1148:
many companies have outsourced certain administrative functions to countries where costs (esp. wages) are lower. Furthermore, if service providers in some developing economies are not competitive enough to succeed on world markets, overseas companies will be attracted to invest, bringing with them international "best practices" and better skills and technologies. The entry of foreign service providers can be a positive as well as negative development. For example, it can lead to better services for domestic consumers, improve the performance and competitiveness of domestic service providers, as well as simply attract
1247:
addressed through regulation and by a universal service obligations in contracts, or in the licensing, to prevent such a situation from occurring. Of course, this bears the risk that this barrier to entry will dissuade international competitors from entering the market. Examples of such an approach include South Africa's
Financial Sector Charter or Indian nurses who promoted the nursing profession within India itself, which has resulted in a rapid growth in demand for nursing education and a related supply response.
970:
982:
1200:
carries substantial risks that necessitate careful economic management through appropriate regulation by governments. Some argue foreign providers crowd out domestic providers and instead of leading to investment and the transfer of skills, it allows foreign providers and shareholders "to capture the
1246:
argue the risks are outweighed by the benefits and that what is needed is careful regulation. For instance, there is a risk that private providers will 'skim off' the most profitable clients and cease to serve certain unprofitable groups of consumers or geographical areas. Yet such concerns could be
1147:
Liberalization offers the opportunity for the service sector to compete internationally, contributing to GDP growth and generating foreign exchange. As such, service exports are an important part of many developing countries' growth strategies. India's IT services have become globally competitive as
1072:
In developing countries, economic liberalization refers more to liberalization or further "opening up" of their respective economies to foreign capital and investments. Three of the fastest growing developing economies today; Brazil, China, and India, have achieved rapid economic growth in the past
1183:
concludes that increasing land rights is 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. It is estimated that state recognition of the property of the poor would give them assets worth 40 times all the foreign aid since 1945.
1178:
Proponents of economic liberalization have argued that it reduces poverty. Other commentators have claimed that, due to economic liberalization, poverty in the world is rising rather than declining, and the data provided by the World Bank, echoing that poverty is decreasing, is flawed. They also
1047:
Many countries have pursued and followed the path of economic liberalization in the 1980s, 1990s and in the 21st century, with the stated goal of maintaining or increasing their competitiveness as business environments. Liberalization policies may or often include the partial or complete
1076:
Many countries nowadays, particularly those in the third world, arguably were given no choice but to "liberalize" their economies to remain competitive in attracting and retaining both their domestic and foreign investments. This is referred to as the TINA factor, standing for
1201:
profits for themselves, taking the money out of the country". Thus, it is often argued that protection is needed to allow domestic companies the chance to develop before they are exposed to international competition. This is also supported by the anthropologist
1184:
Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions were low cost. In China and India, noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of
1179:
argue that extending property rights protection to the poor is one of the most important poverty reduction strategies a nation can implement. Securing property rights to land, the largest asset for most societies, is vital to their economic freedom. The
1068:
wrote: "Success will go to those companies and countries which are swift to adapt, slow to complain, open and willing to change. The task of modern governments is to ensure that our countries can rise to this challenge."
1152:/foreign capital into the country. In fact, some research suggest a 50% cut in service trade barriers over a five- to ten-year period would create global gains in economic welfare of around $ 250 billion per annum.
1824:
1637:
1205:
who argues that the current market system is not a free market at all, but instead a privatized market (IE, markets can be 'bought'). Other potential risks resulting from liberalisation, include:
1032:, is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities. In politics, the doctrine is associated with
1530:
1120:, a large border port and receives aid from other countries in exchange for peace and restrictions in their nuclear programme. Another example would be oil-rich countries such as
2748:
1286:
1567:
1634:
2153:
1743:
1335:
1128:, which see no need to further open up their economies to foreign capital and investments since their oil reserves already provide them with huge export earnings.
2972:
1235:
2728:
2191:
580:
1761:
1012:
2895:
2068:
1969:
2596:
2784:
1809:
2900:
1238:
we see increased gender inequality in new markets as women lose labor opportunities that existed prior to market liberalization.
2279:
2216:
1575:
2992:
2824:
2804:
2779:
2681:
2626:
1463:
2844:
2834:
1925:
2880:
2211:
1281:
1116:). However, North Korea is not completely separate from the global economy, since it actively trades with China, through
2849:
2676:
2037:
2010:
1276:
2123:
2108:
1721:
507:
1937:
Pronin, Pavel (2020). "International Trade And
Democracy: How Trade Partners Affect Regime Change And Persistence".
3190:
3169:
2870:
2854:
2128:
1271:
1234:
Risk of increased inequality across race, ethnicity, or gender lines. For example, according to the anthropologist
1005:
3077:
3007:
2758:
2641:
2636:
2242:
2061:
1657:
Manger, Mark S.; Pickup, Mark A. (1 February 2016). "The
Coevolution of Trade Agreement Networks and Democracy".
1542:
1102:
2915:
2206:
1645:
1243:
3087:
2686:
2671:
1419:
1379:
1172:
771:
429:
2997:
2962:
2952:
2910:
2723:
821:
811:
2977:
2890:
2743:
2616:
1516:
1384:
1228:
998:
517:
454:
387:
365:
3042:
2696:
2691:
2054:
1429:
1351:
1227:
Risk of a debt spiral due to decreased tax revenue among other economic problems (oftentimes linked to
826:
342:
3195:
3057:
1483:
1222:
1155:
1149:
1057:
600:
287:
3072:
3022:
2661:
2651:
2420:
2181:
1852:
1792:
874:
570:
417:
256:
230:
152:
97:
2518:
3062:
3002:
2905:
2829:
2789:
2656:
2646:
2425:
2342:
2274:
2186:
1340:
1112:
with their "self-sufficient" economic system that is closed to foreign trade and investment (see
1090:
1078:
766:
412:
407:
397:
92:
3027:
2839:
2410:
2257:
1396:
1251:
1109:
1073:
several years or decades, in part, from having liberalized their economies to foreign capital.
919:
796:
590:
449:
380:
267:
225:
1870:
1701:
3128:
3082:
3067:
3032:
2819:
2763:
2352:
2118:
1597:
899:
884:
806:
786:
741:
638:
497:
487:
459:
332:
322:
250:
2021:
1635:
The contribution of services to development: The role of regulation and trade liberalisation
245:
3037:
2538:
2533:
2493:
2362:
2347:
1402:
1313:
1197:
1125:
1041:
1033:
949:
904:
879:
846:
550:
545:
482:
477:
235:
72:
2307:
1231:
restructuring though the state government in Kansas is currently encountering this issue).
1060:, lower tax rates for businesses, less restrictions on both domestic and foreign capital,
8:
2982:
2957:
2753:
2738:
2337:
2077:
1414:
1255:
1210:
1086:
663:
585:
540:
535:
402:
392:
292:
102:
67:
25:
2468:
1511:
2925:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2794:
1996:
1926:
https://news.yahoo.com/kansas-tax-collections-short-expectations-january-222746060.html
1784:
1682:
1185:
909:
869:
746:
595:
560:
347:
307:
262:
182:
137:
117:
2284:
1364:
3103:
2733:
2621:
2578:
2573:
2523:
2317:
2312:
2093:
2033:
2022:
2006:
1950:
1788:
1717:
1686:
1674:
1459:
974:
841:
708:
698:
643:
565:
439:
424:
302:
272:
202:
192:
127:
3052:
2920:
2553:
2458:
2405:
2327:
2262:
2143:
1942:
1776:
1709:
1666:
1357:
776:
751:
703:
683:
628:
605:
555:
434:
337:
327:
317:
282:
172:
122:
112:
107:
1898:
3118:
3108:
2967:
2875:
2196:
2171:
2148:
1641:
1304:
1159:
1053:
986:
831:
736:
693:
673:
668:
658:
653:
575:
370:
2463:
1912:
3143:
3047:
2563:
2543:
2322:
2103:
1856:
1434:
1098:
939:
924:
894:
816:
312:
157:
147:
77:
62:
57:
1780:
1308:
678:
3184:
3148:
3138:
3133:
3017:
2885:
2568:
2548:
2528:
2508:
2483:
2440:
2382:
2372:
2201:
1954:
1678:
1670:
1424:
1330:
1049:
1037:
929:
801:
761:
633:
297:
197:
177:
1108:
By this measure, an opposite of a liberalized economy are economies such as
3012:
2631:
2558:
2513:
2247:
2138:
2113:
1291:
1132:
1121:
851:
791:
718:
502:
277:
187:
2611:
2498:
2473:
2415:
2377:
2367:
2237:
1970:"Ukraine war shows 'end of globalisation as we know it' - EU's Gentiloni"
1946:
1713:
1345:
1216:
1094:
1061:
934:
836:
756:
512:
207:
162:
132:
87:
3113:
2987:
2601:
2387:
2332:
2302:
2232:
1479:
1409:
1390:
1317:
1259:
1180:
1136:
1065:
914:
623:
444:
375:
33:
2046:
1995:
Haymes, Stephen; Vidal de Haymes, Maria; Miller, Reuben, eds. (2015).
1762:"The Ethical Poverty Line: a moral quantification of absolute poverty"
1546:
3153:
2947:
2666:
2606:
2488:
2098:
2029:
2002:
1258:
or "Change through trade" has been critized for indirectly financing
1202:
954:
944:
889:
713:
648:
492:
240:
47:
1040:. Liberalization in short is "the removal of controls" to encourage
2503:
2478:
2435:
2269:
2252:
2176:
1488:
1064:, etc. In support of liberalization, former British prime minister
781:
688:
142:
52:
1101:
include amending the economically restrictive provisions of their
2430:
1551:
1117:
1113:
969:
82:
2357:
1893:
1891:
1633:
Massimiliano Cali, Karen Ellis and Dirk Willem te Velde (2008)
981:
1287:
Effects of
Economic Liberalisation on Education in Tajikistan
1082:
167:
1888:
1209:
Risks of financial sector instability resulting from global
1994:
1862:
2154:
Anti-communist insurgencies in
Central and Eastern Europe
2133:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1188:
in China and the cutting of government red tape in India.
1598:"China: Tyranny Tourism Thrives at North Korea's Border"
1543:"Philippines : Gov.Ph : About the Philippines"
2020:
Jones, Campbell; Parker, Martin; Bos, Rene Ten (2005).
1250:
Trade between autocracies and democracies can increase
1998:
The
Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States
1905:
1841:
1568:"A photo journey through China's lesser known cities"
1509:
1336:
Economic liberalization in the post–World War II era
1744:"Global inequality may be much worse than we think"
1574:. National Geographic. 24 May 2018. Archived from
16:Policy advocating for fewer government regulations
1242:However, researchers at thinks tanks such as the
3182:
1810:"World bank poverty figures: what do they mean?"
1531:Gorbachev, Deng to meet on rough roads to reform
1362:
1320:in 1999 with the beginnings of the 21st century.
2192:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
1702:"Economic liberalization and poverty reduction"
2973:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2019:
1162:when trading between with other democracies.
2062:
1899:"Business – Land rights 'help fight poverty'"
1759:
1006:
1967:
1656:
1131:Economic liberalization applies to domestic
1173:Poverty reduction § Economic liberalization
2069:
2055:
1825:"Globalization and the Myth of free Trade"
1478:
1307:, starting in 1994 and accelerating under
1013:
999:
1869:EDT, Fareed Zakaria (19 September 2008).
1706:Report on the World Social Situation 2010
1453:
2597:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
2076:
1961:
1699:
3183:
2280:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2217:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1936:
1324:
2627:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
2050:
1812:. Share The World's Resources (STWR).
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1458:. sublime publications. p. 131.
1171:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1142:
1930:
1165:
1093:were introduced,. Similarly, in the
1968:Strupczewski, Jan (21 April 2022).
1915:. BBC News: Africa. 4 October 2006.
1868:
1700:Nations, United (1 November 2010).
1282:Economic liberalisation in Pakistan
13:
1913:"Can aid bring an end to poverty?"
1871:"Zakaria: How to Spread Democracy"
1822:
1612:
1316:, Starting after the Secession of
1277:Economic liberalisation in Myanmar
1192:
14:
3207:
2124:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
2109:Criticism of communist party rule
1135:and trade liberalization such as
3170:Human rights in the Soviet Union
2129:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
1733:– via www.un-ilibrary.org.
1272:Economic liberalisation in India
1097:, the contentious proposals for
980:
968:
3078:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3008:Fall of the inner German border
1919:
1816:
1802:
1753:
1737:
1693:
1512:"Why Is China Growing So Fast?"
1052:of government institutions and
3068:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
2207:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
1659:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1650:
1646:Overseas Development Institute
1590:
1560:
1535:
1524:
1503:
1472:
1447:
1244:Overseas Development Institute
1:
3088:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
2687:Inter-regional Deputies Group
2672:National League for Democracy
1440:
1420:Democracy and economic growth
1380:Multilateral development bank
1295:
1294:(Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
772:Critique of political economy
430:Critique of political economy
2998:Alexanderplatz demonstration
2963:Polish Round Table Agreement
2637:People's Movement of Ukraine
1265:
822:Periodizations of capitalism
7:
3043:January Events in Lithuania
2978:Hungarian Round Table Talks
2617:Democratic Party of Albania
1517:International Monetary Fund
1385:International Monetary Fund
1373:
518:Simple commodity production
10:
3212:
2697:Hungarian Democratic Forum
2692:Alliance of Free Democrats
2682:Union of Democratic Forces
1988:
1572:www.nationalgeographic.com
1510:Zuliu Hu, Mohsin S. Khan.
1484:"Europe is Falling Behind"
1430:International trade theory
1352:Economic history of Brazil
1170:
1156:Preferential trading areas
827:Perspectives on capitalism
3162:
3096:
3058:1991 protests in Belgrade
2938:
2863:
2772:
2714:
2705:
2587:
2449:
2396:
2293:
2225:
2162:
2084:
1901:. BBC News. 20 June 2003.
1781:10.1080/01436590500432739
1456:India's economic policies
1454:Chaudhary, C. M. (2008).
1363:
1223:environmental degradation
1058:labour market flexibility
3048:January Events in Latvia
3038:Reunification of Germany
3023:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
2953:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
2677:National Salvation Front
2662:Belarusian Popular Front
2652:Popular Front of Estonia
2421:Polish underground press
2182:List of socialist states
1671:10.1177/0022002714535431
1314:Indonesian economic boom
98:Economic interventionism
3191:Economic liberalization
3124:Economic liberalization
3063:1991 Belarusian strikes
3003:Fall of the Berlin Wall
2657:Public Against Violence
2647:Popular Front of Latvia
2426:Political demonstration
2275:Chinese economic reform
2187:People Power Revolution
1939:SSRN Electronic Journal
1341:Chinese economic reform
1079:there is no alternative
1030:economic liberalisation
1026:Economic liberalization
767:Criticism of capitalism
2258:New political thinking
1760:Edward, Peter (2006).
1397:Asian Development Bank
1354:in the 1980s and 1990s
1252:democratic backsliding
797:Exploitation of labour
508:Primitive accumulation
3129:Post-Soviet conflicts
3083:Tajikistani Civil War
3033:Revolution on Granite
2993:Monday Demonstrations
2519:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
2353:Mengistu Haile Mariam
2119:Eastern Bloc politics
1853:"Ending Mass Poverty"
1769:Third World Quarterly
1640:30 April 2010 at the
1110:North Korea's economy
975:Capitalism portal
787:Culture of capitalism
742:Capitalist propaganda
498:Industrial Revolution
488:Commercial Revolution
2539:Vytautas Landsbergis
2534:Viacheslav Chornovil
2363:Denis Sassou Nguesso
1947:10.2139/ssrn.3717614
1714:10.18356/0875e84f-en
1403:New Development Bank
1198:Trade liberalisation
1126:United Arab Emirates
1042:economic development
1034:classical liberalism
950:Right-libertarianism
880:Classical liberalism
847:Venture philanthropy
483:Capitalism and Islam
478:Age of Enlightenment
73:Capital accumulation
2983:Pan-European Picnic
2958:1988 Polish strikes
2338:Wojciech Jaruzelski
2078:Revolutions of 1989
2024:For Business Ethics
1708:. pp. 97–113.
1415:Economic liberalism
1325:Historical examples
1256:Wandel durch Handel
1087:Cultural Revolution
1081:". For example, in
987:Business portal
103:Economic liberalism
93:Competitive markets
2343:Slobodan Milošević
2212:Vatican Opposition
1859:, 4 September 2001
1556:on 3 October 2006.
1186:collective farming
1143:Potential benefits
1054:state-owned assets
747:Capitalist realism
138:Goods and services
118:Fictitious capital
3178:
3177:
3104:Colour revolution
2934:
2933:
2901:Congo-Brazzaville
2622:Democratic Russia
2579:Pope John Paul II
2574:George H. W. Bush
2524:Vladimir Bukovsky
2313:Mikhail Gorbachev
2308:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2094:Era of Stagnation
1465:978-81-8192-121-5
1166:Poverty reduction
1103:1987 constitution
1023:
1022:
842:Spontaneous order
812:History of theory
455:New institutional
425:Market monetarism
360:Economic theories
193:Supply and demand
128:Free price system
3203:
3196:Economic reforms
3053:Transnistria War
2712:
2711:
2554:Aung San Suu Kyi
2469:Alexander Dubček
2406:Civil resistance
2263:Sinatra Doctrine
2243:Demokratizatsiya
2144:Shortage economy
2071:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2016:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1934:
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1917:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1885:
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1881:
1866:
1860:
1855:by Ian Vásquez,
1850:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1798:on 5 April 2016.
1797:
1791:. Archived from
1766:
1757:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1654:
1648:
1631:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1545:. Archived from
1539:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1451:
1368:
1367:
1358:Miracle of Chile
1300:
1297:
1015:
1008:
1001:
985:
984:
973:
972:
777:Critique of work
752:Capitalist state
435:Critique of work
318:Regulated market
220:Economic systems
173:Private property
123:Financial market
113:Entrepreneurship
108:Economic surplus
21:
20:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3158:
3119:Democratization
3109:Decommunization
3092:
3028:Helsinki Summit
2968:April 9 tragedy
2940:
2930:
2859:
2768:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2589:
2583:
2451:
2445:
2398:
2392:
2348:Mathieu Kérékou
2295:
2289:
2221:
2197:Reagan Doctrine
2172:Active measures
2164:
2158:
2149:Totalitarianism
2086:
2080:
2075:
2040:
2013:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1941:. Elsevier BV.
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:Shaikh, Anwar.
1821:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1698:
1694:
1655:
1651:
1642:Wayback Machine
1632:
1613:
1603:
1601:
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1305:Economy of Cuba
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1236:Lilu Abu-Lughod
1195:
1193:Potential risks
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1189:
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1160:democratization
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832:Post-capitalism
737:Anti-capitalism
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17:
12:
11:
5:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Post-communism
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Czechoslovakia
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2717:Eastern Europe
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Isaias Afwerki
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Zianon Pazniak
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Erich Honecker
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Anti-communism
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2039:978-0415311359
2038:
2017:
2012:978-0415673440
2011:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1960:
1929:
1918:
1904:
1887:
1861:
1857:Cato Institute
1840:
1815:
1801:
1775:(2): 377–393.
1752:
1750:, 8 April 2016
1736:
1722:
1692:
1665:(1): 164–191.
1649:
1611:
1589:
1578:on 24 May 2018
1559:
1534:
1523:
1502:
1471:
1464:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:Liberalization
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1348:(Soviet Union)
1343:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1194:
1191:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1144:
1141:
1099:Charter Change
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
977:
962:
961:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
940:Ordoliberalism
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Market economy
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
733:
731:Related topics
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
601:State monopoly
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
400:
395:
390:
385:
384:
383:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
158:Liberalization
155:
150:
148:Invisible hand
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
63:Businessperson
60:
58:Business cycle
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Yugoslav Wars
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Neo-Stalinism
3137:
3135:
3134:Neo-Sovietism
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Black January
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Ronald Reagan
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Zhelyu Zhelev
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Boris Yeltsin
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Joachim Gauck
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2441:Strike action
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Todor Zhivkov
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Deng Xiaoping
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Soviet Empire
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:International
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1725:
1723:9789210545693
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Globalization
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Doux commerce
1329:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1163:
1161:
1158:can increase
1157:
1153:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:privatization
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:neoliberalism
1035:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
976:
971:
966:
965:
964:
963:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Neoliberalism
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:Authoritarian
873:
871:
868:
867:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Globalization
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
762:Crisis theory
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
728:
727:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:Intellectuals
615:
614:
607:
606:Technological
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
468:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
399:
398:Institutional
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
357:
356:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:
257:Laissez-faire
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Authoritarian
229:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
198:Surplus value
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Privatization
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3123:
3097:Later events
3013:Malta Summit
2845:Turkmenistan
2773:Soviet Union
2759:Soviet Union
2739:East Germany
2559:Meles Zenawi
2514:Sali Berisha
2464:Václav Havel
2411:Human chains
2318:Károly Grósz
2248:Khozraschyot
2139:Nomenklatura
2114:Eastern Bloc
2023:
1997:
1974:. Retrieved
1963:
1938:
1932:
1921:
1907:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1831:. Retrieved
1818:
1804:
1793:the original
1772:
1768:
1755:
1748:The Guardian
1747:
1739:
1729:25 September
1727:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1602:. Retrieved
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1571:
1562:
1547:the original
1537:
1526:
1515:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1487:
1474:
1455:
1449:
1292:Baltic Tiger
1249:
1241:
1196:
1154:
1146:
1133:deregulation
1130:
1122:Saudi Arabia
1107:
1075:
1071:
1062:open markets
1046:
1029:
1025:
1024:
852:Wage slavery
792:Evergreening
503:Mercantilism
450:Neoclassical
278:Mercantilist
255:
188:Rent seeking
153:Visible hand
18:
3073:August Coup
2926:South Yemen
2871:Afghanistan
2715:Central and
2708:by location
2612:Civic Forum
2499:Feng Congde
2474:Ion Iliescu
2459:Lech Wałęsa
2416:Magnitizdat
2378:Zhao Ziyang
2368:Heng Samrin
2328:Miloš Jakeš
2238:Perestroika
1346:Perestroika
1309:Raúl Castro
1299: 2000
1217:brain drain
1095:Philippines
935:Objectivism
920:Libertarian
837:Speculation
757:Consumerism
591:Progressive
530:Development
513:Physiocracy
460:Supply-side
268:Libertarian
246:Free-market
226:Anglo-Saxon
208:Wage labour
163:Marginalism
133:Free market
88:Corporation
3185:Categories
3114:Lustration
2988:Baltic Way
2939:Individual
2916:Mozambique
2855:Uzbekistan
2840:Tajikistan
2825:Kyrgyzstan
2820:Kazakhstan
2785:Azerbaijan
2764:Yugoslavia
2642:Solidarity
2602:Charter 77
2588:Opposition
2484:Wu'erkaixi
2450:Opposition
2397:Opposition
2388:Siad Barre
2333:Egon Krenz
2303:Ramiz Alia
2294:Government
2233:Uskoreniye
2165:background
2087:background
2001:. London:
1880:1 November
1833:1 November
1495:4 December
1480:Tony Blair
1441:References
1410:Capitalism
1391:World Bank
1318:East Timor
1262:regimes.
1260:autocratic
1181:World Bank
1137:free trade
1066:Tony Blair
1056:, greater
915:Liberalism
900:Humanistic
885:Democratic
864:Ideologies
699:Schumpeter
445:Monetarist
376:Chartalism
323:Regulatory
298:Neoliberal
251:Humanistic
34:Capitalism
3154:Pink tide
2948:Jeltoqsan
2864:Elsewhere
2815:Lithuania
2667:Rastokhez
2607:New Forum
2590:movements
2489:Chai Ling
2099:Communism
2030:Routledge
2003:Routledge
1972:. Reuters
1955:1556-5068
1789:154522588
1687:154493227
1679:0022-0027
1369:(Vietnam)
1301:–present)
1266:By region
1211:contagion
1203:Trouillot
955:Third Way
945:Privatism
905:Inclusive
890:Dirigisme
684:von Mises
571:Illiberal
551:Corporate
546:Community
493:Feudalism
403:Keynesian
393:Classical
236:Corporate
48:Austerity
2911:Mongolia
2906:Ethiopia
2891:Cambodia
2795:Chechnya
2729:Bulgaria
2504:Tank Man
2494:Wang Dan
2479:Liu Gang
2436:Samizdat
2431:Protests
2270:Glasnost
2253:500 Days
2177:Cold War
2085:Internal
1875:Newsweek
1644:London:
1638:Archived
1604:26 March
1582:26 March
1489:Newsweek
1482:(2005).
1374:See also
1221:Risk of
1215:Risk of
1124:and the
782:Cronyism
694:Rothbard
669:Marshall
654:Friedman
586:Merchant
541:Consumer
536:Advanced
371:Austrian
366:American
293:National
288:Monopoly
241:Dirigist
143:Investor
53:Business
42:Concepts
26:a series
24:Part of
3163:Related
2921:Somalia
2850:Ukraine
2830:Moldova
2805:Georgia
2800:Estonia
2790:Belarus
2780:Armenia
2754:Romania
2744:Hungary
2724:Albania
2632:Sąjūdis
2452:leaders
2399:methods
2296:leaders
2285:Đổi Mới
2226:Reforms
1989:Sources
1365:Đổi Mới
1118:Dandong
1114:autarky
1091:reforms
910:Liberal
870:Anarcho
807:History
639:Malthus
634:Ricardo
596:Rentier
581:Marxist
561:Finance
472:Origins
440:Marxist
388:Chicago
348:Welfare
308:Private
263:Liberal
83:Company
68:Capital
2941:events
2876:Angola
2835:Russia
2810:Latvia
2749:Poland
2706:Events
2358:Ne Win
2036:
2009:
1953:
1787:
1720:
1685:
1677:
1600:. Time
1462:
1085:after
709:Weaver
704:Veblen
679:Walras
674:Pareto
664:Keynes
566:Global
333:Social
303:Nordic
273:Market
183:Profit
2896:China
2886:Burma
2881:Benin
1976:6 May
1828:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1785:S2CID
1765:(PDF)
1683:S2CID
1399:(ADB)
1387:(IMF)
1083:China
1028:, or
719:Coase
714:Weber
659:Hayek
624:Smith
556:Crony
418:Post-
338:State
328:Rhine
283:Mixed
203:Value
168:Money
2034:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1978:2022
1951:ISSN
1882:2019
1835:2019
1731:2022
1718:ISBN
1675:ISSN
1606:2019
1584:2019
1497:2007
1460:ISBN
1393:(WB)
1036:and
689:Rand
649:Marx
629:Mill
576:Late
408:Neo-
2134:KGB
1943:doi
1777:doi
1710:doi
1667:doi
1552:ASP
1229:IMF
1150:FDI
925:Neo
895:Eco
644:Say
413:New
381:MMT
313:Raw
3187::
2032:.
2028:.
2005:.
1949:.
1890:^
1873:.
1843:^
1783:.
1773:27
1771:.
1767:.
1746:,
1716:.
1704:.
1681:.
1673:.
1663:60
1661:.
1614:^
1570:.
1514:.
1486:.
1296:c.
1254:.
1139:.
1105:.
1089:,
1044:.
28:on
2070:e
2063:t
2056:v
2042:.
2015:.
1980:.
1957:.
1945::
1884:.
1837:.
1779::
1712::
1689:.
1669::
1608:.
1586:.
1554:)
1550:(
1520:.
1499:.
1468:.
1175:.
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1014:e
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1000:v
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