4779:
and the desirability of a socialist transformation...The employment of capital instruments and natural resources in economic production requires no personal hardship or exertion from any human being. The economic services provided by these factors of production are not corporeally inherent in human beings. The opposite is true of labor services, which can only be provided through the physical and mental activity of human beings...the really grossly exaggerated personal incomes in society are dominated by property income, and this source of inequality would be abrogated by the equalization of property income distribution.
4655:, by Marx, Karl. From "Chapter 32: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation": "Self-earned private property, that is based, so to say, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent laboring-individual with the conditions of his labor, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on the exploitation of the nominally free labor of others, i.e., on wage-labor. As soon as this process of transformation has sufficiently decomposed the old society from top to bottom, as soon as the laborers are turned into proletarians, their means of labor into capital, as soon as the
4092:. According to the economist James Yunker, the ethical case for market socialism is that because passive property income requires no mental or physical exertion on the part of the recipient, and its appropriation by a small group of private owners is the source of the vast inequalities in contemporary capitalism, social ownership in a market economy would resolve the major cause of social inequality and its accompanying social ills. Weyl and Posner argue that private property is another name for monopoly and can hamper allocative efficiency. Through the use of taxation and modified
3751:
3896:
4502:
unbiased scientific conclusions, while those opposing them were merely expressing their value-laden opinions. At its apex, this tendency has justified laissez-faire economic policies as if they were based on natural laws. Always behind the legitimization activities of economists is the belief that markets are 'natural' institutions and market outcomes are natural outcomes, and the institutions necessary for markets, such as private property rights, are 'natural rights'.
4748:
to people who have nothing directly to do with production. Arguably, this occurs by a social system to which those in the workforce have never given their full consent, i.e. that of private property. Alternatively, it occurs by a structure of power to which the workforce is subject: property income is the fruit of exploitation. The fact that it is essential to capitalism makes the latter a class system akin to such other historical cases as slavery and feudalism.
3515:
3503:
6030:
3711:. Smith confined natural rights to "liberty and life". Smith also drew attention to the relationship between employee and employer and identified that property and civil government were dependent upon each other, recognizing that "the state of property must always vary with the form of government". Smith further argued that civil government could not exist without property, as the government's main function was to define and safeguard property ownership.
1897:
4040:
1821:
5016:
1833:
829:
5004:
3998:, ownership can be viewed as a "bundle of rights" over an asset that entitles its holder to a strong form of authority over it. Such a bundle is composed of a set of rights that allows the owner of the asset to control it and decide on its use, claim the value generated by it, exclude others from using it, and the right to transfer the ownership (set of rights over the asset) of it to another holder.
4778:
From the human point of view, the return paid to non-human factors of production is unearned and equivalent to a gift of nature. It is the personal appropriation of this gift of nature by a small minority of society under contemporary capitalism that establishes the ethical unworthiness of capitalism
4099:
The justifications for private property rights have also been critiqued as tools of empire that enable land appropriation. According to academic commentator Brenna
Bhandar, the language implemented in property legislation dictates colonized peoples as unable to effectively own and utilize their land.
3849:
The social and political context in which private property is administered will determine the extent to which an owner will be able to exercise rights over the same. The rights to private property often come with limitations. For example, local government may enforce rules about what kind of building
4747:
Property income is, by definition, received by owning property ... Since such income is not an equivalent return for any productive activity, it amounts to an entitlement to a portion of the aggregate output of others' productive activity. The workforce produces output but surrenders part of it
4659:
stands on its own feet, then the furtsocializationtion of labor and further transformation of the land and other means of production into socially exploited and, therefore, common means of production, as well as the further expropriation of private proprietors, takes a new form. That which is now to
3990:
argued that private property rights are a requisite for what he called "rational" economic calculation and that the prices of goods and services cannot be determined accurately enough to make efficient economic calculation without having clearly defined private-property rights. Mises argued that a
4051:
is the central element of capitalism criticized by socialists. In
Marxist literature, private property refers to a social relationship in which the property owner takes possession of anything that another person or group produces with that property and capitalism depends on private property. The
4718:
Though socialists have disagreed with Marx about how to conceptualize the notion of class, about the dynamics of class societies, and indeed about a whole host of other matters, most socialists seem to be broadly sympathetic to his views about what is wrong with the capitalist (free enterprise)
4501:
The derivation of natural moral theory has provided the foundation for the use of economic theory to support specific ideological viewpoints. The main strength of the legitimating role of economic theory is that it allows one set of ideological viewpoints to posture as if their conclusions were
4416:
Oliver Letwin, a
British conservative theorist, observed that the private sector had to be invented. This occurred with the great European trading companies, such as the British and Dutch East India companies, founded in the 17th century. Notions of property before the Renaissance assumed that
3991:
socialist system, which by definition would lack private property in the factors of production, would be unable to determine appropriate price valuations for the factors of production. According to Mises, this problem would make rational socialist calculation impossible.
4292:
Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the
3911:—currently the dominant school of economics—rejects some of the assumptions of the early philosophers underpinning classical economics, it has been argued that neoclassical economics continues to be influenced by the legacy of natural moral theory and the concept of
5520:
4110:
that race and property rights have been conflated over time, with only those qualities unique to white settlement recognized legally. Indigenous use of land, focusing on common ownership, is distinguished from private property ownership and
4076:
by their claim to ownership in the form of stock or private equity. This exploitative arrangement is perpetuated due to the structure of capitalist society. Capitalism is regarded as a class system akin to historical class systems like
4060:
in capitalism. Although there is considerable disagreement among socialists about the validity of certain aspects of
Marxist analysis, the majority of socialists are sympathetic to Marx's views on exploitation and alienation.
3903:
The legal framework of a country or society defines some of the practical implications of private property. There are no expectations that these rules will define a rational and consistent model of economics or social system.
3632:, a clay tablet used for calculating property boundaries. However, written discussions of private property were not seen until the Persian Empire, and emerged in the Western tradition at least as far back as
3925:-driven market economy) consider private property to be essential for the construction of a prosperous society. They believe private ownership of land ensures the land will be put to productive use and its
4100:
It is suggested that personal rights are interchangeable with property rights, therefore communities that utilize communal methods of land ownership are not equally validated by private property ideals.
4831:(Cosgel, Murray, and Miceli 1997; Kuhlmann 2000, 162–65; Metcalf 1995). From Cooper, Davina. "Opening Up Ownership: Community Belonging, Belongings, and the Productive Life of Property."
3081:
4367:
The defense of private property has been a feature of philosophical, theological and legal discourse from antiquity to the present day. I begin with Plato's thoughts on property in the
3876:
is a tax on the passing of title to property from one person (or entity) to another. An owner may request that, after death, private property be transferred to family members, through
3696:, and property in consumer goods and producer-goods. His chief argument for property in land ownership was that it led to improved land management and cultivation over common land.
4475:, by West, Edwin G. 2001. Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law, ed. Terry Lee Anderson and Fred S. McChesney, Princeton University Press, 2003, Ch. 1 (pp. 20–42).
4719:
economic system and, by implication, capitalist society ... Marx's critique attributes two systemic evils to capitalism's economic system: alienation and exploitation.
3937:, this forces the owners to maintain a productive output from the land to keep taxes current. Private property also attaches a monetary value to land, which can be used to
4064:
Socialists critique the private appropriation of property income because such income does not correspond to a return on any productive activity and is generated by the
3647:, "property" came to have a legal definition in the 17th century. Private property defined as property owned by commercial entities emerged with the great European
5861:
4911:
3692:, Locke argued that private property was antecedent to and thus independent of government. Locke distinguished between "common property", by which he meant
3685:. This stated that property is a natural result of labor improving upon nature; and thus by labor expenditure, the laborer becomes entitled to its produce.
2845:
859:
4052:
socialist critique of private ownership is heavily influenced by the
Marxist analysis of capitalist property forms as part of its broader critique of
3826:. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. It may be imposed annually or at the time of a
4328:
that defines its existence, its use, and the conditions of its exchange. That is, private property is defined and exists only because of politics.
3658:
of agricultural land in
England, especially as debated in the 17th and 18th centuries, accompanied efforts in philosophy and political thought—by
4656:
1431:
2870:
2840:
4585:
5438:
3718:(1818–1883) provided an influential analysis of the development and history of property formations and their relationship to the technical
3545:
2922:
1863:
5698:
5048:
2875:
1995:
4616:
4241:
3838:
of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. The four broad types of property taxes are
3915:, which has led to the presentation of private market exchange and private property rights as "natural rights" inherent in nature.
3628:
The first evidence of private property may date back to the
Babylonians in 1800 BC, as evidenced by the archeological discovery of
3265:
4791:
Posner, A.; Glen Weyl, E. (2018). "Property is
Monopoly: Creating a Competitive Market in Uses Through Partial Common Ownership".
5008:
4515:
2855:
698:
3344:
852:
3842:, improvements to land (immovable human-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable human-made objects), and
3722:
of a given period. Marx's conception of private property has proven influential for many subsequent economic theories and for
4285:
3389:
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ebates laid down many of the basic terms for political debate about private property, and especially property in land.
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4196:
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5733:
3681:, John Locke conceptualized property as a "natural right" that God had not bestowed exclusively on the monarchy; the
3260:
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1358:
845:
222:
20:
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political movements, and led to the widespread association of private property—particularly private property in the
6044:
5603:
5167:
3538:
3295:
1856:
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5951:
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4009:". The former is defined as the means of production about private ownership over an economic enterprise based on
3955:
are critical of private property as socialism aims to substitute private property in the means of production for
3322:
2227:
5593:
4740:
4494:
4429:
4053:
2690:
2259:
388:
4468:
4466:
4096:, they argue that partial common property ownership is a more efficient and just way to organize the economy.
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3788:
3582:
3168:
3148:
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1280:
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728:
448:
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4554:
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becomes redundant (as a passive owner). Socialists generally favor social ownership either to eliminate the
3203:
4660:
be expropriated is no longer the laborer working for himself, but the capitalist exploiting many laborers."
4543:, by Horvat, Branko. 1982. Chapter 1: Capitalism, The General Pattern of Capitalist Development (pp. 15–20)
4463:
3707:(1723–1790), in contrast to Locke, distinguished between the "right to property" as an acquired right, and
3593:
principle arguing that when a person mixes their labor with nature, the labor enters the object conferring
1672:
1662:
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5356:
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1677:
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3814:
In many political systems, the government requests that owners pay for the privilege of ownership. A
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4010:
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30:
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or goods produced by an individual. Prior to the 18th century, private property usually referred to
5309:
5034:
4277:
4271:
3831:
3682:
3594:
3143:
3128:
2994:
2890:
2141:
1948:
1725:
1421:
1268:
1107:
1081:
1003:
948:
217:
4228:
There are three broad forms of property ownership – private, public, and collective (cooperative).
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5515:
5482:
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3967:
in the economy when the productive activity becomes a collective activity, where the role of the
3827:
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3123:
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733:
614:
342:
212:
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5842:
5588:
5557:
5373:
5277:
5255:
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1770:
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1300:
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1118:
1076:
793:
192:
6082:
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3310:
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3138:
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3014:
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1926:
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1735:
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1637:
1592:
1489:
1348:
1338:
1310:
1183:
1173:
1101:
788:
433:
123:
93:
78:
2620:
1096:
5875:
5209:
5071:
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4104:
3942:
3883:
In certain cases, ownership may be lost to the public interest. Private real estate may be
3574:
3470:
3285:
3230:
3220:
3198:
3178:
3173:
3133:
3118:
3096:
3059:
3009:
2967:
2957:
2917:
2437:
2402:
2311:
2264:
2109:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1911:
1800:
1755:
1730:
1697:
1401:
1396:
1333:
1328:
1086:
923:
693:
501:
398:
362:
207:
140:
88:
4088:
Private ownership has also been criticized on non-Marxist ethical grounds by advocates of
2427:
1896:
8:
5998:
5686:
5681:
5368:
5282:
5224:
5157:
4609:
4249:
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3952:
3918:
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3784:
3735:
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3465:
3113:
3086:
3029:
2977:
2760:
2532:
2472:
2422:
2195:
2114:
2055:
1988:
1958:
1953:
1921:
1880:
1514:
1436:
1391:
1386:
1253:
1243:
1143:
953:
918:
876:
803:
748:
743:
676:
666:
352:
187:
3963:. Socialists generally argue that private property relations limit the potential of the
3858:
is common in many societies, and the extent to which central administration will pursue
5965:
5289:
5086:
4903:
4864:
4847:
4773:
3613:
3188:
3091:
3004:
2800:
2735:
2635:
2190:
2170:
2007:
1760:
1720:
1597:
1446:
1411:
1198:
1158:
1113:
1033:
988:
968:
808:
768:
639:
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163:
145:
135:
128:
4519:
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5758:
5743:
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5174:
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4736:
4707:
4490:
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4405:
4350:
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4192:
4138:
4006:
4002:
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3926:
3758:
3719:
3678:
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3507:
2780:
2537:
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2442:
2432:
2412:
2232:
2119:
2050:
2012:
1825:
1692:
1559:
1549:
1494:
1416:
1290:
1275:
1153:
1123:
1053:
1043:
978:
661:
413:
393:
180:
173:
168:
4907:
5935:
5927:
5855:
5552:
5492:
5245:
5131:
5121:
5076:
4958:
4895:
4856:
4769:
4325:
4128:
4089:
3987:
3956:
3866:
3865:
Some forms of private property are uniquely identifiable and may be described in a
3839:
3766:
3750:
3639:
Before the 18th century, English speakers generally used the word "property" about
3617:
3423:
3416:
2755:
2705:
2670:
2615:
2522:
2507:
2482:
2417:
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2158:
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2017:
1943:
1931:
1627:
1602:
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1534:
1479:
1456:
1406:
1285:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1133:
973:
963:
958:
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589:
574:
526:
510:
483:
468:
239:
202:
4670:
2675:
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5800:
5790:
5766:
5703:
5569:
5525:
5426:
5126:
5111:
4950:
4944:
4433:
4399:
4344:
4307:
4158:
4148:
4093:
4022:
3983:
3976:
3960:
3946:
3640:
3605:
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3519:
2815:
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2710:
2700:
2680:
2572:
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2512:
2487:
2397:
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2269:
2210:
2070:
2065:
1936:
1837:
1682:
1587:
1544:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1426:
1221:
778:
738:
703:
599:
559:
554:
521:
367:
347:
337:
327:
312:
292:
227:
113:
38:
16:
Legal designation of the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities
5883:
5654:
5637:
5574:
5547:
5530:
5219:
5152:
5116:
5096:
4962:
4954:
4813:
Bhandar, Brenna (2018). "Introduction: Property, Law, and Race in the Colony".
4018:
3934:
3922:
3859:
3819:
3708:
3566:
3487:
3460:
3455:
3428:
3384:
2730:
2665:
2517:
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2457:
2407:
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2175:
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2126:
2000:
1968:
1790:
1775:
1745:
1667:
1163:
1008:
998:
928:
913:
908:
763:
579:
473:
317:
4005:
and socialist politics, a distinction is made between "private property" and "
3616:. As a legal concept, private property is defined and enforced by a country's
2720:
2542:
1529:
6061:
5973:
5940:
5738:
5718:
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5346:
5326:
5267:
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5081:
4988:
4940:
4899:
4340:
4242:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Second Treatise Of Government, by John Locke"
4112:
4107:
4065:
3851:
3792:
3659:
3443:
2765:
2725:
2655:
2625:
2592:
2587:
2567:
2447:
2372:
2284:
2147:
1963:
1780:
1652:
1612:
1484:
1148:
1048:
1028:
813:
798:
604:
594:
584:
569:
549:
478:
322:
244:
155:
118:
108:
98:
3895:
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5921:
5888:
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5805:
5778:
5771:
5753:
5691:
5467:
5421:
5416:
5319:
5304:
5147:
4473:
Property Rights in the
History of Economic Thought: From Locke to J.S. Mill
3972:
3873:
3872:
The rights to a property may be transferred from one "owner" to another. A
3815:
3808:
3770:
3689:
3629:
3477:
2810:
2785:
2715:
2562:
2392:
2382:
2185:
1702:
1642:
1569:
1353:
1128:
1038:
688:
564:
428:
423:
418:
403:
357:
332:
307:
302:
249:
103:
3945:. Private property thus is an important part of capitalization within the
5913:
5713:
5598:
5487:
5462:
5450:
5431:
5314:
5294:
5204:
5101:
4349:. Ideas in Context. Vol. 90. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
4163:
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3823:
3693:
3590:
3578:
2795:
2597:
2582:
2557:
2352:
2337:
2244:
2097:
2045:
1785:
1687:
1607:
1363:
1058:
1013:
983:
938:
753:
708:
671:
649:
644:
257:
232:
3765:
Private property is a legal concept defined and enforced by a country's
3514:
6006:
5893:
5510:
5091:
4868:
4383:
The
Meaning and Definition of "Property" in Seventeenth-Century England
4014:
3995:
3739:
3704:
3667:
3601:
3586:
3433:
3399:
3394:
3064:
2577:
2367:
2342:
2249:
2102:
2082:
1888:
1765:
1474:
1295:
1226:
884:
83:
51:
4793:
Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society
4039:
3975:
between owners and workers and as a component of the development of a
3834:. Under a property-tax system, the government requires or performs an
5907:
5708:
5659:
5642:
5580:
5562:
5336:
5250:
4270:
Zimbalist, Andrew; Sherman, Howard J.; Brown, Stuart (October 1988).
4133:
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3731:
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3723:
3715:
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3655:
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3300:
2502:
2022:
1805:
1795:
1740:
1564:
1499:
1343:
1091:
898:
773:
297:
262:
197:
61:
56:
4860:
4760:
Yunker, James (1977). "The Social Dividend Under Market Socialism".
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5728:
5664:
5477:
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5351:
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5057:
4143:
4116:
3800:
3562:
3438:
3411:
3315:
3106:
2357:
2200:
1632:
1539:
993:
903:
150:
4980:
4704:
The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study
5748:
5542:
5535:
5400:
5196:
5015:
4078:
3644:
2547:
2153:
2087:
1820:
933:
506:
282:
4346:
Thinking about Property: From Antiquity to the Age of Revolution
3799:
that they have caused because they were acting to protect their
5723:
5675:
5444:
5003:
3854:), or whether a historical building may be demolished or not.
3796:
3795:
who argue that they should not be held liable for any loss and
3670:(1632–1704), for example—to address the phenomenon of property
2217:
1832:
828:
634:
4884:"Subversive Property: Reshaping Malleable Spaces of Belonging"
4417:
different actors had different relations to the same property.
4400:
Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011).
4308:
Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011).
5812:
5408:
4516:"Property Rights 101: The Foundation of Capitalism Explained"
3938:
3855:
3804:
3633:
1018:
5026:
3899:
Factories and corporations are considered private property.
3887:
or used for public purposes, for example, to build a road.
5785:
4273:
Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach
5862:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4303:
4301:
4187:
McConnell, Campbell; Brue, Stanley; Flynn, Sean (2009).
3769:. The area of law that deals with the subject is called
4035:
Social ownership § Criticism of private ownership
4845:
Harris, Cheryl (June 1993). "Whiteness as Property".
4298:
4269:
4438:
International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics
3714:In the 19th century, the economist and philosopher
2846:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
4385:, by G. E. Aylmer, 1980. Oxford University Press.
4211:
4186:
4072:lives off passive property income produced by the
6059:
4639:Gewirth, Alan. (1996). The Community of Rights.
4835:. Volume 32, Issue 3, 625–644, Summer 2007. (6)
4790:
4402:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
4310:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
3745:
3822:on the value of a property, usually levied on
5042:
3773:. The enforcement of property law concerning
3573:, which is owned by a state entity, and from
3539:
2871:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
2841:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
1857:
853:
4212:Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (2013).
3561:is a legal designation for the ownership of
4733:Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2
4487:Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2
4214:The Global Economy and its Economic Systems
4191:. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. G-22.
3982:In response to the socialist critique, the
3569:. Private property is distinguishable from
5049:
5035:
4762:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
4730:
4484:
3757:(PP) British period marker in San Martin,
3546:
3532:
1864:
1850:
860:
846:
4934:
4216:. South-Western College Pub. p. 30.
2876:International Federation of Liberal Youth
4428:
4404:. SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 2132.
4324:Private property cannot exist without a
4038:
3894:
3749:
3581:property, which is owned by one or more
4812:
4706:. Oxford University Press. p. 50.
4339:
2856:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
6060:
4881:
4844:
4759:
4701:
4518:. Capitalism Institute. Archived from
3703:, the moral philosopher and economist
3608:based on the private ownership of the
5030:
4808:
4806:
4389:, No. 86 (Feb. 1980), pp. 87–97.
4552:
3600:Private property is foundational to
4513:
4312:. Sage Publications. p. 2132.
2896:Liberal South East European Network
13:
4946:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
4928:
4803:
4774:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1977.tb01728.x
4555:"The Socialist Calculation Debate"
4541:The Political Economy of Socialism
4169:Public domain in French public law
4070:property-owning (capitalist) class
4068:, it represents exploitation. The
14:
6094:
4996:
4276:. Harcourt College Pub. pp.
4239:
4043:Gate with a private property sign
4017:whereas the latter is defined as
3677:In arguing against supporters of
2886:Liberal Network for Latin America
2319:(contributions to liberal theory)
834:Business and economics portal
21:Private property (disambiguation)
6029:
6028:
5014:
5002:
4683:from the original on 1 June 2023
4579:"Property Rights and Capitalism"
3921:(defined as those who support a
3699:In the 18th century, during the
3589:described private property as a
3513:
3501:
1895:
1831:
1819:
827:
4914:from the original on 2023-09-06
4875:
4838:
4825:
4784:
4753:
4724:
4695:
4663:
4646:
4633:
4622:from the original on 2018-11-13
4602:
4591:from the original on 2018-04-22
4571:
4546:
4534:
4507:
4489:. Routledge. pp. 782–783.
4478:
3977:post-capitalist economic system
3869:or a certificate of ownership.
5594:Right of way (property access)
4422:
4392:
4376:
4333:
4263:
4233:
4205:
4180:
3850:may be built on private land (
3807:have generally ruled that the
2260:Separation of church and state
1:
4657:capitalist mode of production
4174:
1623:Critique of political economy
1281:Critique of political economy
729:Commons-based peer production
449:Socialism of the 21st century
5056:
4028:
3746:Legal and real world aspects
1673:Periodizations of capitalism
7:
5900:Two Treatises of Government
4735:. Routledge. p. 1135.
4641:University of Chicago Press
4154:Property rights (economics)
4122:
1369:Simple commodity production
10:
6099:
4963:10.4135/9781412965811.n243
4888:Social & Legal Studies
4815:Colonial Lives of Property
4797:Princeton University Press
4032:
3933:. If the owners must pay
3688:Influenced by the rise of
3623:
1678:Perspectives on capitalism
18:
6024:
5821:
5623:
5503:
5396:
5389:
5238:
5195:
5140:
5064:
4935:Boudreaux, Karol (2008).
4676:Marxists Internet Archive
3890:
3583:non-governmental entities
3483:Sexually liberal feminism
3390:Bias in American academia
2861:European Democratic Party
2317:List of liberal theorists
223:Socialist-oriented market
5952:The Great Transformation
5310:Labor theory of property
4900:10.1177/0964663910372175
4833:Law & Social Inquiry
4731:O'Hara, Phillip (2003).
4485:O'Hara, Phillip (2003).
4440:. Routledge. p. 8.
4436:. In John, Barry (ed.).
4047:Private property in the
3832:real estate transfer tax
3777:property is a matter of
3683:labor theory of property
3612:and their operation for
2142:Labor theory of property
949:Economic interventionism
5521:Forest-dwelling (India)
5483:restraint on alienation
5263:Common good (economics)
3828:real estate transaction
2851:Arab Liberal Federation
2041:Consent of the governed
1618:Criticism of capitalism
5960:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
5734:Primitive accumulation
5589:Right of way (transit)
5374:Tragedy of the commons
5256:fictitious commodities
5019:Quotations related to
5009:Private property signs
4882:Keenan, Sarah (2010).
4702:Arnold, Scott (1994).
4105:critical race theorist
4044:
3909:neoclassical economics
3907:Although contemporary
3900:
3787:is a common method of
3762:
2866:European Liberal Youth
2836:Africa Liberal Network
2061:Economic globalization
1648:Exploitation of labour
1359:Primitive accumulation
6013:The Wealth of Nations
5993:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5985:The Ethics of Liberty
4949:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
4819:Duke University Press
4103:It is also argued by
4042:
4011:socialized production
3898:
3753:
3701:Industrial Revolution
3651:of the 17th century.
3508:Liberalism portal
3380:Anti-authoritarianism
2881:Liberal International
1826:Capitalism portal
1638:Culture of capitalism
1593:Capitalist propaganda
1349:Industrial Revolution
1339:Commercial Revolution
5876:Progress and Poverty
5210:Common-pool resource
5011:at Wikimedia Commons
4957:. pp. 303–304.
4559:economictheories.org
3953:Socialist economists
3595:individual ownership
3565:by non-governmental
2312:Age of Enlightenment
2265:Separation of powers
1801:Right-libertarianism
1731:Classical liberalism
1698:Venture philanthropy
1334:Capitalism and Islam
1329:Age of Enlightenment
924:Capital accumulation
759:Newly industrialized
502:Collective ownership
363:Vertical archipelago
19:For other uses, see
5999:The Social Contract
5687:population transfer
5604:prior-appropriation
5283:homestead principle
4671:"Glossary of Terms"
4049:means of production
3862:varies enormously.
3844:intangible property
3811:may be acceptable.
3785:Defence of property
3736:means of production
3610:means of production
3520:Politics portal
2223:Civil and political
2196:Popular sovereignty
2056:Economic liberalism
1838:Business portal
954:Economic liberalism
944:Competitive markets
744:Inclusive Democracy
5979:Murray N. Rothbard
5290:Free-rider problem
4937:"Private Property"
4848:Harvard Law Review
4610:"Property Law 440"
4522:on 29 October 2012
4115:understandings of
4074:working population
4045:
3973:class distinctions
3901:
3763:
3755:Proprietas Privata
2191:Permissive society
2171:Limited government
1598:Capitalist realism
989:Goods and services
969:Fictitious capital
682:Material balancing
164:Buddhist economics
6073:Political economy
6055:
6054:
5966:What Is Property?
5759:human trafficking
5744:Regulatory taking
5619:
5618:
5364:Right to property
5007:Media related to
4653:Capital, Volume 1
4287:978-0-15-512403-5
4246:www.gutenberg.org
4139:Personal property
4007:personal property
4003:Marxian economics
3965:productive forces
3929:protected by the
3919:Economic liberals
3720:productive forces
3679:absolute monarchy
3654:The issue of the
3649:trading companies
3556:
3555:
3395:Bias in the media
2911:Regional variants
2228:Natural and legal
1874:
1873:
1693:Spontaneous order
1663:History of theory
1306:New institutional
1276:Market monetarism
1211:Economic theories
1044:Supply and demand
979:Free price system
870:
869:
380:By regional model
174:Sabbath economics
6090:
6032:
6031:
5936:John Stuart Mill
5856:Friedrich Engels
5837:Frédéric Bastiat
5830:
5682:Forced migration
5650:Collectivization
5394:
5393:
5273:First possession
5246:Bundle of rights
5051:
5044:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5021:Private property
5018:
5006:
4992:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4855:(8): 1707–1791.
4842:
4836:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4667:
4661:
4650:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4514:Connell, Shaun.
4511:
4505:
4504:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4430:Thompson, Paul B
4426:
4420:
4419:
4396:
4390:
4387:Past and Present
4380:
4374:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4326:political system
4305:
4296:
4295:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4248:. Archived from
4237:
4231:
4230:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4129:Common ownership
4094:Vickrey auctions
4090:market socialism
3988:Ludwig Von Mises
3957:social ownership
3767:political system
3666:(1611–1677) and
3664:James Harrington
3618:political system
3559:Private property
3548:
3541:
3534:
3518:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3424:Economic freedom
3417:Radical centrism
2255:Secular humanism
2181:Natural monopoly
2132:Internationalism
1949:Internationalist
1899:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1628:Critique of work
1603:Capitalist state
1286:Critique of work
1169:Regulated market
1071:Economic systems
1024:Private property
974:Financial market
964:Entrepreneurship
959:Economic surplus
872:
871:
862:
855:
848:
832:
831:
590:Municipalization
575:Financialization
545:Collectivization
527:Social ownership
517:Private property
511:Common ownership
469:Common ownership
283:Closed (autarky)
240:State capitalism
218:Socialist market
203:Market socialist
39:Economic systems
26:
25:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6020:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5767:husband-selling
5704:Illegal logging
5699:Illegal fishing
5628:
5615:
5526:Freedom to roam
5499:
5412:(agrarian land)
5385:
5342:Property rights
5234:
5191:
5153:Estate (landed)
5136:
5060:
5055:
4999:
4973:
4931:
4929:Further reading
4926:
4917:
4915:
4880:
4876:
4861:10.2307/1341787
4843:
4839:
4830:
4826:
4811:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4758:
4754:
4743:
4729:
4725:
4714:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4561:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4512:
4508:
4497:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4464:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4427:
4423:
4412:
4397:
4393:
4381:
4377:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4338:
4334:
4320:
4306:
4299:
4288:
4268:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4252:on May 30, 2024
4238:
4234:
4224:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4159:Public property
4149:Property income
4125:
4037:
4031:
3984:Austrian School
3961:public property
3893:
3748:
3626:
3606:economic system
3571:public property
3552:
3512:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3169:North Macedonia
2913:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2891:Liberal parties
2829:
2821:
2820:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2292:State of nature
2280:Social services
2270:Social contract
2233:To own property
2036:
2028:
2027:
1907:
1870:
1830:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1683:Post-capitalism
1588:Anti-capitalism
1583:
1575:
1574:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1194:State-sponsored
1072:
1064:
1063:
929:Capital markets
894:
866:
826:
819:
818:
784:Post-industrial
779:Post-capitalist
739:Hunter-gatherer
724:
716:
715:
630:
622:
621:
600:Nationalization
560:Demutualization
555:Corporatization
540:
532:
531:
522:State ownership
497:
489:
488:
464:
456:
455:
381:
373:
372:
343:Robinson Crusoe
278:
277:By coordination
270:
269:
254:Traditionalist
114:Neomercantilist
74:
66:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6068:Private sector
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6037:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5891:
5886:
5884:Garrett Hardin
5881:
5880:
5879:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5833:
5831:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5761:
5756:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5655:Eminent domain
5652:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5638:Bioprospecting
5634:
5632:
5630:redistribution
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5406:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5334:
5332:Natural rights
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5012:
4998:
4997:External links
4995:
4994:
4993:
4972:978-1412965804
4971:
4955:Cato Institute
4941:Hamowy, Ronald
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4894:(4): 423–439.
4874:
4837:
4824:
4802:
4783:
4752:
4741:
4723:
4713:978-0195088274
4712:
4694:
4662:
4645:
4632:
4601:
4570:
4545:
4533:
4506:
4495:
4477:
4462:
4447:978-1135554033
4446:
4421:
4411:978-1412959636
4410:
4391:
4375:
4356:978-1139468411
4355:
4341:Garnsey, Peter
4332:
4319:978-1412959636
4318:
4297:
4286:
4262:
4232:
4223:978-1285055350
4222:
4204:
4198:978-0073375694
4197:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4030:
4027:
4023:land ownership
4019:consumer goods
3935:property taxes
3923:private sector
3913:natural rights
3892:
3889:
3860:property crime
3820:ad valorem tax
3759:St. Paul's Bay
3747:
3744:
3709:natural rights
3641:land ownership
3625:
3622:
3567:legal entities
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:Utilitarianism
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3461:Libertarianism
3458:
3456:Land value tax
3453:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Egalitarianism
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Anti-communism
3382:
3376:
3374:Related topics
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3328:Arizona School
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3296:United Kingdom
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Wollstonecraft
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2275:Social justice
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Market economy
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2137:Invisible hand
2134:
2129:
2127:Harm principle
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Ordoliberalism
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Market economy
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:Related topics
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:State monopoly
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Liberalization
1006:
1001:
999:Invisible hand
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
914:Businessperson
911:
909:Business cycle
906:
901:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
881:
880:
868:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
794:Resource-based
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
691:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
659:
658:
657:
652:
647:
637:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:Liberalization
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
504:
498:
496:Property types
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
445:Latin America
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
408:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
252:
247:
242:
237:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
185:
184:
183:
178:
177:
176:
166:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
81:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
65:
64:
59:
54:
48:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6095:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:Categories:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:David Ricardo
5972:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:Elinor Ostrom
5939:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:Privatization
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:Legal plunder
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5671:
5670:Expropriation
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5404:(watercourse)
5403:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:primogeniture
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Legal plunder
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:appropriation
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Excludability
5266:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4798:
4795:. Princeton:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4768:(1): 93–133.
4767:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4636:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4587:
4580:
4574:
4560:
4556:
4553:ZERA (2013).
4549:
4542:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4434:"agriculture"
4431:
4425:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4370:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:Locke, John.
4236:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4108:Cheryl Harris
4106:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:working class
4062:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4041:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:building code
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3830:, such as in
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:justification
3786:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:(1588–1679),
3661:
3660:Thomas Hobbes
3657:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:Individualism
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:United States
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
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2169:
2165:
2162:
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2149:
2148:Laissez-faire
2145:
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2138:
2135:
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2128:
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2019:
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2014:
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1781:Neoliberalism
1779:
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1769:
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1764:
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1754:
1752:
1749:
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1726:Authoritarian
1724:
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1653:Globalization
1651:
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1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
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1613:Crisis theory
1611:
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1469:Intellectuals
1466:
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1457:Technological
1455:
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1249:Institutional
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1125:
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1120:
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1109:
1108:Laissez-faire
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Authoritarian
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Surplus value
1047:
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1032:
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1029:Privatization
1027:
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790:
789:Post-scarcity
787:
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765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
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750:
747:
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734:Expeditionary
732:
730:
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611:
610:Socialization
608:
606:
605:Privatization
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:Mutualization
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Marketization
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Expropriation
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
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551:
550:Communization
548:
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536:
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321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
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296:
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291:
289:
288:Decentralized
286:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Social credit
243:
241:
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216:
214:
213:Participatory
211:
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152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
124:Social market
122:
120:
119:Protectionist
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
99:Laissez-faire
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
70:
69:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
6083:Property law
6040:Property law
6011:
5997:
5983:
5964:
5950:
5946:Karl Polanyi
5926:
5922:Marcel Mauss
5912:
5898:
5889:David Harvey
5874:
5870:Henry George
5860:
5851:Ronald Coase
5841:
5826:
5772:wife selling
5754:bride buying
5692:repatriation
5674:
5625:Disposession
5579:
5468:Property law
5443:
5439:Forest types
5409:
5401:
5390:Applications
5320:rent-seeking
5305:Gift economy
5163:Intellectual
5106:
5023:at Wikiquote
4945:
4916:. Retrieved
4891:
4887:
4877:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4814:
4792:
4786:
4777:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4746:
4732:
4726:
4717:
4703:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4674:
4665:
4652:
4648:
4635:
4624:. Retrieved
4604:
4593:. Retrieved
4573:
4562:. Retrieved
4558:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4520:the original
4509:
4500:
4486:
4480:
4472:
4457:
4451:. Retrieved
4437:
4424:
4415:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4360:. Retrieved
4345:
4335:
4323:
4309:
4291:
4272:
4265:
4254:. Retrieved
4250:the original
4245:
4235:
4227:
4213:
4207:
4188:
4182:
4102:
4098:
4087:
4063:
4058:exploitation
4046:
4000:
3993:
3981:
3951:
3917:
3906:
3902:
3882:
3874:transfer tax
3871:
3864:
3848:
3816:property tax
3813:
3809:use of force
3783:
3778:
3774:
3771:property law
3764:
3754:
3713:
3698:
3690:mercantilism
3687:
3676:
3653:
3638:
3630:Plimpton 322
3627:
3599:
3558:
3557:
3478:Pirate Party
3338:Jeffersonian
3246:South Africa
2736:Lloyd George
2331:Philosophers
2238:To bear arms
2205:
2186:Open society
2146:
1917:Conservative
1703:Wage slavery
1643:Evergreening
1354:Mercantilism
1301:Neoclassical
1129:Mercantilist
1106:
1039:Rent seeking
1023:
1004:Visible hand
699:Peer-to-peer
694:Self-managed
629:Coordination
565:Deregulation
516:
250:Distributist
104:Mercantilist
5914:Das Kapital
5801:progressive
5791:inheritance
5714:Land reform
5488:real estate
5463:Land tenure
5451:Inheritance
5379:anticommons
5315:Law of rent
5295:Game theory
5225:Information
5205:Common land
5102:Cooperative
4164:Rule of law
3885:confiscated
3878:inheritance
3824:real estate
3694:common land
3591:Natural Law
3579:cooperative
3306:Gladstonian
3266:Switzerland
3251:South Korea
3194:Philippines
3154:New Zealand
3149:Netherlands
2806:Verhofstadt
2801:Balcerowicz
2610:Politicians
2538:Collingwood
2478:Tocqueville
2353:Montesquieu
2245:Rule of law
2046:Due process
1786:Objectivism
1771:Libertarian
1688:Speculation
1608:Consumerism
1442:Progressive
1381:Development
1364:Physiocracy
1311:Supply-side
1119:Libertarian
1097:Free-market
1077:Anglo-Saxon
1059:Wage labour
1014:Marginalism
984:Free market
939:Corporation
804:Traditional
754:Manorialism
749:Information
723:Other types
709:Open access
672:Cybernetics
414:Anglo-Saxon
399:Singaporean
358:Underground
353:Subsistence
258:Corporatist
233:Syndicalist
193:Communalist
79:Associative
73:By ideology
46:Major types
6062:Categories
6045:by country
6007:Adam Smith
5894:John Locke
5558:indigenous
5553:aboriginal
5473:alienation
5168:indigenous
5158:Intangible
5072:Collective
4981:2008009151
4918:2023-06-23
4742:0415241871
4626:2018-09-28
4595:2018-03-18
4564:2020-03-21
4526:25 October
4496:0415241871
4453:2014-08-05
4362:2018-08-28
4256:2024-05-31
4175:References
4054:alienation
4033:See also:
4015:wage labor
3996:capitalism
3986:economist
3969:capitalist
3943:collateral
3793:defendants
3740:capitalism
3705:Adam Smith
3668:John Locke
3602:capitalism
3587:John Locke
3575:collective
3434:Empiricism
3405:Democratic
3400:Capitalism
3311:Manchester
3144:Montenegro
3129:Luxembourg
3065:Venizelism
2995:Costa Rica
2250:Secularism
2083:Federalism
2035:Principles
1927:Democratic
1889:Liberalism
1766:Liberalism
1751:Humanistic
1736:Democratic
1715:Ideologies
1550:Schumpeter
1296:Monetarist
1227:Chartalism
1174:Regulatory
1149:Neoliberal
1102:Humanistic
885:Capitalism
809:Transition
769:Plantation
677:Indicative
539:Transition
389:East Asian
160:Religious
136:Democratic
109:Neoliberal
94:Democratic
84:Capitalist
52:Capitalism
5908:Karl Marx
5709:Land Back
5660:Enclosure
5643:biopiracy
5581:Bergregal
5563:squatting
5337:Ownership
5251:Commodity
5230:Knowledge
5141:By nature
5097:Customary
5087:Community
4989:750831024
4398:Compare:
4293:product).
4189:Economics
4134:Enclosure
4083:feudalism
4029:Criticism
3931:landowner
3836:appraisal
3781:expense.
3732:anarchist
3728:socialist
3724:communist
3716:Karl Marx
3672:ownership
3656:enclosure
3449:Anarchist
3357:Venezuela
3333:Classical
3301:Cobdenism
3204:Cracovian
3159:Nicaragua
3124:Lithuania
2983:Hong Kong
2938:Australia
2776:Roosevelt
2746:StĂĄhlberg
2741:Venizelos
2696:Sarmiento
2686:Gladstone
2646:Lamartine
2616:Jefferson
2468:Martineau
2418:De Gouges
2403:Condorcet
2388:Priestley
2051:Democracy
2023:Third Way
1984:Christian
1979:Religious
1912:Classical
1806:Third Way
1796:Privatism
1756:Inclusive
1741:Dirigisme
1535:von Mises
1422:Illiberal
1402:Corporate
1397:Community
1344:Feudalism
1254:Keynesian
1244:Classical
1087:Corporate
899:Austerity
774:Plutonomy
655:Regulated
484:Voluntary
410:European
263:Feudalism
208:Mutualist
198:Communist
188:Socialist
169:Christian
89:Corporate
62:Communism
57:Socialism
6078:Property
6035:Property
5928:The Gift
5827:key work
5822:Scholars
5806:property
5763:spousal
5729:Poaching
5665:Eviction
5609:riparian
5570:Littoral
5478:easement
5456:executor
5427:literary
5352:usufruct
5300:Georgism
5180:Tangible
5175:Personal
5082:Communal
5065:By owner
5058:Property
4912:Archived
4908:73565524
4681:Archived
4643:. p. 168
4617:Archived
4586:Archived
4432:(2014).
4369:Republic
4343:(2007).
4144:Property
4123:See also
4117:land law
3801:property
3791:used by
3563:property
3439:Humanism
3412:Centrism
3362:Zimbabwe
3316:Whiggism
3276:Thailand
3241:Slovenia
3236:Slovakia
3211:Portugal
3184:Paraguay
3107:Liberism
3072:Honduras
2990:Colombia
2963:Bulgaria
2756:Rathenau
2731:Milyukov
2651:Macaulay
2621:Kołłątaj
2593:Kymlicka
2573:Friedman
2518:Cassirer
2508:Hobhouse
2443:Constant
2438:Humboldt
2398:Beccaria
2363:Rousseau
2358:Voltaire
2201:Property
2164:Positive
2159:Negative
2115:Religion
2093:Economic
2066:Equality
1989:Catholic
1959:National
1954:Muscular
1932:Feminist
1922:Cultural
1881:a series
1879:Part of
1633:Cronyism
1545:Rothbard
1520:Marshall
1505:Friedman
1437:Merchant
1392:Consumer
1387:Advanced
1222:Austrian
1217:American
1144:National
1139:Monopoly
1092:Dirigist
994:Investor
904:Business
893:Concepts
877:a series
875:Part of
662:Planning
313:Informal
298:Dirigist
151:Georgist
146:Feminist
31:a series
29:Part of
5843:The Law
5749:Slavery
5575:Mineral
5543:Hunting
5536:pannage
5531:Grazing
5516:Fishing
5402:Acequia
5369:Rivalry
5357:women's
5215:Digital
5197:Commons
5132:Unowned
5107:Private
4943:(ed.).
4869:1341787
4687:2 March
4113:Western
4079:slavery
3947:economy
3775:private
3761:, Malta
3645:England
3624:History
3352:Uruguay
3291:Ukraine
3281:Tunisia
3226:Senegal
3216:Romania
3164:Nigeria
3139:Moldova
3082:Iceland
3077:Hungary
3055:Germany
3050:Georgia
3040:Finland
3035:Estonia
3025:Ecuador
3020:Denmark
3015:Czechia
3000:Croatia
2953:Bolivia
2948:Belgium
2943:Austria
2933:Armenia
2928:Albania
2796:Jenkins
2791:Kennedy
2781:Pearson
2766:Einaudi
2751:Gokhale
2711:Itagaki
2706:Naoroji
2701:Mommsen
2681:Lincoln
2671:Mazzini
2656:Kossuth
2641:Broglie
2636:BolĂvar
2631:Artigas
2626:Madison
2488:Spencer
2473:Emerson
2463:Bastiat
2448:Ricardo
2408:Bentham
2348:Spinoza
2305:History
2206:Private
2154:Liberty
2088:Freedom
2008:Secular
1996:Islamic
1974:Radical
1906:Schools
1761:Liberal
1721:Anarcho
1658:History
1490:Malthus
1485:Ricardo
1447:Rentier
1432:Marxist
1412:Finance
1323:Origins
1291:Marxist
1239:Chicago
1199:Welfare
1159:Private
1114:Liberal
934:Company
919:Capital
704:Sharing
667:In kind
615:Marxist
507:Commons
474:Private
463:Sectors
434:Rhenish
404:Keralan
394:Chinese
368:Virtual
348:Sharing
338:Planned
328:Natural
293:Digital
181:Islamic
141:Fascist
129:Welfare
5724:Piracy
5676:Farhud
5504:Rights
5445:Huerta
5417:Estate
5239:Theory
5220:Global
5122:Social
5112:Public
5077:Common
4987:
4979:
4969:
4906:
4867:
4739:
4710:
4493:
4444:
4408:
4353:
4316:
4284:
4220:
4195:
3941:or as
3891:Theory
3818:is an
3805:Courts
3797:injury
3779:public
3738:—with
3730:, and
3614:profit
3345:Modern
3286:Turkey
3271:Taiwan
3261:Sweden
3231:Serbia
3221:Russia
3199:Poland
3179:Panama
3174:Norway
3134:Mexico
3119:Latvia
3097:Israel
3060:Greece
3045:France
3010:Cyprus
2968:Canada
2958:Brazil
2918:Europe
2816:Macron
2761:Madero
2726:Deakin
2716:Levski
2691:Cavour
2676:Juárez
2666:Cobden
2598:Badawi
2588:Nozick
2568:Berlin
2558:Popper
2533:Keynes
2528:Ortega
2493:Arnold
2453:Guizot
2413:Korais
2378:Turgot
2338:Milton
2218:Rights
2211:Public
2120:Speech
2098:Market
2071:Gender
2018:Techno
2013:Social
2001:Jewish
1937:Equity
1560:Weaver
1555:Veblen
1530:Walras
1525:Pareto
1515:Keynes
1417:Global
1184:Social
1154:Nordic
1124:Market
1034:Profit
764:Palace
640:Market
635:Barter
479:Public
439:Soviet
424:Nordic
419:German
385:Asian
318:Market
5813:Theft
5599:Water
5493:title
5422:legal
5410:Ejido
5148:Croft
5127:State
5092:Crown
4939:. In
4904:S2CID
4865:JSTOR
4620:(PDF)
4613:(PDF)
4589:(PDF)
4582:(PDF)
3939:trade
3927:value
3867:title
3856:Theft
3643:. In
3634:Plato
3604:, an
3471:Right
3256:Spain
3114:Japan
3102:Italy
3087:India
3030:Egypt
2978:China
2973:Chile
2811:Obama
2786:Ohlin
2721:Kemal
2578:Rawls
2553:Hayek
2543:ÄŚapek
2523:Mises
2513:Croce
2503:Weber
2498:Acton
2428:Staël
2393:Paine
2383:Burke
2368:Smith
2343:Locke
2110:Press
2103:Trade
2076:Legal
1944:Green
1570:Coase
1565:Weber
1510:Hayek
1475:Smith
1407:Crony
1269:Post-
1189:State
1179:Rhine
1134:Mixed
1054:Value
1019:Money
814:World
799:Token
689:Price
429:Dutch
323:Mixed
228:State
156:Green
5796:poll
5779:wage
5548:Land
5432:real
5185:real
5117:Self
4985:OCLC
4977:LCCN
4967:ISBN
4951:Sage
4737:ISBN
4708:ISBN
4689:2017
4528:2012
4491:ISBN
4442:ISBN
4406:ISBN
4351:ISBN
4314:ISBN
4282:ISBN
4218:ISBN
4193:ISBN
4081:and
4056:and
4013:and
3840:land
3466:Left
3189:Peru
3092:Iran
3005:Cuba
2771:King
2661:Deák
2563:Aron
2483:Mill
2458:List
2373:Kant
1969:Ordo
1540:Rand
1500:Marx
1480:Mill
1427:Late
1259:Neo-
650:Open
645:Free
333:Open
308:Gift
303:Dual
5786:Tax
5511:Air
4959:doi
4896:doi
4857:doi
4853:106
4770:doi
4278:6–7
4001:In
3994:In
3959:or
3577:or
2583:Sen
2433:Say
1964:Neo
1776:Neo
1746:Eco
1495:Say
1264:New
1232:MMT
1164:Raw
6064::
4983:.
4975:.
4965:.
4953:;
4910:.
4902:.
4892:19
4890:.
4886:.
4863:.
4851:.
4817:.
4805:^
4776:.
4766:48
4764:.
4745:.
4716:.
4679:.
4673:.
4615:.
4584:.
4557:.
4499:.
4465:^
4456:.
4414:.
4365:.
4322:.
4300:^
4290:.
4280:.
4244:.
4226:.
4119:.
4085:.
4025:.
3979:.
3949:.
3880:.
3846:.
3803:.
3742:.
3726:,
3674:.
3636:.
3620:.
3597:.
3585:.
2548:Hu
1883:on
879:on
33:on
5829:)
5825:(
5627:/
5050:e
5043:t
5036:v
4991:.
4961::
4921:.
4898::
4871:.
4859::
4821:.
4799:.
4772::
4691:.
4629:.
4598:.
4567:.
4530:.
4371:.
4259:.
4201:.
3547:e
3540:t
3533:v
1865:e
1858:t
1851:v
861:e
854:t
847:v
513:)
509:(
23:.
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