Special police - Knowledge

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Officer, when performing those tasks requiring a Special Officer's commission, shall have the same powers and duties as a Peace Officer, however, that when not performing these tasks directly related to the special officer's commission, he shall be regarded as a private citizen and his commission shall not be in effect. Special Officers may make arrest for felony or misdemeanor offenses on the property or area they are to protect, patrol, or in relation to their direct assignment. However, Special Officers still may make an arrest, as a private person, for a felony, whether in or out of his presence, under Louisiana Law CCRP Art.214 Arrest by private person; when lawful.

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on-duty and pursuant to their specific duties. MADOC SSPOs are permitted to exercise their police powers in and around Massachusetts penal institutions, while transporting prisoners, and in order to prevent a prisoner from escaping. Both MADOC and MPB SSPOs are permitted to serve warrants issued by the governor, the MADOC commissioner or by the MPB chairman. MPB SSPOs may also execute warrants issued by Massachusetts courts. MPB SSPOs may also arrest parolees that have violated their parole conditions or have committed a crime before the parole officer, and have full police powers when assisting a ‘regular’ police officer. Probation officers of the

683:-approved academy which was a minimum of 160 training hours. However, as of 1 July 2021, most Boston special police officers were stripped of their police powers and the automatic right to carry a firearm on-duty, due to the passage of Massachusetts bill S.2963. The bill requires anyone exercising police powers, including Boston special police officers, to have graduated from an MPTC-approved academy or the MSP-sponsored SSPO Academy; The city of Boston is still permitted to issue special police officer licenses, but prospective officers must meet the aforementioned requirements. As of September 2021, only 6 licenses had been re-issued, all to 316: 763:". There are also companies that offer contract special police services for a fee to anyone who has property they wish to protect. In the state of North Carolina, special police differ greatly from security companies. North Carolina Special police officers have full arrest powers on any property they are hired to protect within the state as granted by the North Carolina Attorney General. Special police officers must also attend and pass the Basic Law Enforcement Training program like all other police officers. 561:, special police officers are Special Law Enforcement Officers (SLEO). They are sworn peace officers with limited jurisdiction. They have full legal police powers; explicitly including arrest authority, the ability to carry a weapon, and use emergency vehicles. However, their jurisdiction is specifically limited to public property that they have been hired to protect. While Kentucky law allows both the State and local governments to use SLEO's, most are used by the 56: 172: 528:

of patch or badge clearly identifying them as ‘special,’ ‘reserve,’ or ‘auxiliary’ LEOs. SPOs whom hold ‘full’ law enforcement authority typically wear uniforms that are similar to other local LEOs. While individual departments are usually given a wide latitude in the wear of their uniforms, some states have specific laws, codes, or regulations that require special police to be clearly identified as such.

585:, or any of the 20-week Recruit Officer Courses (the same academies attended by municipal LEOs across the commonwealth) approved by the Municipal Police Training Council (MPTC). Prospective SSPOs may have the training requirement waived by the Massachusetts State Police if they have completed an MPTC-approved Reserve/Intermittent Academy, have worked at least 2,000 hours as a part-time LEO, and have an 544:. Hourly rates for service are principally paid by private clients, with some cost to the city for general program administration concerning standards of professional performance, but not concerning day-to-day operations. Thus, the nature of this special police force is both quasi-private and quasi-public. The force has been in operation in the United States, city of 524:. In these cases, the SPOs typically (although not always) hold ‘full’ police powers. SPOs that are primarily responsible for law enforcement in a given jurisdiction (such as hospital or campus police) are more likely to hold this authority than, for example, an SPO working for a municipality’s law enforcement agency as an auxiliary law enforcement officer. 816:

Facility Protection Unit and provide police services to state facilities. F.P.O.s are granted the authority to make arrests for public offenses committed against state officials or employees or committed upon, about, or against property owned or leased by the state or on public roads or rights-of-way passing through such owned or leased property.

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enforcement training. These officers traditionally work for private companies as company police or in hospitals or private universities and their jurisdiction is limited to the property to which they are employed. While on duty these officers have full arrest powers and are able to act in law enforcement capacity.

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Chapter 15A, Section 22. However, it has become nearly universal practice for such institutions' law enforcement agencies to obtain SSPO commissions for their officers, in addition to the powers statutorily granted to them. This practice is only statutorily required of campus police officers employed by

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Texas state law authorizes mayors to appoint special police officers to enforce the municipality's laws, avert danger, or protect life or property; because of riot, outbreak, calamity, or public disturbance; or because of threat of serious violation of law or order, of outbreak, or of other danger to

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had many more special police officers than the state does presently, beginning in the 19th century. While the roles they served have largely been replaced by more conventional law enforcement officers, some special police officers and the authorities for commissioning them remain. For instance, under

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The Special Police were a branch of the Regular Police who were used for restoring peace and stability if it had been heavily disturbed, counter-terrorism, countering violent groups, and repressing riots (especially in prisons). The Special Police also provided security and public peace, investigated

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Municipal special police officers are distinct and separate from municipal Marshals and their deputies, as special police derive their authority from the office of the mayor, while Marshals and their deputies derive their authority from the municipal council, and are generally permitted to perform a

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The specific powers granted to special police officers vary widely from state to states and sometimes within a single state. Some states, such as Maryland, New York, and the District of Columbia, grant full police/peace officer authority to SPOs for use in whatever area they are employed to protect.

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and, through the Home Secretary, to Parliament." The NCA has the power to direct police forces within England and Wales, and the British Transport Police, to provide officers or undertake specific activities. Within Scotland and Northern Ireland, however, the power to direct assistance is limited to

707:, ‘special police’ generally refers to ‘Special Law Enforcement Officers’ (SLEOs), whom are typically utilized to supplement full-time ‘regular’ police officers. As codified within New Jersey state law, there are currently three classes of SLEOs, divided into ‘Class I,’ ‘Class II,’ and ‘Class III.’ 607:

Massachusetts law also provides the apparatus for appointment as 'regular' police officers for campus police officers of other state universities and colleges as well as community colleges. This is covered under two statutes; MGL, Part I, Title XII, Chapter 73, Section 18 and MGL, Part I, Title II,

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Uniforms of SPOs also vary widely. SPOs that hold no or limited police authority are typically uniformed in a manner that makes it immediately apparent that they are not ‘regular’ law enforcement. This may range from distinctly different color uniforms than what local regular LEOs wear to some sort

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The Indonesian National Police also have their own special police unit, the POLSUSPAS (Police Special Penitentiary). It is a Special Police Corps (Special Police) as well as ASN (Civil Servants) under the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. It is tasked with supervising, coaching, security and safety

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from the local police services board. With some exceptions, officers employed by special constabularies do not carry guns and cannot refer to themselves as police. In general, special constables in Ontario employed by special constabularies have full police powers — including the ability to enforce

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in accordance with New Orleans Home Rule Charter section 4-502 (2) (a) (b) and New Orleans Municipal Code 17271 MCS 90–86, may deputize private Security Guards, within the city limits, with limited Police Power as New Orleans Police Special Officers. Louisiana R.S. 40:1379.1 (b) states the Special

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of the Massachusetts Parole Board (MPB) are also authorized to be sworn as SSPOs upon recommendation by the MADOC commissioner or chairman of the Massachusetts Parole Board, respectively, given they meet SSPO training requirements. Like other SSPOs, they may only exercise their police powers while

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The Smithsonian museum utilizes federal employees designated as "special police" under the United States Code (Title 10, Chapter 63, §6306). These officers patrol Smithsonian property in New York, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Smithsonian Special Police Officers carry firearms, mace and

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By law, all armed SLEOs must return their firearm to the station house unless the firearm is owned by the SLEO in compliance with unit policy on personally owned firearms. All Class II and Class III SLEOs are fully trained and certified police officers in the State of New Jersey. Class I SLEOs go

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As of 2021, with the passage of the Massachusetts Police Reform Act, the Boston School Police has been eliminated. In its place, Boston Public Schools stood-up the Office of Safety Services (OSS), a purely security guard-centric force. It is unclear if the OSS will pursue City of Boston special

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Class III SLEO licenses are reserved for retired and fully-trained police officers who are under the age of 65 years old. They serve on a part-time basis and authorized to provide security while on school or college premises during hours when the school or college is normally in session or when

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can establish a designated policing unit (DPU) to supplement "the policing and law enforcement otherwise provided by the provincial police force or a municipal police department." Although officers of a DPU are armed police officers with the same authority as any other municipal police officer,

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and are termed special conservators of the peace (SCOP). These officers must meet specific training requirements and be sworn in by the district court judge or magistrate in the area where they request a commission. These officers, when so sworn and certified, are permitted to utilize the term

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The Department of Safety and Homeland Security maintains a unit of special police officers known as Facility Protection Officers who were created by the Tennessee General Assembly in T.C.A. 4-3-2019. These F.PO.s are managed by the Protective Services Division of the Tennessee Highway Patrol's

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While no single definition of ‘special police’ prevails across the United States, it is typically understood to mean either a law enforcement agency working for a unique jurisdiction (such as a hospital or park) or a law enforcement officer whose authority, training, and experience may differ

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Tennessee code annotated 3-18-118 & T.C.A. 4-3-1106 defines the laws of the commissioning of special police officers/deputies in the state of Tennessee. Tennessee requires all special police officers to hold an active armed security license and possess equivalent military or civilian law

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or unit within a such an agency whose duties and responsibilities are significantly different from other forces in the same country or from other personnel within the same agency, although there is no consistent international definition. Generally, special police personnel hold some level of

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This class of officers should not be confused with armed security officers who in Virginia possess arrest authority on the property they are employed to protect. Armed security officers do not have fresh pursuit authority (off of their grounds/property) whereas SCOP officers do.

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designated policing units must comply with stricter regulations compared to municipal police services and are led by a Chief Officer, who has less authority over their staff than an ordinary police chief. As of 2022, there are three designated policing units in the province: the

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on July 22, 1870, to combat crime statewide in Texas. There were thirty special policemen assigned as auxiliary officers throughout the state. On April 22, 1873, the law authorizing the state police was repealed by the newly elected Democratic-controlled state legislature.

858:'police' (this was removed by the state legislature in 2018 and they may no longer use the term) and are permitted to operate emergency vehicles equipped with red flashing/strobing lights (municipal law enforcement operates either blue or combinations of blue and red). 690:

Special police officers and SSPOs whom work for a ‘public agency,’ (i.e. any state or municipal agency, school, or hospital) and are authorized to carry firearms on-duty, qualify to carry a firearm concealed, off-duty, anywhere in the United States, as per the

43:(SWAT) units or other similar paramilitary forces whom posses some level of police power. 'Special police' may also be used to describe individuals who are granted police powers incidental to their primary duties, such as welfare fraud investigators, certain 577:, ‘special police’ usually refers to Special State Police Officers (SSPOs) whom are law enforcement officers typically employed by a college, university, or hospital police force. SSPOs must attend and graduate either the 16-week SSPO Academy hosted by the 406:

reflect the devolved administration of policing. The NCA enabling legislation does not allow the Home Secretary to give "directed tasking arrangements" to Scottish or Northern Irish police forces. NCA officers can be 'triple warranted' – with powers of a

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Oregon law, mayors or similar officials who oversee a municipal water supply system are permitted to appoint special police officers which possess police powers for the purposes of maintaining the purity of drinking water. The regional government

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institutions, as outlined by MGL, Part I, Title II, Chapter 22C, Section 63. This practice does not accord such officers any additional authority - nor does it serve to limit to it - and it is unclear why this practice has become commonplace.

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and prevented organized crime, terrorism and other violent groups; protected state and private property; and helped and assisted civilians and other emergency forces in cases of emergency, natural disasters, civil unrest and armed conflicts.

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Class I SLEOs are allowed to conduct routine traffic detail, spectator control, and similar duties, but are not authorized to carry a firearm while on duty. Such SLEOs are required to attend and graduate a state-approved ‘Class I academy.’

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In some jurisdictions, SPOs may be granted only limited arrest authority in specific circumstances, while in still other jurisdictions, SPOs are granted no more authority than an otherwise private citizen could exercise in effecting a

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for over 162 years. By current City Code the force provides patrols on the streets of San Francisco as well as at fixed locations, and also provides a range of other safety services as requested by private clients.

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They may make traffic stops in their jurisdiction if they have had accredited training. They are also permitted to conduct traffic control and investigations pertaining to the area protected by them.

155:— but only on, between, or in relation to property owned by the organization that is responsible for the special constabulary. As of 2022, there is one special constabulary with armed employees, the 593:; SSPO candidates whom have a significant full-time LE work history and have previously completed any LE academy may also apply for a training waiver from the MSP. SSPOs typically have the same 1075: 1254: 465:

State- or jurisdiction-specific variations of ‘special police officer,’ such as Massachusetts’ ‘Special State Police Officer,’ or Kentucky and New Jersey’s ‘Special Law Enforcement Officer'

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In Alberta, special police forces can be maintained by transit authorities and universities and are usually referred to as protective services. Protective services are staffed by unarmed

2037: 1897: 211:) describes a special class of police personnel, employed on a 5-year contract to supplement regular police officers. The idea for the creation of the category is attributed to 35:

within their jurisdiction, but at a minimum they will typically possess detainment and arrest authority. 'Special police' is also occasionally used when referring to an 'elite'

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specifically empowers them as ‘regular’ police officers whom may exercise such authority throughout the commonwealth, and are required to attend a Probation Service academy.

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although many security officers in the Washington, D.C., area also have special police status. Special police are required to be licensed and are appointed by the Mayor.

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as ‘regular’ police officers within the commonwealth, although they may only exercise it pursuant to their duties and usually only while on their employer’s property.

759:, some private companies have their own special police forces. These include hospitals, hotels, race tracks, and shopping malls and are more properly referred to as " 540:

is a neighborhood police force authorized in the City Charter, with officers appointed and regulated by the Police Commission after an initial security review by the

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There are also a plethora of ‘special police officers’ whom work in the city of Boston; these officers either work directly for the city (Boston School Police,

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Bridge Patrol. The Patrol is composed of special constables with limited police authority to enforce traffic violations on or near Bridge Commission property.

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Class II SLEOs must attend a state-approved ‘Class II academy’ and are afforded full police powers while on-duty. They are authorized to carry a firearm.

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Locally, some towns and cities may use the term ‘special police officer’ to refer to reserve/part-time members of their police departments, such as in

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https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXII/Chapter73/Section18#:~:text=Section%2018.,of%20said%20rules%20and%20regulations

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Ann Patton Baenziger, "The Texas State Police during Reconstruction: A Reexamination," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 72 (April 1969)

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List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories § Special police forces

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when on official duty; Customs Officers, Fishery Officers, and Aviation Security Officers have limited powers (including the power to

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Virginia possesses special police officers employed, typically, in the private police field. These officers are regulated by the

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police officer commissions for any OSS personnel under the new requirements set-forth by the aforementioned Police Reform Act.

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has a High Command of Mobile Police Force. It includes six regiments of mobile police and three battalions of special police.

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through different certifications, but still have police officer status. Class Two Officers in Newark carry weapons off duty.

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and Chief Ioannis Georgakopoulos and was realised in 1999. Special Guards number 2,000 out of the 65,000-strong force.

1284: 999: 2457: 925: 433:; members of volunteer, unpaid or paid, part-time unit of a larger, full-service law enforcement agency (such as the 2004: 1861: 1647: 2236: 1190: 501:. Many jurisdictions permit SPOs to carry a firearm (some even while off-duty, with some SPOs being covered under 360: 2189: 1672: 1541: 726:

occupied by students, teachers, or professors. These Officers do not replace regular law enforcement officers or

660: 626: 541: 1697: 1618: 1589: 1480: 1255:"Time-Honoured Niagara Parks Police – One Of Oldest Police Forces In Ontario – Could Die Without Public Support" 1108: 2603: 1505: 294: 163:. Special constabularies are also maintained by universities, transit systems, and public housing authorities. 113: 60: 47:, child welfare investigators, and agricultural inspectors. Special police personnel may be armed or unarmed. 743: 645: 594: 401:(whose full powers are limited to England and Wales) is not a police force but an agency responsible "to the 28: 1459: 2114:), accessed April 09, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. 1771: 1527: 1397: 1158: 621: 582: 242: 156: 319:

Police officers of the British Transport Police conducting proactive searches for knives and other weapons

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Washington utilizes special police in both the public and private security sectors. Most work for

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property, personnel, other defence interests, UK nuclear weapons and special nuclear materials.

352: 212: 152: 36: 2560: 562: 398: 201: 101: 2127: 159:, which is responsible for providing police services to property owned or maintained by the 94: 72: 2472: 2324: 2289: 2104: 1749: 920: 825: 498: 250: 1944:"LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS SAFETY ACT QUALIFICATION STANDARDS AND INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION" 784:

appoints special police for the purposes of enforcing parking laws and codes. The city of

8: 2279: 2062: 411: 315: 2156: 124:, which is responsible for investigating and prosecuting organized crime rings; and the 77:"Special police" is not a term used in Canada, but specialized police agencies exist in 2489: 829: 797: 266: 1129: 2349: 915: 604:

be accorded the powers and status of a 'regular' police officer when duly appointed.

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The term can also refer to limited police power granted in some jurisdictions to

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in law and describes one of the forces defined as such in legislation including:

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and Special Police for Management of Marine, Coastal Region and Remote Islands.

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Undang-Undang nomor 2 tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia

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wider scope of duties such as issuing and executing warrants for arrest.

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who have law enforcement powers but cannot enforce criminal legislation.

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do not have arrest powers as their job is to mainly observe and report.

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handcuffs and have arrest authority on federal Smithsonian property.

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companies. The city of Boston required these agencies to attend a

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In Ontario, any organization can request the authority to raise a

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Class II SLEO patch, worn on the right shoulder of the uniform.

282: 2128:"LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE CHAPTER 341. MUNICIPAL LAW ENFORCEMENT" 2027:"CHAPTER 2.14 FACILITY-RELATED PARKING POLICY AND REGULATIONS" 1888:"Reimagining Boston's 'other' police force - The Boston Globe" 600:

Massachusetts law provides that campus police officers of the

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employees which is incidental to their main responsibilities.

1648:"General Law - Part I, Title XVIII, Chapter 127, Section 127" 502: 341:

Police, Public Order and Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2006

31:; sometimes they hold the same powers and authority of other 2103:

John G. Johnson, "STATE POLICE," Handbook of Texas Online (

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Smithsonian Museum Special Police in NY, Virginia, & DC

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also commissions special police officers for this purpose.

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are, unlike parole officers, not sworn as SSPOs. Instead,

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somewhat from a ‘regular’ law enforcement officer (LEO).

277:. The Fire Police hold the full legal powers of a Police 107:

In British Columbia, any provincially-approved entity or

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http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jls02

1512:. Peace Offer Standards and Training Commission. 2022. 1287:[Law No. 2/2002 on Indonesian National Police] 426:

In United States terminology, special police can mean:

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Law enforcement in Canada § Special constabularies

1452:"San Francisco Patrol Special Police - Qualifications" 139:

There is one special police force in Nova Scotia, the

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Massachusetts Department of State Police. 2023. 2001:ORS 448.315 Special police to enforce ORS 448.295 2595: 855:Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services 269:, special powers are derived in legislation for 224: 373:: Responsible for policing the rail network in 223:Special police in Indonesia, locally known as 2210: 2067:Charter, Code and Policies - City of Portland 2063:"16.10.650 Parking Code Enforcement Officers" 1997:"16.10.650 Parking Code Enforcement Officers" 1971:Portland Police Museum and Historical Society 1856: 1854: 1134:Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – BC 1130:"Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia" 832:during the administration of Texas Governor 1330: 336:Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 311:List of police forces of the United Kingdom 2217: 2203: 1851: 1830:"About The Class - William Cloran Academy" 1398:"NCA Investigator - National Crime Agency" 122:Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia 1291:(Law 2, Article 3) (in Indonesian). 2002. 737: 97:, a similar concept to 'special police.' 2122: 2120: 1361: 1359: 1072:Legislative Assembly of British Columbia 713: 314: 285:or detain) in particular circumstances. 170: 54: 2090: 2088: 1219: 1217: 1215: 132:communities in the northern end of the 2596: 1059: 1057: 980:from the original on 27 September 2022 618:Massachusetts Department of Correction 2198: 2117: 1712:"Special Police | Wellesley, MA" 1356: 1185: 1183: 964: 962: 841:the municipality or its inhabitants. 431:Auxiliary, reserve, or special police 2190:Article from San Francisco Chronicle 2167:from the original on 26 January 2021 2155: 2085: 2073:from the original on 19 October 2020 1977:from the original on 7 December 2019 1252: 1212: 657:Boston Municipal Protective Services 191:The term "Special (Police) Guards" ( 166: 116:, which provides police services to 1265:from the original on April 11, 2017 1054: 938: 865: 693:Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act 565:in the Facilities Security Branch. 538:San Francisco Patrol Special Police 520:Some SPOs are permitted to conduct 445:private police in the United States 141:Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission 134:Squamish-Lillooet Regional District 13: 2043:from the original on 9 August 2024 2007:from the original on 20 April 2021 1868:from the original on 9 August 2024 1180: 959: 616:Officers and investigators of the 288: 14: 2615: 2226:Types of law enforcement agencies 2183: 926:Specialist law enforcement agency 750: 462:granted law enforcement authority 300: 295:TRNC Special Operation Department 126:Stlʼatlʼimx Tribal Police Service 1964: 1954:from the original on 2024-06-13. 1516:from the original on 2023-10-22. 1253:Hogg, William (April 23, 2010). 568: 421: 2149: 2138:from the original on 2023-11-03 2097: 2055: 2019: 1989: 1958: 1936: 1925:from the original on 2022-03-23 1911: 1900:from the original on 2021-12-10 1880: 1840:from the original on 2016-12-25 1822: 1811:from the original on 2024-08-09 1793: 1782:from the original on 2018-01-09 1764: 1734: 1704: 1690: 1679:from the original on 2021-12-11 1665: 1654:from the original on 2021-12-11 1640: 1629:from the original on 2024-07-16 1611: 1600:from the original on 2024-08-05 1582: 1563: 1552:from the original on 2024-08-05 1534: 1520: 1498: 1487:from the original on 2021-12-11 1473: 1462:from the original on 2013-02-23 1444: 1433:from the original on 2019-06-19 1419: 1408:from the original on 2020-07-18 1390: 1379:from the original on 2023-12-31 1345:from the original on 2023-12-31 1324: 1313:from the original on 2021-05-09 1295: 1277: 1246: 1235:from the original on 2023-02-17 1201:from the original on 2022-07-03 1140:from the original on 2022-05-24 1111:from the original on 2022-07-12 1081:from the original on 2022-06-14 1043:from the original on 2022-09-03 1014:from the original on 2022-09-03 730:currently employed in schools. 661:Boston Public Health Commission 627:Massachusetts Probation Service 542:San Francisco Police Department 73:Special constable § Canada 1772:"Basic Reserve Police Academy" 1402:www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk 1151: 1122: 1105:Metro Vancouver Transit Police 1093: 1037:Government of British Columbia 1025: 1008:Government of British Columbia 992: 260: 114:Metro Vancouver Transit Police 61:Metro Vancouver Transit Police 1: 2458:Criminal investigation agency 952: 744:New Orleans Police Department 698: 575:Commonwealth of Massachusetts 531: 366:There are three such forces: 257:for convicts and detainees. 806: 671:arson investigators) or for 583:New Braintree, Massachusetts 218: 157:Niagara Parks Police Service 7: 889: 884:Ministry of Public Security 848: 828:were formed along with the 602:University of Massachusetts 552: 346:Police and Justice Act 2006 207: 93:. Canada also makes use of 41:special weapons and tactics 10: 2620: 2132:statutes.capitol.texas.gov 1338:. Home Office. p. 3. 877: 872:private security companies 795: 742:The Superintendent of the 579:Massachusetts State Police 387:Ministry of Defence Police 381:Civil Nuclear Constabulary 304: 273:, Fisheries Officers, and 235:Indonesian National Police 66: 2548: 2515:Protective security units 2403: 2245: 2232: 1967:"Portland Police to 1870" 770: 687:special police officers. 631:Massachusetts General Law 460:private security officers 441:Company or private police 196: 186: 50: 1427:"Pages - Special Police" 1033:"First Nations policing" 931: 819: 728:school resource officers 685:Boston Housing Authority 681:Boston Police Department 665:Boston Housing Authority 371:British Transport Police 361:territorial police force 231:law enforcement agencies 161:Niagara Parks Commission 102:community peace officers 33:law enforcement officers 1163:Halifax Harbour Bridges 323:In the United Kingdom, 16:Specialized police unit 2571:Law enforcement agency 2411:Anti-corruption agency 1456:sfpatrolspecpolice.com 1159:"Crossing the bridges" 738:New Orleans, Louisiana 719: 669:Boston Fire Department 353:government departments 320: 225: 213:Michalis Chrisochoidis 179: 64: 37:law enforcement agency 2604:Law enforcement units 1864:. 30 September 2021. 717: 563:Kentucky State Police 399:National Crime Agency 351:These are managed by 318: 305:Further information: 174: 58: 2473:Intelligence officer 2290:Conservation officer 2163:. Open Law Library. 1331:Home Office (2016). 976:. 15 February 2019. 921:Special constabulary 826:Texas Special Police 325:special police force 148:special constabulary 22:usually describes a 2583:Intelligence agency 2280:Cathedral constable 1752:on 10 December 2021 1746:www.lincolntown.org 1722:on 10 December 2021 1307:www.polis.gov.ct.tr 412:immigration officer 391:Ministry of Defence 128:, which serves ten 2490:Neighborhood watch 2385:Territorial police 2110:2015-02-28 at the 1575:2024-08-05 at the 1259:NiagaraAtLarge.com 1195:Blue Line Magazine 974:Blue Line Magazine 830:Texas State Police 798:Smithsonian Police 720: 587:associate’s degree 509:(pepper spray), a 321: 267:New Zealand Police 180: 175:Special police of 95:special constables 65: 2591: 2590: 2350:Regimental police 1623:malegislature.gov 1594:malegislature.gov 1546:malegislature.gov 916:Special constable 765:Security officers 226:Kepolisian Khusus 205: 167:Former Yugoslavia 39:or unit, such as 2611: 2355:Religious police 2315:Municipal police 2260:Auxiliary police 2219: 2212: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2161:D.C. Law Library 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2124: 2115: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2031: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1893:The Boston Globe 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1858: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1805:thebostonsun.com 1797: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1748:. Archived from 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1718:. 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Davis 822: 809: 800: 794: 773: 753: 740: 701: 622:parole officers 571: 555: 534: 456:Security police 424: 416:customs officer 355:other than the 329:special meaning 313: 303: 291: 289:Northern Cyprus 265:Aside from the 263: 251:Railroad Police 239:Forestry Police 221: 208:Eidikoi frouroi 197:Ειδικοί φρουροί 189: 177:North Macedonia 169: 75: 53: 45:security guards 17: 12: 11: 5: 2617: 2607: 2606: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2520:Security guard 2517: 2512: 2510:Prison officer 2507: 2502: 2500:Police officer 2497: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2390:Transit police 2387: 2382: 2377: 2375:Special police 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2335:Private police 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2305:Highway patrol 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285:Company police 2282: 2277: 2275:Capitol police 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2255:Airport police 2251: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2184:External links 2182: 2179: 2178: 2148: 2116: 2096: 2084: 2054: 2018: 1988: 1957: 1935: 1910: 1879: 1850: 1821: 1792: 1763: 1733: 1703: 1689: 1664: 1639: 1610: 1581: 1562: 1533: 1519: 1497: 1472: 1443: 1418: 1389: 1355: 1323: 1294: 1276: 1245: 1231:. 2019-08-07. 1211: 1197:. 2017-09-07. 1179: 1150: 1121: 1092: 1074:. p. 17. 1053: 1024: 1004:, section 4.2" 991: 957: 956: 954: 951: 948: 947: 936: 935: 933: 930: 929: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 891: 888: 879: 876: 867: 864: 850: 847: 821: 818: 808: 805: 796:Main article: 793: 790: 775:Historically, 772: 769: 761:Company Police 757:North Carolina 752: 751:North Carolina 749: 739: 736: 700: 697: 644:. If they are 570: 567: 554: 551: 533: 530: 467: 466: 463: 453: 448: 438: 435:NYPD Auxiliary 423: 420: 408:police officer 403:Home Secretary 395: 394: 384: 378: 349: 348: 343: 338: 302: 301:United Kingdom 299: 298: 297: 290: 287: 262: 259: 220: 217: 188: 185: 168: 165: 52: 49: 20:Special police 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2616: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436:Bail bondsman 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431:Bounty hunter 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2365:Secret police 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2330:Postal police 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2295:County police 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2265:Campus police 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1924: 1920: 1919:"Bill S.2963" 1914: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1839: 1835: 1834:bostonspo.com 1831: 1825: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1375: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1286: 1280: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1184: 1169:on 2019-03-26 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1003: 995: 979: 975: 971: 965: 963: 958: 941: 937: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 887: 885: 875: 873: 863: 859: 856: 846: 842: 838: 835: 831: 827: 817: 813: 804: 799: 789: 787: 783: 778: 768: 766: 762: 758: 748: 745: 735: 731: 729: 723: 716: 712: 708: 706: 696: 694: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 623: 619: 614: 611: 605: 603: 598: 596: 595:police powers 592: 589:or higher in 588: 584: 580: 576: 569:Massachusetts 566: 564: 560: 550: 547: 546:San Francisco 543: 539: 529: 525: 523: 522:traffic stops 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 494: 490: 488: 487:public sector 484: 480: 476: 471: 464: 461: 457: 454: 452: 449: 446: 442: 439: 436: 432: 429: 428: 427: 422:United States 419: 417: 413: 409: 404: 400: 392: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 375:Great Britain 372: 369: 368: 367: 364: 362: 358: 354: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 330: 326: 317: 312: 308: 296: 293: 292: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 258: 254: 252: 248: 247:Prison Police 244: 240: 236: 232: 227: 216: 214: 209: 203: 194: 184: 178: 173: 164: 162: 158: 154: 153:Criminal Code 149: 144: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 105: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 74: 70: 62: 57: 48: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 29:police powers 25: 21: 2556:Border guard 2426:Border guard 2395:Water police 2380:State police 2374: 2169:. 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