Relief of Douglas MacArthur

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manufacturing base and those raw materials needed to produce, maintain and operate even moderate air and naval power, and he cannot provide the essentials for successful ground operations, such as tanks, heavy artillery and other refinements science has introduced into the conduct of military campaigns. Formerly his great numerical potential might well have filled this gap but with the development of existing methods of mass destruction numbers alone do not offset the vulnerability inherent in such deficiencies. Control of the seas and the air, which in turn means control over supplies, communications and transportation, are no less essential and decisive now than in the past. When this control exists, as in our case, and is coupled with an inferiority of ground firepower in the enemy's case, the resulting disparity is such that it cannot be overcome by bravery, however fanatical, or the most gross indifference to human loss. These military weaknesses have been clearly and definitely revealed since Red China entered upon its undeclared war in Korea. Even under the inhibitions which now restrict the activity of the United Nations forces and the corresponding military advantages which accrue to Red China, it has been shown its complete inability to accomplish by force of arms the conquest of Korea. The enemy, therefore must by now be painfully aware that a decision of the United Nations to depart from its tolerant effort to contain the war to the area of Korea, through an expansion of our military operations to its coastal areas and interior bases, would doom Red China to the risk of imminent military collapse. These basic facts being established, there should be no insuperable difficulty in arriving at decisions on the Korean problem if the issues are resolved on their own merits, without being burdened by extraneous matters not directly related to Korea, such as Formosa or China's seat in the United Nations.

1146: 1304:, stated that although some historians like Alexander had circumstantial evidence that this was a provocation plot by MacArthur, there is no direct evidence to prove that claim. Cox said it was also possible that the ship was on an intelligence mission to directly observe the junk ships because for over a month the U.S. military was greatly worried about a Chinese invasion of Taiwan after witnessing an unusually large armada of junk boats, which would potentially be the invasion fleet, gathering together on the Chinese coast opposite of Taiwan. MacArthur was determined to expand the war into China, which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources. Despite MacArthur's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all-out, congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was, as they were not using air power against front-line troops, communication lines, ports, naval air forces, or staging bases in Japan, which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea. Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower; as 1349:

matter. Acheson was personally in favor of relieving MacArthur but did not disclose this. Instead, he warned Truman that it would be "the biggest fight of your administration". At a second meeting the next day, Marshall and Bradley continued to oppose relief. On 8 April, the Joint Chiefs met with Marshall in his office. Each of the chiefs in turn expressed the opinion that MacArthur's relief was desirable from a "military point of view," but they recognized that military considerations were not paramount. They were concerned that "if MacArthur were not relieved, a large segment of our people would charge that civil authorities no longer controlled the military". The four advisers met with Truman in his office again on 9 April. Bradley informed the president of the views of the Joint Chiefs, and Marshall added that he agreed with them. Truman wrote in his diary that "it is of unanimous opinion of all that MacArthur be relieved. All four so advise." Later, before Congress, the Joint Chiefs would insist that they had only "concurred" with the relief, not "recommended" it.

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too many years in East Asia, and of his perspective as a theater commander responsible only for part of the Far East. Another important policy difference was MacArthur's belief that China was not, as Acheson maintained, "the Soviet Union's largest and most important satellite," but an independent state with its own agenda that, in MacArthur's words, "for its own purposes is allied with Soviet Russia". If MacArthur's thesis was accepted, then it followed that expanding the war with China would not provoke a conflict with the Soviet Union. The Joint Chiefs emphatically disagreed, although this contradicted their position that it was Europe and not Asia that was the prime concern of the Soviet Union. Even among Republicans, there was little support for MacArthur's position.

1032:, divulged his viewpoints on nuclear warfare while acting as Kennedy's personal military advisor. In a very long meeting in the White House between MacArthur and Kennedy in August 1962 after Kennedy received intelligence that the Soviet Union transported nuclear weapons to Cuba, MacArthur told Kennedy to not invade or bomb Cuba and also to not use nuclear weapons on Cuba, which would have led to the deaths of thousands of Soviet and Cuban soldiers. He advised Kennedy to simply do a naval blockade, which was exactly what Kennedy did two months later when the crisis reached its zenith. “The greatest weapon of war is the blockade,” he told Kennedy. “If war comes, that is the weapon we should use.” In contrast to MacArthur, all members of the 694:

a rumor that the Eighth Army planned to halt at the 38th parallel and await United Nations authorization to cross, Marshall sent a message to MacArthur informing him that: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of 38th parallel. Announcement above referred to may precipitate embarrassment in the UN where evident desire is not to be confronted with necessity of a vote on passage, rather to find you have found it militarily necessary to do so." A few days later, MacArthur was instructed not to issue an announcement that his forces had crossed the 38th parallel. On 7 October a United Nations General Assembly Resolution was passed that could be broadly construed as permitting the invasion of North Korea.

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state of war started by others already exists. When Congress acts under its constitutional power, every statement for or against the resolution is part of the Congressional Record, and the press and the public are fully informed. The roll-call vote shows how each Member voted. This is responsible and accountable government. If five or seven men can meet in a closed session in the Blair House or the White House, and put this nation into the fourth largest war from a casualty standpoint, in our history without their statements and recommendations being recorded or available, and without their positions on this matter being known, we have the war-making power transferred from the Congress, operating in the open, to the Executive, operating

724: 1230:, Director of the Policy Planning Staff of the State Department, and his associate, Charles Burton Marshall. Truman considered MacArthur's conversations outright treachery and concluded that MacArthur had to be relieved but was unable to act immediately because of MacArthur's political support and to avoid broader knowledge of the existence of the electronic intercepts of diplomatic messages. Several weeks earlier, MacArthur had recommended to the Joint Chiefs of Staff that he be authorized to retaliate immediately against targets on the Chinese mainland in the event of Chinese Communist air or sea attacks against Formosa (now Taiwan) or United States forces outside Korea. The Joint Chiefs responded by granting qualified approval. 1543:

States...and must weigh the interests and objectives in one part of the world with those in others to attain balance...There is nothing new in this divergence, in our military history... What is new and what brought about the necessity for General MacArthur's removal is the wholly unprecedented situation of a local Theater Commander publicly expressing his displeasure at, and his disagreement with, the foreign policy of the United States. ... had grown so far out of sympathy with the established policies of the United States that there is grave doubt as to whether he could any longer be permitted to exercise the authority in making decisions that normal command functions would assign to a Theater Commander.

837:, to "drive forward with all speed and full utilization of all their force". He also lifted the prohibition on troops other than South Koreans operating along the borders with China and the Soviet Union. Collins considered this a violation of the orders that the Joint Chiefs had issued on 27 September, but MacArthur pointed out that it was only, in the words of the original directive, "a matter of policy". He added that the matter had been raised at Wake Island, but no one else recalled this, particularly not Truman, who, unaware of these discussions, told reporters on 26 October that Koreans and not Americans would occupy the border areas. Within days, MacArthur's forces had encountered the Chinese in the 1242:, and pressed MacArthur for permission to launch it. On 15 March 1951, the day after Seoul had been recaptured a second time, Truman had responded to a reporter's question about whether UN forces would again be allowed to move north of the 38th Parallel by saying that it would be "a tactical matter for the field commander". MacArthur thereupon gave Ridgway permission to launch his attack, setting an objective line north of the 38th Parallel that would secure Seoul's water supply. He did so without consulting with Washington until after the attack began on 5 April 1951. It was making steady progress when MacArthur was relieved on 11 April. 1321: 931: 624: 1776:

always kept him fully informed. Vandenberg questioned whether the Air Force could be effective against targets in Manchuria, and Bradley noted that the Communists were also waging limited war in Korea, having not attacked UN airbases or ports, or their own "privileged sanctuary" in Japan. Their judgment was that it was not worth it to expand the war, although they conceded that they were prepared to do so if the Communists escalated the conflict, or if no willingness to negotiate was forthcoming. They also disagreed with MacArthur's assessment of the effectiveness of the South Korean and

1050: 380: 33: 1089:, under which the United States would not use nuclear weapons without Britain's consent. The British were concerned that the United States was drifting into a war with China. In a visit to the United States in December 1950, Attlee raised the fears of the British and other European governments that "General MacArthur was running the show". As MacArthur's views about the importance of Asia in world affairs were well known, it was feared that the United States would shift its focus away from Europe. In this instance, MacArthur was defended by Bradley, whose 1289:, provoking the Chinese to surround it with an armada of over 40 armed powered junks. Although Task Force 77 was conducting its aerial parade over the horizon to the west, nearly two hours passed before aircraft from the task force appeared over Swatow and made threatening passes at the Chinese vessels and the port city. MacArthur officially received notification of his dismissal shortly after 15:00 Tokyo time (14:00 on the China coast), although he had found out about it half an hour before. Two hours later, the 669:. As it turned out, it was not MacArthur who was relieved, but Johnson. Truman had become irritated with Johnson's conflict with Secretary of State Acheson, and although he had said that Johnson would remain his Secretary of Defense for "as long as I am President," he asked Johnson for his resignation. Publicly, Johnson received much of the blame for the defense cuts that had led to the lack of preparedness and consequent early defeats in Korea. He was replaced by General of the Army 488:, in Tokyo on 13 July. MacArthur impressed on them the danger of underestimating the North Koreans, whom he characterized as "well-equipped, well-led, and battle-trained, and which have at times out-numbered our troops by as much as twenty to one". He proposed to first halt the North Korean advance and then counterattack, enveloping the North Koreans with an amphibious operation, but the timing was dependent on the arrival of reinforcements from the United States. 8073: 686:

intervention, he was to keep fighting "as long as action by UN military forces offers a reasonable chance of successful resistance". Truman endorsed the report on 11 September, but MacArthur remained in the dark because of the changeover of Secretaries of Defense, and was not informed until 22 September. When Truman was asked at a press conference on 21 September whether he had concluded to conduct operations in North Korea, he replied that he had not.

620:, which featured huge tides, broad mudflats, narrow and treacherous channels, and high seawalls. Omar Bradley called it "the worst possible place ever selected for an amphibious landing". Although the Inchon-Seoul area was a key communications center, the risks of the landing were daunting. Collins and Sherman flew to Tokyo to be briefed on the plans by MacArthur, who declared: "We shall land at Inchon, and I shall crush them." 1020:. He thought it a tragedy the bomb was ever exploded. MacArthur believed that the same restrictions ought to apply to atomic weapons as to conventional weapons, that the military objective should always be limited damage to noncombatants... MacArthur, you see, was a soldier. He believed in using force only against military targets, and that is why the nuclear thing turned him off, which I think speaks well of him. 156:. He was the only president who served after 1897 without a college degree. Although not highly educated, Truman was well read. When his high school friends went off to the state university in 1901, he enrolled in a local business school, but only lasted a semester. He later took night courses at the Kansas City Law School, but dropped out. Truman attempted to gain admission to the 1440:, when Colonel Sidney Huff, MacArthur's aide and one of the "Bataan gang" who had escaped from Corregidor with the general in 1942, heard about the relief from commercial radio broadcast. Huff promptly informed Mrs. MacArthur, who in turn told the general. Japanese radio stations soon picked up the story, but the official notice would not arrive for another half hour. 1000:

Manchuria.... It was my plan as our amphibious forces moved south to spread behind us—from the Sea of Japan to the Yellow Sea—a belt of radioactive cobalt. It could have been spread from wagons, carts, trucks and planes.... For at least 60 years there could have been no land invasion of Korea from the north. The enemy could not have marched across that radiated belt.

2040:, accusing him of "abysmal" military planning and lack of strategic competence. The ethics of a system under which serving generals felt compelled to publicly support policies that they privately believed were potentially ruinous for the country and cost the lives of military personnel, did not escape critical public comment, and was mocked by political satirist 1226:

MacArthur had expressed confidence that he would succeed in expanding the Korean War into a major conflict resulting in the permanent disposal of the "Chinese Communist question" and MacArthur did not want either country to be alarmed if this happened. The content of this particular intercept was known by only a very few of Truman's closest advisers, two being

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challenged a statement by Truman that he had wanted to use nuclear weapons, saying that "atomic bombing in the Korean War was never discussed either by my headquarters or in any communication to or from Washington"; Truman, admitting that he did not have documentation of any such claim, said that he was merely providing his personal opinion. In interview with

1407:). However, Pace did not receive the message due to a signals failure in Korea. Meanwhile, reporters began asking if rumors of MacArthur's relief were true. Truman then "decided that we could not afford the courtesy of Secretary Pace's personal delivery of the order," and called a press conference at which he issued his statement to the press: 1725:

destructiveness on both friend and foe has rendered it useless as a means of settling international disputes... But once war is forced upon us, there is no other alternative than to apply every available means to bring it to a swift end. War's very object is victory, not prolonged indecision. In war there can be no substitute for victory.

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therein: Provided, That ... nothing herein contained shall be construed as an authorization to the President by the Congress to make available to the Security Council for such purpose armed forces, facilities, or assistance in addition to the forces, facilities, and assistance provided for in such special agreement or agreements.

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December, Truman issued a directive requiring all military officers and diplomatic officials to clear with the State Department all but routine statements before making them public, "and...refrain from direct communications on military or foreign policy with newspapers, magazines, and other publicity media". Major General

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repeated public statements he was not only confusing our allies as to the true course of our policies but, in fact, was also setting his policy against the President's... If I allowed him to defy the civil authorities in this manner, I myself would be violating my oath to uphold and defend the Constitution.

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in history up to that time. He also visited Chicago and Milwaukee, where he addressed large rallies. Following the relief, most of the avalanche of mail and messages sent to the White House by the public supported MacArthur. On issues like character, integrity, honor and service, they rated MacArthur

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MacArthur's dismissal is the greatest shock since the end of the war. He dealt with the Japanese people not as a conqueror but a great reformer. He was a noble political missionary. What he gave us was not material aid and democratic reform alone, but a new way of life, the freedom and dignity of the

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If there is one basic element in our Constitution, it is civilian control of the military. Policies are to be made by the elected political officials, not by generals or admirals. Yet time and again General MacArthur had shown that he was unwilling to accept the policies of the administration. By his

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in the 1920s. The outcome of such a trial was uncertain, and it might well have found him not guilty and ordered his reinstatement. The Joint Chiefs agreed that there was "little evidence that General MacArthur had ever failed to carry out a direct order of the Joint Chiefs, or acted in opposition to

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This was a most extraordinary statement for a military commander of the United Nations to issue on his own responsibility. It was an act totally disregarding all directives to abstain from any declarations on foreign policy. It was in open defiance of my orders as President and as Commander-in-Chief.

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In an attempt to slow the Chinese advance, MacArthur ordered the bridges across the Yalu to be bombed. After due consultation with his advisers, Truman declared that he would not approve of such an action, and the Joint Chiefs cancelled the order. When MacArthur protested, the President and the Joint

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went ahead on 15 September. "The success of Inchon was so great and the subsequent prestige of General MacArthur was so overpowering," Collins later recalled, "that the Chiefs hesitated thereafter to question later plans and decisions of the general, which should have been challenged." In response to

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was also ingrained. Civilian control was an issue considering the constitutional division of powers between the president as commander-in-chief, and Congress with its power to raise armies, maintain a navy, and declare war. This was also an era when the rising complexity of military technology led to

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on 15 September 1950, but when he followed up his victory with a full-scale invasion of North Korea on Truman's orders, China inflicted a series of defeats, compelling him to withdraw from North Korea. By April 1951, the military situation had stabilized, but MacArthur continued to publicly criticize

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The testimony of Marshall and the Joint Chiefs rebutted many of MacArthur's arguments. Marshall emphatically declared that there had been no disagreement between himself, the President, and the Joint Chiefs. However, it also exposed their own timidity in dealing with MacArthur, and that they had not

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gives the power to declare war to the Congress and not to the Executive. We are apparently now drifting into a twilight constitutional zone where the executive can put us into war, the fourth largest in our history, without a Congressional declaration or a Congressional resolution recognizing that a

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Nor, unlike their European counterparts, did American generals and admirals have influence on or involvement in foreign policy; but mainly because in the frontier Army of MacArthur's youth, there was no requirement to do so. This began to change after the Spanish–American War, when American military

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said, 80–85% of the tactical capacity, one-fourth of the strategic portion, and 20% of air defense forces of the USAF were engaged in a single country. There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war. General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35

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Of all the campaigns of my life, 20 major ones to be exact, the one I felt most sure of was the one I was deprived of waging. I could have won the war in Korea in a maximum of 10 days.... I would have dropped between 30 and 50 atomic bombs on his air bases and other depots strung across the neck of

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On 9 December 1950, MacArthur requested field commander's discretion to employ nuclear weapons; he testified that such an employment would only be used to prevent an ultimate fallback, not to recover the situation in Korea. On 24 December 1950, while responding to a formal request from the Pentagon,

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MacArthur expressed the hope that the Eighth Army could withdraw to Japan by the end of the year. When Bradley asked if a division could be sent to Europe, MacArthur replied that he could make one available in January. In fact, Chinese troops had already begun crossing the Yalu into North Korea, and

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The committees concluded that "the removal of General MacArthur was within the constitutional powers of the President but the circumstances were a shock to national pride". They also found that "there was no serious disagreement between General MacArthur and the Joint Chiefs of Staff as to military

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held "an inquiry into the military situation in the Far East and the facts surrounding the relief of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur". The Senate thereby attempted to avoid a constitutional crisis. Because of the sensitive political and military topics being discussed, the inquiry was held in

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In response, the Pentagon issued a press release noting that "the action taken by the President in relieving General MacArthur was based upon the unanimous recommendations of the President's principal civilian and military advisers including the Joint Chiefs of Staff". Afterwards, MacArthur flew to

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Efforts have been made to distort my position. It has been said in effect that I was a warmonger. Nothing could be further from the truth. I know war as few other men now living know it, and nothing to me—and nothing to me is more revolting. I have long advocated its complete abolition, as its very

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President Truman must be impeached and convicted. His hasty and vindictive removal of General MacArthur is the culmination of series of acts which have shown that he is unfit, morally and mentally, for his high office. The American nation has never been in greater danger. It is led by a fool who is

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The President shall not be deemed to require the authorization of the Congress to make available to the Security Council on its call in order to take action under article 42 of said Charter and pursuant to such special agreement or agreements the armed forces, facilities, or assistance provided for

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provide for civilian control." He asserted that it draws no distinction between civil and military responsibilities, and provides for no subordination of the one to the other. By dividing responsibility for the military between the executive and the legislature, it makes control more difficult. Any

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With deep regret I have concluded that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the United States Government and of the United Nations in matters pertaining to his official duties. In view of the specific responsibilities imposed upon me by

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The next day, MacArthur authorized Ridgway to advance up to 20 miles (32 km) north of the 38th Parallel. Truman would later report that "I was ready to kick him into the North China Sea...I was never so put out in my life." Truman felt that MacArthur's communiqué, which had not been cleared in

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In February and March 1951, the tide of war began to turn again, and MacArthur's forces drove north. Seoul, which had fallen on 4 January, was recaptured on 17 March. This raised hopes in Washington that the Chinese and North Koreans might be amenable to a ceasefire agreement, and Truman prepared a

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There has been debate whether MacArthur advocated the employment of nuclear weapons, including over whether his submission to the Joint Chiefs of Staff was tantamount to a recommendation. In his testimony before the Senate Inquiry, he stated that he had not recommended their use. In 1960, MacArthur

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fell on 28 June. The next day, Truman authorized air and naval operations north of the 38th parallel, which MacArthur had already ordered. However it was not until 30 June, following a sobering report on the military situation from MacArthur, that Truman finally authorized the use of ground forces.

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MacArthur's relief "left a lasting current of popular sentiment that in matters of war and peace, the military really knows best," a philosophy that became known as "MacArthurism". In February 2012, Lieutenant Colonel Daniel L. Davis published a report entitled "Dereliction of Duty II" in which he

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The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. In this respect his authority would be nominally the same with that of the king of Great Britain, but in substance much inferior to it. It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the

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General MacArthur's place in history as one of our greatest commanders is fully established. The Nation owes him a debt of gratitude for the distinguished and exceptional service which he has rendered his country in posts of great responsibility. For that reason I repeat my regret at the necessity

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There were genuine differences of opinion over policy between MacArthur and the Truman administration. One was MacArthur's deep-seated belief that it was not possible to separate the struggle against Communism in Europe from that going on in Asia. This was seen as the result of being stationed for

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The implication was that the authority to use atomic weapons now rested in the hands of MacArthur. Truman's White House issued a clarification, noting that "only the President can authorize the use of the atom bomb, and no such authorization has been given," yet the comment still caused a domestic

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proposed sending nuclear weapons. MacArthur had already turned down Air Force proposals to fire bomb North Korean cities, and suggested that atomic bombs could be used to isolate North Korea by taking out bridges and tunnels. The Army staff considered this impractical. On 28 July, the Joint Chiefs

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trucks, only 4,441 were serviceable. On the positive side, Far East Command initiated a program of reclaiming and refurbishing war materiel from abandoned stocks throughout the Pacific. This had not only recovered a great deal of valuable stores and equipment, it had also generated a useful repair

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The Congressional inquiry triggered by MacArthur's relief ruled that Truman's actions violated both constitutional and statutory requirements. Although presidents had in the past used extra-legal military force, this was in "fights with pirates, landings of small naval contingents on barbarous or

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It arises from the inherent difference between the position of a commander whose mission is limited to a particular area and a particular antagonist, and the position of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretary of Defense and the President, who are responsible for the total security of the United

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Full and vigorous debate on matters of national policy is a vital element in the constitutional system of our free democracy. It is fundamental, however, that military commanders must be governed by the policies and directives issued to them in the manner provided by our laws and Constitution. In

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The British became alarmed in January 1951 when the Americans began talking of evacuating Korea. The British argued that to maintain European faith and unity it was vital to maintain some presence in Korea, even if it was nothing more than a toehold in the Pusan area. Once again, Bradley defended

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would later cite this to the Congressional inquiry into MacArthur's relief as an example of undue political interference in military operations. The Yalu River had many bends, and in some cases there were very restricted lines of approach without overflying the Yalu. This made life easier for the

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Truman arrived at Wake Island on 15 October, where he was greeted on the tarmac by MacArthur, who had arrived the day before. MacArthur shook hands with the President rather than salute, and declined an offer to stay for lunch with the President, which Bradley considered "insulting". This did not

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Another American tradition is that of an apolitical military. This custom was of more recent origin, dating back only to the period after the American Civil War. Few officers voted in the 19th century, but not so much from a lack of interest in politics as because frequently moving from state to

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It seems strangely difficult for some to realize that here in Asia is where the Communist conspirators have elected to make their play for global conquest, and that we have joined the issue thus raised on the battlefield; that here we fight Europe's war with arms while the diplomatic there still

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Polls showed that the majority of the public still disapproved of Truman's decision to relieve MacArthur, and were more inclined to agree with MacArthur than with Bradley or Marshall. Truman's approval rating fell to 23 percent in mid-1951, which was lower than Richard Nixon's low of 25 percent

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paper endorsed the legality of action north of the 38th parallel. The paper recommended that only South Korean troops be employed in the border regions with China and Russia. Should the Soviet Union intervene, MacArthur was to immediately retreat to the 38th parallel; but in the case of Chinese

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By 1950, the occupation of Japan was winding down, but MacArthur remained in the country as Commander-in-Chief Far East, a post to which he had been appointed by Truman in 1945. MacArthur had to deal with deep cuts in the defense budget that saw his troop numbers decline from 300,000 in 1947 to

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developed during World War II. At such a senior level of command, military and political issues tended to merge. As theater commander in the Southwest Pacific, MacArthur had been accountable to the Australian government as well as his own, making him, in President Roosevelt's words to him, "an

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On the morning of 6 April 1951, Truman held a meeting in his office with Marshall, Bradley, Acheson, and Harriman to discuss what would be done about MacArthur. Harriman was emphatically in favor of MacArthur's relief, but Bradley opposed it. George Marshall asked for more time to consider the

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to military control. Dean was apprehensive about delegating the decision on how they should be used to MacArthur, who lacked expert technical knowledge of the weapons and their effects. The Joint Chiefs were not entirely comfortable about giving them to MacArthur either, for fear that he might

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A message had been learned by the leading politicians of our country, by the vast majority of our uniformed Service Members, and the population at large: David Petraeus is a real war hero—maybe even on the same plane as Patton, MacArthur, and Eisenhower. But the most important lesson everyone

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Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East, and if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea, they could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines, as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia.

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Of even greater significance than our tactical successes has been the clear revelation that this new enemy, Red China, of such exaggerated and vaunted military power, lacks the industrial capability to provide adequately many critical items necessary to the conduct of modern war. He lacks the

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On 1 December 1950, MacArthur was asked by a reporter if the restrictions on operations against Chinese forces on the far side of the Yalu River were "a handicap to effective military operations". He replied that they were indeed "an enormous handicap, unprecedented in military history". On 6

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As a result of their support of Truman, the Joint Chiefs became viewed as politically tainted. Senator Taft regarded Bradley in particular with suspicion, due to Bradley's focus on Europe at the expense of Asia. Taft urged Eisenhower to replace the chiefs as soon as possible. First to go was

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The practice of intercepting and decrypting diplomatic messages of friend and foe alike was a closely held secret in the 1950s. In mid-March 1951, Truman learned through such intercepts that MacArthur had conversations with diplomats in Spain's and Portugal's Tokyo embassies. In these talks,

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Truman emulated this by flying to the Pacific to meet MacArthur. Initially, Truman was unenthusiastic about the idea, as he disliked publicity stunts, but in October 1950, in the wake of the victories at Pusan and Inchon, MacArthur's star was burning bright. By meeting with him, Truman could

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in Honolulu in 1966, he told him: "General, I have a lot riding on you. I hope you don't pull a MacArthur on me." For his part, Westmoreland and his senior colleagues were eager to avoid any hint of dissent or challenge to presidential authority. This came at a high price. In his 1998 book

1713:. Truman sent Vaughan as his representative, which was seen as a slight, as Vaughan was despised by the public and professional soldiers alike as a corrupt crony. "It was a shameful thing to fire MacArthur, and even more shameful to send Vaughan," one member of the public wrote to Truman. 1383:

Although Truman and Acheson accused MacArthur of insubordination, the Joint Chiefs avoided any suggestion of this. MacArthur was not, in fact, relieved for insubordination. Insubordination was a military offense, and MacArthur could have requested a public court martial similar to that of

1590:, who opposed the war in Korea, argued that "when we agreed to the United Nations Charter we never agreed to supplant our Constitution with the United Nations Charter. The power to declare and make war is vested in the representatives of the people, in the Congress of the United States." 760:. MacArthur replied that he "would be delighted to meet the President on the morning of the 15th at Wake Island". When MacArthur discovered that the President would be bringing the news media with him, MacArthur asked if he could bring correspondents from Tokyo. His request was denied. 85:. In the latter role, MacArthur was able to accumulate considerable power over the civil administration of Japan. Eventually, he gained a level of political experience that was unprecedented and yet to be repeated by anyone else actively serving as a flag officer in the U.S. military. 1356:

I deeply regret that it becomes my duty as President and Commander-in-Chief of the United States military forces to replace you as Supreme Commander, Allied Powers; Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command; Commander-in-Chief, Far East; and Commanding General, U.S. Army, Far East.

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urged Kennedy to first bomb and then invade Cuba, claiming that a blockade would show weakness and entice the Soviets to become more aggressive. They also argued for nuclear weapons to be used on Cuba if the Soviets responded militarily to a first-strike attack by the United States.

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military and naval forces, as first General and admiral of the Confederacy; while that of the British king extends to the declaring of war and to the raising and regulating of fleets and armies, all which, by the Constitution under consideration, would appertain to the legislature.

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the Constitution of the United States and the added responsibility which has been entrusted to me by the United Nations, I have decided that I must make a change of command in the Far East. I have, therefore, relieved General MacArthur of his commands and have designated Lt. Gen.

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the creation of a professional military and American forces were employed overseas in large numbers. In relieving MacArthur for failing to "respect the authority of the President" by privately communicating with Congress, Truman upheld the president's role as preeminent.

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The framers of the constitution did not consider the issue of the management of a distinct and technically sophisticated military profession because no such thing existed at the time. It appeared in the 19th century as a result of social changes brought about by the

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held a joint inquiry into the military situation and the circumstances surrounding MacArthur's relief, and concluded that "the removal of General MacArthur was within the constitutional powers of the President but the circumstances were a shock to national pride".

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in Korea at a Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting on 9 July 1950 at Eisenhower's instigation, but there was no support for the idea. The Army staff sent a cable to Collins in Tokyo suggesting that he seek out MacArthur's opinion. In a teleconference on 13 July,

1389:

an order". "In point of fact," Bradley insisted, "MacArthur had stretched but not legally violated any JCS directives. He had violated the President's 6 December directive, relayed to him by the JCS, but this did not constitute violation of a JCS order."

1201:. Before relieving MacArthur, Truman consulted history books on how Lincoln and Polk dealt with their generals. Truman later said that Polk was his favorite president because "he had the courage to tell Congress to go to Hell on foreign policy matters". 983:(SAC). This time the bombers deployed with the fissile cores. SAC did not intend to attack air bases and depots; the bombers would target industrial cities in North Korea and China. Deployments of SAC bombers to Guam continued until the end of the war. 720:. At this meeting, Roosevelt made the decision to attack the Philippines in the final year of the Pacific war. It was a political triumph in an election year, refuting Republican claims that Roosevelt fixated on Europe at the expense of the Pacific. 337:

142,000 in 1948. Despite his protests, further reductions followed and, by June 1950, there were only 108,000 troops in his Far East Command. Cuts in funds and personnel produced shortages of serviceable equipment. Of the Far East Command's 18,000

467:

Command in South Korea. He remained Commander-in-Chief Far East and Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. MacArthur was forced to commit his forces in Japan to what he later described as a "desperate rearguard action". In July, Truman sent the

3094:"Substance of Statements made at Wake Island Conference, dated 15 October 1950, compiled by General of the Army Omar N. Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, from notes kept by the conferees from Washington. Papers of George M. Elsey" 1378:

I fired him because he wouldn't respect the authority of the President. I didn't fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, although he was, but that's not against the law for generals. If it was, half to three-quarters of them would be in

856:. But this did not mean that it did not factor into his decision. "I considered him a great strategist," Truman later recalled, "until he made the march into North Korea without the knowledge that he should have had of the Chinese coming in." 1213:

fight it with words; that if we lose the war to communism in Asia the fall of Europe is inevitable; win it and Europe most probably would avoid war and yet preserve freedom. As you pointed out, we must win. There is no substitute for victory.

538:

At a press conference on 13 July, Truman was asked if United States forces would cross the 38th parallel into North Korea, and he replied that he would "make that decision when it becomes necessary to do it". Some of his advisors, including

455:, which recommended that "members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area". The South Korean capital of 3764: 1474:

attempt by one branch to assert control would likely involve a clash with the other. Debates nominally about civilian control were usually, in practice, about which branch would exercise control rather than how control would be exercised.

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gave MacArthur a legal opinion that this applied "solely to formal public statements and not to communiqués, correspondence or personal conversations". MacArthur made similar remarks in press statements on 13 February and 7 March 1951.

665:. Johnson responded that MacArthur was "one of the greatest, if not the greatest generals of our generation". Truman told Johnson to send MacArthur an order withdrawing his statement, which he did; but it had already been read into the 1837:

in 1953, this led the Chinese and North Koreans to agree to terms. The belief that the threat of nuclear weapons played an important part in the outcome would lead to their threatened use against China several times during the 1950s.

1833:, whose administration ramped up the pressure on the Chinese in Korea with conventional bombing and renewed threats of using nuclear weapons. Coupled with a more favorable international political climate in the wake of the death of 961:

In early April 1951, the Joint Chiefs became alarmed by the build up of Soviet forces in the Far East, particularly bombers and submarines. On 5 April 1951, they drafted orders for MacArthur authorizing attacks on Manchuria and the

2820: 2947: 1965:

learned: never, ever question General Petraeus or you'll be made to look a fool. In the years following, the "Legend of Petraeus" spread and expanded, as these things often do, and he was given increasing credit for the success.

676:

MacArthur held that his military objective was the destruction of the North Korean Army. That being the case, operations would be necessary north of the 38th parallel, although his Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, Major General

5157: 865:

Communist antiaircraft gunners, but correspondingly less so for the aircrew. Within weeks, MacArthur was forced to retreat, and both Truman and MacArthur were forced to contemplate the prospect of abandoning Korea entirely.

2670:"Statement to the 51st National Encampment of the Veterans of Foreign Wars by General Douglas MacArthur discussing U.S. foreign and military policy in the Far East. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files" 440:. At another meeting at Blair House held on the evening of 26 June, amid reports of a rapidly deteriorating situation in South Korea, Truman approved the use of air and naval forces against military targets south of the 772:

that evidently had been in use for twenty years". The meeting, which had no agenda and no structure, took the form of a free-wheeling discussion between the President and his advisors on one hand, and MacArthur and the

581:

MacArthur's early ambitions for an amphibious operation against North Korea had to be shelved due to the deteriorating situation in the south, which compelled him to commit the formation earmarked for the assault, the

1141:

This was a challenge to the authority of the President under the Constitution. It also flouted the policy of the United Nations. By this act MacArthur left me no choice—I could no longer tolerate his insubordination.

1571:

But on 26 June 1950, Truman sent the armed forces into Korea without any such Congressional mandate. The subsequent United Nations Security Council resolution authorized military assistance to South Korea, but the

1486:. Nonetheless, the value of a regular military was still recognized. Although they acknowledged that the militia was essential to intercept escaped slaves and put down slave rebellions, they were aware that the 916:

No, it doesn't mean that at all. The action against Communist China depends on the action of the United Nations. The military commander in the field will have charge of the use of the weapons, as he always has.

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opined that MacArthur's "hasty and vindictive" relief was due to foreign pressure, particularly from the United Kingdom and the British socialists in Attlee's government. The Republican Party whip, Senator

923:

and international stir. Truman had touched upon one of the most sensitive issues in civil-military relations in the post-World War II period: civilian control of nuclear weapons, which was enshrined in the

2045: 1360:

You will turn over your commands, effective at once, to Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway. You are authorized to have issued such orders as are necessary to complete desired travel to such place as you select.

796:

Very little. Had they interfered in the first or second months it would have been decisive. We are no longer fearful of their intervention. We no longer stand hat in hand. The Chinese have 300,000 men in

1208:

On 5 April, Martin read the text of a letter he had received from MacArthur, dated 20 March, criticizing the Truman administration's priorities on the floor of the House. In it, MacArthur had written:

516:

as a deterrent to Chinese action against Taiwan. Truman publicly denied that he was considering the use of nuclear weapons in Korea, but authorized the transfer to Guam of atomic bombs without their

17: 3768: 4217: 1977:, and 21 other retired generals and flag officers to counter doubts about his ability to serve as Commander in Chief. This became a feature of later presidential election campaigns. During the 1902:

On the one hand, the relief of MacArthur established a precedent that generals and admirals could be fired for any public or private disagreement with government policy. In 1977, Major General

848:

Truman did not relieve MacArthur for the military reverses in Korea in November and December 1950. Truman later stated that he felt that MacArthur was no more to blame than General of the Army

658:

and defeatism in the Pacific that if we defend Formosa we alienate continental Asia." Truman was infuriated by the word "appeasement," and discussed the possibility of relieving MacArthur with

954:, MacArthur considered the possibility of using radioactive wastes to seal off North Korea in December 1950, but he never submitted this to the Joint Chiefs. After his dismissal, Congressman 2824: 286:, he had graduated at the top of his West Point class of 1903, but never attended an advanced service school except for the engineer course in 1908. He had a distinguished combat record in 2951: 8342: 1145: 302:, despite occasional clashes over the military budget. He would later compare Roosevelt's "extraordinary self-control" with Truman's "violent temper and paroxysms of ungovernable rage". 1499:

state and living on Federal land effectively disenfranchised them under the laws of many states and/or made it impractical for them to vote at a time when casting a ballot in person on

1217:

MacArthur later wrote that Martin had released the letter "for some unexplained reason and without consulting me", but it had not been marked as being confidential or off the record.

1821:

The increasingly unpopular war in Korea dragged on, and the Truman administration was beset with a series of corruption scandals. He eventually decided not to run for re-election.

594:

retreated in August. MacArthur then resumed his planning for an amphibious operation, which he tentatively scheduled for 15 September 1950. Navy and Marine Corps officers like

7910: 708:

With the 1950 mid-term elections drawing near, and Truman abstaining from overt campaigning while the troops were fighting in Korea, members of Truman's staff, most notably

7754: 5848: 2669: 881:

Mr. President, I wonder if we could retrace that reference to the atom bomb? Did we understand you clearly that the use of the atomic bomb is under active consideration?

792:

MacArthur did say things that would later be used against him. When asked by the President about the odds of Soviet or Chinese intervention in Korea, MacArthur replied:

2639: 650:

in Chicago on 26 August 1950. He declined the invitation, but instead sent a statement to be read aloud, in which he contradicted Truman's policy towards the island of

4374: 1697:

On 17 April 1951, MacArthur flew back to the United States, a country he had not seen since 1937. When he reached San Francisco he was greeted by the commander of the

1126:, that political constraints might soon impose limits on his proposed operations. On 23 March, MacArthur issued a communiqué about offering a ceasefire to the Chinese: 1275:. At 11:00 on 11 April, Task Force 77 operating near the west coast of Taiwan, commenced an "aerial parade" along the east coast of mainland China. Concurrently, the 1097:

MacArthur, but it was clear that he had become an irritant in the relationship between the two countries. The alliance with Britain itself was unpopular in Congress.

805:. Only 50–60,000 could be gotten across the Yalu River. They have no Air Force. Now that we have bases for our Air Force in Korea if the Chinese tried to get down to 7280: 1364:

My reasons for your replacement, will be made public concurrently with the delivery to you of the foregoing order, and are contained in the next following message.

681:, warned on 31 August that 37 Chinese divisions were grouping on the border between China and North Korea. The Joint Chiefs agreed with MacArthur on this issue. A 5267: 8327: 1122:

statement to this effect. MacArthur was informed of it by the Joint Chiefs on 20 March, and he warned the new commander of the Eighth Army, Lieutenant General

535:, and 18 others. The remaining nine bombers remained in Guam until 13 September, when they returned to the United States. The bomb assemblies stayed behind. 1784:

Red China is not the powerful nation seeking to dominate the world. Frankly, in the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, this strategy would involve us in

911:

Mr. President, you said this depends on United Nations action. Does that mean that we wouldn't use the atomic bomb except on a United Nations authorization?

96:

in June 1950, starting the Korean War, MacArthur was designated commander of the United Nations forces defending South Korea. He conceived and executed the

8352: 7295: 540: 1895:

or Congress with frank and fearless professional advice. This book was an influential one; the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the time, General

7632: 7243: 106: 3578: 1922:, for showing "poor judgment at a very sensitive time" in making a series of statements to the media during a visit to Saudi Arabia. In 2010, President 1842:

Vandenberg, who had terminal cancer and had already announced plans to retire. On 7 May 1953, Eisenhower announced that he would be replaced by General

1586:

semi-barbarous coasts, the dispatch of small bodies of troops to chase bandits or cattle rustlers across the Mexican border, and the like". Congressman

8138: 1297:

and its crew were made "sitting ducks" by MacArthur trying to provoke the Chinese into attacking a U.S. warship in an attempt to expand the conflict.

5665: 822:

When he returned from Wake, MacArthur faced the challenge of turning his promises into reality. On 24 October, he ordered his principal subordinates,

4169: 102: 4707: 8322: 7739: 7285: 4788: 2643: 7275: 7820: 7815: 7093: 6727: 4758: 1829:, attempted to distance himself from the President as much as possible. The election was won by the Republican candidate, General of the Army 7770: 7461: 7458: 7075: 5124: 4281: 4146: 1601: 1305: 477: 452: 1293:

retired from its station without hostile action being initiated by either side. Author James Edwin Alexander expressed the opinion that the

1181:

For the moment, however, he did. There had been dramatic confrontations over policy before, the most notable of which was between President

958:

put a similar proposal to Truman. In January 1951, MacArthur refused to entertain proposals for the forward deployment of nuclear weapons.

7864: 7176: 7165: 1508: 3259: 8110: 7221: 1985:, including former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral William Crowe, and the former Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General 360:

and rebuilding industry in Japan. Meanwhile, the shift away from occupation duties had permitted a greater focus on training for combat.

6466:"Interview Transcript of Oral History Interview with Charles Burton Marshall by Niel M. Johnson in Washington, DC, June 21 and 23, 1989" 58:

of his commands after MacArthur made public statements that contradicted the administration's policies. MacArthur was a popular hero of

8296: 7845: 7603: 7216: 7196: 2060:, felt obliged to pen an open letter in which he reminded all servicemen that "The U.S. military must remain apolitical at all times." 6954:. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Washington, DC: Office of Joint History, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 6842:. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Washington, DC: Office of Joint History, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 4814: 1752:

closed session, and only a heavily censored transcript was made public until 1973. The two committees were jointly chaired by Senator

7484: 7397: 7326: 7133: 1166: 1149:

Harry Truman returns from the Wake Island Conference with General MacArthur and Admiral Radford. Left to right: presidential advisor

1009: 1793:

strategy." They recommended that "the United States should never again become involved in war without the consent of the Congress".

8357: 8230: 7840: 7835: 7626: 7248: 6788: 6672: 6300: 1978: 1970: 1826: 469: 291: 153: 6252: 756:

emphasize his own part in the victories, as Commander-in-Chief. A message was sent to MacArthur suggesting a meeting on Hawaii or

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and Korea. MacArthur noted that "No new policies, no new strategy of war or international politics, were proposed or discussed."

732: 682: 521: 411: 4548: 8347: 7952: 7780: 7598: 7545: 7356: 7209: 5732: 2673: 967: 966:

if the Chinese launched airstrikes against his forces originating from there. The next day Truman met with the chairman of the

326: 309:, he had become a national hero and had been awarded the Medal of Honor for the unsuccessful defense of the Philippines in the 5862: 2647: 1930:

after McChrystal and his staff made disparaging remarks about senior civilian government officials in an article published in

1717: 8332: 7204: 6864: 6711: 6575: 6446: 6331: 6179: 6093: 6066: 6039: 5955: 5829: 5799: 5617: 5590: 5299: 1953: 1937: 1429: 1329: 246: 6481:

Matray, James I. (September 1979). "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel".

6349:

Lowe, Peter (July 1990). "An Ally and a Recalcitrant General: Great Britain, Douglas MacArthur and the Korean War, 1950–1".

1948:

in 2015 for discouraging personnel under his command from communicating with the Congress, which he described as "treason".

305:

Apart from his World War I–era service in Mexico and Europe, his overseas postings had been in Asia and the Pacific. During

8133: 7807: 4255: 3093: 1643:

visited him at the embassy in person, the first time a Japanese Emperor had ever visited a foreigner with no standing. The

1078: 583: 5879: 5013: 7984: 7830: 7825: 7744: 7533: 7373: 7338: 7168: 6808: 3428:"Why Did Truman Really Fire MacArthur? ... The Obscure History of Nuclear Weapons and the Korean War Provides the Answer" 1906:

publicly criticized proposed cuts in the size of American forces in South Korea, and was summarily relieved by President

1070: 268: 172: 52: 4876: 1870:

The relief of MacArthur cast a long shadow over American civil-military relations. When Lyndon Johnson met with General

8317: 7797: 7427: 7061: 5277: 4251: 3607: 1889: 1882: 1748: 1301: 1246: 896:: It's a matter that the military people will have to decide. I'm not a military authority that passes on those things. 823: 659: 318: 272: 5552:

Anders, Roger M. (January 1988). "The Atomic Bomb and the Korean War: Gordon Dean and the Issue of Civilian Control".

2734: 950:

In June 1950, Louis Johnson released a study on the potential uses of radioactive agents. According to Major General

7785: 7388: 6978: 6752: 6653: 6624: 6585: 6556: 6524: 6419: 6387: 6233: 6206: 6127: 5646: 5534: 3552: 551:, argued that Security Council Resolution 83 provided a legal basis for the invasion of North Korea. Others, such as 78: 5453: 1527:" strategy was apt to cause annoyance in Washington when the chain of command was bypassed by MacArthur through the 183:, as his military aides. Truman once remarked that he did not understand how the US Army could "produce men such as 160:

at West Point, but was rejected for his poor eyesight. He was proud of his military service in the artillery during

1654:

individual... We shall continue to love and trust him as one of the Americans who best understood Japan's position.

1573: 1453: 1324:

Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff meet in their conference room at the Pentagon in 1949. Left to right: General

322: 118: 5242: 321:, fulfilling his famous promise to return to the Philippines. In 1944 and 1948, he had been considered a possible 8103: 7880: 7709: 7638: 7238: 7233: 7228: 1878:

Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam

1877: 1744: 525: 448: 5414: 559:, disagreed. Along with the legality, the administration also had to consider the danger of intervention by the 7613: 7478: 7466: 7157: 5483: 2006: 1998: 407: 242: 157: 145: 45: 1623: 1352:

On 11 April 1951, President Truman drafted an order to MacArthur, which was issued under Bradley's signature:

101:

his superiors and attempted to escalate the conflict, leading Truman to relieve MacArthur of his command. The

7960: 7697: 7368: 7188: 7126: 5158:"Confrontation in the Gulf; Air Force Chief is Dismissed for Remarks on Gulf Plan; Cheney Cites Bad Judgment" 1990: 1851: 1710: 606: 564: 497: 7260: 6262:(78). Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: Center of Military History, United States Army: 27–31. Archived from 2948:"Notes Regarding President Truman's Trip to Hawaii, 9 October 1950. Secretary of State File, Acheson Papers" 1515:

forces started to be deployed overseas in the Pacific, Asia and the Caribbean for extended periods of time.

1511:

from 1869 to 1883, who hated politics, that the custom of an apolitical military became firmly established.

860:

Chiefs authorized the bombings, subject to the caveat that Chinese air space not be violated. Major General

789:, who was present as a correspondent, felt that he "had witnessed nothing but a political grandstand play". 7857: 7557: 7270: 5712: 595: 71: 4969: 4957: 4945: 979:

prematurely carry out his orders. Instead, they decided that the nuclear strike force would report to the

7900: 7644: 7402: 4933: 4762: 4076:. Vol. VII, Part 2, Korea and China, 1951. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Document 44 4051:. Vol. VII, Part 2, Korea and China, 1951. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Document 39 1706: 1528: 1250: 1058: 6580:. United States Army in the Korean War. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 1735:

as the better man. What support Truman garnered was largely based on the principle of civilian control.

1456:

is an American tradition dating back to the founding of the republic. In his 1965 memoirs, Truman wrote:

8337: 8096: 7734: 7527: 4792: 1694:, charged that the relief was the result of pressure from "the Socialist Government of Great Britain". 1487: 1261: 1085:, was particularly disturbed by Truman's gaffe about nuclear weapons, and sought to revive the wartime 36:

United States General of the Army Douglas MacArthur shakes hands with US president Harry Truman at the

1705:. MacArthur received a parade there that was attended by 500,000 people. He was greeted on arrival at 8289: 8158: 8022: 7915: 7775: 7620: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7540: 6731: 1101: 924: 736: 591: 227: 6779:(Master's thesis). Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: Center of Military History, United States Army. 4766: 3619: 8076: 7932: 7671: 7655: 7497: 7119: 5514: 5185: 1919: 1698: 1198: 901:

Mr. President, perhaps it would be better if we are allowed to quote your remarks on that directly?

647: 5134: 4291: 4071: 4046: 2509: 2056:. Rumsfeld resigned in November 2006. By 2008, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral 333:

and played an important part in the post-war political and social transformation of that country.

7890: 7681: 7608: 7516: 7393: 4711: 2029: 2025: 935: 834: 769: 250: 231: 5987:

Foot, Rosemary J. (Winter 1988–1989). "Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Conflict".

5388: 3263: 1973:, Bill Clinton used endorsements from the former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral 8166: 8143: 7552: 7446: 4174: 703: 654:, saying: "Nothing could be more fallacious than the threadbare argument by those who advocate 463:

On 8 July, on the advice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Truman appointed MacArthur commander of

215: 63: 37: 1523:

ambassador as well as Supreme Commander". MacArthur's less than wholehearted support for the "

1016:

MacArthur once spoke to me very eloquently about it, pacing the floor of his apartment in the

873:

At a press conference on 30 November 1950, Truman was asked about the use of nuclear weapons:

8273: 8249: 8043: 8028: 7905: 7433: 7409: 7378: 6840:

The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Volume III 1950–1951: the Korean War, Part One

5880:"Dereliction of Duty II: Senior Military Leaders' Loss of Integrity Wounds Afghan War Effort" 2821:"George C. Marshall to Douglas MacArthur, 29 September 1950. Naval Aide Files, Truman Papers" 2012:

In early 2006, in what was called the "Generals Revolt," six retired generals, Major General

1927: 1554: 1483: 1393: 1104:

slammed Truman for following Attlee's Britain to "slavery to government and crippling debt".

1098: 1033: 1017: 980: 712:, came up with another way to garner votes for the Democratic Party. In July 1944, President 678: 426: 149: 6996:

Wiltz, John Edward (December 1975). "The MacArthur Hearings of 1951: The Secret Testimony".

4818: 1756:

Fourteen witnesses were called: MacArthur, Marshall, Bradley, Collins, Vandenberg, Sherman,

484:, to report on the situation. They met with MacArthur and his chief of staff, Major General 8241: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8050: 7851: 7660: 7649: 7350: 6165: 4880: 3431: 1871: 1830: 1466: 1285:

arrived at its assigned station 3 miles (4.8 km) offshore from the Chinese seaport of

1029: 971: 666: 517: 509: 275: 204: 192: 110: 218:, several naval officers publicly disagreed with the administration's policy over cuts to 8: 8281: 8178: 7940: 7704: 7687: 7676: 7666: 7592: 7522: 7344: 7319: 7101: 7083: 6881: 5272: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 1945: 1910:

for making statements "inconsistent with announced national security policy". During the

1777: 1753: 1702: 1594: 1404: 975: 861: 853: 782: 613: 441: 330: 314: 253:

Omar Bradley, doubted that there would ever be another large-scale amphibious operation.

82: 6771: 6683: 6283: 3526:

Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, 15 May 1951 –

1136:

accordance with the December directive, had pre-empted his own proposal. He later wrote:

8225: 7992: 7976: 7968: 7692: 7415: 7308: 7042: 7013: 6813:. United States Army in the Korean War. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 6498: 6405: 6366: 6116: 6031: 6012: 6004: 5975: 5967: 5934: 5926: 5771: 5704: 5569: 5213: 5190: 5162: 4544: 3645: 2002: 1822: 1761: 1731: 1559: 1504: 1437: 1413: 1272: 1123: 963: 713: 636: 481: 434: 299: 283: 223: 6465: 6263: 2325: 8119: 7714: 7586: 7564: 7362: 7314: 6984: 6974: 6968: 6955: 6938: 6917: 6910: 6889: 6870: 6860: 6843: 6814: 6780: 6758: 6748: 6742: 6717: 6707: 6659: 6649: 6643: 6630: 6620: 6599: 6591: 6581: 6562: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6530: 6520: 6452: 6442: 6425: 6415: 6393: 6383: 6337: 6327: 6292: 6239: 6229: 6212: 6202: 6185: 6175: 6153: 6133: 6123: 6099: 6089: 6072: 6062: 6045: 6035: 6016: 5979: 5946:

Fisher, Louis (January 1995). "The Korean War: On What Legal Basis Did Truman Act?".

5938: 5890: 5854: 5835: 5825: 5805: 5795: 5775: 5763: 5755: 5708: 5696: 5688: 5652: 5642: 5636: 5623: 5613: 5596: 5586: 5540: 5530: 5524: 4558: 1941: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1803: 1765: 1691: 1685: 1519: 1479: 1469:, "The United States Constitution... despite widespread belief to the contrary, does 1400: 1337: 1254: 849: 529: 473: 384: 262: 208: 55: 6931: 3608:

https://www.theamericanconservative.com/macarthurs-last-stand-against-a-winless-war/

930: 8184: 8063: 8058: 7895: 7749: 7034: 7005: 6510: 6490: 6358: 5996: 5959: 5918: 5747: 5680: 5561: 2033: 1974: 1903: 1859: 1757: 1645: 1587: 1279: 1239: 1186: 1150: 1114: 1086: 951: 838: 781:, on the other. Topics discussed included Formosa, the Philippines and the wars in 728: 690: 662: 628: 576: 552: 532: 500: 310: 200: 188: 180: 176: 97: 410:

for more ammunition, MacArthur, on his own initiative, ordered the transport ship

8257: 8016: 7303: 7142: 7025:—— (December 1978). "Truman and MacArthur: The Wake Island Meeting". 6883: 6409: 6362: 5129: 4286: 3097: 2041: 2037: 2021: 1892: 1679: 1660: 1433: 1370: 1341: 1333: 1308: 1182: 1154: 1025: 955: 842: 670: 609: 587: 548: 492: 388: 238: 141: 136: 48: 4259: 8235: 8172: 7945: 7332: 7265: 6738: 5238: 4553: 4371:"Proposed draft messages to Frank Pace, Douglas MacArthur, and Matthew Ridgway" 3579:"Texts of Accounts by Lucas and Considine on Interviews With MacArthur in 1954" 2049: 1986: 1957: 1885: 1807: 1716:

MacArthur addressed a joint meeting of Congress where he delivered his famous "

1665: 1392:

The intention was that MacArthur would be personally notified of his relief by

1385: 1194: 1082: 1054: 786: 778: 740: 723: 717: 598: 464: 295: 279: 219: 164:, and continued to hold a reserve commission, eventually achieving the rank of 6822: 6441:. Washington, DC: Naval History and Heritage Command, Department of the Navy. 6171:

The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations

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the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy

8311: 8265: 7421: 6942: 6874: 6784: 6721: 6682:(6). Washington, DC: National Defense University Press: 80–83. Archived from 6634: 6534: 6514: 6456: 6397: 6341: 6103: 6049: 5909:

Dingman, Roger (Winter 1988–1989). "Atomic Diplomacy during the Korean War".

5894: 5839: 5822:

The Origins of the Korean War Volume 2: The Roaring of the Cataract 1947–1950

5817: 5767: 5759: 5700: 5692: 5627: 5600: 2017: 1989:, who also appeared in television advertisements defending Kerry against the 1932: 1834: 1769: 1636: 1628: 1538:

General Marshall expressed this conflict in his testimony before the Senate:

1320: 1162: 1062: 1005: 992: 830: 826: 632: 602: 485: 234: 184: 6988: 6959: 6847: 6762: 6663: 6595: 6566: 6296: 6243: 6216: 6157: 6137: 5858: 5809: 5751: 5684: 5544: 5526:

The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth

4170:"The Redacted Testimony That Fully Explains Why General MacArthur Was Fired" 1888:

argued that the Joint Chiefs failed in their duty to provide the President,

891:

Does that mean, Mr. President, use against military objectives, or civilian—

379: 6893: 6704:

Truman and MacArthur: Policy, Politics, and the Hunger for Honor and Renown

6429: 6145: 6111: 6076: 5583:

Douglas MacArthur: Statecraft and Stagecraft in America's East Asian Policy

2738: 2013: 1994: 1923: 1907: 1896: 1524: 1500: 1325: 1268: 1245:

Following the completion of flight operations the evening of 7 April 1951,

1174: 1158: 1066: 988: 748: 709: 560: 437: 306: 196: 59: 6921: 6818: 6291:(Thesis). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air Command and Staff College. 6189: 5656: 1061:, on Attlee's arrival for talks on the Korean crisis. Also present is Sir 8010: 7792: 6489:(2). Bloomington, Indiana: Organization of American Historians: 314–333. 4630:

Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, 15 May 1951 –

2057: 1915: 1815: 1811: 1532: 1490:

had demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the militia as a military force.

1090: 1065:, British Ambassador to the United States (right), and Field Marshal Sir 765: 757: 655: 631:(left), General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (seated) and Major General 623: 430: 399: 395: 287: 161: 93: 89: 7062:

The Truman Library: Firing of MacArthur, a collection of primary sources

6773:

McNamara and Rumsfeld: Control and Imbalance in Civil-Military Relations

5512:

Alexander, James Edwin (January–February 1997). "Who's in Charge Here".

3649: 3633: 1952:

criticized senior military commanders for misleading Congress about the

1846:. Soon after it was announced that Bradley would be replaced by Admiral 947:

and other parts of China, for which 34 atomic bombs would be required.

801:. Of these probably not more than 100–115,000 are distributed along the 7885: 7452: 7046: 7017: 6885:

Military Situation in the Far East: Hearings, 82d Congress, 1st session

6502: 6319: 6174:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 6008: 5971: 5930: 5573: 4791:. Public Broadcasting Service. 19 April 1951. p. 1. Archived from 4147:"H-061-1: Korea – U.S. Navy Operations, March–July 1951" 2053: 1982: 1396: 1227: 1190: 1170: 802: 744: 556: 403: 374: 67: 32: 6370: 3262:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. 30 November 1950. Archived from 1858:, who had become CNO on the death of Sherman in July 1951, by Admiral 1609:. That is not, I submit, either responsible or accountable government. 646:

MacArthur was invited to speak at the 51st National Encampment of the

7508: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4014: 3767:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. 6 December 1950. Archived from 1606: 1276: 995:

on 25 January 1954, posthumously published in 1964, MacArthur said,

944: 806: 798: 544: 8088: 7038: 7009: 6494: 6000: 5963: 5922: 5794:. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 5746:(4). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: United States Army War College: 58–72. 5565: 1635:

The news of MacArthur's relief was greeted with shock in Japan. The

5679:(1). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: United States Army War College: 4–15. 4244: 4070:

Glennon, John P.; Schwar, Harriet D.; Claussen, Paul, eds. (1983).

4045:

Glennon, John P.; Schwar, Harriet D.; Claussen, Paul, eds. (1983).

3427: 1911: 1640: 418: 7111: 6882:

Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations (1951).

4189: 4088: 2099: 117:

An apolitical military is an American tradition. The principle of

7067: 7033:(4). Lexington, Virginia: Society for Military History: 169–176. 7004:(4). Lexington, Virginia: Society for Military History: 167–173. 6952:

The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Volume V 1953–1954

6645:

From Hiroshima to Glasnost – At the Center of Decision – A Memoir

5484:"Top-ranking officer warns U.S. military to stay out of politics" 5461: 5183: 3620:

https://time.com/5899754/jfk-decisionmaking-cuban-missile-crisis/

3096:. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from 2950:. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from 1286: 1049: 774: 735:

on Wake Island. In the background are from left: Press Secretary

651: 165: 6615:

Murray, Williamson; Sinnreich, Richard Hart; Lacey, Jim (2011).

4373:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. April 1951. Archived from 1993:. During this election campaign, one retired four-star General, 1639:

passed a resolution of gratitude for MacArthur, and the Emperor

1503:

was the only way to vote. It was only under General of the Army

6086:

Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment

5610:

Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics and Public Opinion

4459: 4338: 4336: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3508: 1420:

time of crisis, this consideration is particularly compelling.

1037: 617: 70:, and his relief remains a controversial topic in the field of 5330: 5214:"Obama's real McChrystal problem: Afghanistan plan in trouble" 4976:

Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations 1951

4964:

Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations 1951

4952:

Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations 1951

4940:

Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations 1951

4649: 4474: 4117: 4115: 3836: 3834: 943:

MacArthur submitted a list of "retardation targets" in Korea,

727:

President Truman reads the citation for the award of a fourth

271:

Douglas MacArthur was the Army's foremost general. The son of

5666:"Revolt of the Generals: A Case Study in Professional Ethics" 5560:(1). Lexington, Virginia: Society for Military History: 1–6. 5052: 5014:"Who Had the Lowest Gallup Presidential Job Approval Rating?" 4993: 4781: 4418: 4416: 2490: 2089: 2087: 1668:

called for immediate impeachment proceedings against Truman:

547:, and the Director of the Office of Northeast Asian Affairs, 456: 422: 40:, seven months before Truman relieved MacArthur from command. 6253:"Tarnished Brass: Is the US Military Profession in Decline?" 5088: 4690: 4688: 4440: 4353: 4351: 4333: 4026: 3954: 3882: 3728: 3656: 3530:, hearings, 82d Congress, 1st session, part 1, p. 77 (1951). 2560: 1399:, who was touring the front in Korea, at 20:00 on 11 April ( 81:

during World War II, and after the war was in charge of the

8343:

Military history of the United States during the Korean War

7755:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

7439: 4700: 4661: 4498: 4112: 4002: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3668: 3457: 3322: 3320: 3237: 3225: 3177: 2777: 2753: 2596: 2548: 2427: 2198: 2116: 2114: 1936:

magazine. This elicited comparisons with MacArthur, as the

1428:

In Tokyo, MacArthur and his wife were at a luncheon at the

513: 505: 338: 18:

President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur

6970:

MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero

6642:

Nitze, Paul H.; Smith, Ann M.; Rearden, Steven L. (1989).

5638:

Admirals, Generals, and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1914

4515: 4513: 4486: 4428: 4413: 3870: 3858: 3589: 3380: 3143: 3141: 3139: 2478: 2084: 1899:, gave copies to every four-star officer in the military. 1374:

magazine, Truman was quoted as saying in the early 1960s:

716:

had traveled to Hawaii to meet with MacArthur and Admiral

528:

in California on 5 August, killing the mission commander,

7106: 7088: 6617:

The Shaping of Grand Strategy: Policy, Diplomacy, and War

5363:"The Anger of the Generals Unprecedented in Modern Times" 4981: 4833: 4685: 4348: 4321: 4100: 3978: 3918: 2765: 2717: 2715: 2524: 2444: 2442: 2364: 2352: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2162: 2074: 2072: 852:

was for the military reverses he had suffered during the

356: 27:

U.S. President Truman's dismissal of Gen. MacArthur, 1951

5076: 5064: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4845: 4614: 4612: 4311: 4309: 4232: 3990: 3942: 3930: 3906: 3894: 3795: 3783: 3745: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3368: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3074: 3062: 2990: 2916: 2892: 2640:"The Truman Library: Holding the Line 24–28 August 1950" 2454: 2417: 2415: 2222: 2210: 2111: 1981:, twelve retired generals and admirals endorsed Senator 1053:

Truman (foreground, left) greets British Prime Minister

433:

and approved the actions already taken by MacArthur and

5850:

The Truman-MacArthur Tug of War – A Lingering Aftermath

5389:"More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation" 5186:"Obama Says Afghan Policy Won't Change After Dismissal" 5107: 5105: 5103: 4739: 4510: 4127: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3409: 3407: 3290: 3278: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3165: 3153: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3002: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2851: 2839: 2700: 2620: 2572: 2400: 2376: 2234: 2052:

and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General

6380:

Reminiscences of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur

5995:(3). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 92–112. 5433: 4789:"Pentagon Statement of Relief of Gen. MacArthur, 1951" 4634:, hearings, 82d Congress, 1st session, part 2, p. 852. 4401: 3496: 3445: 3332: 2712: 2688: 2584: 2439: 2340: 2306: 2246: 2174: 2069: 1918:

relieved the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General

829:, the commander of the Eighth Army, and Major General 764:

bother Truman; what did annoy the President, a former

171:

Instead of professional soldiers, Truman selected two

5917:(3). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 50–91. 5824:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 5641:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 5243:"Air Force 'Treason' Debacle Reveals Deeper Problems" 5040: 5028: 4921: 4894: 4857: 4727: 4673: 4637: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4389: 4306: 4069: 4044: 3966: 3846: 3533: 3392: 3302: 2789: 2608: 2536: 2412: 2150: 2126: 2036:, called for the resignation of Secretary of Defense 1940:

was not going well. On the other hand, Major General

1854:, Collins would be succeeded by Ridgway, and Admiral 1709:

on 19 April by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and General

520:. The deployment did not go well; one of the bombers 6614: 6228:. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 6201:. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 5853:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air War College. 5731:

Corbett, Steve; Davidson, Michael J. (Winter 2009).

5318: 5100: 4525: 4216:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Archived from 3680: 3469: 3404: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 2978: 2966: 2928: 2904: 2863: 2823:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Archived from 2801: 2737:. Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from 2672:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Archived from 2105: 1424:

for the action I feel compelled to take in his case.

1028:

during the next nuclear crisis of the Cold War, the

541:

Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs

383:

MacArthur (center) with Army Chief of Staff General

7633:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

6933:

Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial and Hope

6912:

The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War

6439:

Ready Seapower: A History of the U.S. Seventh Fleet

5733:"The Role of the Military in Presidential Politics" 5342: 4759:"MacArthur's Speeches: 'Old soldiers never die...'" 3765:"Harry S. Truman to Omar Bradley, with attachments" 3344: 2466: 2388: 1818:approval rating recorded by any serving president. 1448: 616:, were appalled by the proposed landing beaches at 567:if United Nations forces approached their borders. 294:from 1930 to 1935, working closely with Presidents 245:investigation into the affair in October 1949, the 6930: 6909: 6706:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 6551:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 6115: 5184:Helene Cooper and David E. Sanger (23 June 2010). 2186: 2138: 363: 6888:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 6641: 6357:(416). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 624–653. 5454:"Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows" 4020: 1220: 8309: 5387:Cloud, David S.; Schmitt, Eric (14 April 2006). 5262: 5260: 635:(right) observe the shelling of Inchon from the 7816:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 7781:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site 6854: 5730: 5336: 4214:"Diary entries, 6–7, April 1951, Truman Papers" 3634:"The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Joint Chiefs" 3514: 2644:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 1436:and William Stern, executive vice president of 421:, to be loaded with ammunition and to sail for 325:candidate for president. After the war, as the 6837: 5792:American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950–1953 5585:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 4200: 4094: 1253:'s fast carrier task force, with the carriers 906:I don't think—I don't think that is necessary. 152:in 1945, and won an unexpected victory in the 8328:Article Two of the United States Constitution 8104: 7127: 6671:Owens, Mackubin Thomas (Autumn–Winter 1994). 5257: 4817:. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from 4460:"Why Did Madison Write the Second Amendment?" 1627:MacArthur addresses an audience of 50,000 at 1157:; President Harry Truman; Secretary of State 387:(left) and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral 7865:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries 6855:Sechser, Todd S.; Fuhrmann, Matthew (2017). 6411:American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964 6118:Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman 5908: 5386: 4073:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951 4048:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951 3463: 3386: 2496: 1730:New York City where he received the largest 1509:Commanding General of the United States Army 1300:Rear Admiral Samuel J. Cox, director of the 886:: Always has been. It is one of our weapons. 406:. In response to an urgent request from the 313:. He had commanded the Allied armies in the 8353:Terminations of public office by individual 7740:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite 7222:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum 6916:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. 1482:, and technological changes wrought by the 1238:Ridgway had prepared an offensive known as 747:, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs General 341:, 10,000 were unserviceable; of its 13,780 226:capability, resulting in the relief of the 8111: 8097: 7604:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 7134: 7120: 6838:——; Watson, Robert J. (1998). 6670: 6509: 6404: 6164: 5522: 5094: 4667: 4655: 4492: 4480: 4446: 4434: 4422: 3888: 3864: 3757: 3595: 1618: 1547: 7327:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6966: 6859:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6744:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 6619:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6548:Hoyt S. Vandenberg, the Life of a General 6541: 6377: 5986: 5948:The American Journal of International Law 5634: 5511: 5058: 4745: 4504: 4327: 4282:"Historical Notes: Giving Them More Hell" 4121: 3984: 3326: 3254: 3252: 3080: 2510:"The Crash of the B-29 on Travis AFB, CA" 2460: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2180: 2168: 1189:, in 1862. Another example was President 1010:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 697: 8231:MacArthur Landing Memorial National Park 7836:1944 United States presidential election 6806: 6701: 6463: 6226:Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964 6083: 4999: 4915: 4851: 4543: 4342: 4238: 4032: 3996: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3912: 3900: 3801: 3789: 3751: 3739: 3710: 3662: 3553:"A-Bomb Blow at M'Arthur Only 'Opinion'" 3338: 3296: 3284: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3130: 3118: 3008: 2886: 2857: 2845: 2783: 2759: 2721: 2706: 2694: 2626: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2502: 2433: 2406: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2132: 2120: 2078: 1738: 1622: 1319: 1173:; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1144: 1048: 974:, and arranged for the transfer of nine 929: 722: 622: 491:Bradley raised the possibility of using 378: 292:Chief of Staff of the United States Army 31: 7493:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 7254:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination 6907: 6577:Ebb and Flow, November 1950 – July 1951 6573: 6436: 6150:The Government and the People 1942–1945 6144: 6056: 5816: 5481: 5451: 5412: 5155: 4519: 4395: 4133: 4106: 4008: 3840: 3825: 3813: 3674: 3631: 3490: 3425: 3362: 2735:"Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson" 2484: 817: 77:MacArthur led the Allied forces in the 14: 8323:April 1951 events in the United States 8310: 7953:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur 7599:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 7357:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 6949: 6928: 6857:Nuclear Weapons and Coercive Diplomacy 6737: 6673:"Civilian Control: A National Crisis?" 6480: 5945: 5846: 5580: 5551: 5237: 5211: 5082: 5070: 5012:Jones, Jeffrey M. (28 December 2019). 4618: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4407: 4167: 3876: 3502: 3451: 3398: 3311: 3249: 2795: 2771: 2614: 2542: 2530: 2421: 1814:in 1968. As of 2020, it is the lowest 1810:'s of 28 percent at the height of the 1493: 968:United States Atomic Energy Commission 809:there would be the greatest slaughter. 327:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers 8118: 8092: 7627:President's Committee on Civil Rights 7459:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 7115: 7024: 6995: 6794:from the original on 21 December 2019 6306:from the original on 21 December 2019 6281: 6223: 6196: 6152:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6122:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6110: 6023: 5956:American Society of International Law 5877: 5789: 5607: 5360: 5324: 5268:"An old soldier is still in the fray" 5046: 5034: 5011: 4987: 4927: 4903: 4863: 4839: 4733: 4694: 4679: 4643: 4357: 4315: 3972: 3924: 3852: 3539: 3478: 3413: 3374: 3350: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2874: 2807: 2472: 2448: 2192: 2156: 2144: 2093: 1330:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 739:, Commander in Chief Pacific Admiral 247:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 7079:: Speeches, Documents, Letters, etc. 7077:The Truman vs. MacArthur Controversy 6810:Policy and Direction: the First Year 6769: 6468:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum 6348: 6318: 6250: 5663: 5439: 5348: 5231: 5111: 4531: 4462:. History News Network. 9 April 2023 4256:Foundation for the National Archives 4252:"Relieving MacArthur of his command" 4149:. Naval History and Heritage Command 3722: 3698: 3686: 2394: 2240: 1107: 504:decided to send ten nuclear-capable 256: 7826:Democratic National Convention 1944 7645:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 7534:National Institute of Mental Health 7169:Vice President of the United States 7141: 6030:. Great Generals Series. New York: 5612:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5452:Roberts, Kristin (16 August 2007). 5156:Schmitt, Eric (18 September 1990). 2326:"UN Security Council Resolution 83" 1071:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1044: 570: 24: 6937:. New York: New American Library. 6747:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6519:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6059:Korea, The Untold Story of the War 5415:"Revenge of the battered generals" 4632:Military Situation in the Far East 4168:Brands, H.W. (28 September 2016). 3528:Military Situation in the Far East 3426:Cumings, Bruce (10 January 2005). 2106:Murray, Sinnreich & Lacey 2011 1825:, the Democratic candidate in the 1749:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1302:Naval History and Heritage Command 1233: 868: 25: 8369: 7389:National Security Resources Board 7055: 6464:Marshall, Charles Burton (1989). 5276:. 18 October 2009. Archived from 4290:. 3 December 1973. Archived from 3260:"The President's News Conference" 814:by November 180,000 had done so. 775:Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet 237:, and his replacement by Admiral 8072: 8071: 7428:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds 7229:State of the Union Address (1946 6251:Kohn, Richard H. (Winter 2011). 5475: 5445: 5406: 5380: 5354: 5292: 5205: 5177: 5149: 5117: 5005: 4869: 4815:"American Experience: MacArthur" 4807: 4751: 4624: 4537: 4452: 4363: 4274: 4206: 4161: 4139: 4063: 4038: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3571: 3545: 3520: 3419: 1850:, the Commander-in-Chief of the 1574:United Nations Participation Act 1454:Civilian control of the military 1449:Civilian control of the military 1403:), which was 10:00 on 12 April ( 1267:, departed Korean waters in the 1024:MacArthur's advice to President 425:. President Truman met with the 119:civilian control of the military 8358:United States in the Korean War 7710:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 7639:Housing and Home Finance Agency 6483:The Journal of American History 6382:. Annapolis: Bluejacket Books. 6324:MacArthur as Military Commander 5664:Cook, Martin L. (Spring 2008). 5361:Sieff, Martin (19 April 2006). 4877:"Constitutional Crisis Averted" 4258:. 11 April 1951. Archived from 4021:Nitze, Smith & Rearden 1989 3356: 3086: 2940: 2813: 2727: 2662: 2632: 2318: 1760:, Acheson, Wedemeyer, Johnson, 1745:Senate Armed Services Committee 1720:" speech, in which he declared: 526:Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base 478:Chief of Staff of the Air Force 449:United Nations Security Council 429:and other advisors that day at 364:Events leading up to the relief 130: 7479:Office of Defense Mobilization 7467:Defense Production Act of 1950 7339:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act 7158:President of the United States 7097:: Video on Relief of MacArthur 6648:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. 5413:Baldwin, Tom (19 April 2006). 5212:Thrush, Glenn (22 June 2010). 2512:. Check-Six.com. 17 March 2011 2328:. United Nations. 27 June 1950 2007:Democratic National Convention 1999:Republican National Convention 1914:in 1990, Secretary of Defense 1221:Diplomatic dispatch intercepts 447:Subsequently, on 27 June, the 408:Korean Military Advisory Group 402:on 25 June 1950, starting the 243:House Armed Services Committee 158:United States Military Academy 146:president of the United States 13: 1: 8348:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 8277:(1999 television documentary) 7961:Backstairs at the White House 7745:Missouri Office and Courtroom 7698:Unrelated Business Income Tax 7614:Legislative Reference Service 7546:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 7369:National Security Act of 1947 6702:Pearlman, Michael D. (2008). 6351:The English Historical Review 5635:Challener, Richard D (1973). 5504: 5482:Shanker, Thom (25 May 2008). 5133:. 30 May 1977. Archived from 1991:Swift Boat Veterans for Truth 1852:United States Pacific Command 1602:Article I of the Constitution 689:In the meantime, MacArthur's 368: 199:and at the same time produce 125: 7558:Council of Economic Advisers 4708:"MacArthur welcomed in S.F." 3365:, p. 750 says 26 bombs. 1613: 1165:; Secretary of the Treasury 1093:dated back to World War II. 691:amphibious assault at Inchon 98:amphibious assault at Inchon 7: 8139:Escape from the Philippines 7901:Harry S. Truman Scholarship 7472:Relief of Douglas MacArthur 7403:Central Intelligence Agency 6967:Weintraub, Stanley (2000). 6437:Marolda, Edward J. (2012). 6378:MacArthur, Douglas (1964). 6057:Goulden, Joseph C. (1982). 5847:Danner, Stephen A. (1993). 5337:Corbett & Davidson 2009 4763:Public Broadcasting Service 3515:Sechser & Fuhrmann 2017 1707:Washington National Airport 1631:, Chicago on 25 April 1951. 1529:Prime Minister of Australia 1193:'s recall of Major General 1059:Washington National Airport 934:Military personnel observe 733:Distinguished Service Medal 107:Foreign Relations Committee 10: 8374: 7528:National Mental Health Act 7485:Science Advisory Committee 7374:U.S. Department of Defense 7281:Presidential Proclamations 7177:U.S. Senator from Missouri 6950:Watson, Robert J. (1998). 6807:Schnabel, James F (1972). 6363:10.1093/ehr/cv.ccccxvi.624 6285:The Revolt of the Admirals 6197:James, D. Clayton (1975). 6024:Frank, Richard B. (2007). 4715:. 18 April 1951. p. 1 4549:"Federalist Papers No. 69" 4201:Schnabel & Watson 1998 4095:Schnabel & Watson 1998 3622:. Retrieved 20 March 2024. 3610:. Retrieved 20 March 2024. 1979:2004 presidential election 1971:1992 presidential election 1944:was relieved and issued a 1827:1952 presidential election 1796: 1743:In May and June 1951, the 1488:American Revolutionary War 768:, was MacArthur's "greasy 701: 574: 565:People's Republic of China 470:Chief of Staff of the Army 372: 267:In stature and seniority, 260: 241:. In testimony before the 154:1948 presidential election 134: 62:who was then commander of 8318:1951 in the United States 8218: 8157: 8126: 8038: 8023:Martha Ellen Young Truman 8003: 7924: 7916:Statue of Harry S. Truman 7873: 7806: 7798:Truman Little White House 7776:Harry S. Truman Farm Home 7763: 7727: 7621:National School Lunch Act 7541:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 7507: 7384:National Security Council 7294: 7187: 7149: 6929:Truman, Harry S. (1965). 6908:Spanier, John W. (1959). 6732:Pritzker Military Library 6574:Mossman, Billy C (1990). 6414:. Boston: Little, Brown. 6282:Lewis, Andrew L. (1998). 6061:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 5878:Davis, Daniel L. (2012). 5790:Crane, Conrad C. (2000). 1865: 1443: 1315: 1102:Joseph William Martin Jr. 925:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 683:National Security Council 228:Chief of Naval Operations 8333:Civil–military relations 7896:Truman Dam and Reservoir 7672:Agricultural Act of 1949 7656:Agricultural Act of 1948 7498:National Security Agency 6973:. New York: Free Press. 6770:Rice, Robert J. (2008). 6728:Webcast Author Interview 5581:Buhite, Russell (2008). 5523:Alperovitz, Gar (1995). 5300:"Dereliction of Duty II" 3638:Naval War College Review 2063: 1699:Sixth United States Army 1306:Air Force chief of staff 1169:; Secretary of the Army 1008:recalled discussing the 743:, Secretary of the Army 648:Veterans of Foreign Wars 586:, to the defence of the 103:Armed Services Committee 72:civil–military relations 8044:← Franklin D. Roosevelt 7980:(1997 documentary film) 7891:Harry S Truman Building 7609:Federal Tort Claims Act 6224:—— (1985). 6084:Grosscup, Beau (2013). 5752:10.55540/0031-1723.2497 5685:10.55540/0031-1723.2402 5245:. Bright Mountain Media 5125:"General on the Carpet" 4712:San Francisco Chronicle 2030:Charles H. Swannack Jr. 1619:Responses to the relief 1548:Powers of the President 1368:In a 1973 article from 1153:; Secretary of Defense 1057:(foreground, right) at 936:Operation Buster-Jangle 612:, the commander of the 66:forces fighting in the 8167:Louise Cromwell Brooks 8144:Wake Island Conference 8051:Dwight D. Eisenhower → 7553:Employment Act of 1946 7447:Revolt of the Admirals 7095:The Presidents: Truman 6680:Joint Forces Quarterly 5989:International Security 5911:International Security 5608:Casey, Steven (2008). 5515:Naval History Magazine 2096:, pp. 17–18, 135. 2048:attended by President 1967: 1790: 1780:forces. Bradley said: 1727: 1718:Old Soldiers Never Die 1675: 1656: 1632: 1611: 1583: 1569: 1545: 1463: 1426: 1381: 1366: 1345: 1215: 1178: 1161:; Ambassador at Large 1143: 1133: 1079:British Prime Minister 1074: 1022: 1002: 939: 920: 811: 752: 704:Wake Island Conference 698:Wake Island Conference 643: 414:Sgt. George D Keathley 392: 329:, he had overseen the 282:for action during the 216:Revolt of the Admirals 64:United Nations Command 41: 38:Wake Island Conference 8185:Isabel Rosario Cooper 8029:Clifton Truman Daniel 7933:Give 'em Hell, Harry! 7906:Truman Sports Complex 7735:Early life and career 7434:North Atlantic Treaty 7410:Displaced Persons Act 7379:Joint Chiefs of Staff 7286:Eisenhower transition 7271:"The buck stops here" 7244:Judicial appointments 7217:Assassination attempt 6543:Meilinger, Phillip S. 6166:Huntington, Samuel P. 6088:. London: Zed Books. 5954:(1). Washington, DC: 3632:Martins, Dan (2018). 3557:Chicago Daily Tribune 2020:, Lieutenant General 1987:Merrill "Tony" McPeak 1962: 1956:, especially General 1928:Stanley A. McChrystal 1782: 1739:Congressional inquiry 1722: 1701:, Lieutenant General 1673:surrounded by knaves. 1670: 1651: 1626: 1599: 1578: 1564: 1555:The Federalist Papers 1540: 1484:industrial revolution 1458: 1409: 1401:Washington, D.C. time 1394:Secretary of the Army 1376: 1354: 1336:(Air Force); General 1323: 1210: 1148: 1138: 1128: 1099:House Minority Leader 1052: 1034:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1014: 997: 981:Strategic Air Command 933: 875: 794: 726: 679:Charles A. Willoughby 626: 575:Further information: 427:Joint Chiefs of Staff 382: 373:Further information: 278:, a recipient of the 150:Franklin D. Roosevelt 35: 8242:Appointment in Tokyo 8209:Douglas MacArthur II 8203:Arthur MacArthur III 8197:Arthur MacArthur Sr. 8191:Arthur MacArthur Jr. 7936:(1975 play and film) 7852:Dewey Defeats Truman 7661:Executive Order 9981 7351:Executive Order 9835 7320:Declaration to Japan 6326:. London: Batsford. 5002:, pp. 246, 326. 4881:United States Senate 3432:History News Network 3266:on 27 September 2007 2954:on 10 September 2011 2569:, pp. 127, 145. 1890:Secretary of Defense 1872:William Westmoreland 1831:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1677:Newspapers like the 1467:Samuel P. Huntington 1340:(Army); and Admiral 1199:Mexican–American War 1036:and the majority of 1030:Cuban Missile Crisis 976:Mark 4 nuclear bombs 818:Chinese intervention 667:congressional record 660:Secretary of Defense 603:Amphibious Group One 584:1st Cavalry Division 510:9th Bombardment Wing 417:, then in harbor in 319:Philippines Campaign 290:, and had served as 276:Arthur MacArthur Jr. 8179:Arthur MacArthur IV 8011:Bess Wallace Truman 7911:U.S. Postage stamps 7705:Revenue Act of 1951 7688:Revenue Act of 1950 7682:Dingell–Johnson Act 7677:Housing Act of 1949 7667:Revenue Act of 1948 7523:Revenue Act of 1945 7315:Agreement on Europe 7102:American Experience 7084:American Experience 6689:on 14 November 2004 6406:Manchester, William 6320:Long, Gavin Merrick 6199:Volume 2, 1941–1945 5529:. New York: Knopf. 5273:St Petersburg Times 5137:on 17 November 2005 5061:, pp. 111–112. 4990:, pp. 253–254. 4842:, pp. 619–620. 4697:, pp. 611–612. 4658:, pp. 652–653. 4545:Hamilton, Alexander 4483:, pp. 258–259. 4360:, pp. 596–597. 4345:, pp. 376–377. 4203:, pp. 246–247. 4097:, pp. 215–216. 4035:, pp. 115–117. 4023:, pp. 109–111. 4011:, pp. 476–478. 3963:, pp. 222–227. 3927:, pp. 614–615. 3879:, pp. 441–442. 3843:, pp. 344–347. 3828:, pp. 328–330. 3816:, pp. 202–204. 3742:, pp. 230–232. 3725:, pp. 638–641. 3701:, pp. 636–637. 3677:, pp. 166–167. 3665:, pp. 289–292. 3377:, pp. 578–579. 3246:, pp. 286–287. 3234:, pp. 244–246. 3186:, pp. 234–235. 3071:, pp. 515–517. 2999:, pp. 503–504. 2925:, pp. 114–115. 2901:, pp. 590–591. 2827:on 9 September 2011 2786:, pp. 180–181. 2774:, pp. 326–328. 2762:, pp. 179–180. 2605:, pp. 150–151. 2557:, pp. 138–140. 2533:, pp. 445–446. 2487:, pp. 749–750. 2436:, pp. 106–107. 2243:, pp. 625–626. 1946:letter of reprimand 1778:Chinese Nationalist 1754:Richard Russell Jr. 1711:Jonathan Wainwright 1703:Albert C. Wedemeyer 1595:William F. Knowland 1518:The concept of the 1494:Apolitical military 854:Battle of the Bulge 614:1st Marine Division 601:, the commander of 442:38th parallel north 331:occupation of Japan 315:New Guinea Campaign 269:General of the Army 83:occupation of Japan 53:General of the Army 8290:Operation Chromite 8245:(1945 documentary) 8226:MacArthur Memorial 8064:Alben W. Barkley → 8059:← Henry A. Wallace 7693:Excess profits tax 7565:Flood Control Acts 7416:Key West Agreement 7309:Potsdam Conference 7068:The Truman Library 6602:on 29 January 2021 6269:on 6 December 2022 6032:Palgrave Macmillan 5887:The New York Times 5488:The New York Times 5393:The New York Times 5306:. 11 February 2012 5304:The New York Times 5191:The New York Times 5163:The New York Times 4561:on 11 January 2011 4294:on 12 October 2007 3583:The New York Times 3559:. 24 December 1960 2207:, pp. 89–103. 2003:John Shalikashvili 1954:war in Afghanistan 1938:war in Afghanistan 1883:Lieutenant Colonel 1762:Oscar C. Badger II 1732:ticker-tape parade 1633: 1560:Alexander Hamilton 1505:William T. Sherman 1438:Northwest Airlines 1416:as his successor. 1414:Matthew B. Ridgway 1346: 1273:Straits of Formosa 1185:and Major General 1179: 1124:Matthew B. Ridgway 1075: 964:Shantung Peninsula 940: 824:Lieutenant General 753: 714:Franklin Roosevelt 644: 627:Brigadier General 522:crashed on takeoff 482:Hoyt S. Vandenberg 435:Secretary of State 393: 300:Franklin Roosevelt 284:American Civil War 273:Lieutenant General 224:amphibious warfare 173:National Guardsmen 44:On 11 April 1951, 42: 8338:Douglas MacArthur 8305: 8304: 8120:Douglas MacArthur 8086: 8085: 7964:(1979 miniseries) 7786:Historic District 7723: 7722: 7715:1952 steel strike 7587:Fulbright Program 7363:Hoover Commission 6866:978-1-107-51451-5 6713:978-0-253-35066-4 6511:McCullough, David 6448:978-0-945274-67-4 6333:978-0-938289-14-2 6181:978-0-674-81736-4 6095:978-1-84277-543-1 6068:978-0-07-023580-9 6041:978-1-4039-7658-1 5831:978-0-691-07843-4 5801:978-0-7006-0991-8 5619:978-0-19-971917-4 5592:978-0-7425-7739-8 5442:, pp. 17–18. 5241:(16 April 2015). 5097:, pp. 72–73. 5085:, pp. 14–15. 5073:, pp. 14–15. 4547:(14 March 1788). 4507:, pp. 77–80. 4449:, pp. 32–35. 4124:, pp. 74–77. 4109:, pp. 34–35. 3891:, pp. 72–75. 3464:Dingman 1988–1989 3387:Dingman 1988–1989 2499:, pp. 62–63. 2497:Dingman 1988–1989 2451:, pp. 37–39. 2373:, pp. 78–79. 2361:, pp. 76–77. 2303:, pp. 68–69. 2291:, pp. 65–66. 2279:, pp. 58–60. 2267:, pp. 52–53. 2171:, pp. 13–14. 2159:, pp. 30–34. 2123:, pp. 17–19. 1942:James N. Post III 1856:William Fechteler 1848:Arthur W. Radford 1804:Watergate Scandal 1766:Patrick J. Hurley 1692:Kenneth S. Wherry 1686:Los Angeles Times 1480:French Revolution 1338:J. Lawton Collins 1108:Public statements 938:in November 1951. 850:Dwight Eisenhower 530:Brigadier General 474:J. Lawton Collins 385:J. Lawton Collins 263:Douglas MacArthur 257:Douglas MacArthur 79:Southwest Pacific 56:Douglas MacArthur 16:(Redirected from 8365: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8090: 8089: 8075: 8074: 7988:(2022 TV series) 7750:Truman Committee 7650:Taft–Hartley Act 7517:Medal of Freedom 7292: 7291: 7276:Executive Orders 7180: 7172: 7161: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7113: 7112: 7050: 7027:Military Affairs 7021: 6998:Military Affairs 6992: 6963: 6946: 6936: 6925: 6915: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6878: 6851: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6821:. Archived from 6803: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6778: 6766: 6725: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6677: 6667: 6638: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6598:. 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Fisher 1646:Mainichi Shimbun 1588:Vito Marcantonio 1576:laid down that: 1430:American embassy 1287:Swatow (Shantou) 1240:Operation Rugged 1187:George McClellan 1151:Averell Harriman 1115:Courtney Whitney 1087:Quebec Agreement 1045:Foreign pressure 1012:with MacArthur: 952:Courtney Whitney 862:Emmett O'Donnell 839:Battle of Onjong 770:ham and eggs cap 729:oak leaf cluster 663:Louis A. Johnson 629:Courtney Whitney 577:Battle of Inchon 571:Battle of Inchon 553:George F. Kennan 533:Robert F. Travis 501:Charles L. Bolte 354: 353: 349: 346: 311:Battle of Bataan 214:During the 1949 189:John J. Pershing 181:Louis H. Renfrow 177:Harry H. Vaughan 148:on the death of 21: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8258:American Caesar 8214: 8153: 8134:Service summary 8122: 8117: 8087: 8082: 8034: 8017:Margaret Truman 7999: 7920: 7869: 7802: 7759: 7719: 7593:Hill–Burton Act 7503: 7345:Luce–Celler Act 7304:Truman Doctrine 7290: 7183: 7175: 7164: 7153: 7145: 7143:Harry S. Truman 7140: 7058: 7053: 7039:10.2307/1986484 7010:10.2307/1986818 6981: 6898: 6896: 6867: 6828: 6826: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6776: 6755: 6739:Rhodes, Richard 6734:on 24 June 2009 6714: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6675: 6656: 6627: 6605: 6603: 6588: 6559: 6527: 6495:10.2307/1900879 6471: 6469: 6449: 6422: 6390: 6334: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6288: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6255: 6236: 6209: 6182: 6130: 6096: 6069: 6042: 6001:10.2307/2538737 5964:10.2307/2203888 5923:10.2307/2538736 5899: 5897: 5882: 5868: 5866: 5832: 5802: 5780: 5778: 5735: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5668: 5649: 5620: 5593: 5566:10.2307/1988372 5537: 5507: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5266: 5265: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5239:Public, John Q. 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5114:, pp. 4–7. 5110: 5101: 5095:Owens 1994–1995 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4978:, p. 3605. 4974: 4970: 4966:, p. 3602. 4962: 4958: 4954:, p. 3601. 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4670:, p. 1008. 4668:McCullough 1992 4666: 4662: 4656:Manchester 1978 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4493:Huntington 1957 4491: 4487: 4481:Huntington 1957 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4447:Huntington 1957 4445: 4441: 4435:Huntington 1957 4433: 4429: 4423:Huntington 1957 4421: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4377:on 9 March 2016 4369: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4262:on 13 June 2010 4250: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3889:Owens 1994–1995 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3865:McCullough 1992 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3596:Alperovitz 1995 3594: 3590: 3585:. 9 April 1964. 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454:, pp. 3–4. 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3318: 3314:, pp. 1–2. 3310: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3100:on 8 March 2009 3092: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2676:on 30 July 2012 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2650:on 4 March 2014 2638: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2042:Stephen Colbert 2038:Donald Rumsfeld 2022:Gregory Newbold 1997:, spoke at the 1893:Robert McNamara 1868: 1823:Adlai Stevenson 1799: 1772:and O'Donnell. 1741: 1680:Chicago Tribune 1661:Chicago Tribune 1621: 1616: 1550: 1496: 1451: 1446: 1434:Warren Magnuson 1342:Forrest Sherman 1334:Hoyt Vandenberg 1318: 1309:Hoyt Vandenberg 1236: 1234:Provoking China 1223: 1183:Abraham Lincoln 1155:George Marshall 1110: 1047: 1026:John F. Kennedy 956:Albert Gore Sr. 919: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 871: 869:Nuclear weapons 843:Battle of Unsan 820: 731:to MacArthur's 706: 700: 671:George Marshall 610:Oliver P. Smith 590:, to which the 588:Pusan Perimeter 579: 573: 549:John M. Allison 508:bombers of the 493:nuclear weapons 389:Forrest Sherman 377: 371: 366: 351: 347: 344: 342: 265: 259: 239:Forrest Sherman 142:Harry S. Truman 139: 137:Harry S. Truman 133: 128: 49:Harry S. Truman 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8371: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8286: 8278: 8270: 8262: 8254: 8246: 8238: 8236:MacArthur Park 8233: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8173:Jean MacArthur 8170: 8163: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8116: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8093: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8007: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7989: 7985:The First Lady 7981: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7944:(1975 song by 7937: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7778: 7773: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7685: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7333:War Brides Act 7330: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7296:Foreign policy 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7266:Truman Balcony 7263: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7201:Inaugurations 7199: 7193: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7173: 7162: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7091: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7057: 7056:External links 7054: 7052: 7051: 7022: 6993: 6979: 6964: 6947: 6926: 6905: 6879: 6865: 6852: 6835: 6825:on 17 May 2011 6804: 6767: 6753: 6735: 6712: 6699: 6668: 6654: 6639: 6625: 6612: 6586: 6571: 6557: 6539: 6525: 6507: 6478: 6461: 6447: 6434: 6420: 6402: 6388: 6375: 6346: 6332: 6316: 6279: 6248: 6234: 6221: 6207: 6194: 6180: 6162: 6142: 6128: 6108: 6094: 6081: 6067: 6054: 6040: 6021: 5984: 5943: 5906: 5875: 5844: 5830: 5818:Cumings, Bruce 5814: 5800: 5787: 5728: 5718:on 9 June 2010 5661: 5647: 5632: 5618: 5605: 5591: 5578: 5549: 5535: 5520: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5474: 5444: 5432: 5405: 5379: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5291: 5280:on 6 June 2011 5256: 5230: 5204: 5176: 5148: 5116: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5059:Foot 1988–1989 5051: 5049:, p. 336. 5039: 5037:, p. 327. 5027: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4942:, p. 732. 4932: 4930:, p. 169. 4920: 4918:, p. 210. 4908: 4906:, p. 168. 4893: 4868: 4866:, p. 167. 4856: 4854:, p. 203. 4844: 4832: 4821:on 14 May 2011 4806: 4780: 4750: 4746:Weintraub 2000 4738: 4736:, p. 236. 4726: 4699: 4684: 4682:, p. 235. 4672: 4660: 4648: 4646:, p. 603. 4636: 4623: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4554:New York Times 4536: 4534:, p. 225. 4524: 4522:, p. 161. 4509: 4505:Challener 1973 4497: 4495:, p. 230. 4485: 4473: 4451: 4439: 4437:, p. 165. 4427: 4425:, p. 163. 4412: 4410:, p. 444. 4400: 4388: 4362: 4347: 4332: 4330:, p. 179. 4328:Meilinger 1989 4320: 4318:, p. 594. 4305: 4273: 4243: 4241:, p. 214. 4231: 4220:on 6 June 2011 4205: 4188: 4160: 4138: 4136:, p. 364. 4126: 4122:Alexander 1997 4111: 4099: 4087: 4062: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3999:, p. 180. 3989: 3987:, p. 389. 3985:MacArthur 1964 3977: 3975:, p. 590. 3965: 3953: 3951:, p. 224. 3941: 3939:, p. 225. 3929: 3917: 3915:, p. 187. 3905: 3903:, p. 183. 3893: 3881: 3869: 3867:, p. 998. 3857: 3855:, p. 586. 3845: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3804:, p. 373. 3794: 3792:, p. 175. 3782: 3771:on 6 June 2011 3756: 3754:, p. 170. 3744: 3727: 3715: 3713:, p. 233. 3703: 3691: 3689:, p. 636. 3679: 3667: 3655: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3598:, p. 352. 3588: 3570: 3544: 3542:, p. 581. 3532: 3519: 3517:, p. 179. 3507: 3505:, p. 137. 3495: 3493:, p. 750. 3483: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3418: 3416:, p. 591. 3403: 3401:, p. 449. 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3329:, p. 263. 3327:Weintraub 2000 3316: 3301: 3299:, p. 136. 3289: 3287:, p. 288. 3277: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3222:, p. 242. 3212: 3210:, p. 135. 3200: 3198:, p. 366. 3188: 3176: 3174:, p. 120. 3164: 3162:, p. 218. 3152: 3150:, p. 119. 3135: 3133:, p. 233. 3123: 3121:, p. 212. 3111: 3085: 3083:, p. 362. 3081:MacArthur 1964 3073: 3061: 3059:, p. 515. 3049: 3047:, p. 514. 3037: 3035:, p. 172. 3025: 3023:, p. 504. 3013: 3011:, p. 113. 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 501. 2977: 2975:, p. 500. 2965: 2939: 2937:, p. 170. 2927: 2915: 2913:, p. 526. 2903: 2891: 2889:, p. 111. 2879: 2877:, p. 113. 2862: 2860:, p. 194. 2850: 2848:, p. 183. 2838: 2812: 2810:, p. 485. 2800: 2798:, p. 331. 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2741:on 9 June 2012 2726: 2711: 2709:, p. 216. 2699: 2687: 2661: 2631: 2629:, p. 370. 2619: 2617:, p. 326. 2607: 2595: 2583: 2581:, p. 147. 2571: 2559: 2547: 2545:, p. 323. 2535: 2523: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2463:, p. 252. 2461:Weintraub 2000 2453: 2438: 2426: 2424:, p. 320. 2411: 2409:, p. 106. 2399: 2397:, p. 629. 2387: 2385:, p. 102. 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2231:, p. 393. 2229:MacArthur 1964 2221: 2219:, p. 101. 2217:MacArthur 1964 2209: 2205:MacArthur 1964 2197: 2185: 2181:MacArthur 1964 2173: 2169:MacArthur 1964 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2110: 2108:, p. 230. 2098: 2083: 2081:, p. 365. 2067: 2065: 2062: 2050:George W. Bush 1960:, noting that: 1958:David Petraeus 1926:fired General 1886:H. R. McMaster 1867: 1864: 1844:Nathan Twining 1808:Lyndon Johnson 1798: 1795: 1740: 1737: 1666:Robert A. Taft 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1549: 1546: 1520:theater of war 1495: 1492: 1472: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1386:Billy Mitchell 1317: 1314: 1271:bound for the 1264:Philippine Sea 1235: 1232: 1222: 1219: 1195:Winfield Scott 1167:John W. Snyder 1109: 1106: 1083:Clement Attlee 1055:Clement Attlee 1046: 1043: 876: 870: 867: 819: 816: 787:Robert Sherrod 779:Arthur Radford 741:Arthur Radford 718:Chester Nimitz 702:Main article: 699: 696: 639:Mount McKinley 599:James H. Doyle 572: 569: 465:United Nations 370: 367: 365: 362: 296:Herbert Hoover 280:Medal of Honor 261:Main article: 258: 255: 220:naval aviation 135:Main article: 132: 129: 127: 124: 46:U.S. president 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8370: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8199:(grandfather) 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8175:(second wife) 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8079: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7994: 7990: 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6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6421:0-440-30424-5 6417: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6389:1-55750-483-0 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6286: 6280: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6235:0-395-36004-8 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6208:0-395-20446-1 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6146:Hasluck, Paul 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6129:0-19-504546-7 6125: 6120: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5648:0-691-06916-6 5644: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5536:0-679-44331-2 5532: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5351:, p. 29. 5350: 5345: 5339:, p. 58. 5338: 5333: 5327:, p. 64. 5326: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5015: 5008: 5001: 5000:Pearlman 2008 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4916:Pearlman 2008 4912: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4852:Pearlman 2008 4848: 4841: 4836: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4795:on 1 May 2010 4794: 4790: 4784: 4769:on 1 May 2010 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4621:, p. 35. 4620: 4615: 4613: 4606:, p. 34. 4605: 4600: 4594:, p. 29. 4593: 4588: 4582:, p. 32. 4581: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4344: 4343:Schnabel 1972 4339: 4337: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4239:Pearlman 2008 4235: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4033:Marshall 1989 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3997:Pearlman 2008 3993: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3961:Pearlman 2008 3957: 3950: 3949:Pearlman 2008 3945: 3938: 3937:Pearlman 2008 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3913:Pearlman 2008 3909: 3902: 3901:Pearlman 2008 3897: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3802:Schnabel 1972 3798: 3791: 3790:Pearlman 2008 3786: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3752:Pearlman 2008 3748: 3741: 3740:Pearlman 2008 3736: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3711:Pearlman 2008 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3663:Schnabel 1972 3659: 3651: 3647: 3644:(4): 91–110. 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3481:, p. 70. 3480: 3475: 3473: 3466:, p. 72. 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3395: 3389:, p. 68. 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3353:, p. 71. 3352: 3347: 3341:, p. 78. 3340: 3339:Grosscup 2013 3335: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3297:Pearlman 2008 3293: 3286: 3285:Schnabel 1972 3281: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3244:Schnabel 1972 3240: 3233: 3232:Schnabel 1972 3228: 3221: 3220:Schnabel 1972 3216: 3209: 3208:Pearlman 2008 3204: 3197: 3196:Schnabel 1972 3192: 3185: 3184:Schnabel 1972 3180: 3173: 3172:Pearlman 2008 3168: 3161: 3160:Schnabel 1972 3156: 3149: 3148:Pearlman 2008 3144: 3142: 3140: 3132: 3131:Schnabel 1972 3127: 3120: 3119:Schnabel 1972 3115: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3009:Pearlman 2008 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2887:Pearlman 2008 2883: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2858:Schnabel 1972 2854: 2847: 2846:Schnabel 1972 2842: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2784:Schnabel 1972 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2760:Schnabel 1972 2756: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2724:, p. 98. 2723: 2722:Pearlman 2008 2718: 2716: 2708: 2707:Pearlman 2008 2703: 2697:, p. 96. 2696: 2695:Pearlman 2008 2691: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2627:Schnabel 1972 2623: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2603:Schnabel 1972 2599: 2593:, p. 87. 2592: 2591:Pearlman 2008 2587: 2580: 2579:Schnabel 1972 2575: 2568: 2567:Schnabel 1972 2563: 2556: 2555:Schnabel 1972 2551: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2475:, p. 32. 2474: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2434:Schnabel 1972 2430: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2407:Schnabel 1972 2403: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2383:Schnabel 1972 2379: 2372: 2371:Schnabel 1972 2367: 2360: 2359:Schnabel 1972 2355: 2349:, p. 71. 2348: 2347:Schnabel 1972 2343: 2327: 2321: 2315:, p. 72. 2314: 2313:Schnabel 1972 2309: 2302: 2301:Schnabel 1972 2297: 2290: 2289:Schnabel 1972 2285: 2278: 2277:Schnabel 1972 2273: 2266: 2265:Schnabel 1972 2261: 2255:, p. 14. 2254: 2253:Pearlman 2008 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2183:, p. 27. 2182: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2147:, p. 38. 2146: 2141: 2135:, p. 18. 2134: 2133:Pearlman 2008 2129: 2122: 2121:Pearlman 2008 2117: 2115: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2080: 2079:Schnabel 1972 2075: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:John M. Riggs 2023: 2019: 2018:Paul D. Eaton 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2001:and another, 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1933:Rolling Stone 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Michael Dugan 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1835:Joseph Stalin 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806:in 1974, and 1805: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1770:David G. Barr 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1637:Diet of Japan 1630: 1629:Soldier Field 1625: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1562:argued that: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1465:According to 1462: 1457: 1455: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1251:Seventh Fleet 1248: 1247:Task Force 77 1243: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:Philip Jessup 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:Oliver Franks 1060: 1056: 1051: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006:Richard Nixon 1001: 996: 994: 993:Bob Considine 990: 984: 982: 977: 973: 969: 965: 959: 957: 953: 948: 946: 937: 932: 928: 926: 918: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 874: 866: 863: 857: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:Edward Almond 828: 827:Walton Walker 825: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 793: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 767: 761: 759: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 721: 719: 715: 711: 705: 695: 692: 687: 684: 680: 674: 672: 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 641: 640: 634: 633:Edward Almond 630: 625: 621: 619: 615: 611: 608: 607:Major General 604: 600: 597: 593: 589: 585: 578: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 536: 534: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:fissile cores 515: 511: 507: 502: 499: 498:Major General 494: 489: 487: 486:Edward Almond 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 461: 458: 454: 453:Resolution 83 450: 445: 443: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415: 409: 405: 401: 397: 390: 386: 381: 376: 361: 358: 340: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 270: 264: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:Louis Denfeld 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185:Robert E. Lee 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 123: 120: 115: 112: 108: 104: 99: 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 54: 50: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 8288: 8280: 8272: 8264: 8256: 8248: 8240: 8219:Public image 8169:(first wife) 8148: 8070: 8049: 8042: 7991: 7983: 7975: 7967: 7959: 7951: 7941:Harry Truman 7939: 7931: 7925:Public image 7881:Bibliography 7471: 7100: 7094: 7082: 7076: 7030: 7026: 7001: 6997: 6969: 6951: 6932: 6911: 6899:11 September 6897:. Retrieved 6884: 6856: 6839: 6827:. Retrieved 6823:the original 6809: 6796:. Retrieved 6772: 6743: 6703: 6691:. Retrieved 6684:the original 6679: 6644: 6616: 6604:. Retrieved 6600:the original 6576: 6547: 6515: 6486: 6482: 6470:. Retrieved 6438: 6410: 6379: 6354: 6350: 6323: 6308:. Retrieved 6284: 6271:. Retrieved 6264:the original 6260:Army History 6259: 6225: 6198: 6170: 6149: 6117: 6085: 6058: 6026: 5992: 5988: 5951: 5947: 5914: 5910: 5898:. Retrieved 5889:. New York. 5886: 5867:. 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Retrieved 4559:the original 4552: 4539: 4527: 4520:Hasluck 1970 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464:. Retrieved 4454: 4442: 4430: 4403: 4398:, p. 9. 4396:Spanier 1959 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4375:the original 4365: 4323: 4296:. Retrieved 4292:the original 4285: 4276: 4264:. Retrieved 4260:the original 4246: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4218:the original 4208: 4179:. Retrieved 4173: 4163: 4151:. Retrieved 4141: 4134:Mossman 1990 4129: 4107:Marolda 2012 4102: 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4072: 4065: 4053:. Retrieved 4047: 4040: 4028: 4016: 4009:Goulden 1982 4004: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3841:Mossman 1990 3826:Mossman 1990 3821: 3814:Mossman 1990 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3769:the original 3759: 3747: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3675:Spanier 1959 3670: 3658: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3561:. Retrieved 3556: 3547: 3535: 3527: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3491:Cumings 1990 3486: 3459: 3447: 3435:. Retrieved 3421: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3363:Cumings 1990 3358: 3346: 3334: 3292: 3280: 3268:. Retrieved 3264:the original 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3126: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3098:the original 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956:. Retrieved 2952:the original 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2853: 2841: 2829:. Retrieved 2825:the original 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743:. Retrieved 2739:the original 2729: 2702: 2690: 2678:. Retrieved 2674:the original 2664: 2652:. Retrieved 2648:the original 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514:. Retrieved 2504: 2492: 2485:Cumings 1990 2480: 2468: 2456: 2429: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330:. Retrieved 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2195:, p. 5. 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2101: 2032:and General 2014:John Batiste 2011: 1995:Tommy Franks 1968: 1963: 1950: 1931: 1924:Barack Obama 1908:Jimmy Carter 1901: 1897:Hugh Shelton 1876: 1869: 1840: 1820: 1800: 1791: 1783: 1774: 1742: 1728: 1723: 1715: 1696: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1644: 1634: 1600: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1570: 1565: 1553: 1551: 1541: 1537: 1525:Europe first 1517: 1513: 1501:Election Day 1497: 1476: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1432:for Senator 1427: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1391: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1326:Omar Bradley 1299: 1294: 1290: 1282:John A. Bole 1281: 1269:Sea of Japan 1263: 1256: 1244: 1237: 1224: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1180: 1175:Omar Bradley 1159:Dean Acheson 1139: 1134: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1095: 1076: 1069:(left), the 1067:William Slim 1023: 1015: 1003: 998: 989:Jim G. Lucas 985: 960: 949: 941: 921: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 877: 872: 858: 847: 821: 812: 795: 791: 762: 754: 749:Omar Bradley 737:Charles Ross 710:George Elsey 707: 688: 675: 645: 638: 596:Rear Admiral 580: 561:Soviet Union 537: 490: 462: 446: 438:Dean Acheson 413: 394: 335: 307:World War II 304: 266: 213: 170: 140: 131:Harry Truman 116: 87: 76: 60:World War II 43: 29: 8293:(2016 film) 8285:(2012 film) 8269:(1981 film) 8261:(biography) 8253:(1977 film) 7996:(2023 film) 7993:Oppenheimer 7972:(1995 film) 7956:(1976 film) 7793:Blair House 7457:1950–1953; 7179:(1935–1945) 7160:(1945–1953) 5900:19 February 5722:11 November 5458:Yahoo! 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