Deregulation - Knowledge

444: 234: 20: 220:, besides allowing up to 100% of foreign capital on Brazilian air companies and giving more protection to state-owned enterprises from political pressure. Bolsonaro administration also promoted deregulations (even the expression "Bolsonomics" was created), such as Economic Freedom Law, Natural Gas Law, Basic Sanitation Legal Framework, besides allowing the direct sale of ethanol by fuel stations and opening rail transport industry to private investment. and deregulating the use of foreign currency. 1286: 270: 914:. These acts were less thoroughgoing than the legislation dealing with U.S. domestic transportation, in that they left in place the "conference" system in international ocean liner shipping, which historically embodied cartel mechanisms. However, these acts permitted independent rate-making by conference participants, and the 1998 Act permitted secret contract rates, which tend to undercut collective carrier pricing. According to the 470:

result, New Zealand, went from having a reputation as an almost socialist country to being considered one of the most business-friendly countries of the world, next to Singapore. However, critics charge that the deregulation has brought little benefit to some sections of society, and has caused much of New Zealand's economy (including almost all of the banks) to become foreign-owned.

42:. It became common in advanced industrial economies in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new trends in economic thinking about the inefficiencies of government regulation, and the risk that regulatory agencies would be controlled by the regulated industry to its benefit, and thereby hurt consumers and the wider economy. Economic regulations were promoted during the 581:". This required government departments to review, simplify or abolish existing regulations, and a "one in, one out" approach to new regulations. In 1997, Chancellor Brown announced the "freeing" of the Bank of England to set monetary policy, so the Bank was no longer under direct government control. In 2006, new primary legislation (the 1078:

there exists substantial concern about concentration of media ownership resulting from relaxation of historic controls on media ownership designed to safeguard diversity of viewpoint and open discussion in the society, and about what some perceive as high prices in cable company offerings at this point.

636:. Industries then use regulation to serve their own interests, at the expense of the consumer. A similar pattern has been seen with the deregulation process itself, often effectively controlled by regulated industries through lobbying. Such political forces, however, exist in many other forms for other 1376:

the obvious and simple system of natural liberty establishes itself of its own accord. Every man...is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest in his own way.... The sovereign is completely discharged from a duty no human wisdom or knowledge could ever be sufficient; the duty of superintending

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is of the opinion that deregulation is responsible for increasing price volatility on the commodity market. This particularly affects people and economies in developing countries. More and more homogenization of financial institution which may also be a result of deregulation turns out to be a major

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era. This deregulation put into place a division of labor between the studios and the networks. Communications in the United States (and internationally) are areas in which both technology and regulatory policy have been in flux. The rapid development of computer and communications technology –

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finance reform based on accrual accounting; tax neutrality; subsidy-free agriculture; and industry-neutral competition regulation. Economic growth was resumed in 1991. New Zealand was changed from a somewhat closed and centrally controlled economy to one of the most open economies in the OECD. As a

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Many economists have concluded that a trend towards deregulation will increase economic welfare long-term and a sustainable free market system. Regarding the electricity market, contemporary academic Adam Thierer, "The first step toward creating a free market in electricity is to repeal the federal

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programs have sprung up in several states, as well as the District of Columbia. Natural Gas Choice programs allow residential and small volume natural gas users to compare purchases from natural gas suppliers with traditional utility companies. There are currently hundreds of federally unregulated

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in transport markets and promote more independent, competitive pricing among transport service providers, substituting the freed-up competitive market forces for detailed regulatory control of entry, exit, and price making in transport markets. Thus deregulation arose, though regulations to promote

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The current status is a partially regulated structure in which consumers have received a capped price for a portion of the publicly owned generation. The remainder has been at market price and there are numerous competing energy contract providers. However, Ontario is installing Smart Meters in all

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operate in some of these jurisdictions, particularly Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. The other provinces are small markets and have not attracted suppliers. Customers have the choice of purchasing from a local distribution company (LDC) or a deregulated supplier. In most provinces the LDC is

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finally collapsed and were exposed. After the collapse, regulators in the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) were finally allowed to file thousands of criminal complaints that led to over a thousand felony convictions of key Savings and Loan

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and Congress appear to be attempting to facilitate this evolution. In mainstream economic thinking, development of this competition would militate against detailed regulatory control of prices and service offerings, and hence favor deregulation of prices and entry into markets. On the other hand,

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has deregulated its electricity provision. Customers are free to choose which company they sign up with, but there are few companies to choose from and the consumer price of electricity has increased substantially as it has in all other Canadian provinces.. Consumers may choose to remain with the

3350:. This comprehensive study indicating, among other things, that transport deregulation reduced distribution costs in the United States from about 14% of gross domestic product to under 11% (If this measure is selected, current dollar savings can be calculated by multiplying current GDP by @3%). 1341:

The deregulation movement of the late 20th century had substantial economic effects and engendered substantial controversy. The movement was based on intellectual perspectives which prescribed substantial scope for market forces, and opposing perspectives have been in play in national and

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However, some existing taxi drivers were unhappy with the change, as they had invested up to €100,000 to purchase licenses from existing holders, and regarded them as assets. In October 2013 they brought a test case in the High Court for damages. Their claim was dismissed two years later.

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Sharon Beder, a writer with PR Watch, wrote "Electricity deregulation was supposed to bring cheaper electricity prices and more choice of suppliers to householders. Instead it has brought wildly volatile wholesale prices and undermined the reliability of the electricity supply."

465:. The policies had the goal of liberalizing the economy and were notable for their very comprehensive coverage and innovations. Specific policies included: floating the exchange rate; establishing an independent reserve bank; performance contracts for senior civil servants; 179:

announced the policy of "Minimum Effective Regulation" in 1986. This introduced now-familiar requirements for "regulatory impact statements", but compliance by governmental agencies took many years. The labor market under the Hawke/Keating governments operated under the

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particularly the Internet – have increased the size and variety of communications offerings. Wireless, traditional landline telephone, and cable companies increasingly invade each other's traditional markets and compete across a broad spectrum of activities. The

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These were the major deregulation acts in transportation that set the general conceptual and legislative framework, which replaced the regulatory systems put in place between the 1880s and the 1930s. The dominant common theme of these Acts was to lessen

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The proposal addressed both rail and truck transportation, but not air carriage. (92d Congress, Senate Bill 2842) The developers of this legislation in this Administration sought to cultivate support from commercial buyers of transportation services,

1477:, whose massive political campaign contributions were used successfully to further remove regulatory oversight. The combination substantially delayed effective governmental action, thereby substantially increasing the losses when the fraudulent 882:

led him to promote the deregulation of finance, agriculture, and transportation. A series of substantial enactments were needed to work out the process of encouraging competition in transportation. Interstate buses were addressed in 1982, in the

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is a parallel development alongside deregulation. Regulatory reform refers to organized and ongoing programs to review regulations with a view to minimizing, simplifying, and making them more cost effective. Such efforts, given impetus by the

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began deregulation of electricity supply in 2002, but pulled back temporarily due to voter and consumer backlash at the resulting price volatility. The government is still searching for a stable working regulatory framework.

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of 1999 repealed part of the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933, removing barriers in the market that prohibited any one institution from acting as any combination of an investment bank, a commercial bank, and an insurance company.

776:, were active in holding seminars and publishing studies advocating deregulatory initiatives throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Cornell economist Alfred E. Kahn played a central role in both theorizing and participating in the 372:

Natural gas is deregulated in most of the country, with the exception of some Atlantic provinces and some pockets like Vancouver Island and Medicine Hat. Most of this deregulation happened in the mid-1980s.

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Scholars who theorize that deregulation is beneficial to society often cite what is known as the Iron Law of Regulation, which states that all regulation eventually leads to a net loss in social welfare.

809:, economists, and environmental organization leaders. This 'civil society' coalition became a template for coalitions influential in efforts to deregulate trucking and air transport later in the decade. 1137:(LTCM) crisis, each of which necessitated major bailouts, and the derivatives scandals of 1994. These warning signs were ignored as financial deregulating continued, even in view of the inadequacy of 1098:

and in the political establishment and influenced the ideology of political institutions to press for more and more deregulation. Among the most important of the regulatory changes was the

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Administration and was forwarded to Congress in late 1971. This proposal was initiated and developed by an interagency group that included the Council of Economic Advisors (represented by

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and Thomas Gale Moore), White House Office of Consumer Affairs (represented by Jack Pearce), Department of Justice, Department of Transportation, Department of Labor, and other agencies.

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homes and small businesses and is changing the pricing structure to Time of Use pricing. All small volume consumers were scheduled to shift to the new rate structure by the end of 2012.

911: 748:. However, historians lack consensus in describing the causal relationship between various events and the role of government economic policy in causing or ameliorating the Depression. 837:– aided by economic adviser Alfred E. Kahn – devoted substantial effort to transportation deregulation, and worked with Congressional and civil society leaders to pass the 1482:

insiders. By contrast, between 2007 and 2010, the OCC and OTS combined made zero criminal referrals; Black concluded that elite financial fraud has effectively been decriminalized.

1782: 2946: 891:. As many states continued to regulate the operations of motor carriers within their own state, the intrastate aspect of the trucking and bus industries was addressed in the 1191: 1099: 943:

natural gas suppliers operating in the US. Regulation characteristics of Natural Gas Choice programs vary between the laws of the currently adoptive 21 states (as of 2008).

1914: 603:. But a great deal of infrastructure and maintenance work previously carried out by government departments was contracted out (outsourced) to private enterprise under the 1170: 1993: 1184: 822: 1751: 1940: 589:(RROs) to deal with older laws which they deem to be out of date, obscure or irrelevant. This act has often been criticized and was described in Parliament by 1617: 670: 159:

with Argentina, claiming that both were experiencing economic collapse due to excessive deregulation. Two months later, Herbert Inhaber claimed that Krugman

744:'s Administration. In supporting his competition-limiting regulatory initiatives President Roosevelt blamed the excesses of big business for causing an 2049: 950:

eliminated obstacles for wholesale electricity competition, but deregulation has yet to be introduced in all states. As of April 2014, 16 U.S. states (

888: 3271: 66:, and to mitigate boom and bust cycles. Around the late 1970s, such reforms were deemed burdensome on economic growth and many politicians espousing 1394:

and deregulation cite the benefits of regulation, and believe that certain regulations do not distort markets and allow companies to continue to be

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presidency, with the allied interests, secured passage of the first significant change in regulatory policy in a pro-competitive direction, in the

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The stated rationale for deregulation is often that fewer and simpler regulations will lead to raised levels of competitiveness, therefore higher

3538: 3394: 918:, in an assessment in 2001, this appears to have opened up substantial competitive activity in ocean shipping, with beneficial economic results. 669:(the destruction and banning of monopolies), the creation of laws protecting the American consumer, the creation of a federal income tax (by the 1841: 558:). The feature of all those privatizations was that their shares were offered to the general public. This continued under Thatcher's successor 2742: 1967: 3339: 2682: 607:, with competitive bidding for contracts within a regulatory framework. This included large projects such as building new hospitals for the 1163: 1114:

Such deregulation of the financial sector in the United States fostered greater risktaking by finance sector firms through the creation of

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Evans, Lewis; Grimes, Arthur; Wilkinson, Bryce; Teece, David (1996). "Economic Reform in New Zealand 1984-95: The Pursuit of Efficiency".

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not allowed to offer a term contract, just a variable price based on the spot market. LDC prices are changed either monthly or quarterly.

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Since the deregulation of the postal sector, different postal operators can install mail collection boxes in New Zealand's streets.

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Armstrong, J. Scott; Green, Kesten C. (October 2013). "Effects of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility policies".

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is frequently used in such reviews. In addition, there have been regulatory innovations, usually suggested by economists, such as

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Daly, Herman; Goodland, Robert (1994). "An ecological-economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under GATT".

768:, and others. The new ideas were widely embraced by both liberals and conservatives. Two leading think tanks in Washington, the 458: 2895: 38:

is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically in the economic sphere. It is the repeal of governmental

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instituted regulation on parts of the American economy, most notably big business and industry. Some prominent reforms were

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and environmental quality standards (such as the removal of regulations on hazardous materials), financial uncertainty, and

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The movement toward greater reliance on market forces has been closely related to the growth of economic and institutional

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on October 24, 1978 – the first federal government regulatory regime, since the 1930s, to be completely dismantled.

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Examples of deregulated industries in the United States are banking, telecommunications, airlines, and natural resources.

1759: 1447:(e.g., ensuring poorer areas where profit margins are lower are also provided with electricity and health services); and, 1377:

the industry of private people, and of directing it towards the employments most suitable to the interest of the society.

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One problem that encouraged deregulation was the way in which regulated industries often come to control the government

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they take. Thus, the greater risktaking allowed by deregulation and encouraged by the bailout paved the way for the

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New Zealand Governments adopted policies of extensive deregulation from 1984 to 1995. Originally initiated by the

3224: 1150: 733: 3240: 1050:) began the process of electricity deregulation in some capacity but have since suspended deregulation efforts. 3335: 1514: 1247: 1059: 604: 291: 1623: 1402:, appropriate regulation is argued by some to be "crucial to realise the benefits of service liberalisation". 1398:, or according to some, grow in competition. Much as the state plays an important role through issues such as 478:

Russia went through wide-ranging deregulation (and concomitant privatization) efforts in the late 1990s under

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campaigned on the promise of rolling back environmental regulations. His devotion to the economic beliefs of

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in 2000, and the price of a license dropped overnight to €5,000. The number of taxis increased dramatically.

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required local government to compete with the private sector in delivering services. Other steps included

77:, more efficiency and lower prices overall. Opposition to deregulation may involve apprehension regarding 4063: 4013: 3553: 3128: 3110: 2715: 1889: 1430: 1267: 757: 374: 302: 2564: 2137: 1994:"Novo limite para dinheiro em viagens e transferências para e do exterior; entenda o novo marco cambial" 3720: 1807: 1205: 938:

in the United States. After adoption of this federal legislation, numerous state legislation known as

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was a regulating law, consisting of a mix of regulations and deregulation, which passed in response to

732:(which was struck down by the Supreme Court), regulation of trucking, airlines and communications, the 490:), with railroads and communal utilities tied in second place. Deregulation of the natural gas sector ( 217: 189: 148: 93: 2529:"Economist Alfred Kahn, 'father of airline deregulation' and former presidential adviser, dies at 93," 1068:

Deregulation was put into effect in the communications industry by the government at the start of the

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as shown by the financial collapses and bailout. The 1998 bailout of LTCM sent the signal to large "

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The first comprehensive proposal to deregulate a major industry, transportation, originated in the

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The contribution of services to development and the role of trade liberalisation and regulation

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in the U.S. has been considerably deregulated in recent decades, which has allowed for greater

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Amendment 23 to the proposed Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions

615:. These were never privatized by public offer, but instead by tendering commercial interests. 4023: 3998: 3983: 3914: 3899: 3734: 3700: 3623: 3608: 3493: 3408: 3232: 3156: 3093: 3055: 2796: 2635: 2510: 2382: 2207: 1783:"Temer assina MP que libera até 100% de capital estrangeiro em companhias aéreas brasileiras" 1368: 806: 798: 777: 769: 725: 3618: 3640: 3603: 3478: 3443: 1519: 1118: 1115: 1015: 907: 3503: 2585: 2332: 327: 8: 4078: 3953: 3948: 3833: 3665: 3635: 3448: 3428: 3361: 3091:

Moore, Thomas Gale (November–December 1988), "Rail and Truck Reform: The Record So Far",

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Exploitation Conservation Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Green, Kesten (December 2012). "Should government force companies to be responsible?".

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Jump, Jive an' Reform Regulation: How Washington Can Take a Swing at Regulatory Reform

1413:(e.g., by ensuring new energy providers have competitive access to the national grid); 1304: 23:

As a result of deregulation of telecommunications in New Zealand, France Télécom (now

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Safe as Houses: Private Greed, Political Negligence and Housing Policy After Grenfell

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says that inappropriate deregulation helped create a criminogenic environment in the

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and protect consumer savings from excessive risk-taking by financial institutions.

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Ocean transportation was the last to be addressed. This was done in two acts, the

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The Man Who Sold the World: Ronald Reagan and the Betrayal of Main Street America

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of 1980, are embodied in the United States Office of Management and Budget's

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Kahn, Alfred (1990). "Deregulation: Looking Backward and Looking Forward".

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of 1982. Freight forwarders (freight aggregators) got more freedoms in the

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A Five-Point Checklist For Successful Electricity Deregulation Legislation

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Competition and Chaos – U.S. Telecommunications Since the 1996 Telecom Act

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Deregulation gained momentum in the 1970s, influenced by research by the

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ensure sufficient provision of information (e.g., about the features of

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Critics of deregulation often cite the need of regulation in order to:

1363: 1039: 1031: 987: 629: 596: 570: 559: 486:. The main thrust of deregulation has been the electricity sector (see 294: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 43: 28: 3072:

Kahn, Alfred E. "Deregulation: looking backward and looking forward."

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Deregulation of the electricity sector in the U.S. began in 1992. The

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with especially high taxes on the wealthy), the establishment of the

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13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown

269: 2900: 2651: 2028:, Public Interest Advocacy Centre, 11 November 2002, archived from 1043: 1027: 975: 967: 959: 955: 535: 2463: 2451: 2352:"The Economic Theory of Regulation after a Decade of Deregulation" 3919: 3781: 3025:

Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation

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statutes and regulations that hinder electricity competition and

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The deregulation of the natural gas industry and other utilities

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Cali, Massimiliano; Ellis, Karen; te Velde, Dirk Willem (2008).

2333:"Alfred E. Kahn Dies at 93; Prime Mover of Airline Deregulation" 1781:

Netto, João Cláudio; Barbiéri, Luiz Felipe (December 13, 2018).

1362:." This viewpoint stretches back centuries. Classical economist 3573: 3310: 2418: 1094:. The financial sector used its considerable political sway in 1035: 999: 2722: 2138:"The government just avoided a €360 million payout over taxis" 693:, banning of unfair labor practices, and the delivery of more 3353: 1192:

Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act

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Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act

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Jay Draiman, Dir. of Utilities & Sustainability (1999),

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Regulation: From Economic Deregulation to Safety Regulation

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regarding interest rate regulation via retail banking. The

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to consumers in some capacity. Additionally, seven states (

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price hikes and domestic price controls which affected the

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Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Yakovlev, Evgeny (14 March 2008),

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Peltzman, Sam; Levine, Michael E.; Noll, Roger G. (1989).

1129:. This caused a series of financial crises, including the 163:, and neither collapse was due to excessive deregulation. 2189: 1616:

Rose, Mark H.; Seely, Bruce E.; Barrett, Paul F. (2006).

1145:" financial firms that they would not have to suffer the 893:

Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994

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Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976

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of 1933. These regulations stayed largely in place until

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reduced building regulations from 306 pages to 24, while

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Having announced a wide range of deregulatory policies,

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policy. However, this was reversed under the following

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concern for small-scale producers in those countries.

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argued the benefits of deregulation in his 1776 work,

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Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics

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implemented many economic regulations, including the

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to many unemployed workers, thus helping to create a

3238: 2326: 2324: 2322: 716:(1923–29), the federal government generally pursued 3218: 2586:"Electricity Deregulation Map of the United States" 3102: 3047: 2692: 2611: 2599: 2349: 1556: 889:Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986 611:, building new state schools, and maintaining the 404:In 2003, there were amendments to EU directive on 2923: 2863: 2319: 2315:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-16514254.html 1601:. New York, New York: New York University Press. 4055: 3288: 2998:What Prompted Airline Deregulation 20 Years Ago? 2469: 2457: 2424: 1622:. University of Ohio State Press. Archived from 1615: 844:Carter also worked with Congress to produce the 192:began deregulation of the labor market with the 119:, which transfers state-owned businesses to the 3539:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 2229:. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–48. 2951:Next New Deal: Blog of the Roosevelt Institute 2813: 2282:Cutter, Susan L.; Renwick, William H. (2004). 2249: 2110:"Deregulation 'ruined taxi drivers overnight'" 3369: 3045: 2440:. The Hoover Institution, Stanford University 2281: 2022:"A Funny Thing happened On the Way to Utopia" 1834:"Bolsonomics: versão cabocla do Reagonomics?" 1780: 1313:that contextualizes different points of view. 1299:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 855: 396:public utility at the Regulated Rate Option. 2980:. D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu. 2521: 1693: 1220:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 1164:Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act 98:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 2975: 2728: 2712:"The Warning: Two Early Derivative Blowups" 2669: 2657: 2547: 2331:Hershy Jr., Robert D. (December 28, 2010). 1657: 1619:The Best Transportation System in the World 1577: 415:has given carriers from one EU country the 50:reforms were claimed as necessary to limit 3376: 3362: 2873:. London: Overseas Development Institute. 2706: 2704: 2330: 1808:"Lei das Estatais e sua aplicação prática" 720:economic policies. After the onset of the 583:Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 3083:Kahn, Alfred E., "Airline deregulation", 3046:Derthick, Martha; Quirk, Paul J. (1985), 2827: 2409: 2224: 1329:Learn how and when to remove this message 1125:of loan obligations of various sorts and 1102:of 1980, which repealed the parts of the 916:United States Federal Maritime Commission 780:'s efforts to deregulate transportation. 463:Fourth National Government of New Zealand 354:Learn how and when to remove this message 196:, going much further in 2005 through its 2691:. London. March 19, 2013. Archived from 2629: 2255:"Legislative and Regulatory Reform Bill" 2170:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1991: 1862: 1559:The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One 1409:create a level playing field and ensure 869: 828: 623: 599:privatized only a few services, such as 510:started a programme of deregulation and 442: 18: 3175:Crews, Clyde Wayne (28 February 2000), 2896:"The Electricity Deregulation Con Game" 2740: 2701: 2630:Crandall, Robert W. (1 December 2004), 2563:. EnPowered. 2016-03-28. Archived from 2561:"The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation" 2163: 2135: 2016: 2014: 1749: 1720: 1385: 788: 459:Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand 139:underwent heavy economic deregulation, 115:Deregulation can be distinguished from 4056: 3127:Schenk, Catherine R. (December 2020). 3126: 3019: 2994: 1863:Deffenti, Fabiano (November 1, 2019). 1750:Inhaber, Herbert (February 12, 2002). 1156: 812: 593:as the "Abolition of Parliament Act". 3357: 3342:from the original on October 18, 2007 3174: 3100: 3090: 2941: 2929: 2908:(3, 3rd quarter 2003), archived from 2786: 2771: 2481: 2475: 2107: 2103: 2101: 1992:Caselato, Matheus (January 5, 2023). 1599:The Television Will Be Revolutionized 1551: 427:The taxi industry was deregulated in 2789:Review - Institute of Public Affairs 2617: 2605: 2399: 2011: 1965: 1844:from the original on January 7, 2023 1596: 1279: 1108:Financial Services Modernization Act 540:privatization of London bus services 292:adding citations to reliable sources 263: 227: 31:and across New Zealand in the 2000s. 2482:Brown, John Howard (22 June 2014). 1352: 848:(signed October 14, 1980), and the 161:confused correlation with causation 13: 2988: 2776:. Paris: James Decker. p. 96. 2741:Thierer, Adam D. (13 April 1998), 2136:Hosford, Paul (October 16, 2016). 2098: 1752:"Deregulation and Its Discontents" 1234:Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act 928:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act 16:Remove or reduce state regulations 14: 4100: 3168: 3085:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 2995:Barnum, John W (September 1998). 2893: 2026:Ontario Electricity Restructuring 1075:Federal Communications Commission 1053: 912:Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998 783: 514:after the party's victory at the 497: 399: 3183:Competitive Enterprise Institute 3082: 3016:(Cambridge UP, 1997), worldwide. 2061:, September 2003, archived from 1966:Yano, Célio (February 7, 2022). 1469:, which attracted opportunistic 1284: 1064:Concentration of media ownership 730:National Industrial Recovery Act 618: 524:compulsory competitive tendering 268: 232: 151:(1989–1999). In December 2001, 70:started promoting deregulation. 3225:Social Science Research Network 3202:Powering a Generation of Change 2969: 2935: 2887: 2807: 2780: 2765: 2734: 2675: 2623: 2578: 2553: 2430: 2393: 2343: 2308: 2275: 2260:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2243: 2218: 2183: 2157: 2129: 2108:Healy, Tim (October 30, 2013). 2072: 2042: 1985: 1959: 1933: 1865:"Brazil's Economic Freedom Law" 1147:consequences of the great risks 866:competition were put in place. 734:Securities Exchange Act of 1934 482:, now partially reversed under 279:needs additional citations for 3383: 3336:Federal Highway Administration 3014:A History of Corporate Finance 2470:Rose, Seely & Barrett 2006 2458:Rose, Seely & Barrett 2006 2425:Rose, Seely & Barrett 2006 2192:Journal of Economic Literature 2164:Dalziel, Paul (5 March 2010). 1907: 1882: 1856: 1826: 1800: 1774: 1743: 1714: 1687: 1515:Electricity provider switching 1418:quality standards for services 1261: 1060:Telecommunications Act of 1996 577:developed a programme called " 438: 1: 3905:Critique of political economy 3239:Nachshon Draiman CEO (2000), 3105:Braking the Special Interests 2838:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.014 1578:Kleinknecht, William (2010). 1563:. University of Texas Press. 1545: 1349:between about 1950 and 2010. 817:After Nixon left office, the 774:American Enterprise Institute 681:, the institution of shorter 413:European Common Aviation Area 368:Electricity policy of Ontario 126: 54:like corporate abuse, unsafe 3489:History of capitalist theory 3050:The Politics of Deregulation 2976:Jayati Gosh (January 2013). 2816:Journal of Business Research 1708:10.1016/0921-8009(94)90017-5 1510:Ease of Doing Business Index 1135:Long-Term Capital Management 1018:have introduced deregulated 751: 375:Comparison shopping websites 216:, Michel Temer introduced a 194:Workplace Relations Act 1996 166: 131: 102:Better Regulation Commission 7: 3111:University of Chicago Press 3012:Baskin, J. and P. Miranti. 2716:Frontline (U.S. TV program) 1493: 1268:Anti-globalization movement 1151:financial crisis of 2007–08 758:Chicago school of economics 708:During the Presidencies of 697:to the working classes and 100:, and the United Kingdom's 27:) operated phone booths in 10: 4105: 3074:Yale Journal on Regulation 2402:Yale Journal on Regulation 2225:Hodkinson, Stuart (2019). 1265: 1241:National Energy Policy Act 1206:Regulatory Flexibility Act 1081: 1057: 856:1970s deregulation effects 605:public–private partnership 450: 422: 365: 94:Regulatory Flexibility Act 3932: 3886: 3849:Labour market flexibility 3822: 3733: 3582: 3524:Multinational corporation 3401: 3391: 3145:10.1017/S0968565020000189 1467:savings and loan industry 1438:environmental degradation 1342:international discourse. 1227:Bus Regulatory Reform Act 1171:Emergency Natural Gas Act 1121:and practices, including 948:Energy Policy Act of 1992 921: 885:Bus Regulatory Reform Act 850:Motor Carrier Act of 1980 675:progressive tax structure 473: 241:This section needs to be 223: 207: 182:Prices and Incomes Accord 40:regulation of the economy 3221:Deregulation of Business 3133:Financial History Review 3076:7 (1990): pp. 325+ 2718:. PBS. October 20, 2009. 2660:, pp. 20, 133, 150. 1680: 1178:Airline Deregulation Act 1139:industry self-regulation 1070:Multi-Channel Transition 839:Airline Deregulation Act 673:; the income tax used a 587:Regulatory Reform Orders 4074:Economics of regulation 4069:Economic liberalization 3994:Individualist anarchism 3207:Smithsonian Institution 3101:Robyn, Dorothy (1987), 3029:Oxford University Press 2795:(4). Melbourne: 44–45. 2749:The Heritage Foundation 2729:Johnson & Kwak 2010 2670:Johnson & Kwak 2010 2658:Johnson & Kwak 2010 2538:retrieved April 9, 2020 1392:economic liberalization 1185:National Gas Policy Act 1131:savings and loan crisis 903:(c)(1) (Supp. V 1999). 852:(signed July 1, 1980). 565:From 1997 to 2010, the 83:constraining monopolies 79:environmental pollution 3959:Collectivist anarchism 3874:Social venture capital 3844:Freedom of association 3312:Doing Business project 3289:Nachshon Draiman CEO, 2978:"Too much of the same" 1530:Public service company 1505:Deregulated capitalism 1379: 1255:Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 1248:Telecommunications Act 807:consumer organizations 632:in a process known as 453:Economy of New Zealand 448: 32: 4024:Post-scarcity economy 3999:Libertarian socialism 3984:Free-market socialism 3915:Market fundamentalism 3900:Capitalist propaganda 3494:Industrial Revolution 3409:Anarchy of production 3056:Brookings Institution 2945:(December 28, 2010). 2774:The Wealth of Nations 2636:Brookings Institution 1724:(December 11, 2001). 1597:Lotz, Amanda (2007). 1452:financial instability 1374: 1369:The Wealth of Nations 1307:by rewriting it in a 870:Reagan administration 829:Carter administration 778:Carter Administration 770:Brookings Institution 726:Franklin D. Roosevelt 624:History of regulation 591:Lord (Patrick) Jenkin 538:(completed in 1984), 516:1979 general election 446: 202:Rudd Labor government 106:Cost–benefit analysis 22: 3479:Financial Revolution 3444:Economic development 2772:Smith, Adam (1801). 2068:on February 10, 2006 1840:. November 6, 2018. 1696:Ecological Economics 1520:Night-watchman state 1386:Against deregulation 1127:credit default swaps 1116:innovative financial 1092:financial risktaking 1016:District of Columbia 908:Shipping Act of 1984 789:Nixon administration 760:and the theories of 288:improve this article 149:Menem administration 3954:Anarcho-syndicalism 3949:Anarcho-primitivism 3834:Economic inequality 3449:Economic liberalism 3338:, 8 November 2006, 3267:Age of Deregulation 3031:, US. p. 272. 3023:(August 24, 2000). 2731:, pp. 147–148. 2588:. Electricity Local 2531:December 27, 2010, 2438:"Thomas Gale Moore" 2263:. Vol. 684. HL 2059:European Parliament 1894:Portal da Indústria 1762:on November 5, 2011 1157:Related legislation 1020:electricity markets 813:Ford administration 671:Sixteenth Amendment 659:William Howard Taft 630:regulatory agencies 214:Dilma's impeachment 145:fixed exchange rate 4064:Administrative law 3974:Economic democracy 3795:Private foundation 3299:on January 6, 2011 3189:on 1 December 2008 3069:, in United States 3021:Belzer, Michael H. 2488:Independent Review 2472:, pp. 154–56. 2460:, pp. 152–60. 2086:. December 1, 2017 1730:The New York Times 1726:"Laissez Not Fair" 1445:access to services 1431:competing services 1426:(e.g. from fraud); 1104:Glass–Steagall Act 940:Natural Gas Choice 799:Hendrik Houthakker 738:Glass–Steagall Act 699:social safety nets 655:Theodore Roosevelt 634:regulatory capture 613:London Underground 548:Transport Act 1985 544:local bus services 532:Transport Act 1980 506:government led by 449: 417:freedom of the air 33: 4051: 4050: 3944:Anarcho-communism 3815:Spontaneous order 3810:Social alienation 3767:Economic mobility 3454:Economic planning 3120:978-0-226-72328-0 3065:978-0-8157-1817-8 3038:978-0-19-512886-4 2880:978-0-85003-892-7 2822:(10): 1922–1927. 2672:, pp. 88–90. 2645:978-0-8157-1617-4 2534:Cornell Chronicle 2411:20.500.13051/8412 2293:978-0-471-15225-5 2236:978-1-5261-4186-6 2115:Irish Independent 1947:. January 5, 2022 1814:. August 16, 2018 1608:978-0-8147-5219-7 1589:978-0-7867-4433-6 1582:. PublicAffairs. 1570:978-0-292-72139-5 1553:Black, William K. 1535:Regulatory reform 1525:Political economy 1424:protect consumers 1339: 1338: 1331: 1293:This article may 1213:Staggers Rail Act 1199:Motor Carrier Act 863:barriers to entry 846:Staggers Rail Act 579:better regulation 556:Railways Act 1993 520:Building Act 1984 508:Margaret Thatcher 364: 363: 356: 338: 262: 261: 184:. In the mid-90s 110:emissions trading 89:Regulatory reform 4096: 4089:Market structure 4084:Public economics 4034:Social anarchism 4009:Market socialism 4004:Market anarchism 3910:Critique of work 3800:Private property 3762:Economic freedom 3757:Decentralization 3735:Cultural aspects 3696:Regulated market 3474:Financial crisis 3459:Entrepreneurship 3378: 3371: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3295:, archived from 3285: 3284: 3283: 3274:, archived from 3260: 3259: 3258: 3249:, archived from 3235: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3185:, archived from 3164: 3123: 3108: 3097: 3087: 3068: 3053: 3042: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2957:on July 15, 2014 2953:. 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Black 1353:For deregulation 1334: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1310:balanced fashion 1288: 1287: 1280: 1088:financial sector 722:Great Depression 419:in most others. 411:Since 2006, the 406:software patents 359: 352: 348: 345: 339: 337: 296: 272: 264: 257: 254: 248: 236: 235: 228: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4029:Sharing economy 4019:Post-capitalism 3989:Green anarchism 3928: 3895:Anti-capitalism 3882: 3818: 3729: 3721:State-sponsored 3578: 3554:Property rights 3529:Nationalization 3439:Economic bubble 3397: 3387: 3382: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3321: 3319: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3281: 3279: 3272:US GAS ELECTRIC 3256: 3254: 3211: 3209: 3199: 3192: 3190: 3171: 3121: 3066: 3039: 3004: 3002: 2991: 2989:Further reading 2986: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2894:Beder, Sharon, 2892: 2888: 2881: 2870: 2862: 2853: 2812: 2808: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2756: 2755:on 4 April 2009 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2688:Financial Times 2681: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2527:Lang, Susan S. 2526: 2522: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2398: 2394: 2371:10.2307/2534719 2354: 2348: 2344: 2329: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2294: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2223: 2219: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2106: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2033: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1921:. 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