 954: 945:State-sponsored 823: 815: 814: 680:Capital markets 645: 617: 577: 565: 553: 546: 545: 506:Anti-capitalism 501: 493: 492: 438:Milton Friedman 428:Walter Lippmann 418:Friedrich Hayek 413: 405: 404: 375: 367: 366: 327:Federal Reserve 302: 294: 293: 244: 236: 235: 206:Austrian School 201: 193: 192: 163:School vouchers 68:Balanced budget 58: 41:politics series 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7920: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7851: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7790: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7705: 7700: 7698:Garrett Hardin 7695: 7694: 7693: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7647: 7645: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7575: 7570: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7469:Eminent domain 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7452:Bioprospecting 7448: 7446: 7444:redistribution 7435: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 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OUP Oxford. 5296: 5277: 5254: 5235: 5211: 5192: 5168: 5149: 5143:. Bloomsbury. 5125: 5107: 5083: 5064: 5040: 5021: 4997: 4979: 4955: 4927: 4898: 4873: 4847: 4819: 4774: 4748: 4739: 4733:978-0691165028 4732: 4705: 4699:978-0197549247 4698: 4684:. p. 84. 4663: 4614: 4588: 4559: 4550:978-0226818399 4549: 4525: 4508:Monthly Review 4494: 4474: 4451: 4427: 4401: 4376: 4370:978-9279216367 4369: 4349: 4338:(1): 172–174. 4322: 4287: 4246: 4231: 4200: 4197:on 2005-10-02. 4172: 4149: 4129: 4119: 4103: 4094:|journal= 4056: 4008:(4): 661–683. 3982: 3948: 3921: 3895: 3876: 3852: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3808: 3788: 3777: 3749: 3728: 3668: 3659: 3640: 3623: 3584: 3561: 3540:(3): 187–194. 3517: 3499: 3492: 3484:Privatisierung 3474: 3456: 3428: 3398: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3335:Private prison 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3262:stock exchange 3258:private equity 3245: 3242: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3164: 3163:collaborators. 3160: 3156: 3153: 3127:). There is a 3112: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3095:primary demand 3087: 3059: 3055: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034:political risk 3029: 3018: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2996: 2981: 2978: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2888: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2843: 2840: 2815: 2812: 2784:private sector 2701:Eastern Europe 2658:Massimo Florio 2642:redistribution 2599: 2596: 2577: 2574: 2554:Czech Republic 2507:capital market 2503: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2464: 2448: 2447: 2406: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2360:France Télécom 2354: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2193:Czech Republic 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2056:government of 1948:majority stake 1940:steel industry 1924: 1921: 1832:Roman Republic 1828:Ancient Greece 1823: 1820: 1812: 1809: 1786: 1783: 1777:'s 1969 book, 1734:Privatisierung 1728:New York Times 1718: 1715: 1711:stock exchange 1703:private equity 1623: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1579: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1542:Ordoliberalism 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419:Market economy 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1333:Related topics 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1203:State monopoly 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 986: 985: 975: 970: 964: 961: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 760:Liberalization 757: 752: 750:Invisible hand 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 665:Businessperson 662: 660:Business cycle 657: 652: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 619: 618: 616: 615: 608: 601: 593: 590: 589: 588: 587: 575: 563: 548: 547: 544: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 502: 500:Related topics 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 473:Alan Greenspan 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 322:European Union 319: 314: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 211:Chicago School 208: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 143:Market economy 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 56: 55: 52: 51: 45: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7919: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7882:Privatization 7880: 7879: 7877: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847:Categories: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7788:David Ricardo 7786: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7755:Elinor Ostrom 7753: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7553:Privatization 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533:Legal plunder 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7485: 7484:Expropriation 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7440: 7436: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7218:(watercourse) 7217: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7161:primogeniture 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7141:Legal plunder 7139: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7092:appropriation 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Excludability 7080: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766:Eco-socialism 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6641:Labour supply 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Individualism 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6417:Laissez-faire 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6381:Authoritarian 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Privatization 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6301:Merchantilism 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271:Globalization 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051:1-84407-177-4 6048: 6044: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5959:88-14-10088-8 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5895:3-531-14918-0 5892: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5828:0-415-12705-X 5825: 5821: 5819: 5818:3-11-013569-8 5815: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5678:2027.42/41203 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5642:on 2011-07-16 5638: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5332:September 28, 5327: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5289:September 28, 5284: 5280: 5278:9789264194120 5274: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5247:September 28, 5242: 5238: 5236:9780719070945 5232: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5204:September 28, 5199: 5195: 5193:9781135287580 5189: 5186:. Routledge. 5185: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5161:September 28, 5156: 5152: 5150:9781474287487 5146: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5114: 5110: 5108:9780262041614 5104: 5101:. MIT Press. 5100: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5076:September 28, 5071: 5067: 5065:9783319158501 5061: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5033:September 28, 5028: 5024: 5022:9781134903603 5018: 5015:. Routledge. 5014: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4986: 4982: 4980:9780822973447 4976: 4972: 4971: 4970:, pp. 116–117 4967: 4959: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4836: 4835:World-psi.org 4829: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4795:on 2020-01-29 4791: 4784: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4578:on 2014-07-02 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4391:on 2015-11-17 4390: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4312:on 2005-06-23 4308: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4235: 4221:on 2011-09-09 4217: 4210: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4099: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3877:9781793610232 3873: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3805:. 2005-11-18. 3804: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3781: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3663: 3655: 3650:, p. 241 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3598:Colum. L. Rev 3595: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3388:on 2017-12-22 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3325:Marketization 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3214: 3212:communities." 3210: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3181:unprofitable. 3179: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2926: 2923: 2915: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2889:This section 2887: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2848:reunification 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:public sector 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730:microeconomic 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2683:Boris Yeltsin 2679: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2604:Irwin Stelzer 2595: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2441: 2433: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2407:This section 2405: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Hosni Mubarak 2363: 2361: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144:Privatization 2143: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2136:Freedom House 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108:In 1988, the 2106: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2008:council house 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960:Ronald Reagan 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936:Great Britain 1933: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1873:principle of 1872: 1871:laissez-faire 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1846:also created 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1818: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1791:privatization 1782: 1780: 1776: 1775:Peter Drucker 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1759:The Economist 1754: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632:privatisation 1629: 1628:Privatization 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1532:Neoliberalism 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1477:Authoritarian 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1404:Globalization 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1364:Crisis theory 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220:Intellectuals 1217: 1216: 1209: 1208:Technological 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1001: 1000:Institutional 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 959: 958: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 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