142:) are commissioned police officers that are hired by a non-governmental agency, such as a university, hospital, port, nuclear facility, railroad, etc. These police officers swear an oath to the state or country (or both) they are commissioned in but are paid for by the private organization that hired them. Depending on the jurisdiction, they may have full police power within their jurisdictions or limited police powers. Private police officers are held to the same regulations and standards as regular police officers. Sometimes (but not all times) these officers are commissioned as "special police," the special-term delineating their narrow jurisdiction.
636:"para-police." Para-police is another name for private police officers. Many public safety agencies use auxiliary police officers, who are part-time sworn police officers. Some also use reserve police officers, who are hired on an "as needed" basis, with limited police powers. These officers are typically called to duty for special details or events. In contrast to auxiliary and reserve officers, private policing is a relatively new and growing phenomenon. However, there are historical precedents such as the
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each supplemental arrangement. Each alternative or supplemental service has its own strengths and weaknesses. The use of private police, however, has particular appeal because property or business owners can directly contract for public safety services, thereby providing welcome relief for municipal budgets. Finally, private police functions can be flexible, depending upon the financial, organizational, political, and situational circumstances of the client.
97:" but they are peace officers or law enforcement officers who are commissioned, licensed, and regulated by the state. They are required to swear an oath to uphold the laws of the state where they are commissioned and follow the same regulations peace officers / law enforcement officers must abide by. The main difference between a private police officer and a regular police officer is who is signing their paycheck and their jurisdiction.
33:
669:'free'; it is paid for by the taxpayer, and the taxpayer is very often the poor person himself. He may very well be paying more in taxes for police now than he would in fees to private, and far more efficient, police companies. Furthermore, the police companies would be tapping a mass market; with the economies of such a larger-scale market, police protection would undoubtedly be much cheaper."
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they travel between multiple properties), and can only take the action on public streets that a citizen might take. Security agencies range from "slick-belt" companies that merely observe and report incidents to police, to more well trained security agencies that detain subjects committing crimes, and have good relationships with their local police departments.
194:
because of their extensive training. One study found that outsourcing such functions to private contractors could reduce police forces’ operational expenditures by between 17% and 20% in the
Canadian province of Quebec. The same study cited similar measures in the UK, which led to reductions in both crime rates and public expenditures on police.
270:
security companies have expanded their operations into other countries in
Southern Africa. Private security companies have even involved themselves in political conflicts that are occurring on the subcontinent. In South Africa, private companies that make use of guards are regulated by a statutory body, the
735:
Enforcement of law is a phenomenon that admits of infinite degrees and permutations. Take the case of a jewelry store. The theft of its wares is a crime under the law. But the jewelry store does not rely exclusively— or even primarily —on the majesty of the state’s enforcement of that law for its own
269:
to protect themselves and their assets. The broad private security industry is employing over 200,000 security guards throughout the country, of which the guarding industry is the largest, with 125,000 guards working for approximately 3,200 security companies. Many of the larger South
African private
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Public police are limited in size by the political jurisdiction, although some local public police forces already contract with national private firms for specialty services, such as maintenance of communications equipment, for which it would not be economical for them to hire a full-time government
294:
allows the Chief
Constable of the local force to grant a port police force jurisdiction throughout England and Wales in relation to port business. The legislation was enacted after it emerged that the Port of Dover Police were acting unlawfully when transporting prisoners to custody when it was over
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of the police function (with funding, control, ownership, etc. of all police forces passing to private entities) would eliminate the ability of the state to forcibly collect taxes, and that arguably the only way it could work would be within the context of a society in which all other services were
186:
Security guards are, by definition, not private police since they are not commissioned police officers. They are usually regulated by the government but lack many of the same police powers commissioned police officers are granted. Security officers are limited to their assigned properties (even if
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There are several key distinctions between these options. Briefly, the distinctions relate to the level of police powers associated with the officer, the training levels required for each officer, the funding sources for the service provision, and the contractual and liability exposures related to
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addresses the disadvantages by analyzing a number of substantive legal and public policy issues which directly or indirectly relate to the provision of security services. These can be demonstrated by the logic of alternative or supplemental service providers. This is illustrated by the concept of
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Municipal, county, parish, state, federal, or national police can use their resources elsewhere. Home security officers in gated communities like gated
Residential neighborhoods may be considered private police if given arrest powers and the Right to give out warrants and tickets according to the
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Security personnel can also take on auxiliary functions of police duties, such as administrative work, which constitutes a signification proportion of the workload of officers. It has been argued that police, who cost more than private security guards, are overqualified for such auxiliary duties
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Some states give local officials the ability to appoint special police officers with specific duties, either to assist local law enforcement or to provide assistance during an emergency. These officers may or may not be commissioned police officers, but generally have the same privileges and
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In jurisdictions that allow it, off-duty officers may be employed to provide security to individuals, or companies, or organizations. If their jurisdiction grants them police powers on and off-duty, they essentially become private police while employed by anyone other than the government.
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if they have probable cause to do so. Private police officers are generally required to be licensed the same as a regular police officer and have the same powers as a regular law enforcement officer (even if sometimes limited to the properties they are assigned to protect).
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In some countries, like the United States, the term "special police" indicates a police force that has limited law enforcement powers. Special police may be employed by either a governmental agency or a non-governmental agency, and as such are not always private police.
155:
immunities as police officers. For example, some municipalities appoint special police as security for the municipal buildings and airports, freeing up commissioned police officers for general police duties. Special Police officers can be public officers (such as the
104:, which is separate or arguably a subset. Security officers are regulated by the state, but generally do not have police powers, such as the ability to arrest on a warrant, or issue citations and summons for misdemeanor offenses. In contrast, most private police are
655:, citizens would not have to fund police services through taxation. One argument against such a policy is that it would disadvantage the poor, who could not afford to spend much money on police. Thus, some more moderate libertarians favor issuing
306:, requesting the removal of the police powers of the Constables over citizens who were not members of the university. They argued that the Constables were "not accountable to any public authority" and described their role as an "anachronism".
160:
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added further impetus for a publicly salaried police force that did not depend on rewards. Nonetheless, in 1828 there were privately financed police units in no fewer than 45 parishes within a 10-mile radius of London as the governmental
74:, or otherwise performing law enforcement-related services. Officers engaging in private police work have the power to enforce the law. However, the specific authority they have, and the terms used for it, vary from one place to another.
684:
Ultimately, some people see the potential for a “dual system” of policing—one for the wealthy and one for the poor—and others see the provision of private security as the primary protective resource in the contemporary United States.
341:
that is either owned, operated, or otherwise controlled by a private entity (such as a corporation) or is a police agency whose primary function is to provide contract based security services to private entities. For example, in
715:. The conflict of interest became apparent when CP Police were sent to investigate an accident at CP, and the railroad ordered one of their officers to stop investigating and refused to provide information to that officer.
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There is evidence that private police can provide services more cheaply than public police. The cost of San
Francisco's private patrol specials is $ 25–30/hour, compared to $ 58/hour for an off-duty police officer. In
468:, and so on. The former were funded by private individuals and organizations and the latter by privately funded rewards for catching criminals, who would then be compelled to return stolen property or pay restitution.
688:
In
Florida, Critical Intervention Services patrols neighborhoods and has deployed lethal force before. They have limited power, like other private security agencies in the state, regulated by Florida Statute 493.
614:
Sheriff
Department's offer to charge the community $ 180,000 per year for 45-minute response time emergency service by offering a $ 90,000 contract for twice as many patrol cars and a 6-minute response time.
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arrive. All of these are provided by private companies in the business of providing “security,” and all of which should give pause to those who consider the enforcement of law uniquely the franchise of the
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Government entities may employ private security personnel via contract, while others have their own security departments. Sometimes these officers have special police commissions, and some do not.
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Until 2003, Oxford
University both had a private police force, who had standard constabulary powers within 4 miles of any university building. In 2002, a group of local traders in Oxford wrote to
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Railroad police are sometimes classified as special police, but other times are recognized as fully-commissioned police officers under the
Ombudsmen's Act, granting them multi-state jurisdiction.
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Problems within the industry include the possibility of criminals setting up their own firms, misuse of surveillance devices, and strained relationships between the public and private police.
877:
731:- private police agencies and or officers generally do have some form of statutory authority. At the core of the policing concept, though, is the combating of crime. Patrick Tinsley writes:
351:
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Private police, as conceptualised by Elizabeth E. Joh, would typically focus on loss instead of crime; preventive methods rather than punishment; private justice (such as firing
835:
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was disbanded when it was decided that it would be too expensive to bring the force up to the required standard of training and implement a multi-tiered complaints procedure.
727:" police have been described as "any individual or group involved with law enforcement or security, but lacking official police authority." However, in many jurisdictions -
271:
111:
Even though private police departments receive their commissions from the state (or counties, municipalities, etc.), they are generally not considered government actors.
1124:
Readings: Paper presented at the Ninth Annual Futures Conference on Privatization in Criminal Justice: Public and Private Partnerships, University of Chicago, March 13–15
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The police officers often specialize. For example, university police are trained to deal specifically with students, faculty, and dangers common to university campuses.
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The use of public police officers under private pay has become more and more contentious, as it is felt to be unfair competition against private security firms.
290:, although subsequent legislation has been passed in relation to specific ports. Most Port Police have jurisdiction within 1 mile of port property. However, the
70:
owned and/or controlled by non-government entities. Additionally, the term can refer to an off-duty police officer while working for a private entity, providing
629:, the court found that public police have no such responsibility. Thus, private police can be sued if they fail to respond to calls for help, for instance.
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Benefits for having private police (instead of security guards) for railroads, ports, universities, schools, hospitals, and other organizations include:
2016:
881:
2001:
1331:
1363:
419:, private and public police have conventionally been considered parallel systems, with private security as very much the lesser or junior entity.
2127:
2046:
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1991:
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905:"Section 6-A1103. RESTRICTIONS, Chapter 6-A11. SPECIAL POLICE, SubTilte 6-A. POLICE PERSONNEL, Title 6. PERSONNEL, D.C. Municipal Regulations"
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on its gems, which are kept under a locked glass display case, which can only be opened by an employee, who is under the ever-vigilant eye of
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2120:
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274:. The Board polices the regulations that govern the private security industry and sets minimum training standards for security guards.
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of medieval and early modern Spain. These eventually became government-funded police, but some were originally privately organized.
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that are run by the respective port authorities, which are private companies. Legislation relating to Port Police dates back to the
748:, and keeps the store’s cash in a locked vault, which is in a back room, which is in turn locked at closing time, and the store’s
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they can do things security guards can't do since they have additional powers granted by the state, including the power to arrest.
2500:
2026:
2006:
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There are regulatory mechanisms for private police, specifically the commissioning bodies of those agencies (such as the state's
623:
Another advantage cited by Benson is that private police would have a contractual responsibility to protect their customers. In
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In jurisdictions that allow private police, private police may be employed and paid for by a non-governmental agency, such as a
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to each citizen, granting them a certain amount of money to hire a private police company of their choice at taxpayer expense.
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board, etc.). Additionally, people have the ability to file lawsuits more freely, as these officers are not protected by the
2041:
1187:
1099:
701:
1981:
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377:. In some cases, private police are sworn in as government employees in order to ensure compliance with the law, as in the
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years. Private police services are sometimes called "Subscription-Based Patrol." The largest private police forces in the
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The state regulates the private police and private police officers are held to higher standards than security guards are.
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2011:
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police officers employed by private entities, or even small governmental departments (such as library police, etc.).
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began paying some London and Middlesex watchmen with tax money, beginning the shift to government control. In 1750,
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1986:
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The cost of the private police is shifted to the organization utilizing the police officers, and not to taxpayers.
1996:
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The private police and regular police can engage in mutual assistance agreements, allowing them to work together.
216:
2526:
2036:
1942:
1932:
1027:
Stringham, Edward (2003). "The Extralegal Development of Securities Trading in Seventeenth Century Amsterdam".
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doctrine that defends municipal/governmental police personnel. In Florida, complaints can be made through the
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17:
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In Great Britain, the police function was historically performed by private watchmen (existing from 1500 on),
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they have the same privileges and immunities as police officers since they are commissioned police officers.
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security. The jewelry store engages the services of manifold private protection outfits: it takes out an
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Benson, Bruce L. (1998), "Potential Benefits and Pitfalls of Contracting Out for Criminal Justice",
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DeAngelis, Corey (2018). "Police Choice: Feasible Policy Options for a Safer and Freer Society".
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1242:""Police Choice: Feasible Policy Options for a Safer and Freer Society" – Libertarian Papers"
711:. For example, in Canada there are private police who serve the railways, namely the CN and
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878:"Port of Dover Police unable to make lawful arrests for almost a year | Dover Express"
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have full law enforcement authority and contract their services to private organizations.
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773:) rather than public court proceedings; and private property rather than public property.
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Private Sector — Private Spies, Rent-a-Cops, and the Prison-Industrial Complex
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Murray N. Rothbard (1985), "The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts",
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while his colleagues deliver high-valued goods to and from commercial clients at
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1364:"Why major Canadian railways must no longer be permitted to police themselves"
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Relationship Between Police and Private Security: Models and Future Directions
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The Role of Subscription-Based Patrol and Restitution in the Future of Liberty
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Policing for Profit: The Future of South Africa's Private Security Industry
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Since they are commissioned police officers, and not just security guards:
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Law enforcement bodies owned and/or controlled by non-governmental entities
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To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice
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The Privatization of Police In America: An Analysis and Case Study
723:"Policing" and "private policing" are somewhat elusive concepts. "
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243:; however, they are a Crown Corporation under the purview of the
32:
1165:
Warren v. District of Columbia, 444 A.2d. 1 (DC Ct. of Ap. 1981)
2164:
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Advantages of private police as contractees of private citizens
560:
Advantages of private police for institutions and organizations
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began organizing a force of quasi-professional constables. The
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As in the United States, the largest private police forces in
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After a policy review by the University Council in 2003, the
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Additionally, private police could be perceived as having a
607:
983:
744:
equipment, and who watches the customers with the aid of
161:
Metro Special Police Department's Special Police Officers
159:
Special Police in DC), or private officers, (such as the
117:
providing law enforcement services may be referred to as
1271:, New York: Libertarian Review Foundation, p. 220,
1173:
1171:
1094:. Transaction Publishers for the Independent Institute.
231:). Both police forces' jurisdictions extend into those
2142:
1168:
597:
Advantages of private police as contractees of states
422:
1091:
Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice
836:"Rethink policing to save hundreds of millions: MEI"
128:
456:has pointed out numerous examples to the contrary.
361:, who generally do not have arrest powers beyond a
1266:
1423:
1135:
1122:Office of International Criminal Justice (1995),
2513:
1403:
1290:
1177:
282:A number of Port Police forces exist within the
40:auxiliary police officer stands guard beside an
1346:
1000:Stringham, Edward (1999). "Market Chosen Law".
752:activated as the employees leave and the armed
719:Vagueness of the definition of "private police"
1333:Guard shoots, kills man who pointed pellet gun
1295:, New York: New YorK Univ. Press, p. 34,
1083:
1081:
968:Gil Guillory & Patrick C. Tinsley (2009),
2128:
1453:
640:of medieval and early modern England and the
509:The examples and perspective in this article
1269:For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto
1150:
1430:, vol. 2005, Utah L. Rev., p. 573
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928:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
902:
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357:Private police officers are different from
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385:-Charles Services contract, which lasted 3
288:Harbours, Docks and Piers Clauses Act 1847
239:also operate an armed police service, the
1201:
1087:
1069:
1029:Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
1026:
999:
547:Learn how and when to remove this message
257:Private security industry in South Africa
215:forces of the two largest rail carriers:
1361:
1314:
235:where the respective companies operate.
125:, due to their more militarized nature.
100:Many people confuse private police with
31:
491:
427:Private police features prominently in
14:
2514:
1467:
1362:Campbell, Bruce (September 21, 2022).
1347:Joseph N. Boyce (September 16, 1996),
2116:
1441:
984:Rick Sarre; Tim Prenzler Dr. (2000),
948:About Metro Special Police Department
702:Florida Department of Law Enforcement
369:A specific type of private police is
1349:Landlords Turn to 'Commando' Patrols
833:
495:
2087:Libertarianism in the United States
1336:, Herald Tribune, November 30, 2005
431:theory and, along with advocacy of
328:Private police in the United States
24:
1963:The Problem of Political Authority
1427:Conceptualizing the Private Police
423:Relationship to anarcho-capitalism
410:
181:
25:
2538:
2144:Types of law enforcement agencies
1742:Title-transfer theory of contract
944:"Metro Special Police Department"
804:Privatization in criminal justice
729:particularly in the United States
335:private police force / department
277:
145:
133:
129:Types of officers and terminology
1550:
1413:, Journal of Libertarian Studies
866:, Institute for Security Studies
610:, Corporate Security outbid the
500:
316:
295:a mile away from port property.
1417:
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1381:
1355:
1340:
1324:
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1284:
1260:
1234:
1195:
1159:
1144:
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1115:
834:Suburban, Joel Goldenberg The.
352:Metro Special Police Department
250:
217:Canadian Pacific Police Service
1943:The Myth of the Rational Voter
1933:Democracy: The God That Failed
1002:Journal of Libertarian Studies
977:
961:
936:
896:
870:
853:
827:
626:Warren v. District of Columbia
592:Home owners association (HOA).
245:Department of Transport Canada
241:VIA Rail Canada Police Service
13:
1:
2376:Criminal investigation agency
1041:10.1016/S1062-9769(02)00153-9
820:
452:privatized as well. However,
447:. It is argued that complete
1488:Austrian school of economics
1182:, Jefferson, NC: McFarland,
138:Private police (also called
7:
789:Law enforcement and society
776:
523:, discuss the issue on the
197:
93:, and hospitals and other "
10:
2543:
1903:Defending the Undefendable
1503:Subjective theory of value
1424:Joh, Elizabeth E. (2005),
1136:Gage, Theodore J. (1982),
1088:Stringham, Edward (2008).
1074:. Oxford University Press.
1070:Stringham, Edward (2015).
814:Watchman (law enforcement)
665:notes, "police service is
486:London Metropolitan Police
459:
325:
292:Marine Navigation Act 2013
267:private security companies
254:
115:Private military companies
2466:
2433:Protective security units
2321:
2163:
2150:
2099:
2060:
1974:
1865:
1754:
1559:
1548:
1475:
1404:Tinsley, Patrick (1999),
1351:, The Wall Street Journal
1204:SSRN Working Paper Series
1178:Pastor, James F. (2003),
441:private production of law
229:Canadian National Railway
202:
68:law enforcement agencies
1893:The Machinery of Freedom
1663:Non-aggression principle
1636:Jurisdictional arbitrage
1530:Labor theory of property
443:, distinguishes it from
433:private defense agencies
333:In the United States, a
311:Oxford University Police
272:Security Officers' Board
261:An increasing number of
225:Canadian National Police
221:Canadian Pacific Railway
170:Off-duty police officers
1542:Individualist anarchism
677:Perceived disadvantages
2489:Law enforcement agency
2329:Anti-corruption agency
1873:The Market for Liberty
1407:Private Police: A Note
840:The Suburban Newspaper
784:Law enforcement agency
759:
403:employed by the major
339:law enforcement agency
53:
2527:Law enforcement units
2017:Intellectual property
1913:The Ethics of Liberty
1520:French Liberal School
884:on September 13, 2014
733:
35:
2391:Intelligence officer
2208:Conservation officer
2082:Right-libertarianism
2077:Paleo-libertarianism
1923:To Serve and Protect
1576:Corporate governance
1515:Classical liberalism
1248:. September 26, 2018
1212:10.2139/ssrn.3194200
1153:To Serve and Protect
909:District of Columbia
860:Jenny Irish (1999),
799:Private investigator
709:conflict of interest
529:create a new article
521:improve this article
511:may not represent a
492:Perceived advantages
488:was just beginning.
304:Member of Parliament
237:VIA Rail Canada Inc.
123:private civil guards
119:private gendarmeries
2501:Intelligence agency
2198:Cathedral constable
2092:Left-libertarianism
1626:Freedom of contract
1601:Economic liberalism
1525:Homestead principle
1498:School of Salamanca
439:organizations, and
2408:Neighborhood watch
2303:Territorial police
1992:Capital punishment
1953:The Voluntary City
1793:Hans-Hermann Hoppe
1469:Anarcho-capitalism
1246:Libertarian Papers
1151:Benson, Bruce L.,
1072:Private Governance
698:sovereign immunity
653:anarcho-capitalism
437:dispute resolution
429:anarcho-capitalist
350:officers from the
91:nuclear facilities
54:
2509:
2508:
2268:Regimental police
2110:
2109:
2042:Political parties
1883:For a New Liberty
1788:David D. Friedman
1737:Spontaneous order
1727:Right to property
1616:Free-market roads
1581:Counter-economics
1315:H Draper (1978),
1189:978-0-7864-1574-8
1101:978-1-41280-579-7
903:Commernet, 2011.
794:Police foundation
557:
556:
549:
531:, as appropriate.
405:Class I railroads
16:(Redirected from
2534:
2273:Religious police
2233:Municipal police
2178:Auxiliary police
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2022:Internal debates
1968:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1823:Robert P. Murphy
1803:Stephan Kinsella
1783:Anthony de Jasay
1707:Private property
1653:Market anarchism
1586:Decentralization
1554:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
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1432:
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1421:
1415:
1414:
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1368:The Conversation
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891:
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880:. Archived from
874:
868:
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857:
851:
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848:
846:
831:
742:video monitoring
738:insurance policy
552:
545:
541:
538:
532:
504:
503:
496:
481:Macdaniel affair
454:Edward Stringham
394:
393:
389:
363:citizen's arrest
344:Washington, D.C.
21:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
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2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2462:
2423:Posse comitatus
2396:Law enforcement
2381:Customs service
2317:
2288:Security police
2263:Regional police
2258:Railroad police
2243:Police tactical
2228:Military police
2188:Cantonal police
2159:
2146:
2141:
2111:
2106:
2095:
2067:Accelerationism
2056:
2052:Theories of law
2002:Foreign affairs
1970:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1861:
1838:Murray Rothbard
1763:Bruce L. Benson
1750:
1722:Property rights
1717:Propertarianism
1673:Private defense
1668:Polycentric law
1555:
1546:
1483:Aristotelianism
1471:
1466:
1436:
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875:
871:
858:
854:
844:
842:
832:
828:
823:
818:
779:
721:
679:
663:Murray Rothbard
657:police vouchers
642:Santa Hermandad
633:James F. Pastor
621:
599:
562:
553:
542:
536:
533:
518:
505:
501:
494:
462:
425:
413:
411:Other Locations
401:railroad police
391:
387:
386:
375:railroad police
359:security guards
330:
319:
280:
259:
253:
205:
200:
184:
182:Security guards
172:
148:
136:
131:
102:security guards
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2522:Private police
2507:
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2503:
2498:
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2464:
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2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Security guard
2435:
2430:
2428:Prison officer
2425:
2420:
2418:Police officer
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
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2378:
2373:
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2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2308:Transit police
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Special police
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Private police
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Highway patrol
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Company police
2200:
2195:
2193:Capitol police
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Airport police
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
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2148:
2147:
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2125:
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2100:
2097:
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2079:
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2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:Related topics
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Jeffrey Tucker
1845:
1843:Joseph Salerno
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Michael Malice
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:Michael Huemer
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1780:
1775:
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1732:Self-ownership
1729:
1724:
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1396:
1380:
1354:
1339:
1323:
1318:Private Police
1307:
1301:
1283:
1277:
1259:
1233:
1194:
1188:
1167:
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1143:
1128:
1114:
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992:
976:
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935:
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819:
817:
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811:
809:Security guard
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
778:
775:
767:no trespassing
754:night watchmen
746:convex mirrors
725:Private sector
720:
717:
678:
675:
620:
617:
598:
595:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
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579:
578:
575:
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561:
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515:of the subject
513:worldwide view
508:
506:
499:
493:
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477:Henry Fielding
461:
458:
424:
421:
412:
409:
371:company police
348:special police
326:Main article:
318:
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279:
278:United Kingdom
276:
263:South Africans
255:Main article:
252:
249:
213:railway police
204:
201:
199:
196:
183:
180:
171:
168:
147:
146:Special police
144:
140:company police
135:
134:Private police
132:
130:
127:
95:special police
64:special police
42:armoured truck
26:
18:Private Police
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2539:
2528:
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2520:
2519:
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2502:
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2382:
2379:
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2355:
2354:Bail bondsman
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:Bounty hunter
2347:
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2340:
2337:
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2330:
2327:
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2284:
2283:Secret police
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Postal police
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:County police
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Campus police
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
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2119:
2118:
2115:
2104:
2101:
2098:
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2090:
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2083:
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2078:
2075:
2073:
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2068:
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2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1858:Curtis Yarvin
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Wendy McElroy
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
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1801:
1799:
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1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
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1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Privatization
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:Laissez-faire
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Individualism
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
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1589:
1587:
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1574:
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1569:
1567:
1564:
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1540:
1536:
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1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
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1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
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1490:
1489:
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1480:
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1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1429:
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1420:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1302:0-8147-1327-0
1298:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1278:0-930073-02-9
1274:
1270:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1162:
1155:, p. 180
1154:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1097:
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1092:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
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1023:
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1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
989:
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980:
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949:
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939:
931:
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906:
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883:
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873:
865:
864:
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841:
837:
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826:
815:
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807:
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802:
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797:
795:
792:
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787:
785:
782:
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774:
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768:
764:
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747:
743:
739:
732:
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699:
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690:
686:
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668:
664:
660:
658:
654:
649:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
628:
627:
616:
613:
612:Summit County
609:
605:
604:Reminderville
590:
587:
584:
581:
576:
573:
570:
569:
567:
566:
565:
551:
548:
540:
530:
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516:
514:
507:
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489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
457:
455:
450:
449:privatization
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
420:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
397:United States
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
331:
329:
323:
322:
317:United States
314:
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305:
301:
296:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
268:
264:
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248:
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195:
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167:
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126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
66:are types of
65:
61:
60:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2474:Border guard
2344:Border guard
2313:Water police
2298:State police
2252:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1833:Lew Rockwell
1818:Javier Milei
1778:Gerard Casey
1773:Bryan Caplan
1768:Walter Block
1747:Voluntaryism
1696:
1693:Investigator
1689:Intelligence
1640:
1596:Deregulation
1571:Civil rights
1566:Anti-statism
1426:
1419:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1373:February 16,
1371:. Retrieved
1367:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1292:
1286:
1268:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1203:
1197:
1179:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1090:
1071:
1065:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1008:(1): 53–77.
1005:
1001:
995:
986:
979:
970:
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
938:
912:. Retrieved
908:
898:
886:. Retrieved
882:the original
872:
862:
855:
843:. Retrieved
839:
829:
769:warnings to
760:
734:
722:
706:
691:
687:
683:
680:
671:
666:
661:
650:
646:
631:
624:
622:
600:
563:
543:
534:
510:
470:
466:thief-takers
463:
426:
414:
368:
356:
334:
332:
324:
321:
320:
308:
297:
281:
260:
251:South Africa
206:
192:
189:
185:
177:
173:
165:
153:
149:
139:
137:
122:
118:
113:
110:
99:
76:
63:
56:
55:
46:Change Alley
38:Certis CISCO
29:
2479:Coast guard
2453:Vigilantism
2448:Thief-taker
2386:Gendarmerie
2366:Coast guard
2278:Riot police
2238:Park police
2218:Fire police
2037:Objectivism
2027:LGBT rights
2012:Inheritance
2007:Immigration
1658:Natural law
1648:Land tenure
1611:Free market
1606:Evictionism
1591:Departurism
1535:Physiocracy
1510:Objectivism
1493:Marginalism
1252:October 13,
914:January 24,
771:shoplifters
765:or issuing
757:government.
300:Evan Harris
233:U.S. states
2516:Categories
2470:Templates:
2413:Parapolice
2361:City guard
2032:Minarchism
1621:Free trade
1107:January 8,
1035:(2): 321.
845:October 5,
821:References
763:embezzlers
673:employee.
537:April 2021
445:minarchism
373:, such as
302:, a local
265:are using
2371:Constable
2339:Bodyguard
1997:Criticism
1987:Anarchism
1853:Tom Woods
1808:Nick Land
1220:1556-5068
1138:Cops, Inc
1049:153987773
888:August 2,
713:CP Police
525:talk page
473:George II
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