1948 United States presidential election

1686:. Stassen, despite his liberal reputation, argued in favor of outlawing the party, stating his belief that a network of Soviet-directed Communist spies "within the U.S. demanded immediate, and punitive, response...Why did Dewey oppose such a ban? Stassen wanted to know." "We must not coddle Communism with legality", Stassen insisted. Dewey - while criticizing Communist totalitarianism and Soviet actions in the Cold War - still forcefully argued against banning the Communist Party: "This outlawing idea is nothing new...for thousands of years despots have tortured, imprisoned, killed, and exiled their opponents, and their governments have always fallen into the dust." Dewey ended his turn in the debate by stating that "I am unalterably, wholeheartedly, and unswervingly against any scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religious, political, social, or economic ideas. I am against it because it is a violation of the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights...I am against it because I know from a great many years of experience in law enforcement that the proposal wouldn't work. Stripped to its naked essentials...this is nothing but the method of Hitler and Stalin. It is thought control...an attempt to beat down ideas with a club. It is a surrender of everything we believe in." Surveys showed that from 40 to 80 million people nationwide listened to the debate, and most observers rated Dewey as the winner. Four days after the debate, Dewey defeated Stassen in the Oregon primary. From this point forward, the New York governor had the momentum he needed to win his party's nomination for a second straight time. 298: 306: 314: 1660:. Stassen was widely regarded as the most liberal of the Republican candidates, yet during the primaries he was criticized for being vague on many issues. Stassen stunned Dewey and MacArthur in the Wisconsin primary; Stassen's surprise victory virtually eliminated General MacArthur, whose supporters had made a major effort on his behalf. Stassen defeated Dewey again in the Nebraska primary, thus making him the new frontrunner. He then made the strategic mistake of trying to beat Taft in Ohio, Taft's home state. Stassen believed that if he could defeat Taft in his home state, Taft would be forced to quit the race and most of Taft's delegates would support him instead of Dewey. Taft defeated Stassen in his native Ohio, and Stassen earned the hostility of the party's conservatives. Even so, Stassen was still leading Dewey in the polls for the upcoming Oregon primary. Dewey, however, realized that losing another primary would end his chances at the nomination, and he decided to make an all-out effort in Oregon. 303: 282: 1722:

to withdraw , and neither man thought he could get his delegates to follow if he did." Instead, both Taft and Stassen, along with Senator Vandenberg, simply agreed to try to hold their own delegates in the hopes of preventing Dewey from obtaining a majority. This proved to be futile, as Dewey's efficient campaign team methodically gathered the remaining delegates they needed to win the nomination. Stassen tried to contact General Eisenhower to ask him to reconsider becoming a candidate, but Eisenhower "could not be reached." After the second round of balloting, Dewey was only 33 votes short of victory. Taft then called Stassen and urged him to withdraw from the race and endorse him as Dewey's main opponent. When Stassen refused, Taft wrote a concession statement and had it read to the convention at the start of the third ballot; at this point the other candidates also dropped out, and Dewey was then nominated unanimously by

912: 1592:, the most popular general of World War II and a favorite in the polls. Unlike the latter movement within the Democratic Party, however, the Republican draft movement came largely from the grassroots of the party. By January 23, 1948, the grassroots movement had successfully entered Eisenhower's name into every state holding a Republican presidential primary, and polls gave him a significant lead against all other contenders. With the first state primary approaching, Eisenhower was forced to make a quick decision. Stating that soldiers should keep out of politics, Eisenhower declined to run and requested that the grassroots draft movement cease its activities. After a number of failed efforts to get Eisenhower to reconsider, the organization disbanded, with the majority of its leadership endorsing the presidential campaign of the former Governor of 649: 103: 329: 1399: 316: 1450: 2276:

tomatoes, six peaches, and two lemons." When he left the state he announced: "As Jesus Christ said, if at any time they will not listen to you willingly, then shake the dust off from your feet and go elsewhere." He ate only in unsegregated restaurants, traveled with a black secretary, and in Mississippi had to be escorted by police for protection. His aide Clark Foreman admitted that Wallace wanted to stir up controversy for the publicity it would receive in more liberal areas in the North and West. As the campaign progressed, however, Wallace's crowds thinned and his standing in the polls dropped. Wallace was hurt by the successful effort of labor unions to keep their members in the Democratic column, and by controversial statements from Progressives supporting "appeasement with Russia." Wallace himself attacked

1747:, in exchange for Halleck delivering the entire Indiana delegation to Dewey. Halleck did so, but Dewey, who had not been present at the meeting between his managers and Halleck, decided to reject his candidacy, telling his aides "Halleck won't do." After Dewey told Halleck of his decision, Halleck "was first speechless with disbelief and then overcome with emotion." He told Dewey that "you're running out on the Eightieth Congress, and you'll be sorry!" Abels wrote that Dewey's decision to deny Halleck the vice-presidential bid "may have been a fateful one...Halleck with his forceful personality might have changed the tone of the Dewey campaign, and certainly the issue of the record of the GOP-controlled Eightieth Congress would have to have been met heads on." Instead, Dewey chose popular governor (and future 2928:

national mood was shifting daily, almost hourly." After the election, a study by the University of Michigan revealed that "14% of Truman's voters, or 3,374,800, had decided to vote for him in the last fortnight of the campaign." Gallup and Roper also did an analysis of the votes; they "learned that one voter in every seven (6,927,000), made up his mind in the last two weeks before the election. Of these, 75 percent picked Truman", which was more than his margin of victory over Dewey. "Using either the Michigan figures or Gallup-Roper's, one finds that some 3,300,000 fence-sitters determined the outcome of the race in its closing days – when Dewey's instincts were urging him to adopt Truman's hell-for-leather style and slug it out with him, and when he didn't because all the experts told him he shouldn't."

3666: 2894:, still confidently predicted that once the "late returns" came in Dewey would overcome Truman's lead and win. At midnight, Truman awoke and turned on the radio in his room; he heard Kaltenborn announce that while Truman was still ahead in the popular vote, he could not possibly win. At 4 a.m., Truman awoke again and heard on the radio that his popular-vote lead was now nearly two million votes, and that he was well ahead in the electoral vote. He told the Secret Service agents guarding him to drive him back to Kansas City, "because it looks as if we're in for another four years." For the rest of his life, Truman would gleefully mimic Kaltenborn's staccato voice predicting his defeat throughout that election night. Dewey, meanwhile, realized that he was in trouble when early returns from 1304: 3005:

which he ran, with his best showing among these being second place with 20.3% of the vote in Georgia. The Dixiecrats also failed to draw off enough Truman voters to throw any of his states to Dewey, with the nearest they came in this regard being in Virginia, where the 25.0% margin won by Roosevelt in 1944 was reduced to 6.9% this time. The civil rights platform helped Truman win large majorities among black voters in the populous Northern and Midwestern states, and may well have made the difference for Truman in states such as Illinois and Ohio. Wallace's Progressives received only 2.4% of the national popular vote, well below their expected vote total and slightly less than the Dixiecrats, and Wallace did not take as many liberal votes from Truman as many political

1425: 2391: 284: 323: 963: 1531: 317: 304: 309: 305: 299: 319: 1505: 297: 318: 326: 1374: 762: 330: 2244:, served as the Chairman of the party's platform committee. He became convinced that the party was being manipulated by Communists, and was "so heartsick about Communist infiltration of the party that he discussed . . . with his wife disaffiliating the night before the convention" started. Tugwell later did disassociate himself from the Progressive Party and did not participate in Wallace's fall campaign. A number of other Progressive Party delegates and supporters would quit the party in protest over what they perceived as the undue influence Communists exerted over Wallace, including the prominent American socialist 862: 1475: 313: 30: 2718:, said that Truman's campaign was "pitched to four distinct interest groups – labor, the farmer, the Negro, and the consumer. Every move had these four interest groups in mind." Since he was trailing in the polls, Truman decided to adopt a slashing, no-holds-barred campaign. He ridiculed Dewey by name, criticized Dewey's refusal to address specific issues, and scornfully targeted the Republican-controlled 80th Congress with a wave of relentless and blistering partisan assaults. Truman claimed that "the Communists are rooting for a GOP victory because they know it would bring on another 315: 302: 311: 301: 526:

With the three-way split in the Democratic Party, and with Truman's low approval ratings, Truman was widely considered to be the underdog in the race, and virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated Dewey would win the election. Defying these predictions, Truman won the election with 303 electoral votes to Dewey's 189. Truman also won 49.6% of the popular vote compared to Dewey's 45.1%, while the third-party candidacies of Thurmond and Wallace each won less than 3% of the popular vote, with Thurmond carrying four southern states in the

737: 2641: 279: 285: 283: 712: 2763:, had private doubts that her husband could win; the only person who appears to have considered Truman's campaign to be winnable was the president himself, who confidently predicted victory to anyone who would listen to him. Near the end of the campaign, Truman privately wrote a state-by-state electoral vote prediction and gave it to his aide, George Elsey. Truman believed that he would win the election with 340 electoral votes, to 108 for Dewey, 42 for Thurmond, and 37 marked doubtful (he accidentally left out four electoral votes). 300: 117: 2924:." James Farley, President Franklin Roosevelt's successful campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, had stated that, in his opinion, the great majority of voters decided which candidate to support during the political conventions. The fall campaigns, Farley believed, were simply "ineffective carnivals" that swayed few voters. In 1948 many pollsters, relying on Farley's Law, believed that the election was effectively over after the Republican and Democratic conventions, and they discounted the impact of Truman's campaigning that fall. 658: 2652: 937: 308: 11760: 110: 837: 2451:, where they could then extract concessions from either Truman or Dewey on racial issues in exchange for their support. Even if Dewey won the election outright, the Dixiecrats hoped that their defection would show that the Democratic Party needed Southern support in order to win national elections, and that this fact would weaken the pro-civil rights movement among Northern and Western Democrats. The Dixiecrats were weakened, however, when most Southern Democratic leaders (such as Governor 2352: 2053: 2767:

high production values but somehow reinforced an image of the New York governor as cautious and distant. On the other hand, the Truman film, hastily assembled on virtually no budget by the perpetually cash-short Truman campaign, relied heavily on public-domain and newsreel footage of the president taking part in major world events and signing important legislation. Perhaps unintentionally, the Truman film visually reinforced an image of him as engaged and decisive. Years later, historian

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took another poll. It showed "a slight shift to Truman; it still gave Dewey a heavy lead, however, so he decided not to hedge his bet." One poll showing strong Truman support in the rural Midwest was sponsored by the Staley Milling Company, who "polled farmers by giving them a choice of a donkey or an elephant on chicken feed sacks. When the results among 20,000 farmers showed up as fifty-four percent to forty-six percent for the donkey, the poll was abandoned."

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conservative, obstructionist tendencies of the unpopular 80th Congress. Truman toured much of the nation with his fiery rhetoric, playing to large, enthusiastic crowds. "Give 'em hell, Harry" was a popular slogan shouted out at stop after stop along the tour. The polls and the pundits held that Dewey's lead was insurmountable and that Truman's efforts were for naught. Truman's own staff considered the campaign a last hurrah. Even Truman's own wife,

2776:'s post-convention surveys, Dewey's Gallup lead dropped from 17 points in late September to nine points in mid-October and just five points by the end of the month, just above the poll's margin of error. Although Truman was gaining momentum, most political analysts were reluctant to break with the conventional wisdom and say that a Truman victory was a serious possibility. After 1948, pollsters would constantly test voters through election day. 322: 2268:

over the Democratic Party." After receiving the vice-presidential nomination, Taylor told reporters that there was a difference between "pink" Communists and "red" Communists. Taylor claimed that "pink" Communists would support the Wallace-Taylor ticket because they believed in a "peaceful revolution" to turn the government to left-wing beliefs, but "red" Communists would support the Republican ticket in the belief that they would cause another

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plank; so the President supported and defended the "Crackpot" Biemiller plank, which passed by 651.5 votes to 582.5. It also received strong support from many of the big-city party bosses, most of whom felt that the civil rights platform would encourage the growing black population in their cities to vote for the Democrats. The passage of the civil rights platform caused some three dozen Southern delegates, led by South Carolina Governor

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South Carolina), and the Wallace vote would have flipped Michigan, Maryland and New York into Truman's states. Winning these states would have put Truman at 416 electoral votes to Dewey's reduced 115 electoral votes. This still would have been a decline of Democratic electoral votes since 1940 but percentage-wise Truman would have gotten 54.33% of the popular vote, an increase of 0.94% from Roosevelt's last victory.

83: 3656: 1295: 327: 2813:, wrote columns to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's possible choices for his cabinet; the day before the election, Pearson wrote that any chance of a Truman victory was "impossible", and his column printed the day after the election stated that Pearson had "surveyed the closely-knit group around Tom Dewey who will take over the White House 86 days from now." 1009:'s new Progressive Party, and party leaders feared that Wallace would take enough votes from Truman to give the large Northern and Midwestern states to the Republicans. Conservatives dominated the party in the South, and they were angered by the growing voice of labor unions and black voters in the party outside the South. The hope that Truman would reverse course faded when he vetoed the 1631:. In 1946 he had been re-elected governor of New York by the largest margin in state history. Dewey's handicap was that many Republicans disliked him on a personal level; he often struck observers as cold, stiff, and calculating. Taft was the leader of the Republican Party's conservative wing, which was strongest in the Midwest and parts of the South. Taft called for abolishing many 294: 2965:

prosperity" during and after the war. Lubell quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered "I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?" Dewey's promise of a "great house cleaning" in Washington worried an Iowa minister who wanted to retain

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began recovering throughout 1948. The year 1948 was a banner year for the Democrats, as they not only retained the presidency but also recaptured both houses of Congress. It was also an unprecedented fifth consecutive presidential victory for the party, thus continuing what remains the only winning streak of more than two presidential elections by the Democratic Party since the

295: 1714:, were "as skillful a group of operators as ever manipulated a convention...it was said at the convention that the Dewey forces "could have won even with Taft" as their candidate." His main opponent, Senator Taft, was hobbled by an ineffective campaign team that one writer called "bumblers", and another historian noted that Taft's campaign manager, Ohio Congressman 328: 2443:, withdrew his name from consideration. Governor Wright of Mississippi received the vice-presidential nomination. The Dixiecrats had no chance of winning the election themselves, since they could not get on the ballot in enough states to win the necessary electoral votes. Their strategy was to take enough Southern states from Truman to force the election into the 812: 2788:

to ignore Truman's attacks. The sole exception was Kansas committeeman Harry Darby, who warned Dewey and his managers "that farmers were in a mutinous mood" and recommended that Dewey take a tougher and more aggressive stance. However, given that all the polls still showed Dewey leading, and no other committee member supported Darby, his advice was rejected.

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is the last time a Democratic presidential candidate won without New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. It is also the first of two occasions since 1916 that Oregon and Washington did not support the same party (the other being in 1968). This election is the only time since 1888 that New Jersey and Illinois did not support the same party.

2343: 2722:." In several speeches, Truman stated that "GOP" actually stood for "gluttons of privilege", and said that Republicans were "princes of privilege" and "bloodsuckers with offices on Wall Street." He told one audience that "The Republicans have begun to nail the American consumer to the wall with spikes of greed." At the National Plowing Contest in 1702:, Pennsylvania. It was the first presidential convention to be shown on national television. At this time, there were 27 television stations in full operation in the U.S. and an estimated 350,000 TV sets in the whole country. As the convention opened, Dewey was believed to have a large lead in the delegate count. His campaign managers, such as 320: 11307: 1128:

the control of special privilege; and they have completely proved it in the Eightieth Congress." At the end of the speech, the "delegates rose to their feet and cheered loudly for two minutes...for a moment Truman had created the illusion – few regarded it as more than an illusion – that the Democrats had a fighting chance in November."

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spoke in platitudes, avoiding controversial issues, and remained vague on what he planned to do as president, with speech after speech being nonpartisan and also filled with optimistic assertions or empty statements of the obvious, including the famous quote: "You know that your future is still ahead of you." An editorial in the

292: 10301: 2220:'", the name that Roerich had assigned Wallace in his cult. This revelation—including direct quotes from the letters—led to much ridicule of Wallace in the national press. The Progressive Party Convention, which was also held in Philadelphia, was a highly contentious affair; several famous newspaper journalists, such as 296: 2985:

distinguishing characteristic of Dewey and his team throughout his career...The truth is that Dewey's campaign was the result not of careless, but too careful and painstaking, calculation. The Dewey campaign was frozen into inertia not because it had been underthought, but because it had been overthought."

2838:, to await the election returns, some among his inner circle had already accepted other jobs, and not a single reporter traveling on his campaign train thought that he would win, while a number of prominent Republicans, anticipating serving in a Dewey administration, had already bought homes in Washington. 324: 2399:

Southern Democrats had become increasingly disturbed over President Truman's support of civil rights, particularly following his executive order racially integrating the U.S. armed forces and a civil rights message he sent to Congress in February 1948. At the Southern Governor's Conference in Wakulla

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In the fall campaign the Wallace-Taylor ticket made a Southern tour, where both Wallace and Taylor insisted on speaking to racially integrated audiences, in defiance of Southern custom and law at the time. In several North Carolina cities Wallace was hit by a total of "twenty-seven eggs, thirty-seven

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after winning election to the Senate in 1944, was named as Wallace's running mate. Although he was a member of the Democratic Party, Taylor accepted the Progressive Party's vice-presidential nomination, saying "I am not leaving the Democratic Party. It left me. Wall Street and the military have taken

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Taft and Stassen, Dewey's leading opponents, met in Taft's hotel suite to plan a "stop-Dewey" movement. A key obstacle soon developed, however, as both men refused to unite behind a single candidate to oppose Dewey: "The essence of their impasse was simple. Neither Stassen nor Taft hated Dewey enough

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carried five Dewey advertisements a day." Dewey also extensively campaigned in Oregon, spending three weeks in the state. He "invaded every hamlet, no matter how isolated, speaking at rural crossroads and shaking hands in hamburger stands. One journalist commented that Dewey was the greatest explorer

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Another reason for Dewey's surprise defeat was his complacent, distant approach to the campaign, and his failure to respond to Truman's attacks. Journalist Jules Abels wrote that "the election was not thrown away by indifference or lack of effort. Preparation and more preparation had always been the

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Truman gave a fighting acceptance speech, he stated that "Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make the Republicans like it – don't you forget it!... We will do that because they are wrong and we are right." He claimed that the Republican Party had, "ever since its inception...been under

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both left office shortly after the end of the war). This was the first election since 1836 in which a Democratic presidential candidate won the presidency without South Carolina, and the first ever in which a Democrat won the presidency without Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. Furthermore, this

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When Dewey considered adopting a more aggressive stance after noticing that his crowds were dwindling, Herbert Brownell contacted 90 GOP state committeemen and committeewomen in all 48 states. With one exception, they "urged to press forward on the high road" his campaign had taken and to continue

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Both Vandenberg and Warren were highly popular in their home states, but each refused to campaign in the primaries, which limited their chances of winning the nomination. Their supporters, however, hoped that in the event of a Dewey-Taft-Stassen deadlock, the convention would turn to their man as a

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Truman's feisty campaign style energized his base of traditional Democrats, consisting of most of the white South, as well as labor unions, and Catholic and Jewish voters; he also fared surprisingly well with Midwestern farmers. Dewey ran a low-risk campaign and avoided directly criticizing Truman.

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found in his post-1948 survey of voters that Truman, not Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new middle class" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of

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The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman won each of these states by less than 1 percentage point; they gave him a total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states - which would have required a shift of just 29,000 votes - he would have won the

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newspaper in the United Kingdom, published an article on the day of the election entitled "Harry S. Truman: A Study of a Failure." For its television coverage, NBC News had constructed a large cardboard model of the White House containing two elephants that would pop out when NBC announced Dewey's

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announced "Thomas E. Dewey is almost as good as elected. I can think of nothing duller or more intellectually barren than acting like a sports announcer who feels he must pretend he is witnessing a neck-and-neck race." Roper stopped polling voters until the final week before the election, when he

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played into Truman's hands, delivering very little in the way of substantive legislation during this time. Truman simply ignored the fact that Dewey's policies were considerably more liberal than most of his fellow Republicans, and instead concentrated his fire against what he characterized as the

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Although it had initially appeared that the Socialist Party would refrain from nominating its own candidate and instead endorse Wallace's run, policy differences and Wallace's refusal to publicly repudiate the support of communists caused them to break with the Progressive Party and nominate their

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The two largest third parties did not hurt Truman nearly as much as expected, as Thurmond's Dixiecrats carried only four Southern states, fewer than predicted, and all of which listed Thurmond as the official Democratic candidate; Thurmond did not come close to carrying any of the other states in

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Truman's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities, which was around 1,481,000, had decreased by 750,000 from Roosevelt's results in the 1944 election, which was around 2,230,000. If all of the votes Wallace received went to Truman then only the states of Maryland, Michigan, and New York would

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In the final weeks of the campaign, American movie theaters agreed to play two short newsreel-like campaign films in support of the two major-party candidates: both had been created by its respective campaign organization. The Dewey film, shot professionally on an impressive budget, featured very

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occupying that nation, he was unable to campaign for the nomination. He did make it known, however, that he would accept the GOP nomination if it were offered to him, and some conservative Republicans hoped that by winning a primary contest he could prove his popularity with voters. They chose to

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plank to the party platform that moderated the strong vocal support for civil rights that he had expressed at the NAACP convention in 1947, and to Congress in February 1948. This proposal disappointed Northern and Western liberals who wanted more swift and sweeping reforms in civil rights, but it

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from the Democratic Party. The split of the Democratic party, while failing to defeat Truman, did hold the Democrats back in several narrow states. Had the Wallace and Thurmond vote been in the Democratic column, Truman would have won all the Thurmond states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and

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of that year; and widespread dissatisfaction with the institution Truman labeled as the "do-nothing, good-for-nothing 80th Republican Congress." In addition, after suffering a relatively severe recession in 1946 and 1947 (in which real GDP dropped by 12% and inflation went over 15%), the economy

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The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede defeat. Aside from Ohio, California, and Illinois, Truman carried Idaho by almost as narrow a margin, and Dewey himself countered with similarly narrow

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Manchester noted that "Gallup's September 24 report foresaw 46.5% for Dewey to 38% for Truman. His last column, appearing in the Sunday papers two days before the election, showed Truman gaining sharply – to 44% – and the interviews on which it was based had been conducted two weeks earlier. The

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Truman nicknamed the Republican-controlled Congress as the "worst", "do-nothing" Congress, a remark that brought strong criticism from Republican Congressional leaders (such as Taft), but no comment from Dewey. In fact, Dewey rarely mentioned Truman's name during the campaign, which fit into his

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Another writer noted the "one broad issue that Dewey set forth in the campaign was unity...but was oversold on an issue which had no visceral appeal to the average American. It was hard to understand what Dewey was driving at. Sometimes it seemed that he was asking Americans to achieve unity by

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Given Truman's sinking popularity and the seemingly fatal three-way split in the Democratic Party, Dewey appeared unbeatable to the point where top Republicans believed that all their candidate had to do to win was to avoid major mistakes. Following this advice, Dewey carefully avoided risks and

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Truman and his staff knew it was highly likely that any civil rights plank would lead to Southern delegates staging a walk-out in protest, but Truman believed that civil rights was an important moral cause and ultimately abandoned his advisers' attempts to "soften the approach" with the moderate

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for a president. This did not apply to the incumbent Truman, but as he chose not to run in 1952, this was the last presidential election with no future disqualification effect for second-term winners. Additionally, this was one of only two elections in history where a presidential candidate lost

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In some southern states, Strom Thurmond had managed to obtain the Democratic Party line, but in the majority he had to run under the label of the States' Rights Democratic Party. Only in those states in which he ran under the standard Democratic Party label did he win, his best performance as a

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to 6% by June and 4% by October. Wallace traveled over 55,000 miles during the campaign. The Wallace-Taylor ticket finished in fourth place in the election, winning 1,157,328 votes (2.4%). This was only slightly less than the States' Rights Party, but the Progressive Party received no electoral

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In April 1948, Dewey sent Paul Lockwood, one of his top aides, to build a strong grassroots organization in the state. Working with $ 150,000 sent by Dewey's powerful New York political organization (three times the previous record spent in an Oregon primary), Lockwood paid "for 126 billboards,

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from Georgia for the Democratic nomination as a rebuke to Truman. Nonetheless, 947 Democratic delegates voted for Truman as the Democratic nominee, while Russell received only 266 votes, all from the South. Truman's first choice for his running mate was Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas,

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Truman was aware of his unpopularity. In July 1947, he privately offered to be Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination, an offer that Eisenhower declined. Truman's offer to Eisenhower did not become public knowledge during the campaign. As a

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in which they won California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It was also the last election until 1964 in which South Carolina did not vote for the official Democratic nominee. Thurmond's 2.4% is the lowest

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despite losing the popular vote by 2.13 million votes (or 4.36%). If Dewey had won any two of the three, no nominee would have reached the 266 electoral votes required for election, and the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives.

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withheld their support, partly due to concerns over Pepper's attacks on Truman's foreign policy decisions regarding the Soviet Union. As a result of the refusal by most of the dump-Truman delegates to support him, Pepper withdrew his candidacy for the nomination on July 16. Lacking a candidate

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as a "racist" and "imperialist", and Senator Taylor earned criticism for a speech in which he claimed that the "Nazis are running the US government. So why should Russia make peace with them? If I were a Russian . . . I would not agree to anything . . . we are aggressively preparing for war."

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reported that gambling odds were 15 to 1 against Truman. More than 500 newspapers, accounting for over 78% of the nation's total circulation, endorsed Dewey. Truman picked up 182 endorsements, accounting for just 10% of America's newspaper readership, being surpassed by Thurmond, who got the

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showed him running well behind his expected vote total. He stayed up for the rest of the night and early morning analyzing the votes as they came in, and by 10:30 a.m., he was convinced he had lost; at 11:14 a.m., he sent a gracious telegram of concession to Truman.

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cited the expensive but lackluster Dewey film and the far cheaper but more effective Truman film as important factors in determining the preferences of undecided voters. As the campaign drew to a close, the polls showed Truman was gaining: though Truman lost all nine of the

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Of the 3,096 counties/independent cities making returns, Truman won the most popular votes in 1,639 (52.94%) while Dewey carried 1,190 (38.44%). Thurmond prevailed in 265 counties (8.56%) while two counties (0.06%) in South Dakota split evenly between Truman and Dewey.

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The "surprise" candidate of 1948 was Stassen, a liberal from Minnesota. In 1938, Stassen had been elected governor of Minnesota at the age of 31; he resigned as governor in 1943 to serve in the wartime Navy. In 1945 he served on the committee that created the

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led the support for the Biemiller plank. In his speech to the convention, Humphrey memorably stated that "the time has come for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!"

541:, the Democrats regained control of both houses of Congress, which they had lost in 1946. Thus, Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party. This was the last presidential election before the ratification of the 290: 2708:

No presidential candidate in the future will be so inept that four of his major speeches can be boiled down to these historic four sentences: Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies

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In the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, the party was able to be labeled as the main Democratic Party ticket on the local ballots on election night. Outside of these four states, it was only listed as a third-party ticket.

287: 338: 336: 335: 1718:, "seemed no match for Herbert Brownell...while the Dewey forces were busy flattering delegates and hinting at promises of patronage, Brown was still worrying about such mundane matters as hotel rooms and seats in the gallery for his friends." 334: 2941:

victories in New York (the nation's largest electoral prize at the time), his birth state of Michigan, and Maryland. But this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the

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than the United States. Wallace himself denied being a Communist, but he repeatedly refused to disavow their support and, at one point, was quoted as saying that the "Communists are the closest thing to the early Christian martyrs."

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In the campaign's final days, many newspapers, magazines, and political pundits were so confident of Dewey's impending victory they wrote articles to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's Presidency:

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legislation, and promotion of health and education by the federal government. These positions were unacceptable to the conservative Congressional Republican leadership; Truman exploited this rift in the opposing party by calling

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and a majority of state governorships during the 1946 mid-term elections, and the public opinion polls showed Truman trailing Republican nominee Dewey, sometimes by double digits. Furthermore, some liberal Democrats had joined

14766: 962: 14751: 14746: 12958: 1530: 13172: 2197:, a prominent conservative newspaper columnist, revealed that Wallace as vice president had written coded letters discussing prominent leaders such as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to his controversial Russian 12978: 1031:, who was previously critical of Truman and threatened to finance a third-party campaign, praised him after Truman vetoed the Taft–Hartley Act and stated that the veto "vindicated him in the eyes of labor". Whitney and 1059:

from Florida. The rebels hoped to draft Eisenhower as the Democratic presidential candidate. On July 10, Eisenhower officially refused to be a candidate. There was then an attempt to put forward Supreme Court Justice

1064:, but Douglas also declared that he would not be a presidential candidate. Finally, Senator Pepper declared his intention to challenge Truman for the presidential nomination. His candidacy collapsed when the liberal 2798:

magazine printed a large photo in its final edition before the election, entitled "Our Next President Rides by Ferryboat over San Francisco Bay", that showed Dewey and his staff riding across the city's harbor.

2916:" as its banner headline for the following day. Part of the reason Truman's victory came as such a shock was because of uncorrected flaws in the emerging craft of public opinion polling. According to historian 2168:

of government workers and labor unions. The Progressives also generated a great deal of controversy because of the widespread belief that they were secretly controlled by Communists who were more loyal to the

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popular vote percentage for a candidate who won all of a state's electoral votes. The 1948 presidential election contrasted with other elections across the world during this period, for Truman was a

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had predicted. Some analysts, including author Zachary Karabell, have even argued that the separate candidacies of Wallace and Thurmond were beneficial to Truman by removing the separate taints of

16546: 16501: 12963: 9324:, the Dewey vote was a fusion of the Republican and Independent Republican slates. There, Dewey obtained 2,595 votes on the Republican ticket and 2,448 votes on the Independent Republican ticket. 1743:, nixed his chances. According to journalist Jules Abels, Dewey managers Brownell, Sprague, and Jaeckle then appeared to offer the vice-presidential nomination to influential Indiana Congressman 1090:

proposed a plank that supported the status quo of states' rights; a similar but shorter proposal was made by Cecil Sims of the Tennessee delegation. On the liberal side, Wisconsin Representative

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result of Truman's low standing in the polls, several Democratic party bosses began working to "dump" Truman and nominate a more popular candidate. Among the leaders of this movement were

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The Southern Democrats who had walked out of the Democratic National Convention to protest the civil rights platform approved by the convention, and supported by Truman, promptly met at

530:. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive presidential win for the Democratic Party, the longest winning streak for the Democrats, and the longest for either party since the 16764: 16660: 16516: 12988: 12973: 1639:. Taft had two major weaknesses: He was a plodding, dull campaigner, and he was viewed by most party leaders as being too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election. 16774: 16720: 16665: 16618: 16593: 11791: 11486: 2754:

on "Turnip Day" (referring to an old piece of Missouri folklore about planting turnips in late July) and daring the Republican Congressional leadership to pass its own platform. The

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strategy of appearing to be above petty partisan politics. Under Dewey's leadership, the Republicans had enacted a platform at their 1948 convention that called for expanding

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for parishioners; worried about the consequences of another depression, he voted Democratic for the first time in his church's history. Truman received a record number of

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also failed to placate Southern conservatives, and both sides decided to present their own amendments and proposals to Truman's civil rights plank. Former Texas Governor

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The anti-Jewish Christian Nationalist Crusade, founded by the late Gerald L. K. Smith and based in Glendale since 1953, is being dissolved, it was confirmed Thursday.

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under Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1946, President Truman fired Wallace as Secretary of Commerce when Wallace publicly opposed Truman's firm moves to counter the

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only after defeating attempts to drop him from the ticket. The convention's civil rights plank caused a walk-out by several Southern delegates, who launched a

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Mississippi numbers Wright as the 49th governor (1946–1948; completing his predecessor's term) and the 50th governor (1948–1952); serving his own full term.

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Other possible factors for Truman's victory included his aggressive, populist campaign style; broad public approval of Truman's foreign policy, notably the

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had been supporters of Wallace since the 1944 convention. Wallace stated that he wanted "to work within the Democratic party realm" in September 1947.

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in the South. On May 10, 1948, the governors of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, along with other high-ranking Southern officials, met in

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hoping that it might make the ticket more appealing to liberals. Douglas refused the nomination. Needing an alternative, Truman then selected Senator

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welfare programs, which he felt were harmful to business interests, and he was skeptical of American involvement in foreign alliances such as the

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that sustained it. Governor Thurmond, who had led the walkout, became the party's presidential nominee after the convention's initial favorite,

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compromise candidate. General MacArthur, the famous war hero, was especially popular among conservatives. Since he was serving in Japan as the

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proposed a strong civil rights plank that was more explicit and direct in its language than Truman's convention proposal. Minneapolis Mayor

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served as legal counsel to the convention's permanent chairman, Albert Fitzgerald; he also testified years later that he was a Communist.

2190:(CIO), stated in April 1948 that "the Communist Party is directly responsible for the creation of the third party in the United States." 2182:

union, strongly opposed Wallace's candidacy, stating that "people who are not sympathetic with democracy in America are influencing him."

16827: 16461: 16371: 16336: 15349: 13893: 13853: 13837: 13783: 13735: 13717: 13565: 13402: 12953: 2412:, to discuss their concerns about the growing civil rights movement within the Democratic Party. At the meeting, South Carolina Governor 16945: 16923: 16789: 16346: 16231: 15973: 15731: 15344: 15324: 13903: 13772: 13630: 13615: 13538: 13434: 13041: 11859: 695: 590: 9639: 2431:. More commonly known as the "Dixiecrats", the party's main goal was continuing the policy of racial segregation in the South and the 16985: 16913: 16862: 15612: 15525: 15454: 15261: 15208: 15198: 14457: 14412: 14342: 14251: 14085: 14070: 2459:

from Tennessee) refused to support the party. Despite being an incumbent president, Truman was not placed on the ballot in Alabama.

2156:. They also campaigned to end discrimination against blacks and women, backed a minimum wage, and called for the elimination of the 736: 16955: 16950: 16935: 15963: 15754: 15376: 15015: 15002: 14976: 14963: 14950: 14937: 14924: 14915: 14902: 14889: 14876: 14863: 14850: 14820: 14507: 14468: 14332: 14327: 14293: 14288: 14152: 14015: 13955: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13262: 13257: 13251: 13246: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13213: 12590: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 11809: 11801: 9227: 3026: 3022: 2978: 2879: 2624: 2285: 1624: 1537: 1481: 969: 567: 531: 448: 54: 44: 9430: 16812: 15620: 15511: 15381: 15282: 14716: 14691: 14669: 14659: 14574: 14261: 14215: 14080: 13933: 13134: 12172: 12114: 11977: 11466: 3398: 2947:(note the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had taken for granted that the "country vote" would go to Dewey) 2886:, and went to sleep. As the votes came in, Truman took an early lead that he never lost. The leading radio commentators, such as 2563: 1373: 667: 936: 17036: 16980: 16918: 16080: 15908: 15726: 15673: 15484: 15337: 14437: 14372: 14357: 14278: 14142: 14095: 13965: 9267:

The formal name of the party was the 'States' Rights Democratic Party,' but it is more commonly known as the 'Dixiecrat Party.'

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polled fifty experts, with all fifty predicting a Dewey win. Several well-known and influential newspaper columnists, such as

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where the Republicans had met a few weeks earlier. Spirits were low; the Republicans had taken control of both houses of the

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Sitkoff, Harvard (1971). "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics".

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DiSalvo, Daniel (2010). "The Politics of a Party Faction: The Liberal-Labor Alliance in the Democratic Party, 1948–1972".

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acceptable to all sides, the leaders of the dump-Truman movement reluctantly agreed to support Truman for the nomination.

16975: 16896: 16837: 16822: 16797: 16301: 16291: 16286: 16112: 15958: 15953: 15872: 15661: 15501: 15466: 15296: 14813: 14532: 14527: 14512: 14474: 14432: 14387: 14352: 14347: 14298: 14197: 14177: 14162: 14132: 14127: 14060: 14035: 14030: 13980: 12892: 12280: 12238: 11915: 11830: 9217: 9187: 9181: 2361: 2133: 2129: 2075: 1695: 1541: 1485: 1236: 993: 973: 943: 786: 584: 507: 499: 456: 413: 9374: 1627:, was regarded as the frontrunner when the primaries began. Dewey was the acknowledged leader of the Republican Party's 486:, where they could extract concessions from either Dewey or Truman in exchange for their support. Former vice president 16847: 15925: 15555: 15183: 14711: 14686: 14625: 14603: 14593: 14569: 14548: 14538: 14522: 14497: 14490: 14397: 14303: 14266: 14256: 14241: 14221: 14208: 14172: 14167: 14157: 14137: 14117: 13066: 12882: 12869: 11001: 2428: 1748: 1303: 11093: 11027:

Heersink, Boris, and Peterson, Brenton D. "Truman defeats Dewey: The effect of campaign visits on election outcomes",

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spies within the government and labor unions. Wallace and his supporters charged that the Committee was violating the

711: 16965: 16857: 15913: 15516: 15113: 14543: 14517: 14502: 14452: 14447: 14422: 14407: 14362: 14309: 14272: 14226: 14187: 14147: 14122: 14106: 14090: 14040: 13995: 13975: 11378: 11283: 11227: 11184: 11070: 11018: 10987: 10905: 10884: 9828: 9722: 9695: 9668: 9622: 9595: 8133: 2933: 475: 68: 8115: 2263:, an eccentric figure who was known as a "singing cowboy" and who had ridden his horse "Nugget" up the steps of the 2228:, publicly accused the Progressives of being covertly controlled by Communists. The party's platform was drafted by 16970: 16940: 16842: 15083: 14246: 14202: 14000: 11903: 11818: 11453: 11253:

Sitkoff, Harvard. "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics",

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Robert A. Garson, "The Alienation of the South: A Crisis for Harry S. Truman and the Democratic Party, 1945-1948",

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hundreds of sixty-second radio spots on every station in the state, and half-hour broadcasts each noon...The daily

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With Eisenhower refusing to run, the contest for the Republican nomination was between Stassen, New York Governor

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US Presidential Elections and Foreign Policy: Candidates, Campaigns, and Global Politics from FDR to Bill Clinton

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In state-by-state tallies, Truman earned 304 pledged electors, Thurmond 38. Truman lost one vote in Tennessee to

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slates. There, Truman obtained 2,557,642 votes on the Democratic ticket and 222,562 votes on the Liberal ticket.

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Dewey also agreed to debate Stassen in Oregon on national radio. Held on May 17, 1948, it was the first-ever

1313: 15388: 11759: 2574:, had challenged Thomas to a debate, but Teichert declined after Thomas asked for Dobbs to also be invited. 1348: 16252: 15985: 15685: 15398: 15093: 15073: 13943: 13051: 13000: 12887: 11302:

Topping, Simon. "'Never argue with the Gallup Poll': Thomas Dewey, Civil Rights and the Election of 1948",

2867: 2677: 2566:, during the general election. This was the first debate between general election presidential candidates. 2420: 538: 421: 11432: 11133:

Kirby, Alec. "'A Major Contender': Harold Stassen and the Politics of American Presidential Nominations",

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Alec Kirby, "'A Major Contender': Harold Stassen and the Politics of American Presidential Nominations",

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victory; since Truman's defeat was considered certain, no donkeys were placed in the White House model.

2416:

criticized President Truman for his civil rights agenda, and the governors discussed ways to oppose it.

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The Pre-Election Polls of 1948: Report to the Committee on Analysis of Pre-Election Polls and Forecasts

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Howard B. Schonberger, "The General and the Presidency: Douglas MacArthur and the Election of 1948",

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streak of three consecutive presidential victories by any party (in that case, by the Republicans).

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The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party

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was so certain of Dewey's victory that on Tuesday afternoon, before any polls closed, it printed "

1623:

from Michigan, the senior Republican in the Senate. Dewey, who had been the Republican nominee in

1021:

commission convinced Southern conservatives that to re-establish their voice they had to threaten

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between presidential candidates. The sole issue of the debate concerned whether to outlaw the

16171: 16156: 16033: 15561: 15537: 15506: 15203: 11462: 9712: 9685: 9658: 9612: 9585: 9448:"Should Minor Party & Independent Presidential Candidates "Debate Down"? Lessons of 1948" 8011: 2908: 2871: 2440: 2264: 2113: 1628: 1405: 1052: 1018: 797: 452: 10659:"Evan McMullin Could Set Mark for Weakest National Popular Vote by Candidate to Win a State" 16178: 15979: 15788: 15777: 15478: 15223: 11982: 11972: 11962: 11269: 9232: 3232: 2913: 2851: 2733: 2409: 2084: 1843: 1755:

of California as his running mate. Following the convention, most political experts in the

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Mosteller, Frederick. "Why Did Dewey Beat Truman in the Pre-election Polls of 1948?", in

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enter his name in the Wisconsin primary. His candidacy was enthusiastically supported by

1167: 1108: 897: 479: 417: 11461:, 1980-10-10, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the 11422: 16120: 16104: 16096: 15820: 15543: 15436: 15023: 15010: 14971: 12249: 12211: 12051: 11443: 11392: 11367: 11273: 11258: 11173: 10969: 10953: 10831: 9813: 9766: 9488: 9452: 9277: 7936: 3713: 3351: 3205: 2994: 2917: 2751: 2736:'s editorial cartoon of October 19, 1948, shows the consensus of experts in mid-October 2604: 2567: 2405: 2316: 2105: 1907: 1891: 1711: 1666: 1107:, to walk out of the convention. The Southern delegates who remained nominated Senator 1061: 201: 2640: 15842: 15714: 15692: 15490: 15442: 15019: 15006: 14984: 13020: 13015: 12925: 12085: 11992: 11967: 11879: 11402: 11374: 11279: 11223: 11217: 11202: 11180: 11145: 11066: 11014: 11008: 10983: 10977: 10901: 10880: 10874: 10306: 9824: 9718: 9691: 9664: 9618: 9591: 9492: 3316: 3039: 3035: 2966: 2858:

On election night, Dewey, his family, and campaign staff confidently gathered in the

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Miracle of '48: Harry Truman's Major Campaign Speeches & Selected Whistle-Stops

11058: 10945: 9758: 9521:"Why these three states are the most consistent tipping point in American politics" 9480: 9301: 7642: 3689: 3381: 3310: 3237: 3222: 3147: 3119: 2899: 2887: 2768: 2719: 2612: 2608: 2269: 2225: 2205: 2194: 2121: 2109: 2019: 1939: 1551: 1496: 1365: 1209: 1157: 1113: 1091: 1014: 1010: 1006: 982: 948: 878: 622: 487: 190: 174: 87: 16144: 15431: 15270: 14997: 14945: 14932: 14910: 14893: 14779: 12161: 11957: 11938: 11853: 11194: 10895: 10611: 9425: 9281: 3697: 3685: 3671:

Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

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Famous photograph of Truman grinning and holding up a copy of the newspaper that

2816: 2794: 2552: 2551:, a five-time Socialist nominee and the former party chairman, as president, and 2490: 2452: 2427:, on July 17, 1948, and formed yet another political party, which they named the 2401: 2252:

presidential candidate to offer liberals a non-Communist alternative to Wallace.

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For both Republicans and Democrats, there were movements of support for General

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Henry Wallace's 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism

10771:"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948" 9285: 7679: 3709: 3252: 3190: 3179: 2821: 2715: 2413: 2309: 2256: 2175: 2026: 1827: 1811: 1657: 1636: 1608: 1597: 1410: 1384: 1195: 1104: 822: 753: 511: 503: 471: 179: 139: 11799: 9484: 1017:

went into effect on June 23, 1947. Finally, Truman's appointment of a liberal

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Titus, Charles H., and Nixon, Charles R. "The 1948 Elections in California",

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rated the Republican ticket as an almost-certain winner over the Democrats.

416:. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 1948. In one of the greatest election 14790:

List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections

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Official website of the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

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being united behind him." On the other hand, Truman's campaign strategist,

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1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America

10860:

Dewey Defeats Truman: The 1948 Election and the Battle for America's Soul

9321: 9258:, who voted for Thurmond & Wright, despite Truman carrying the state. 7674: 7612: 3701: 3211: 3162: 2895: 2773: 2760: 2456: 1859: 1752: 1723: 1612: 1460: 1268: 1044: 1040: 196: 498:

policies. Dewey, the leader of his party's liberal eastern wing and the

360:. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. 16013: 15580: 11262: 11010:

The Upset That Wasn't: Harry S. Truman and the Crucial Election of 1948

10957: 10638:

Johnson, Theodore R.; Prints, Posters by Kennedy (September 16, 2020).

9770: 7632: 3334: 3168: 2942: 2846: 2780: 2689: 1756: 1466: 546: 527: 10916:

Truman's Triumphs: The 1948 Election and the Making of Postwar America

2272:, which would give Communists the chance to take over the government. 15636: 12012: 10866: 9193: 7669: 7595: 3655: 3403: 3185: 3010: 2516: 2216:'The Sour One'... some of the letters were signed 'Wallace', others ' 2161: 1593: 1416: 1087: 551: 464: 159: 10949: 10876:

Strom: The Complicated Personal and Political Life of Strom Thurmond

9762: 8085: 7606: 7574: 11459:"Journeys; Give 'em Hell, Harry! The Truman-Dewey Campaign of 1948" 11042: 10936:

Divine, Robert A. (1972). "The Cold War and the Election of 1948".

9352: 7658: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7580: 3299: 3125: 3104: 2974: 2801: 2436: 2241: 2233: 2141: 1632: 1441: 1117: 928: 728: 684: 495: 169: 15239: 11142:

The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972

2680:", used as a campaign song by the Truman campaign. Duration 3:54. 451:, and succeeded to the presidency in April 1945 upon the death of 14795:

Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress

11327: 11317: 11297: 11248: 11155: 11128: 11118: 11052: 7664: 7600: 2981:, in part because Wallace drew leftists away from the Democrats. 2525: 2217: 2198: 1124:, as his running mate, and Barkley was nominated by acclamation. 853: 828: 16246: 12070: 10610:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 62–63, 170–172, 224–227. 9714:

Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks

9660:

Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks

9614:

Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981

9587:

Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks

2779:

On September 9, nearly two months before election day, pollster

2284:

Wallace's support in polling fell from 11% in a January poll by

11104: 7647: 3014: 1294: 10998:

The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968

10339:(The University Press of Kentucky, 1999), p. 173, quoting the 2144:. Wallace's 1948 platform opposed the Cold War, including the 10577:

Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present

8076:

Results in major cities (from the top 100 by the 1940 census)

3258: 2292: 2260: 2208:; the letters were nicknamed the "Guru letters." In his book 2088: 2061: 10932:, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. 15883:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

15567: 13182:

Notable third-party performances in United States elections

9345:"National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present" 7828:

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (59 electoral votes):

7590: 7585: 2202: 1577: 1390: 954: 778: 11113:

Karlin, Jules Alexander. "The 1948 Elections in Montana",

1729:

Dewey's campaign team originally wanted Illinois Governor

1081:

At the Democratic Convention, Truman initially proposed a

11099:

The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election

11063:

The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election

10966:

Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948

2891: 2598: 15214:

English-language press of the Socialist Party of America

12279: 2395:

third-party candidate being a distant second in Georgia.

2240:, a prominent liberal in President Franklin Roosevelt's 11322:

Webster, Donald H. "The 1948 Elections in Washington",

10736:

A Tennessee faithless elector voted for Thurmond/Wright

2404:

proposed the formation of a new third party to protect

15174:

History of the socialist movement in the United States

11201:. New York: Union Square Press (Sterling Publishing). 10587: 10180: 10168: 9717:. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 98–99. 7732:

Margin of victory less than 5% (131 electoral votes):

7690:

Margin of victory less than 1% (138 electoral votes):

3025:

in which the Democrats won Arizona and the last until

2400:

Springs, Florida, on February 6, Mississippi Governor

1733:

to be his running mate, but the opposition of Colonel

15194:

Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party

10448: 10446: 10444: 10389: 10387: 10156: 9548: 9304:, the Truman vote was a fusion of the Democratic and 9213:

1948 United States House of Representatives elections

2120:) was created afresh in 1948, with the nomination of 1511:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

10923:

Strom Thurmond & the Politics of Southern Change

10807:"1948 Presidential General Election Data – National" 10747:"1948 Presidential General Election Data – National" 9965: 9963: 3839: 3836: 3828: 3825: 3817: 3814: 3806: 3803: 3795: 3792: 3784: 3781: 3773: 3770: 15761:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

15219:

Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America

12959:

elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

11312:Tuttle, Daniel W. "The 1948 Elections in Wyoming", 11243:Schumacher, Waldo. "The 1948 Elections in Oregon", 9935:Tom Swafford, "The Last Real Presidential Debate", 7965:Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican) 7910:Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic) 11397:Porter, Kirk H., and Johnson, Donald Bruce (eds.) 11366: 11257:Vol. 37, No. 4 (November 1971), pp. 597–616. 11238:The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948 11172: 10441: 10384: 9812: 9810: 9710: 9690:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 17. 9663:. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 97. 9656: 9590:. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 96. 9583: 8020:Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Dixiecrat) 2100:Meanwhile, the Democratic Party fragmented. A new 356:denotes those won by Thurmond/Wright, including a 10918:, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012. 10765: 10763: 9960: 7607:States that flipped from Democratic to Republican 7575:States that flipped from Republican to Democratic 17023: 10640:"How the Black Vote Became a Political Monolith" 10464: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10205:Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections 10059: 10057: 10055: 9904: 9902: 7659:States that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat 367: 15944:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 15909:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site 11222:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 11150:Martin, Boyd A. "The 1948 Elections in Idaho", 10982:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 10503: 10501: 10235:Dixiecrat: The Life and Times of Strom Thurmond 10036: 10034: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9365: 9196:National Convention (Birmingham: July 17, 1948) 2002: 281: 14835: 11123:Kelso, Paul. "The 1948 Elections in Arizona", 11047:Jonas, Frank H. "The 1948 Elections in Utah", 10760: 10605: 10279:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture 9316: 9314: 2945:vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 1224: 578: 447:Truman had been elected vice president in the 16232: 15255: 14821: 13166: 12265: 11785: 11487: 11175:Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft 11037:Johnstone, Andrew, and Priest, Andrew (eds.) 10637: 10455: 10052: 9899: 9815:Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft 9610: 2555:, an economics professor, as vice president. 2466: 2160:, which was investigating the possibility of 1231:Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948 15993:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries 11360:. New York: Social Science Research Council. 10865: 10717:National Archives and Records Administration 10498: 10031: 9981: 9683: 9421:"Behind the Picture: 'DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN'" 2870:, snuck away from reporters covering him in 15868:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite 15350:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum 9560: 9507:The Evolution of American Electoral Systems 9311: 8114:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2866:to await the returns. Truman, aided by the 2302:1948 States' Rights Democratic Party ticket 16:41st quadrennial U.S. presidential election 16239: 16225: 15732:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 15262: 15248: 14828: 14814: 13190:* Third party is endorsed by a major party 13173: 13159: 12272: 12258: 11792: 11778: 11494: 11480: 10656: 10599: 9518: 9296: 9294: 2834:As Truman made his way to his hometown of 2547:own ticket. The party therefore nominated 2293:States' Rights Democratic Party nomination 591:Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign 17052:November 1948 events in the United States 15455:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 15199:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee 13424:South Carolina 1954 (Democratic write-in) 11352: 11193: 11167: 11164:(Springer, New York, 2010) pp. 5–17. 10975: 10855:, New York: Henry Holt and Company (1959) 9519:Brownstein, Ronald (September 16, 2024). 9395: 9250: 9248: 8134:Learn how and when to remove this message 2973:, exceeding even the Catholic support of 2820:remaining 12% from many Southern papers. 2623:for which he was presidential candidate ( 17032:1948 United States presidential election 16272:1948 United States presidential election 15964:1944 United States presidential election 12974:electoral vote changes between elections 11806:1948 United States presidential election 11504:1948 United States presidential election 11433:1948 United States presidential election 11346:(1972) statistical reports on each poll 11215: 11057: 10713:"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996" 10535: 10533: 10531: 10274:"Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (1898-1976)" 10266: 9939:Feb/Mar 1986, Vol. 37 Issue 2, pp. 66–71 9637: 9442: 9440: 9418: 9371:"General Article: Presidential Politics" 9228:2016 United States presidential election 9208:History of the United States (1945–1964) 7706:(tipping point state for Truman victory) 3757: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3654: 2878:. There, he took a room in the historic 2845: 2728: 2644:Dewey during a campaign tour in New York 2639: 2389: 2286:Roper Center for Public Opinion Research 1689: 1076: 490:also challenged Truman by launching the 410:1948 United States presidential election 22:1948 United States presidential election 15621:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 15382:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination 11467:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 11240:, New York: New American Library, 1968. 10833:Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade 1948 10829: 10593: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10192: 10186: 10174: 10162: 9746: 9568:Truman Wrote of '48 Offer to Eisenhower 9554: 9470: 9291: 9270: 8181: 8153: 8150: 7721:(tipping point state for Dewey victory) 2248:. In the fall, Thomas would run as the 455:. He won his party's nomination at the 352:denotes those won by Dewey/Warren, and 17024: 16081:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur 15727:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 15485:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 11454:Election of 1948 in Counting the Votes 11373:. Southern Illinois University Press. 11006: 10935: 10900:. University of North Carolina Press. 10574: 10257: 10255: 10247:American Politics and the Party System 9245: 9223:Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman 2599:Christian Nationalist Party nomination 2445:United States House of Representatives 2158:House Un-American Activities Committee 1645:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers 348:denotes states won by Truman/Barkley, 16220: 15755:President's Committee on Civil Rights 15587:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 15243: 14809: 13362:California 1946 (Republican write-in) 13154: 12253: 12069: 11773: 11475: 11344:The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 11268: 10893: 10657:Ostermeier, Eric (October 13, 2016). 10528: 9437: 3842: 3831: 3820: 3809: 3798: 3787: 3776: 3765: 1120:, who had delivered the convention's 1051:, the eldest son of former President 502:, defeated conservative Ohio Senator 474:. The Dixiecrats hoped to win enough 15041: 12281:United States presidential elections 11364: 10787:from the original on October 9, 2022 10414: 10299: 10201:"1948 Presidential Election Results" 9460:from the original on March 23, 2021. 9200:1948 Progressive National Convention 8112:adding citations to reliable sources 8079: 2188:Congress of Industrial Organizations 1684:Communist Party of the United States 1070:Congress of Industrial Organizations 500:1944 Republican presidential nominee 494:and criticizing his confrontational 15954:Democratic National Convention 1944 15773:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 15662:National Institute of Mental Health 15297:Vice President of the United States 15269: 12893:South Carolina presidential primary 11399:National party platforms, 1840-1964 11097:interview with Zachary Karabell on 10252: 9396:Rosegrant, Susan (April 18, 2012). 9218:1948 United States Senate elections 9188:1948 Democratic National Convention 9182:1948 Republican National Convention 7841:New Hampshire, 5.75% (13,304 votes) 7794:Pennsylvania, 4.01% (149,771 votes) 3676: 2824:, the distinguished writer for the 2745:, more funding for public housing, 2630: 2178:, the president of the influential 2130:Vice President of the United States 2104:(the name had been used earlier by 2076:Vice President of the United States 1696:1948 Republican National Convention 1237:1948 Republican National Convention 585:1948 Democratic National Convention 508:1948 Republican National Convention 457:1948 Democratic National Convention 344:Presidential election results map. 13: 15184:Social Democratic Party of America 14558:Territorial Governors (since 1970) 12969:Electoral College results by state 12883:New Hampshire presidential primary 11502:State and district results of the 11333: 11278:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 10845: 10677:"History of Sir Winston Churchill" 9419:Cosgrove, Ben (October 21, 2012). 7862:North Dakota, 8.76% (19,327 votes) 7822:South Dakota, 4.80% (11,998 votes) 2650: 2524: 2515: 2350: 2341: 2060: 2051: 1343:Presidential Nomination Contenders 1302: 1293: 1244: 706:Presidential Nomination Contenders 656: 647: 598: 550:despite carrying two of the three 277: 14: 17068: 15517:National Security Resources Board 13752:Alaska 2010 (Republican write-in) 13106:Vice presidential confirmations: 11408: 7752:Connecticut, 1.64% (14,457 votes) 3021:This was the last election until 1025:action to defeat Truman in 1948. 537:With simultaneous success in the 514:in the Republican primary, while 72:266 electoral votes needed to win 16200: 16199: 15556:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds 15357:State of the Union Address (1946 11758: 11449:1948 State-by-state Popular vote 11415: 11088: 10799: 10739: 10730: 10300:Dart, John (December 23, 1977). 10198: 9402:"ISR and the Truman/Dewey upset" 9202:(Philadelphia: July 23–25, 1948) 9190:(Philadelphia: July 12–14, 1948) 9184:(Philadelphia: June 21–25, 1948) 8084: 8057:Edgefield County, South Carolina 7883:Washington, 9.93% (89,850 votes) 7808:New Jersey, 4.39% (85,669 votes) 7703:California, 0.44% (17,865 votes) 3664: 2852:erroneously announced his defeat 2688:Problems playing this file? See 2666: 2635: 2572:Socialist Labor Party of America 1737:, the powerful publisher of the 1561: 1529: 1503: 1473: 1448: 1423: 1397: 1372: 1347: 1249:Republican Party (United States) 1033:Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen 996:convened in Philadelphia in the 961: 935: 910: 885: 860: 835: 810: 785: 760: 735: 710: 603:Democratic Party (United States) 115: 108: 101: 82: 81: 28: 15838:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 15767:Housing and Home Finance Agency 15209:Young People's Socialist League 12013:States' Rights Democratic Party 11219:The Republican Right since 1945 10705: 10687: 10669: 10650: 10631: 10622: 10608:The Future of American Politics 10568: 10542: 10519: 10510: 10489: 10480: 10471: 10432: 10405: 10396: 10375: 10366: 10357: 10348: 10329: 10302:"Founded by Gerald L. K. Smith" 10293: 10239: 10227: 10218: 10147: 10138: 10129: 10120: 10111: 10102: 10093: 10084: 10075: 10066: 10043: 10022: 10013: 10004: 9995: 9972: 9951: 9942: 9929: 9920: 9911: 9890: 9881: 9872: 9863: 9850: 9837: 9804: 9795: 9786: 9777: 9740: 9731: 9704: 9677: 9650: 9631: 9604: 9577: 9535: 9512: 9499: 9404:. isr.umich.edu. Archived from 7815:Wisconsin, 4.41% (56,351 votes) 7685: 2429:States' Rights Democratic Party 1611:from Ohio, California Governor 1066:Americans for Democratic Action 545:in 1951, which would establish 15607:Office of Defense Mobilization 15595:Defense Production Act of 1950 15467:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act 15286:President of the United States 12916:List of nominating conventions 11389:A guide to political platforms 10823: 9847:(Spring 1974) 57#3 pp. 201–219 9845:Wisconsin Magazine of History, 9640:"State's Right Plank Defeated" 9545:, (July 1970) 64#4 pp. 448–471 9464: 9412: 9389: 9359: 9349:United States Election Project 9337: 9261: 7855:Nebraska, 8.31% (40,609 votes) 7848:Virginia, 6.85% (28,716 votes) 7834:Colorado, 5.35% (27,574 votes) 7759:Michigan, 1.67% (35,147 votes) 7726:New York, 0.98% (60,959 votes) 7718:Illinois, 0.84% (33,612 votes) 994:Democratic National Convention 672:President of the United States 573: 1: 17037:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 16089:Backstairs at the White House 15873:Missouri Office and Courtroom 15826:Unrelated Business Income Tax 15742:Legislative Reference Service 15674:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 15497:National Security Act of 1947 14723:Northern Mariana Islands 2022 14702:Northern Mariana Islands 2018 14675:Northern Mariana Islands 2014 14654:Northern Mariana Islands 2009 14642:Northern Mariana Islands 2005 14631:Northern Mariana Islands 2001 11444:1948 popular vote by counties 11275:Thomas E. Dewey and His Times 11140:Manchester, William. (1975). 9819:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 9331: 7957:Martin County, North Carolina 7947:Bertie County, North Carolina 7927:Greene County, North Carolina 7903: 7897:Arizona, 9.97% (17,654 votes) 7890:Montana, 9.94% (22,301 votes) 7745:Maryland, 1.39% (8,293 votes) 7738:Delaware, 1.28% (1,775 votes) 7711:Indiana, 0.80% (13,246 votes) 3034:who managed to win election ( 2997:. Since 1948, there has been 2752:a special session of Congress 2617:Christian Nationalist Crusade 2012:1948 Progressive Party ticket 1555:(declined – January 24, 1948) 986:(declined – January 24, 1948) 608:1948 Democratic Party ticket 506:and other challengers at the 16253:1948 United States elections 15686:Council of Economic Advisers 15179:Social Democratic Federation 13001:Certificate of ascertainment 12888:Nevada presidential caucuses 11326:2#1 1949, pp. 128–131. 11316:2#1 1949, pp. 132–134. 11247:2#1 1949, pp. 121–123. 11154:2#1 1949, pp. 105–108. 11117:2#1 1949, pp. 109–113. 11051:2#1 1949, pp. 124–127. 10879:. New York: Public Affairs. 10249:, p. 262 (McGraw-Hill 1955). 9687:Hubert Humphrey: A Biography 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 7876:Kansas, 9.02% (71,137 votes) 7801:Wyoming, 4.35% (4,407 votes) 7787:Oregon, 3.39% (17,757 votes) 3762: 3080:Vice-presidential candidate 2447:under the provisions of the 2003:Progressive Party nomination 1254:1948 Republican Party ticket 539:1948 congressional elections 7: 16029:Harry S. Truman Scholarship 15600:Relief of Douglas MacArthur 15531:Central Intelligence Agency 14785:Third party (U.S. politics) 13047:Historical election polling 11324:Western Political Quarterly 11314:Western Political Quarterly 11304:Journal of American Studies 11296:2#1 1949, pp. 97–102. 11294:Western Political Quarterly 11255:Journal of Southern History 11245:Western Political Quarterly 11216:Reinhard, David W. (1983). 11162:The Pleasures of Statistics 11152:Western Political Quarterly 11125:Western Political Quarterly 11115:Western Political Quarterly 11049:Western Political Quarterly 10976:Donaldson, Gary A. (1999). 10938:Journal of American History 9860:(Dec 1996) 55#4 pp. 150–165 9811:James T. Patterson (1972). 9750:Journal of Southern History 9711:Michael R. Gardner (2003). 9657:Michael R. Gardner (2003). 9584:Michael R. Gardner (2003). 9172: 8002:Grant County, West Virginia 7780:Nevada, 3.11% (1,934 votes) 2876:Excelsior Springs, Missouri 2662:"I'm Just Wild About Harry" 2476:1948 Socialist Party ticket 2193:Wallace was also hurt when 1225:Republican Party nomination 579:Democratic Party nomination 358:Tennessee faithless elector 10: 17073: 15656:National Mental Health Act 15613:Science Advisory Committee 15502:U.S. Department of Defense 15409:Presidential Proclamations 15305:U.S. Senator from Missouri 14837:Socialist Party of America 13077:Red states and blue states 11144:, New York: Bantam Books. 11127:2#1 1949, pp. 92–96. 11007:Gullan, Harold I. (1998). 10853:Out of the Jaws of Victory 10342:Louisville Courier-Journal 9638:Max Hall (July 14, 1948). 9543:Missouri Historical Review 9276:Others before Truman were 7869:Utah, 8.96% (24,749 votes) 7773:Idaho, 2.73% (5,856 votes) 7766:Iowa, 2.73% (28,362 votes) 2841: 2701:Louisville Courier-Journal 2473: 2467:Socialist Party nomination 2366:Governor of South Carolina 2299: 2210:Out of the Jaws of Victory 2009: 1652:in all of his newspapers. 1582:(declined – endorsed Taft) 1538:Chief of Staff of the Army 1482:Chief of Staff of the Army 1243: 1234: 1228: 1047:, the boss of New Jersey; 970:Chief of Staff of the Army 597: 588: 582: 16999: 16788: 16485: 16300: 16264: 16166: 16151:Martha Ellen Young Truman 16131: 16052: 16044:Statue of Harry S. Truman 16001: 15934: 15926:Truman Little White House 15904:Harry S. Truman Farm Home 15891: 15855: 15749:National School Lunch Act 15669:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 15635: 15512:National Security Council 15422: 15315: 15277: 15166: 15032: 14843: 14775: 14737: 14717:District of Columbia 2022 14692:District of Columbia 2018 14670:District of Columbia 2014 14660:District of Columbia 2010 14575:District of Columbia 1974 14557: 13913: 13301: 13195: 13188: 13125: 13034: 12979:electoral vote recipients 12964:Electoral College margins 12939: 12906: 12868: 12600: 12287: 12225: 12200: 12171: 12142: 12113: 12084: 12065: 12034: 12021: 12010: 11929: 11911: 11902: 11844: 11826: 11817: 11756: 11510: 11087: 11082: 10972:pp. 167–276 on 1948. 10862:(Houghton Mifflin, 2020). 10838:Syracuse University Press 10263:New Georgia Encyclopedia. 9617:. Routledge. p. 94. 9485:10.1017/S0898030610000114 9473:Journal of Policy History 7992:Johnson County, Tennessee 7696:Ohio, 0.24% (7,107 votes) 3724: 3642: 3634: 3629: 3621: 3616: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3455: 3445: 3431: 3186:States' Rights Democratic 3068: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 2678:I'm Just Wild About Harry 2676:Instrumental version of " 2579: 1924:Joseph William Martin Jr. 1770: 1767: 694: 566:; the other election was 522:in the general election. 434:defeated heavily favored 412:was the 41st quadrennial 372:President before election 365: 275: 93: 76: 65: 38: 26: 16427:North Carolina (special) 16024:Truman Dam and Reservoir 15800:Agricultural Act of 1949 15784:Agricultural Act of 1948 15626:National Security Agency 14920:Progressive Party ticket 14729:U.S. Virgin Islands 2022 14707:U.S. Virgin Islands 2018 14681:U.S. Virgin Islands 2014 14665:U.S. Virgin Islands 2010 14648:U.S. Virgin Islands 2006 14636:U.S. Virgin Islands 2002 14621:U.S. Virgin Islands 1998 14615:U.S. Virgin Islands 1994 14609:U.S. Virgin Islands 1990 14599:U.S. Virgin Islands 1986 14588:U.S. Virgin Islands 1978 14581:U.S. Virgin Islands 1974 14565:U.S. Virgin Islands 1970 11041:(2017), pp. 61–81. 11013:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. 9238: 7982:Sevier County, Tennessee 7972:Jackson County, Kentucky 3708:States/districts won by 3696:States/districts won by 3684:States/districts won by 2535:Socialist Party Chairman 2126:Secretary of Agriculture 1142:Vice presidential ballot 773:William Alexander Julian 484:House of Representatives 16172:← Franklin D. Roosevelt 16108:(1997 documentary film) 16019:Harry S Truman Building 15737:Federal Tort Claims Act 13302:Senatorial (since 1940) 13140:Gubernatorial elections 12173:Socialist Workers Party 10894:Bowen, Michael (2011). 10606:Lubell, Samuel (1956). 8047:Bullock County, Alabama 8027:Choctaw County, Alabama 3052:Presidential candidate 2564:Socialist Workers Party 2379:Governor of Mississippi 2186:, the president of the 1650:William Randolph Hearst 469:South Carolina Governor 16179:Dwight D. Eisenhower → 15681:Employment Act of 1946 15575:Revolt of the Admirals 12984:popular votes received 12908:Nominating conventions 12870:Primaries and caucuses 11306:38.2 (2004): 179–198. 10830:Schmidt, Karl (1960). 10550:"americanheritage.com" 9611:Jon E. Taylor (2012). 9398:University of Michigan 8067:Monroe County, Alabama 8037:Wilcox County, Alabama 3659: 2855: 2836:Independence, Missouri 2737: 2711: 2655: 2645: 2529: 2520: 2455:of Georgia and "Boss" 2396: 2355: 2346: 2065: 2056: 1331:Governor of California 1307: 1298: 1250: 1055:; and liberal Senator 1002:United States Congress 661: 652: 604: 341: 16292:Republican convention 16287:Democratic convention 16157:Clifton Truman Daniel 16061:Give 'em Hell, Harry! 16034:Truman Sports Complex 15863:Early life and career 15562:North Atlantic Treaty 15538:Displaced Persons Act 15507:Joint Chiefs of Staff 15414:Eisenhower transition 15399:"The buck stops here" 15372:Judicial appointments 15345:Assassination attempt 15204:Social Democrats, USA 11463:University of Georgia 11270:Smith, Richard Norton 11137:55.4 (1996): 150–165. 10575:Murphy, Paul (1974). 9684:Carl Solberg (2003). 9505:Paul Kleppner et al. 9373:. PBS. Archived from 8012:Lincoln County, Maine 3658: 2909:Chicago Daily Tribune 2849: 2732: 2706: 2654: 2643: 2619:, and founder of the 2603:This Party nominated 2570:, the nominee of the 2562:, the nominee of the 2528: 2519: 2393: 2354: 2345: 2265:United States Capitol 2134:Secretary of Commerce 2114:Robert M. La Follette 2064: 2055: 1690:Republican Convention 1629:Eastern Establishment 1431:President Pro Tempore 1306: 1297: 1248: 1235:Further information: 1077:Democratic Convention 1053:Franklin D. Roosevelt 660: 651: 602: 589:Further information: 453:Franklin D. Roosevelt 414:presidential election 340: 16282:Republican primaries 16277:Democratic primaries 16064:(1975 play and film) 15980:Dewey Defeats Truman 15789:Executive Order 9981 15479:Executive Order 9835 15448:Declaration to Japan 15224:Democratic socialism 14844:Presidential tickets 13067:Presidential debates 12989:popular-vote margins 12650:District of Columbia 12230:Other 1948 elections 12204:and other candidates 11983:Leverett Saltonstall 11973:Joseph W. Martin Jr. 11963:Herbert E. Hitchcock 11365:Neal, Steve (2003). 11354:Mosteller, Frederick 11179:. Houghton Mifflin. 10996:Frederickson, Kari. 10979:Truman Defeats Dewey 10871:Thompson, Marilyn W. 10539:(Manchester, p. 471) 10516:(Manchester, p. 469) 10486:(Manchester, p. 453) 10452:(Manchester, p. 463) 10429:(Manchester, p. 466) 10411:(Manchester, p. 465) 10402:(Manchester, p. 461) 10393:(Manchester, p. 460) 10345:, November 18, 1948. 10337:Truman Defeats Dewey 10144:(Abels, pp. 211-212) 10126:(Abels, pp. 206-207) 10108:(Abels, pp. 118-119) 10072:(Abels, pp. 116-117) 9917:(Smith, pp. 492-494) 9896:(Smith, pp. 492-493) 9869:(Smith, pp. 488-489) 9456:. October 19, 2008. 9433:on October 22, 2012. 9377:on February 21, 2017 9233:Dewey Defeats Truman 8108:improve this section 2914:DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN 2734:Clifford K. Berryman 2611:movement during the 2540:Economics professor 2421:Municipal Auditorium 2410:Jackson, Mississippi 2124:, who had served as 1844:Arthur H. Vandenberg 1704:Herbert Brownell Jr. 1621:Arthur H. Vandenberg 1590:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1546:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1516:Joseph W. Martin Jr. 1436:Arthur H. Vandenberg 1318:Governor of New York 1029:Alexander F. Whitney 978:Dwight D. Eisenhower 224:States carried 208:Electoral vote 16367:Louisiana (special) 16139:Bess Wallace Truman 16039:U.S. Postage stamps 15833:Revenue Act of 1951 15816:Revenue Act of 1950 15810:Dingell–Johnson Act 15805:Housing Act of 1949 15795:Revenue Act of 1948 15651:Revenue Act of 1945 15443:Agreement on Europe 15189:Socialist Party USA 13768:South Carolina 2010 13087:Tipping-point state 13057:Major party tickets 13011:Contingent election 13006:Certificate of vote 12996:Electoral Count Act 12921:Brokered convention 11885:Richard Russell Jr. 11852:Incumbent nominee: 11387:Chester, Edward W. 11195:Pietrusza, David W. 11169:Patterson, James T. 11065:. New York: Knopf. 10695:"Charles de Gaulle" 10581:G. P. Putnam's Sons 10556:on December 7, 2008 10335:Gary A. Donaldson, 10314:on October 24, 2012 9969:(Patterson, p. 410) 9948:(Patterson, p. 411) 9737:(Ross, pp. 124–125) 9367:American Experience 9178:Party conventions: 8147: 7917:Duval County, Texas 3048: 2906:The pro-Republican 2882:, had dinner and a 2874:and rode to nearby 2827:Manchester Guardian 2621:America First Party 2581:Presidential Ballot 2425:Birmingham, Alabama 2180:United Auto Workers 1764: 1735:Robert R. McCormick 1542:General of the Army 1486:General of the Army 1168:Richard Russell Jr. 1137:Presidential ballot 1133: 1109:Richard Russell Jr. 974:General of the Army 898:Richard Russell Jr. 868:U.S. Representative 480:contingent election 67:531 members of the 23: 16192:Alben W. Barkley → 16187:← Henry A. Wallace 15821:Excess profits tax 15693:Flood Control Acts 15544:Key West Agreement 15437:Potsdam Conference 15149:Washington (state) 14458:Massachusetts 2010 14413:Massachusetts 2006 14343:New Hampshire 2000 14252:West Virginia 1992 14086:New Hampshire 1972 14071:New Hampshire 1970 13681:Massachusetts 2002 13661:Massachusetts 2000 13393:New Hampshire 1950 13062:Major party losers 12602:Elections by state 12212:Gerald L. K. Smith 12052:Fielding L. Wright 11031:49 (2017): 49–64. 10964:Divine, Robert A. 10928:Devine, Thomas W. 10644:The New York Times 10525:(Ross, p. 240-243) 10090:(Abels, pp. 34-35) 10001:(Abels, pp. 66-67) 9978:(Abels, pp. 64-65) 9957:(Abels, pp. 63-64) 9937:American Heritage, 9858:Minnesota History, 9572:The New York Times 9453:Ballot Access News 9278:Theodore Roosevelt 8146: 7937:King County, Texas 3660: 3352:Edward A. Teichert 3206:Fielding L. Wright 3047:Electoral results 3046: 2918:William Manchester 2856: 2738: 2656: 2646: 2607:, a leader of the 2605:Gerald L. K. Smith 2568:Edward A. Teichert 2530: 2521: 2508:for Vice President 2406:racial segregation 2397: 2356: 2347: 2334:for Vice President 2318:Fielding L. Wright 2106:Theodore Roosevelt 2066: 2057: 2044:for Vice President 1908:Raymond E. Baldwin 1892:Alfred E. Driscoll 1762: 1712:J. Russell Sprague 1667:Portland Oregonian 1308: 1299: 1286:for Vice President 1251: 1131: 1062:William O. Douglas 662: 653: 640:for Vice President 605: 342: 240:Popular vote 202:Fielding L. Wright 186:Running mate 21: 17019: 17018: 16828:Georgia (special) 16214: 16213: 16092:(1979 miniseries) 15914:Historic District 15851: 15850: 15843:1952 steel strike 15715:Fulbright Program 15491:Hoover Commission 15237: 15236: 15162: 15161: 14803: 14802: 14739:State legislative 14508:Rhode Island 2014 14469:Rhode Island 2010 14333:Rhode Island 1998 14328:Pennsylvania 1998 14294:Rhode Island 1994 14289:Pennsylvania 1994 14153:Rhode Island 1978 14016:North Dakota 1960 13956:North Dakota 1944 13899:North Dakota 2022 13818:South Dakota 2014 13413:North Dakota 1952 13373:North Dakota 1946 13368:North Dakota 1946 13351:North Dakota 1944 13319:North Dakota 1940 13148: 13147: 13021:Unpledged elector 13016:Faithless elector 12941:Electoral College 12926:Convention bounce 12288:Elections by year 12247: 12246: 12221: 12220: 12115:Progressive Party 12086:Prohibition Party 12061: 12060: 12006: 12005: 11993:Arthur Vandenberg 11968:Douglas MacArthur 11955:Other candidates: 11898: 11897: 11880:Harley M. Kilgore 11877:Other candidates: 11767: 11766: 11340:Gallup, George H. 11208:978-1-4027-6748-7 11135:Minnesota History 11110: 11109: 11059:Karabell, Zachary 11029:Electoral Studies 10921:Cohodas, Nadine. 10914:Busch, Andrew E. 10858:Baime, Albert J. 10307:Los Angeles Times 10245:Hugh Alvin Bone, 9509:(1981) pp. 203–42 9408:on April 2, 2013. 9170: 9169: 8144: 8143: 8136: 7571: 7570: 3737:J. Strom Thurmond 3719: 3718: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3487: 3486: 3399:Socialist Workers 2934:Electoral College 2671: 2615:, founder of the 2596: 2595: 2544: 2543: 2449:Twelfth Amendment 2388: 2387: 2384: 2371: 2278:Winston Churchill 2102:Progressive Party 2098: 2097: 2094: 2081: 2000: 1999: 1956:Douglas MacArthur 1716:Clarence J. Brown 1617:Douglas MacArthur 1583: 1556: 1491:Douglas MacArthur 1340: 1339: 1336: 1323: 1222: 1221: 987: 818:High Commissioner 798:Harley M. Kilgore 703: 702: 690: 677: 492:Progressive Party 439:New York Governor 406: 405: 402: 401: 387:Elected President 271: 270: 69:Electoral College 61: 60: 17064: 16946:Oregon (special) 16547:Hawaii Territory 16502:Alaska Territory 16241: 16234: 16227: 16218: 16217: 16203: 16202: 16116:(2022 TV series) 15878:Truman Committee 15778:Taft–Hartley Act 15645:Medal of Freedom 15420: 15419: 15404:Executive Orders 15308: 15300: 15289: 15264: 15257: 15250: 15241: 15240: 15229:Social democracy 15039: 15038: 15033:Parties by state 14830: 14823: 14816: 14807: 14806: 14712:Puerto Rico 2020 14687:Puerto Rico 2016 14626:Puerto Rico 2000 14604:Puerto Rico 1988 14594:Puerto Rico 1980 14570:Puerto Rico 1972 14262:Connecticut 1994 14216:Connecticut 1990 14081:Mississippi 1971 13934:Connecticut 1942 13707:Connecticut 2006 13686:Mississippi 2002 13571:Mississippi 1978 13495:Mississippi 1970 13490:Connecticut 1970 13455:Mississippi 1966 13175: 13168: 13161: 13152: 13151: 13135:Senate elections 13092:Election recount 13072:October surprise 13042:Campaign slogans 12944:and popular vote 12274: 12267: 12260: 12251: 12250: 12125:Henry A. Wallace 12096:Claude A. Watson 12067: 12066: 12019: 12018: 11909: 11908: 11904:Republican Party 11890:Henry A. Wallace 11869:Alben W. Barkley 11824: 11823: 11819:Democratic Party 11794: 11787: 11780: 11771: 11770: 11762: 11496: 11489: 11482: 11473: 11472: 11419: 11418: 11403:online 1840-1956 11384: 11372: 11361: 11289: 11233: 11212: 11190: 11178: 11092: 11091: 11080: 11079: 11076: 11024: 10993: 10961: 10911: 10890: 10841: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10786: 10775: 10767: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10743: 10737: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10699:Biography Online 10691: 10685: 10684: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10635: 10629: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10552:. Archived from 10546: 10540: 10537: 10526: 10523: 10517: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10496: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10478: 10475: 10469: 10466: 10453: 10450: 10439: 10436: 10430: 10427: 10412: 10409: 10403: 10400: 10394: 10391: 10382: 10379: 10373: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10355: 10352: 10346: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10319: 10310:. Archived from 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10270: 10264: 10259: 10250: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10151: 10145: 10142: 10136: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10109: 10106: 10100: 10097: 10091: 10088: 10082: 10079: 10073: 10070: 10064: 10061: 10050: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10029: 10026: 10020: 10017: 10011: 10010:(Halleck, p. 68) 10008: 10002: 9999: 9993: 9990: 9979: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9958: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9940: 9933: 9927: 9924: 9918: 9915: 9909: 9906: 9897: 9894: 9888: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9870: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9818: 9808: 9802: 9799: 9793: 9790: 9784: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9744: 9738: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9644:Kentucky New Era 9635: 9629: 9628: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9581: 9575: 9574:, July 11, 2003. 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9516: 9510: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9444: 9435: 9434: 9429:. Archived from 9416: 9410: 9409: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9341: 9325: 9318: 9309: 9298: 9289: 9284:; subsequently, 9274: 9268: 9265: 9259: 9252: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8119: 8088: 8080: 8070: 8060: 8050: 8040: 8030: 8015: 8005: 7995: 7985: 7975: 7960: 7950: 7940: 7930: 7920: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7728: 7720: 7713: 7705: 7698: 3722: 3721: 3681: 3680: 3677:Results by state 3668: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3311:Claude A. Watson 3223:Henry A. Wallace 3120:Alben W. Barkley 3049: 3045: 2948: 2932:election in the 2888:H. V. Kaltenborn 2769:David McCullough 2720:Great Depression 2673: 2672: 2653: 2631:General election 2613:Great Depression 2609:Share Our Wealth 2577: 2576: 2493: 2486: 2471: 2470: 2382: 2369: 2319: 2312: 2297: 2296: 2270:Great Depression 2226:Dorothy Thompson 2206:Nicholas Roerich 2195:Westbrook Pegler 2122:Henry A. Wallace 2092: 2079: 2029: 2022: 2021:Henry A. Wallace 2007: 2006: 1940:B. Carroll Reece 1765: 1761: 1671:of Oregon since 1581: 1565: 1554: 1533: 1507: 1477: 1452: 1427: 1401: 1376: 1351: 1334: 1321: 1271: 1264: 1241: 1240: 1210:Alben W. Barkley 1158:Alben W. Barkley 1134: 1130: 1114:Alben W. Barkley 1092:Andrew Biemiller 1015:Taft-Hartley Law 1011:Taft-Hartley Law 1007:Henry A. Wallace 992:On July 12, the 985: 965: 949:Henry A. Wallace 939: 914: 889: 864: 839: 814: 789: 764: 739: 714: 688: 675: 625: 624:Alben W. Barkley 618: 595: 594: 488:Henry A. Wallace 467:" ticket led by 422:American history 368: 355: 351: 347: 280: 191:Alben W. Barkley 166:Home state 119: 112: 105: 95: 94: 85: 84: 50:November 2, 1948 40: 39: 33: 32: 31: 24: 20: 17072: 17071: 17067: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17062: 17061: 17057:Thomas E. Dewey 17042:Harry S. Truman 17022: 17021: 17020: 17015: 17002: 16995: 16784: 16488: 16481: 16303: 16296: 16260: 16245: 16215: 16210: 16162: 16145:Margaret Truman 16127: 16048: 15997: 15930: 15887: 15847: 15721:Hill–Burton Act 15631: 15473:Luce–Celler Act 15432:Truman Doctrine 15418: 15311: 15303: 15292: 15281: 15273: 15271:Harry S. Truman 15268: 15238: 15233: 15158: 15034: 15028: 14839: 14834: 14804: 14799: 14780:Portal:Politics 14771: 14733: 14553: 14438:New Jersey 2009 14373:New Mexico 2002 14358:California 2002 14279:New Mexico 1994 14143:California 1978 14096:Washington 1972 13966:California 1946 13909: 13860:New Mexico 2018 13581:Washington 1982 13398:California 1952 13309:California 1940 13297: 13191: 13184: 13179: 13149: 13144: 13130:House elections 13121: 13102:Guam straw poll 13030: 12943: 12935: 12902: 12864: 12596: 12283: 12278: 12248: 12243: 12217: 12196: 12167: 12162:Tucker P. Smith 12144:Socialist Party 12138: 12109: 12080: 12057: 12030: 12002: 11958:Riley A. Bender 11939:Thomas E. Dewey 11925: 11894: 11854:Harry S. Truman 11840: 11813: 11798: 11768: 11763: 11754: 11506: 11500: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11420: 11416: 11411: 11381: 11336: 11334:Primary sources 11286: 11230: 11209: 11187: 11089: 11083:External videos 11073: 11021: 10990: 10950:10.2307/1888388 10908: 10887: 10848: 10846:Further reading 10826: 10821: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10800: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10761: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10721: 10719: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10693: 10692: 10688: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10655: 10651: 10636: 10632: 10628:(Abels, p. 142) 10627: 10623: 10604: 10600: 10592: 10588: 10573: 10569: 10559: 10557: 10548: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10529: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10506: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468:(Abels, p. 261) 10467: 10456: 10451: 10442: 10438:(Abels, p. 275) 10437: 10433: 10428: 10415: 10410: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10392: 10385: 10381:(Abels, p. 194) 10380: 10376: 10372:(Abels, p. 237) 10371: 10367: 10363:(Abels, p. 165) 10362: 10358: 10354:(Abels, p. 191) 10353: 10349: 10334: 10330: 10317: 10315: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10272: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10244: 10240: 10233:Jeffrey Smith. 10232: 10228: 10223: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10197: 10193: 10185: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10157: 10153:(Abels, p. 212) 10152: 10148: 10143: 10139: 10135:(Abels, p. 207) 10134: 10130: 10125: 10121: 10117:(Abels, p. 206) 10116: 10112: 10107: 10103: 10099:(Abels, p. 118) 10098: 10094: 10089: 10085: 10081:(Abels, p. 233) 10080: 10076: 10071: 10067: 10063:(Abels, p. 117) 10062: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10032: 10027: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9968: 9961: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9943: 9934: 9930: 9926:(Smith, p. 494) 9925: 9921: 9916: 9912: 9908:(Smith, p. 493) 9907: 9900: 9895: 9891: 9886: 9882: 9878:(Smith, p. 489) 9877: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9855: 9851: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9809: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9763:10.2307/2206548 9745: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9682: 9678: 9671: 9655: 9651: 9636: 9632: 9625: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9582: 9578: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9540: 9536: 9526: 9524: 9517: 9513: 9504: 9500: 9469: 9465: 9446: 9445: 9438: 9417: 9413: 9394: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9364: 9360: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9319: 9312: 9299: 9292: 9282:Calvin Coolidge 9275: 9271: 9266: 9262: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9175: 8140: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8105: 8089: 8078: 8065: 8055: 8045: 8035: 8025: 8010: 8000: 7990: 7980: 7970: 7955: 7945: 7935: 7925: 7915: 7906: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7724: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7694: 7688: 7661: 7609: 7577: 7572: 3833: 3822: 3811: 3800: 3789: 3778: 3767: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3732:Thomas E. Dewey 3728: 3727:Harry S. Truman 3679: 3672: 3669: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3627: 3614: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3557: 3544: 3531: 3518: 3358:Socialist Labor 3294:Tucker P. Smith 3137:Thomas E. Dewey 3093:Harry S. Truman 3086:Electoral vote 3065: 2946: 2860:Roosevelt Hotel 2844: 2817:Walter Winchell 2743:Social Security 2695: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2638: 2633: 2601: 2558:Thomas debated 2553:Tucker P. Smith 2536: 2492:Tucker P. Smith 2491: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2453:Herman Talmadge 2402:Fielding Wright 2381: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2250:Socialist Party 2238:Rexford Tugwell 2166:civil liberties 2150:Truman Doctrine 2091: 2078: 2074: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1972:Everett Dirksen 1876:Dwight H. Green 1789:Thomas E. Dewey 1763:Delegate Count 1745:Charles Halleck 1740:Chicago Tribune 1692: 1673:Lewis and Clark 1605:Thomas E. Dewey 1584: 1580: 1575: 1572:John W. Bricker 1569: 1566: 1557: 1549: 1534: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1478: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1368: 1363: 1360:Thomas E. Dewey 1357: 1352: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1316: 1269: 1263:Thomas E. Dewey 1262: 1256: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1150:Harry S. Truman 1122:keynote address 1096:Hubert Humphrey 1079: 1049:James Roosevelt 988: 966: 957: 952: 946: 940: 931: 926: 923:Harry S. Truman 920: 915: 906: 901: 895: 890: 881: 876: 870: 865: 856: 851: 845: 840: 831: 826: 820: 815: 806: 801: 795: 790: 781: 776: 770: 765: 756: 751: 748:James F. Byrnes 745: 740: 731: 726: 720: 715: 687: 674: 670: 623: 617:Harry S. Truman 616: 610: 593: 587: 581: 576: 476:electoral votes 442:Thomas E. Dewey 432:Harry S. Truman 394: 392:Harry S. Truman 389: 379: 377:Harry S. Truman 374: 366: 361: 353: 349: 345: 339: 278: 276: 135:Thomas E. Dewey 129:Harry S. Truman 71: 66: 34: 29: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17070: 17060: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17047:Strom Thurmond 17044: 17039: 17034: 17017: 17016: 17014: 17013: 17007: 17005: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16932: 16931: 16924:North Carolina 16921: 16916: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16899: 16894: 16893: 16892: 16882: 16881: 16880: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16794: 16792: 16786: 16785: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16761: 16760: 16755: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16734: 16733: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16711:South Carolina 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16676:North Carolina 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16493: 16491: 16483: 16482: 16480: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16447:South Carolina 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16422:North Carolina 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16308: 16306: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16261: 16244: 16243: 16236: 16229: 16221: 16212: 16211: 16209: 16208: 16195: 16194: 16189: 16183: 16182: 16175: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16154: 16148: 16142: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16117: 16113:The First Lady 16109: 16101: 16093: 16085: 16077: 16072:(1975 song by 16065: 16056: 16054: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15995: 15990: 15989: 15988: 15983: 15976: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15940: 15938: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15917: 15916: 15906: 15901: 15895: 15893: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15859: 15857: 15853: 15852: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15829: 15828: 15823: 15813: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15786: 15781: 15775: 15770: 15764: 15758: 15752: 15746: 15745: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15724: 15718: 15712: 15711: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15690: 15689: 15688: 15678: 15677: 15676: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15653: 15648: 15641: 15639: 15633: 15632: 15630: 15629: 15623: 15618: 15617: 15616: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15578: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15559: 15553: 15547: 15541: 15535: 15534: 15533: 15528: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15494: 15488: 15482: 15476: 15470: 15464: 15461:War Brides Act 15458: 15452: 15451: 15450: 15445: 15434: 15428: 15426: 15424:Foreign policy 15417: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15394:Truman Balcony 15391: 15386: 15385: 15384: 15379: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15342: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15329:Inaugurations 15327: 15321: 15319: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15309: 15301: 15290: 15278: 15275: 15274: 15267: 15266: 15259: 15252: 15244: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15170: 15168: 15167:Related topics 15164: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15114:North Carolina 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15045: 15043: 15036: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15026: 15013: 15000: 14987: 14974: 14961: 14948: 14935: 14922: 14913: 14900: 14887: 14874: 14861: 14847: 14845: 14841: 14840: 14833: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14810: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14776: 14773: 14772: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14743: 14741: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14650: 14645: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14584: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14561: 14559: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14465: 14463:Minnesota 2010 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14428:Louisiana 2007 14425: 14420: 14418:Minnesota 2006 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14393:Wisconsin 2002 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14368:Minnesota 2002 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14317:Minnesota 1998 14313: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14212: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14056:Tennessee 1966 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14021:Tennessee 1962 14018: 14013: 14011:Tennessee 1958 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13986:Tennessee 1954 13983: 13978: 13973: 13971:Tennessee 1950 13968: 13963: 13961:Wisconsin 1944 13958: 13953: 13950:Wisconsin 1942 13946: 13941: 13939:Minnesota 1942 13936: 13931: 13929:Wisconsin 1940 13926: 13924:Minnesota 1940 13920: 13918: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13907: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13884:Minnesota 2020 13881: 13876: 13870: 13862: 13857: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13748: 13743: 13741:Minnesota 2008 13738: 13733: 13728: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13666:Minnesota 2000 13663: 13658: 13653: 13651:Minnesota 1996 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13626:Minnesota 1994 13623: 13618: 13613: 13611:Louisiana 1992 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13586:Tennessee 1984 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13546: 13544:Minnesota 1976 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13514:Louisiana 1972 13511: 13504: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13378:Tennessee 1946 13375: 13370: 13365: 13358: 13356:Wisconsin 1944 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13336:Minnesota 1942 13333: 13331:Minnesota 1942 13328: 13325:Wisconsin 1940 13321: 13316: 13314:Minnesota 1940 13311: 13305: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13249: 13244: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13210: 13201: 13199: 13193: 13192: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13178: 13177: 13170: 13163: 13155: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13126: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13117: 13112: 13104: 13099: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12947: 12945: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12912: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12874: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12810:South Carolina 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12775:North Carolina 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12606: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12284: 12277: 12276: 12269: 12262: 12254: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12215: 12207: 12205: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12186: 12177: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12157: 12148: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12136: 12133:Glen H. Taylor 12128: 12119: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12099: 12090: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12047: 12044:Strom Thurmond 12038: 12036: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12028: 12022: 12016: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11998:Robert A. Taft 11995: 11990: 11988:Harold Stassen 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11951: 11950: 11942: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11873: 11872: 11864: 11863: 11862: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11797: 11796: 11789: 11782: 11774: 11765: 11764: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11700:South Carolina 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11665:North Carolina 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11499: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11476: 11470: 11469: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11421: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409:External links 11407: 11406: 11405: 11395: 11385: 11379: 11362: 11350: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11320: 11310: 11300: 11290: 11284: 11266: 11251: 11241: 11234: 11228: 11213: 11207: 11191: 11185: 11165: 11158: 11148: 11138: 11131: 11121: 11108: 11107: 11101:, June 4, 2000 11085: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11071: 11055: 11045: 11035: 11025: 11019: 11004: 10994: 10988: 10973: 10962: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10906: 10891: 10885: 10863: 10856: 10851:Abels, Jules. 10847: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10798: 10759: 10738: 10729: 10704: 10686: 10668: 10663:Smart Politics 10649: 10630: 10621: 10598: 10596:, p. 233. 10586: 10567: 10541: 10527: 10518: 10509: 10507:(Ross, p. 242) 10497: 10495:(Ross, p. 241) 10488: 10479: 10477:(Smith, p. 20) 10470: 10454: 10440: 10431: 10413: 10404: 10395: 10383: 10374: 10365: 10356: 10347: 10328: 10292: 10265: 10251: 10238: 10226: 10217: 10191: 10189:, p. 214. 10179: 10177:, p. 222. 10167: 10155: 10146: 10137: 10128: 10119: 10110: 10101: 10092: 10083: 10074: 10065: 10051: 10049:(Ross, p. 163) 10042: 10040:(Ross, p. 153) 10030: 10028:(Ross, p. 162) 10021: 10019:(Abels, p. 71) 10012: 10003: 9994: 9992:(Abels, p. 65) 9980: 9971: 9959: 9950: 9941: 9928: 9919: 9910: 9898: 9889: 9887:(Abels, p. 57) 9880: 9871: 9862: 9849: 9836: 9829: 9803: 9801:(Ross, p. 130) 9794: 9792:(Ross, p. 131) 9785: 9783:(Ross, p. 129) 9776: 9757:(4): 597–616. 9739: 9730: 9723: 9703: 9696: 9676: 9669: 9649: 9630: 9623: 9603: 9596: 9576: 9559: 9547: 9534: 9511: 9498: 9479:(3): 269–299. 9463: 9436: 9411: 9388: 9358: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9310: 9290: 9286:Lyndon Johnson 9269: 9260: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9007:New York City 9004: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8228:San Francisco 8225: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8142: 8141: 8092: 8090: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8062: 8052: 8042: 8032: 8018: 8017: 8007: 7997: 7987: 7977: 7963: 7962: 7952: 7942: 7932: 7922: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7730: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7680:South Carolina 7677: 7672: 7667: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6663:South Carolina 6659: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6131:North Carolina 6127: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3693: 3692: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3663: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594:Electoral vote 3589: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475:Needed to win 3472: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253:Glen H. Taylor 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3233:American Labor 3226: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3191:South Carolina 3188: 3183: 3180:Strom Thurmond 3175: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 2990:Berlin Airlift 2971:Catholic votes 2967:farm subsidies 2957:have flipped. 2868:Secret Service 2843: 2840: 2822:Alistair Cooke 2716:Clark Clifford 2704:summed it up: 2685: 2675: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2522: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2441:Benjamin Laney 2414:Strom Thurmond 2386: 2385: 2372: 2358: 2357: 2348: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2311:Strom Thurmond 2306: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2257:Glen H. Taylor 2176:Walter Reuther 2096: 2095: 2082: 2068: 2067: 2058: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2028:Glen H. Taylor 2024: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828:Harold Stassen 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812:Robert A. Taft 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1691: 1688: 1658:United Nations 1637:United Nations 1619:, and Senator 1609:Robert A. Taft 1598:Harold Stassen 1586: 1585: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1509: 1502: 1500: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1454: 1447: 1445: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1411:Harold Stassen 1403: 1396: 1394: 1385:Robert A. Taft 1378: 1371: 1369: 1353: 1346: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1324: 1310: 1309: 1300: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1274: 1273: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1229:Main article: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196:Paul V. McNutt 1192: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1105:Strom Thurmond 1078: 1075: 990: 989: 967: 960: 958: 944:vice president 941: 934: 932: 916: 909: 907: 891: 884: 882: 866: 859: 857: 841: 834: 832: 823:Paul V. McNutt 816: 809: 807: 791: 784: 782: 766: 759: 757: 754:South Carolina 741: 734: 732: 716: 709: 707: 701: 700: 692: 691: 678: 664: 663: 654: 644: 643: 636: 628: 627: 620: 612: 611: 606: 583:Main article: 580: 577: 575: 572: 543:22nd Amendment 512:Harold Stassen 504:Robert A. Taft 472:Strom Thurmond 404: 403: 400: 399: 384: 363: 362: 343: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 257: 253: 252: 249: 246: 241: 237: 236: 233: 230: 225: 221: 220: 217: 214: 209: 205: 204: 199: 194: 187: 183: 182: 180:South Carolina 177: 172: 167: 163: 162: 160:States' Rights 157: 152: 147: 143: 142: 140:Strom Thurmond 137: 132: 125: 121: 120: 113: 106: 99: 91: 90: 78: 74: 73: 63: 62: 59: 58: 52: 47: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17069: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17027: 17012: 17009: 17008: 17006: 17004: 16998: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16986:West Virginia 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16930: 16927: 16926: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16914:New Hampshire 16912: 16908: 16905: 16904: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16887: 16886: 16883: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16863:Massachusetts 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16791: 16787: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16770:West Virginia 16768: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16728: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16656:New Hampshire 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16635: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16609:Massachusetts 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16494: 16492: 16490: 16484: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16472:West Virginia 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16407:New Hampshire 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16377:Massachusetts 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16309: 16307: 16305: 16299: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16263: 16258: 16254: 16250: 16242: 16237: 16235: 16230: 16228: 16223: 16222: 16219: 16207: 16206: 16197: 16196: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16184: 16181: 16180: 16176: 16174: 16173: 16169: 16168: 16165: 16158: 16155: 16152: 16149: 16146: 16143: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16130: 16123: 16122: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16110: 16107: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16098: 16094: 16091: 16090: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16078: 16075: 16071: 16070: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16051: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15994: 15991: 15987: 15986:campaign song 15984: 15981: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15941: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15915: 15912: 15911: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15890: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15860: 15858: 15854: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15818: 15817: 15814: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15765: 15762: 15759: 15756: 15753: 15750: 15747: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15729: 15728: 15725: 15722: 15719: 15716: 15713: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15682: 15679: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15659: 15658: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15634: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15614: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15605: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15576: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15560: 15557: 15554: 15551: 15550:Marshall Plan 15548: 15545: 15542: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15498: 15495: 15492: 15489: 15486: 15483: 15480: 15477: 15474: 15471: 15468: 15465: 15462: 15459: 15456: 15453: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15440: 15439: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15425: 15421: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15377:Supreme Court 15375: 15374: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15351: 15348: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15284: 15280: 15279: 15276: 15272: 15265: 15260: 15258: 15253: 15251: 15246: 15245: 15242: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15165: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15084:Massachusetts 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15040: 15037: 15035:and territory 15031: 15025: 15021: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14956: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14943: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14848: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14831: 14826: 14824: 14819: 14817: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14762:West Virginia 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14740: 14736: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14724: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14682: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14655: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14643: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14616: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14585: 14583: 14582: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14562: 14560: 14556: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14488: 14486: 14485:Virginia 2013 14483: 14481: 14480:Kentucky 2011 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14443:Colorado 2010 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14403:Illinois 2006 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14383:Oklahoma 2002 14381: 14379: 14378:New York 2002 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14338:Kentucky 1999 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14323:New York 1998 14321: 14319: 14318: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14284:Oklahoma 1994 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14274: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237:Oklahoma 1990 14235: 14233: 14232:New York 1990 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14217: 14213: 14211: 14210: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14193:Oklahoma 1986 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14183:Illinois 1986 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14113:Nebraska 1974 14111: 14109: 14108: 14104: 14102: 14101:Virginia 1973 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14076:New York 1970 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14066:Arkansas 1970 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14051:New York 1966 14049: 14047: 14046:Maryland 1966 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14026:Virginia 1965 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14006:Oklahoma 1958 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13991:Nebraska 1956 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13951: 13947: 13945: 13944:New York 1942 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13915:Gubernatorial 13912: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13889:Nebraska 2020 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13879:Arkansas 2020 13877: 13874: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13855: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13795:Missouri 2012 13793: 13791: 13790:Maryland 2012 13788: 13786: 13785: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13731:Arkansas 2008 13729: 13726: 13725: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13704: 13702: 13701:Oklahoma 2004 13699: 13697: 13696:Virginia 2002 13694: 13692: 13691:Oklahoma 2002 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13641:Virginia 1994 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13591:Virginia 1990 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576:New York 1980 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13561:Arkansas 1978 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13551: 13550:Virginia 1976 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13534:New York 1974 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13509: 13508:Virginia 1970 13505: 13503: 13502: 13501:New York 1970 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13485:New York 1968 13483: 13481: 13480:Maryland 1968 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13465:Virginia 1966 13463: 13461: 13460:Virginia 1966 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13450:Virginia 1964 13448: 13446: 13445:Virginia 1960 13443: 13441: 13440:Virginia 1958 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13430:Virginia 1954 13428: 13426: 13425: 13421: 13419: 13418:Virginia 1952 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13408:New York 1952 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13383:Arkansas 1948 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13363: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13346:Virginia 1942 13344: 13342: 13341:Nebraska 1942 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13326: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13187: 13183: 13176: 13171: 13169: 13164: 13162: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13026:Voter turnout 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12932: 12931:Superdelegate 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12899: 12898:Super Tuesday 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12878:Iowa caucuses 12876: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12850:West Virginia 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12755:New Hampshire 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12715:Massachusetts 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12593: 12592: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12275: 12270: 12268: 12263: 12261: 12256: 12255: 12252: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12224: 12214: 12213: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12191:Grace Carlson 12187: 12185: 12184: 12183:Farrell Dobbs 12179: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12156: 12155: 12154:Norman Thomas 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12106: 12105: 12104:Dale H. Learn 12100: 12098: 12097: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12064: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12033: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11978:Edward Martin 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11941: 11940: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11795: 11790: 11788: 11783: 11781: 11776: 11775: 11772: 11761: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11740:West Virginia 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11645:New Hampshire 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11605:Massachusetts 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11497: 11492: 11490: 11485: 11483: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11428: 11424: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11380:0-8093-2557-8 11376: 11371: 11370: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11285:0-671-41741-X 11281: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11236:Ross, Irwin. 11235: 11231: 11229:0-8131-1484-5 11225: 11221: 11220: 11214: 11210: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11186:9780395139387 11182: 11177: 11176: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11086: 11081: 11074: 11072:0-375-40086-9 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11020:1-56663-206-4 11016: 11012: 11011: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10989:0-8131-2075-6 10985: 10981: 10980: 10974: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10944:(1): 90–110. 10943: 10939: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10907:9780807834855 10903: 10899: 10898: 10892: 10888: 10886:1-58648-297-1 10882: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10857: 10854: 10850: 10849: 10839: 10835: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10808: 10802: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10748: 10742: 10733: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10641: 10634: 10625: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10590: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10522: 10513: 10504: 10502: 10492: 10483: 10474: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10435: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10408: 10399: 10390: 10388: 10378: 10369: 10360: 10351: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10332: 10325: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10303: 10296: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10262: 10258: 10256: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10221: 10206: 10202: 10199:Leip, David. 10195: 10188: 10183: 10176: 10171: 10165:, p. 74. 10164: 10159: 10150: 10141: 10132: 10123: 10114: 10105: 10096: 10087: 10078: 10069: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10046: 10037: 10035: 10025: 10016: 10007: 9998: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9975: 9966: 9964: 9954: 9945: 9938: 9932: 9923: 9914: 9905: 9903: 9893: 9884: 9875: 9866: 9859: 9853: 9846: 9840: 9832: 9830:9780395139387 9826: 9822: 9817: 9816: 9807: 9798: 9789: 9780: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9743: 9734: 9726: 9724:9780809388967 9720: 9716: 9715: 9707: 9699: 9697:9780873514736 9693: 9689: 9688: 9680: 9672: 9670:9780809388967 9666: 9662: 9661: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9626: 9624:9780415894494 9620: 9616: 9615: 9607: 9599: 9597:9780809388967 9593: 9589: 9588: 9580: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9557:, p. 33. 9556: 9551: 9544: 9538: 9527:September 16, 9522: 9515: 9508: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9392: 9381:September 17, 9376: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9323: 9317: 9315: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9264: 9257: 9256:Preston Parks 9251: 9249: 9244: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9147: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9048:Philadelphia 9047: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8149: 8138: 8135: 8127: 8124:February 2023 8117: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8093:This section 8091: 8087: 8082: 8081: 8071: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8013: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7958: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7638:New Hampshire 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7271:West Virginia 7269: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:New Hampshire 5825: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219:Massachusetts 5217: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3761: 3747:Norman Thomas 3742:Henry Wallace 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3419:Grace Carlson 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3393:Farrell Dobbs 3390: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3376:Stephen Emery 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3362:Pennsylvania 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3270:Norman Thomas 3267: 3266: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3069:Running mate 3061:Popular vote 3050: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2962:Samuel Lubell 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864:New York City 2861: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2756:80th Congress 2753: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2679: 2663: 2642: 2636:Fall campaign 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2591: 2589: 2588:Norman Thomas 2586: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:Farrell Dobbs 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549:Norman Thomas 2539: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2501:for President 2498: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2485:Norman Thomas 2482: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433:Jim Crow laws 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2392: 2380: 2376: 2375:49th and 50th 2373: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2327:for President 2324: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2246:Norman Thomas 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222:H. L. Mencken 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2184:Philip Murray 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146:Marshall Plan 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2037:for President 2034: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2008: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Chief Justice 1746: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Edwin Jaeckle 1705: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1523:Massachusetts 1518: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1279:for President 1276: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1057:Claude Pepper 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 984: 980: 979: 975: 971: 964: 959: 956: 951: 950: 945: 938: 933: 930: 925: 924: 919: 913: 908: 905: 900: 899: 894: 888: 883: 880: 875: 874: 869: 863: 858: 855: 850: 849: 848:Claude Pepper 844: 838: 833: 830: 825: 824: 819: 813: 808: 805: 804:West Virginia 800: 799: 794: 788: 783: 780: 775: 774: 769: 763: 758: 755: 750: 749: 744: 738: 733: 730: 725: 724: 723:Harry F. Byrd 719: 713: 708: 705: 704: 699: 698: 693: 686: 682: 679: 673: 669: 666: 665: 659: 655: 650: 646: 645: 642: 641: 637: 635: 634: 633:for President 630: 629: 626: 621: 619: 614: 613: 609: 601: 596: 592: 586: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 532:1880 election 529: 523: 521: 520:Farrell Dobbs 517: 516:Norman Thomas 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:1944 election 445: 443: 440: 437: 433: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 398: 397: 393: 388: 385: 383: 382: 378: 373: 370: 369: 364: 359: 274: 266: 263: 261: 258: 255: 254: 250: 247: 245: 242: 239: 238: 234: 231: 229: 226: 223: 222: 218: 215: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 192: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 145: 144: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 130: 126: 123: 122: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: 100: 97: 96: 92: 89: 79: 75: 70: 64: 57: → 56: 53: 51: 48: 46: 43:← 42: 41: 37: 25: 19: 17003:legislatures 16956:South Dakota 16951:Rhode Island 16936:North Dakota 16716:South Dakota 16706:Rhode Island 16701:Pennsylvania 16681:North Dakota 16452:South Dakota 16442:Rhode Island 16271: 16198: 16177: 16170: 16119: 16111: 16103: 16095: 16087: 16079: 16069:Harry Truman 16067: 16059: 16053:Public image 16009:Bibliography 15968: 15139:Pennsylvania 15119:North Dakota 14989: 14721: 14679: 14652: 14640: 14613: 14586: 14579: 14533:Vermont 2020 14528:Indiana 2020 14513:Wyoming 2014 14489: 14475:Wyoming 2010 14467: 14433:Vermont 2008 14388:Vermont 2002 14353:Arizona 2002 14348:Vermont 2000 14315: 14308: 14299:Vermont 1994 14271: 14214: 14207: 14198:Vermont 1986 14178:Arizona 1986 14163:Arizona 1982 14133:Vermont 1976 14128:Vermont 1974 14105: 14061:Alabama 1970 14036:Georgia 1966 14031:Alabama 1966 13981:Vermont 1952 13948: 13917:(since 1940) 13866:Vermont 2018 13864: 13852: 13843:Indiana 2016 13833:Arizona 2016 13823:Wyoming 2014 13806:Vermont 2012 13804: 13800:Montana 2012 13782: 13778:Indiana 2012 13763:Indiana 2010 13758:Florida 2010 13750: 13724:Vermont 2006 13722: 13713:Indiana 2006 13705: 13656:Arizona 2000 13636:Vermont 1994 13621:Arizona 1994 13601:Arizona 1992 13556:Alabama 1978 13548: 13519:Florida 1974 13506: 13499: 13470:Alabama 1968 13422: 13388:Alabama 1950 13360: 13323: 13267: 13212: 13204: 13197:Presidential 13052:Election Day 12815:South Dakota 12805:Rhode Island 12800:Pennsylvania 12780:North Dakota 12589: 12494: 12229: 12210: 12202:Independents 12189:VP nominee: 12188: 12180: 12160:VP nominee: 12159: 12151: 12130: 12122: 12102:VP nominee: 12101: 12093: 12050:VP nominee: 12049: 12041: 12011: 11954: 11945:VP nominee: 11944: 11936: 11876: 11867:VP nominee: 11866: 11851: 11810:→ 1952 11805: 11802:← 1944 11705:South Dakota 11695:Rhode Island 11690:Pennsylvania 11670:North Dakota 11503: 11431: 11430: 11429:profile for 11426: 11398: 11388: 11368: 11357: 11343: 11323: 11313: 11303: 11293: 11274: 11254: 11244: 11237: 11218: 11198: 11174: 11161: 11151: 11141: 11134: 11124: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11062: 11048: 11038: 11028: 11009: 10997: 10978: 10965: 10941: 10937: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10896: 10875: 10859: 10852: 10832: 10810:. Retrieved 10801: 10789:. Retrieved 10777: 10750:. Retrieved 10741: 10732: 10720:. Retrieved 10707: 10698: 10689: 10680: 10671: 10662: 10652: 10643: 10633: 10624: 10607: 10601: 10594:Schmidt 1960 10589: 10576: 10570: 10558:. Retrieved 10554:the original 10544: 10521: 10512: 10491: 10482: 10473: 10434: 10407: 10398: 10377: 10368: 10359: 10350: 10340: 10336: 10331: 10323: 10318:December 26, 10316:. Retrieved 10312:the original 10305: 10295: 10285:December 26, 10283:. Retrieved 10277: 10268: 10246: 10241: 10234: 10229: 10220: 10208:. Retrieved 10204: 10194: 10187:Schmidt 1960 10182: 10175:Schmidt 1960 10170: 10163:Schmidt 1960 10158: 10149: 10140: 10131: 10122: 10113: 10104: 10095: 10086: 10077: 10068: 10045: 10024: 10015: 10006: 9997: 9974: 9953: 9944: 9936: 9931: 9922: 9913: 9892: 9883: 9874: 9865: 9857: 9852: 9844: 9839: 9814: 9806: 9797: 9788: 9779: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9733: 9713: 9706: 9686: 9679: 9659: 9652: 9646:. p. 8. 9643: 9633: 9613: 9606: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9562: 9555:Schmidt 1960 9550: 9542: 9537: 9525:. Retrieved 9514: 9506: 9501: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9451: 9431:the original 9424: 9414: 9406:the original 9391: 9379:. Retrieved 9375:the original 9361: 9348: 9339: 9272: 9263: 8802:Springfield 8720:New Bedford 8187:Los Angeles 8130: 8121: 8106:Please help 8094: 8064: 8054: 8044: 8034: 8024: 8019: 8009: 7999: 7989: 7979: 7969: 7964: 7954: 7944: 7934: 7924: 7914: 7909: 7907: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7695: 7689: 7686:Close states 7653:Pennsylvania 6739:South Dakota 6587:Rhode Island 6511:Pennsylvania 6207:North Dakota 3758:State Total 3744:Progressive 3607: 3511: 3498:Popular vote 3446: 3432: 3417: 3391: 3374: 3350: 3341:Pennsylvania 3333: 3309: 3292: 3268: 3251: 3221: 3204: 3178: 3161: 3135: 3118: 3091: 3020: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2922:Farley's Law 2907: 2905: 2884:Turkish bath 2857: 2833: 2825: 2815: 2811:Joseph Alsop 2807:Drew Pearson 2800: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2765: 2747:civil rights 2739: 2724:Dexter, Iowa 2712: 2707: 2699: 2696: 2687: 2602: 2580: 2557: 2545: 2537:(1936–1944) 2507: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2475: 2461: 2418: 2398: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2301: 2283: 2274: 2254: 2230:Lee Pressman 2214:Cordell Hull 2209: 2192: 2171:Soviet Union 2154:Big Business 2138:Soviet Union 2099: 2085:U.S. Senator 2043: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2011: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1738: 1731:Dwight Green 1728: 1720: 1700:Philadelphia 1698:was held in 1693: 1680:radio debate 1677: 1665: 1662: 1654: 1641: 1602: 1587: 1570: 1544: 1514: 1489: 1459: 1434: 1409: 1383: 1358: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1253: 1182:James A. Roe 1126: 1101: 1083:civil rights 1080: 1037: 1027: 1019:civil rights 991: 976: 947: 921: 896: 873:James A. Roe 871: 846: 821: 796: 771: 746: 721: 696: 681:U.S. Senator 639: 638: 632: 631: 607: 560:Pennsylvania 536: 524: 446: 424:, incumbent 409: 407: 390: 386: 375: 371: 259: 243: 227: 211: 189: 127: 49: 18: 17011:Iowa Senate 16813:Connecticut 16624:Mississippi 16527:Connecticut 16392:Mississippi 16257:→1949 16249:1947← 16124:(2023 film) 16121:Oppenheimer 16100:(1995 film) 16084:(1976 film) 15921:Blair House 15585:1950–1953; 15307:(1935–1945) 15288:(1945–1953) 15059:Connecticut 14918:, Endorsed 14898:Kirkpatrick 14549:Oregon 2022 14539:Alaska 2022 14523:Kansas 2018 14498:Hawaii 2014 14491:Alaska 2014 14398:Alaska 2006 14304:Alaska 1998 14267:Hawaii 1994 14257:Alaska 1994 14242:Oregon 1990 14222:Kansas 1990 14209:Alaska 1990 14173:Alaska 1986 14168:Hawaii 1982 14158:Alaska 1982 14138:Alaska 1978 14118:Nevada 1974 13873:Alaska 2020 13848:Kansas 2016 13828:Alaska 2016 13813:Kansas 2014 13746:Oregon 2008 13676:Kansas 2002 13671:Alaska 2002 13646:Alaska 1996 13606:Hawaii 1992 13596:Alaska 1992 13529:Nevada 1974 13524:Hawaii 1974 13475:Alaska 1968 13082:Swing state 12730:Mississippi 12640:Connecticut 12077:independent 12073:third-party 11947:Earl Warren 11620:Mississippi 11540:Connecticut 10824:Works cited 10560:November 8, 9322:Mississippi 8761:Somerville 8597:Fall River 8310:Bridgeport 7675:Mississippi 7613:Connecticut 7564:48,792,535 5447:Mississippi 4231:Connecticut 3734:Republican 3729:Democratic 3459:48,793,535 3321:California 3317:Prohibition 3229:Progressive 3212:Mississippi 3163:Earl Warren 3152:21,991,292 3109:24,178,347 3095:(incumbent) 3083:Home state 3077:Percentage 3058:Home state 2960:Journalist 2896:New England 2872:Kansas City 2774:Gallup Poll 2457:E. H. Crump 2383:(1946–1952) 2370:(1947–1951) 2093:(1945–1951) 2080:(1941–1945) 1860:Earl Warren 1753:Earl Warren 1724:acclamation 1613:Earl Warren 1461:Earl Warren 1335:(1943–1953) 1322:(1943–1954) 1270:Earl Warren 1045:Frank Hague 1041:Jacob Arvey 1023:third-party 689:(1927–1949) 676:(1945–1953) 574:Nominations 547:term limits 478:to force a 461:third-party 256:Percentage 248:21,991,292 197:Earl Warren 17026:Categories 16981:Washington 16919:New Mexico 16765:Washington 16666:New Mexico 16661:New Jersey 16517:California 16417:New Mexico 16412:New Jersey 16159:(grandson) 16147:(daughter) 16014:Truman Day 15899:Birthplace 15581:Korean War 15526:Department 15317:Presidency 15104:New Jersey 15049:California 14544:Idaho 2022 14518:Maine 2018 14503:Maine 2014 14453:Maine 2010 14448:Idaho 2010 14423:Texas 2006 14408:Maine 2006 14363:Maine 2002 14310:Maine 1998 14273:Maine 1994 14227:Maine 1990 14188:Maine 1986 14148:Maine 1978 14123:Texas 1974 14107:Maine 1974 14091:Texas 1972 14041:Idaho 1966 13996:Texas 1956 13976:Maine 1952 13894:Idaho 2022 13854:Maine 2018 13838:Idaho 2016 13784:Maine 2012 13736:Idaho 2008 13718:Maine 2006 13566:Maine 1978 13403:Maine 1952 12845:Washington 12765:New Mexico 12760:New Jersey 12630:California 12079:candidates 12035:Candidates 12026:Convention 11930:Candidates 11916:Convention 11845:Candidates 11831:Convention 11735:Washington 11655:New Mexico 11650:New Jersey 11530:California 10867:Bass, Jack 10681:www.gov.uk 9332:References 9043:3,157,119 9019:1,108,288 9013:1,596,545 8966:St. Louis 8884:Baltimore 8843:Worcester 8556:Cambridge 8510:1,684,424 8433:Waterbury 8392:New Haven 7904:Statistics 7633:New Jersey 7513:21,991,292 7504:24,178,347 7414:1,276,800 7195:Washington 6958:1,249,577 6578:3,735,148 6350:2,936,071 6122:6,177,337 5979:New Mexico 5970:1,949,555 5903:New Jersey 5590:1,578,628 5438:1,212,226 5362:2,109,609 5286:2,107,146 4830:1,038,264 4754:1,656,214 4678:3,984,046 4146:4,021,538 4079:California 3749:Socialist 3739:Dixiecrat 3424:Minnesota 3335:Dale Learn 3242:1,157,328 3195:1,176,023 3169:California 3143:Republican 3100:Democratic 3032:war leader 2880:Elms Hotel 2781:Elmo Roper 2690:media help 2201:spiritual 1987:Abstaining 1757:news media 1615:, General 1607:, Senator 1467:California 1132:Balloting 998:same arena 554:states of 528:Deep South 436:Republican 426:Democratic 396:Democratic 381:Democratic 251:1,176,023 244:24,178,347 155:Republican 150:Democratic 16991:Wisconsin 16961:Tennessee 16873:Minnesota 16853:Louisiana 16790:Governors 16775:Wisconsin 16721:Tennessee 16619:Minnesota 16594:Louisiana 16457:Tennessee 16387:Minnesota 16362:Louisiana 16265:President 16251:) 15936:Elections 15637:Fair Deal 15522:Air Force 15154:Wisconsin 15094:Minnesota 15074:Louisiana 14757:Louisiana 14697:Guam 2018 14247:Utah 1992 14203:Utah 1988 14001:Utah 1956 13904:Utah 2022 13773:Utah 2010 13631:Ohio 1994 13616:Ohio 1992 13539:Utah 1974 13435:Utah 1958 12855:Wisconsin 12820:Tennessee 12725:Minnesota 12700:Louisiana 12181:Nominee: 12152:Nominee: 12131:Nominee: 12123:Nominee: 12094:Nominee: 12042:Nominee: 11937:Nominee: 11921:Primaries 11836:Primaries 11745:Wisconsin 11710:Tennessee 11615:Minnesota 11590:Louisiana 11095:Booknotes 10791:April 29, 10722:August 1, 10210:August 1, 9493:154735666 9194:Dixiecrat 9130:Richmond 8351:Hartford 8167:Thurmond 8095:does not 7670:Louisiana 7596:Wisconsin 7558:2,187,055 7531:1,157,328 7522:1,176,023 7347:Wisconsin 6815:Tennessee 6527:1,902,197 6518:1,752,426 6299:1,445,684 6290:1,452,791 6071:2,841,163 6062:2,780,204 5371:Minnesota 5311:1,038,595 5302:1,003,448 5226:1,151,788 4991:Louisiana 4627:1,961,103 4618:1,994,715 4095:1,895,269 4086:1,913,134 3832:electoral 3821:electoral 3810:electoral 3799:electoral 3788:electoral 3777:electoral 3766:electoral 3404:Minnesota 3280:New York 3276:Socialist 3064:Electoral 3040:De Gaulle 3036:Churchill 3011:communism 2995:Civil War 2439:Governor 2162:communist 1768:Candidate 1594:Minnesota 1417:Minnesota 1088:Dan Moody 918:President 768:Treasurer 743:Secretary 564:Wisconsin 552:Rust Belt 465:Dixiecrat 429:President 16902:Nebraska 16885:Missouri 16868:Michigan 16833:Illinois 16818:Delaware 16808:Colorado 16803:Arkansas 16748:Virginia 16691:Oklahoma 16671:New York 16646:Nebraska 16629:Missouri 16614:Michigan 16604:Maryland 16577:Kentucky 16557:Illinois 16532:Delaware 16522:Colorado 16507:Arkansas 16467:Virginia 16432:Oklahoma 16402:Nebraska 16382:Michigan 16357:Kentucky 16342:Illinois 16327:Delaware 16322:Colorado 16317:Arkansas 16255: ( 16205:Category 16153:(mother) 15974:campaign 15325:Timeline 15129:Oklahoma 15109:New York 15099:Missouri 15089:Michigan 15054:Colorado 15024:Friedman 15011:Friedman 12950:Results 12840:Virginia 12790:Oklahoma 12770:New York 12745:Nebraska 12735:Missouri 12720:Michigan 12710:Maryland 12695:Kentucky 12675:Illinois 12645:Delaware 12635:Colorado 12625:Arkansas 11860:campaign 11730:Virginia 11680:Oklahoma 11660:New York 11635:Nebraska 11625:Missouri 11610:Michigan 11600:Maryland 11585:Kentucky 11565:Illinois 11545:Delaware 11535:Colorado 11525:Arkansas 11356:(1949). 11272:(1984). 11197:(2011). 11171:(1972). 11061:(1948). 10873:(2005). 10812:April 8, 10782:Archived 10752:April 8, 10616:6193934M 9458:Archived 9353:CQ Press 9302:New York 9173:See also 9089:Norfolk 9084:885,297 9060:425,962 9054:432,699 9031:422,355 9002:343,770 8978:120,656 8972:220,654 8961:753,129 8925:Detroit 8920:255,363 8896:110,879 8890:134,615 8551:351,132 8521:235,493 8474:Chicago 8305:169,067 8264:350,709 8240:160,135 8234:167,726 8223:733,937 8199:300,988 8193:381,336 8172:Wallace 7643:New York 7628:Michigan 7623:Maryland 7618:Delaware 7581:Colorado 7490:101,425 7338:748,750 7262:904,058 7186:419,256 7119:Virginia 7110:123,382 7034:276,305 6882:550,283 6806:250,105 6730:142,571 6654:327,702 6572:-149,771 6502:524,080 6426:721,599 6359:Oklahoma 6274:220,716 6198:791,209 6055:New York 6046:187,063 5894:231,440 5742:488,940 5675:Nebraska 5666:224,278 5523:Missouri 5514:192,190 5508:-148,154 5295:Michigan 5210:596,735 5143:Maryland 5134:264,787 5058:416,336 4982:822,658 4915:Kentucky 4906:788,819 4611:Illinois 4602:214,816 4526:418,764 4450:577,643 4374:139,073 4307:Delaware 4298:883,518 4222:515,237 4155:Colorado 4070:242,475 4003:Arkansas 3994:177,065 3918:214,980 3912:-130,513 3710:Thurmond 3635:Thurmond 3539:Thurmond 3382:New York 3324:103,708 3300:Michigan 3283:139,569 3238:New York 3148:New York 3126:Kentucky 3105:Missouri 2999:only one 2975:Al Smith 2900:New York 2802:Newsweek 2437:Arkansas 2255:Senator 2242:New Deal 2234:John Abt 2142:Cold War 1633:New Deal 1552:New York 1497:New York 1456:Governor 1442:Michigan 1406:Governor 1366:New York 1355:Governor 1118:Kentucky 1068:and the 983:New York 929:Missouri 879:New York 729:Virginia 697:Campaign 685:Kentucky 556:Michigan 518:debated 496:Cold War 175:New York 170:Missouri 124:Nominee 16976:Vermont 16929:Lt. Gov 16907:Lt. Gov 16897:Montana 16890:Lt. Gov 16878:Lt. Gov 16838:Indiana 16823:Florida 16798:Arizona 16780:Wyoming 16743:Vermont 16731:15th sp 16641:Montana 16634:10th sp 16562:Indiana 16542:Georgia 16537:Florida 16512:Arizona 16497:Alabama 16477:Wyoming 16397:Montana 16332:Georgia 16312:Alabama 16074:Chicago 15389:Cabinet 15064:Florida 14972:Krueger 14911:Stedman 14872:Hanford 14859:Hanford 14767:Wyoming 13206:1788–89 13035:Related 12954:summary 12860:Wyoming 12835:Vermont 12740:Montana 12680:Indiana 12660:Georgia 12655:Florida 12620:Arizona 12610:Alabama 11750:Wyoming 11725:Vermont 11630:Montana 11570:Indiana 11555:Georgia 11550:Florida 11520:Arizona 11515:Alabama 11423:Scholia 11401:(1965) 11391:(1977) 11263:2206548 11000:(2001) 10968:(1974) 10958:1888388 9771:2206548 9400:(ed.). 9306:Liberal 9166:35,301 9142:14,549 9136:16,466 9125:18,460 9072:20,745 9037:29,931 8879:94,461 8855:38,373 8849:51,366 8838:74,297 8814:32,533 8808:38,548 8797:48,284 8773:15,466 8767:30,959 8756:51,952 8732:15,681 8726:34,186 8715:48,394 8691:17,753 8685:27,954 8674:48,098 8650:15,677 8644:30,633 8638:Lowell 8633:53,735 8609:13,915 8603:38,347 8592:53,501 8568:17,149 8562:33,501 8545:11,053 8539:10,423 8527:94,163 8515:Boston 8469:44,629 8445:19,768 8439:23,657 8428:77,004 8404:31,032 8398:43,068 8387:74,414 8363:24,653 8357:47,584 8346:65,082 8322:27,534 8316:34,418 8281:76,364 8275:89,489 8269:Denver 8252:21,492 8211:46,385 8182:Totals 8177:Others 8157:Truman 8116:removed 8101:sources 7665:Alabama 7601:Wyoming 7549:150,069 7540:139,569 7498:TOTALS: 7423:Wyoming 7363:590,959 7354:647,310 7332:112,937 7287:316,251 7278:429,188 7211:386,314 7202:475,165 7135:172,070 7126:200,786 7104:-30,369 7043:Vermont 6983:124,402 6974:149,151 6952:520,768 6916:113,776 6907:303,467 6898:824,235 6831:202,914 6822:270,402 6800:-11,998 6755:129,651 6746:117,653 6724:-68,184 6688:102,607 6603:135,787 6594:188,736 6496:-17,757 6451:260,904 6442:243,147 6420:183,965 6375:268,817 6366:452,782 6268:-19,327 6223:115,139 6192:200,498 6147:258,572 6138:459,070 6116:-60,959 6089:509,559 5986:105,464 5964:-85,669 5919:981,124 5910:895,455 5888:-13,304 5843:121,299 5834:107,995 5818:62,117 5736:-40,609 5691:264,774 5682:224,165 5606:119,071 5599:Montana 5584:262,276 5539:655,039 5530:917,315 5472:167,538 5432:209,349 5387:483,617 5378:692,966 5356:-35,147 5280:242,418 5235:909,370 5159:294,814 5150:286,521 5128:-38,318 5083:150,234 5074:111,916 5052:-67,946 5016:204,290 4998:136,344 4976:125,546 4931:341,210 4922:466,756 4900:-71,137 4855:423,039 4846:351,902 4779:494,018 4770:522,380 4748:-13,246 4703:821,079 4694:807,833 4687:Indiana 4551:101,514 4542:107,370 4520:169,591 4466:254,646 4459:Georgia 4399:194,280 4390:281,988 4383:Florida 4292:-14,457 4247:437,754 4238:423,297 4171:239,714 4162:267,288 4113:190,381 4010:149,659 3927:Arizona 3876:171,443 3851:Alabama 3755:Margin 3690:Barkley 3639: 3626: 3613: 3569: 3556: 3552:Wallace 3543: 3530: 3517: 3408:13,613 3365:29,244 3155:45.07% 3112:49.55% 3007:pundits 2842:Results 2289:votes. 2218:Galahad 2199:New Age 2140:in the 1771:Ballot 1568:Senator 1536:Former 1480:Former 1404:Former 1380:Senator 968:Former 942:Former 904:Georgia 893:Senator 854:Florida 843:Senator 829:Indiana 793:Senator 718:Senator 482:in the 98: 77:Turnout 16848:Kansas 16758:6th sp 16753:4th sp 16696:Oregon 16651:Nevada 16587:9th sp 16582:2nd sp 16572:Kansas 16437:Oregon 16352:Kansas 16304:Senate 16141:(wife) 16132:Family 16105:Truman 16097:Truman 16002:Legacy 15812:(1950) 15791:(1948) 15780:(1947) 15769:(1947) 15763:(1947) 15757:(1946) 15751:(1946) 15723:(1946) 15717:(1946) 15660:1946; 15647:(1945) 15628:(1952) 15615:, 1951 15611:1950; 15577:(1949) 15566:1949; 15558:(1949) 15552:(1948) 15546:(1948) 15540:(1948) 15493:(1947) 15487:(1947) 15481:(1947) 15475:(1946) 15469:(1946) 15463:(1945) 15457:(1945) 15441:1945; 15338:second 15299:(1945) 15134:Oregon 15069:Kansas 15020:Hoopes 15007:Hoopes 14994:Thomas 14985:Hoopes 14981:Thomas 14968:Thomas 14959:Nelson 14955:Thomas 14946:Maurer 14942:Thomas 14933:Maurer 14929:Thomas 14894:Benson 14885:Seidel 14752:Hawaii 14747:Alaska 12795:Oregon 12750:Nevada 12690:Kansas 12665:Hawaii 12615:Alaska 12239:Senate 12071:Other 11685:Oregon 11640:Nevada 11580:Kansas 11425:has a 11393:online 11377: 11348:online 11342:(ed.) 11328:online 11318:online 11308:online 11298:online 11282: 11261: 11249:online 11226: 11205: 11183: 11156:online 11146:online 11129:online 11119:online 11105:C-SPAN 11069: 11053:online 11043:online 11033:online 11017: 11002:online 10986: 10970:online 10956: 10925:(1995) 10904: 10883: 10614: 9827: 9823:–408. 9769: 9721: 9694: 9667: 9621: 9594: 9491: 9151:11.0% 9148:3,892 9145:41.2% 9139:46.6% 9107:1,255 9104:40.9% 9101:7,556 9098:50.8% 9095:9,370 9078:5,891 9063:48.1% 9057:48.9% 9034:13.4% 9022:35.1% 9016:50.6% 8990:1,638 8981:35.1% 8975:64.2% 8940:31.8% 8934:63.9% 8914:1,014 8908:7,257 8902:1,598 8899:43.4% 8893:52.7% 8873:2,694 8867:2,028 8858:40.6% 8852:54.4% 8832:1,801 8826:1,415 8817:43.8% 8811:51.9% 8791:1,115 8776:32.0% 8770:64.1% 8750:1,171 8735:30.2% 8729:65.8% 8709:1,514 8703:1,173 8694:36.7% 8688:57.8% 8668:1,277 8653:32.6% 8647:63.7% 8627:1,015 8612:25.9% 8606:71.4% 8586:1,463 8580:1,388 8571:32.1% 8565:62.6% 8530:26.8% 8524:67.1% 8489:37.2% 8483:62.0% 8448:44.3% 8442:53.0% 8422:1,072 8416:1,814 8407:40.3% 8401:55.9% 8375:1,687 8366:33.1% 8360:63.9% 8340:1,601 8334:1,529 8325:42.3% 8319:52.9% 8293:2,420 8284:45.2% 8278:52.9% 8258:1,356 8243:45.7% 8237:47.8% 8217:4,917 8202:41.0% 8196:52.0% 8162:Dewey 8069:97.86% 8059:98.20% 8049:98.76% 8039:98.81% 8029:98.83% 8014:80.47% 8004:80.83% 7994:82.98% 7984:84.11% 7974:86.31% 7959:95.53% 7949:95.71% 7939:95.85% 7929:96.45% 7919:96.52% 7648:Oregon 7439:47,947 7430:52,354 7408:56,351 7390:12,547 7381:25,282 7256:88,851 7229:31,692 7180:28,716 7144:43,393 7107:-24.61 7059:75,926 7050:45,557 7028:24,749 6876:67,488 6840:73,815 6727:-47.82 6670:34,423 6648:52,949 6563:14,039 6554:11,325 6545:55,161 6469:14,978 6435:Oregon 6317:37,596 6214:95,812 6156:69,652 6098:40,879 6040:25,161 5995:80,303 5955:19,772 5946:10,521 5937:42,683 5767:29,357 5758:31,291 5751:Nevada 5660:22,301 5615:96,770 5511:-77.09 5454:19,384 5405:27,866 5347:14,988 5329:46,515 5253:38,157 5204:-8,293 5131:-14.47 5055:-16.32 5007:72,657 4940:10,411 4839:Kansas 4824:28,362 4797:12,125 4739:15,474 4672:33,612 4663:16,706 4654:11,522 4484:85,135 4475:76,691 4444:87,708 4417:11,620 4408:89,755 4368:-1,775 4323:69,588 4314:67,813 4265:13,713 4216:27,574 4140:17,865 4131:18,067 4064:98,700 4028:40,068 4019:50,959 3988:17,654 3943:77,597 3934:95,251 3915:-60.71 3867:40,930 3834:votes 3823:votes 3812:votes 3801:votes 3790:votes 3779:votes 3768:votes 3763:State 3752:Other 3714:Wright 3702:Warren 3686:Truman 3630:35.59% 3617:57.06% 3608:Truman 3565:Others 3534:45.07% 3521:49.55% 3512:Truman 3456:Total 3440:0.01% 3437:3,504 3411:0.03% 3368:0.06% 3327:0.21% 3286:0.29% 3245:2.37% 3198:2.41% 3074:Count 3055:Party 3015:racism 2709:ahead. 2132:, and 1710:, and 1162:1,234 562:, and 418:upsets 354:orange 264:45.1% 146:Party 80:52.2% 17001:State 16966:Texas 16858:Maine 16726:Texas 16599:Maine 16552:Idaho 16489:House 16462:Texas 16372:Maine 16337:Idaho 15892:Homes 15367:1952) 15333:first 15144:Texas 15079:Maine 15042:State 14998:Smith 12825:Texas 12705:Maine 12670:Idaho 12234:House 11715:Texas 11595:Maine 11560:Idaho 11427:topic 11259:JSTOR 10954:JSTOR 10785:(PDF) 10774:(PDF) 9767:JSTOR 9523:. CNN 9489:S2CID 9239:Notes 9163:0.2% 9157:0.9% 9122:0.1% 9116:1.4% 9110:6.8% 9081:0.7% 9075:2.3% 9069:0.0% 9040:0.9% 9028:0.0% 8999:0.2% 8993:0.5% 8987:0.0% 8958:0.6% 8952:3.7% 8946:0.0% 8917:0.4% 8911:2.8% 8905:0.6% 8876:2.9% 8870:2.1% 8864:0.0% 8835:2.4% 8829:1.9% 8823:0.0% 8794:2.3% 8788:1.5% 8782:0.0% 8753:2.3% 8747:1.8% 8741:0.0% 8712:3.1% 8706:2.4% 8700:0.0% 8679:Lynn 8671:2.7% 8665:1.1% 8659:0.0% 8630:1.9% 8624:0.9% 8618:0.0% 8589:2.7% 8583:2.6% 8577:0.0% 8548:3.1% 8542:3.0% 8536:0.0% 8507:0.8% 8501:0.0% 8495:0.0% 8466:1.1% 8460:1.6% 8454:0.0% 8425:1.4% 8419:2.4% 8413:0.0% 8384:0.7% 8378:2.3% 8372:0.0% 8343:2.5% 8337:2.3% 8331:0.0% 8302:0.5% 8296:1.4% 8290:0.0% 8261:0.4% 8255:6.1% 8249:0.0% 8220:0.7% 8214:6.3% 8208:0.0% 8151:City 7516:45.07 7507:49.55 7484:4,407 7442:47.27 7433:51.62 7366:46.28 7357:50.70 7335:15.08 7305:3,311 7290:42.24 7281:57.32 7247:7,353 7238:3,534 7214:42.73 7205:52.56 7153:2,047 7147:10.35 7138:41.04 7129:47.89 7077:1,279 7062:61.54 7053:36.92 7001:2,679 6986:45.02 6977:53.98 6955:41.68 6943:3,260 6925:3,920 6910:24.29 6901:65.96 6891:Texas 6879:12.26 6858:1,288 6849:1,864 6843:13.41 6834:36.87 6825:49.14 6803:-4.80 6773:2,801 6758:51.84 6749:47.04 6691:71.97 6679:5,386 6673:24.14 6651:16.16 6621:2,619 6606:41.44 6597:57.59 6575:-4.01 6530:50.93 6521:46.92 6499:-3.39 6478:5,051 6454:49.78 6445:46.40 6423:25.49 6378:37.25 6369:62.75 6344:7,107 6302:49.24 6293:49.48 6271:-8.76 6250:1,000 6241:8,391 6226:52.17 6217:43.41 6195:25.34 6165:3,915 6150:32.68 6141:58.02 6119:-0.98 6107:5,532 6074:45.99 6065:45.01 6043:13.45 6013:1,037 5998:42.93 5989:56.38 5967:-4.39 5922:50.33 5913:45.93 5891:-5.75 5861:1,970 5846:52.41 5837:46.66 5812:1,934 5785:1,469 5770:47.26 5761:50.37 5739:-8.31 5694:54.15 5685:45.85 5633:7,313 5618:43.15 5609:53.09 5587:16.61 5566:2,222 5557:3,998 5542:41.49 5533:58.11 5475:87.17 5463:5,043 5457:10.09 5435:17.27 5423:3,131 5414:4,646 5390:39.89 5381:57.16 5359:-1.67 5338:6,063 5314:49.23 5305:47.57 5283:11.50 5271:7,831 5238:43.16 5229:54.66 5207:-1.39 5186:2,941 5177:9,983 5168:2,489 5162:49.40 5153:48.01 5101:1,884 5086:56.74 5077:42.27 5067:Maine 5025:3,035 5019:49.07 5010:17.45 5001:32.75 4979:15.26 4967:1,430 4958:1,284 4949:1,567 4934:41.48 4925:56.74 4903:-9.02 4891:6,468 4882:2,807 4873:4,603 4858:53.63 4849:44.61 4815:7,912 4806:1,829 4782:47.58 4773:50.31 4751:-0.80 4730:2,179 4721:9,649 4706:49.58 4697:48.78 4630:49.22 4621:50.07 4596:5,856 4569:4,972 4554:47.26 4545:49.98 4535:Idaho 4523:40.50 4493:1,636 4487:20.33 4478:18.31 4469:60.80 4447:15.18 4411:15.54 4402:33.63 4393:48.82 4371:-1.28 4341:1,050 4326:50.04 4317:48.76 4295:-1.64 4283:1,790 4274:6,964 4250:49.55 4241:47.91 4198:1,678 4189:6,115 4174:46.52 4165:51.88 4122:3,459 4104:1,228 4098:47.13 4089:47.57 4067:40.71 4046:1,037 4031:16.52 4022:21.02 4013:61.72 3961:3,310 3946:43.82 3937:53.79 3903:1,085 3885:1,522 3879:79.75 3870:19.04 3698:Dewey 3643:7.34% 3622:Dewey 3573:0.60% 3560:2.37% 3547:2.41% 3526:Dewey 3462:100% 3447:Other 3433:Other 3259:Idaho 3066:vote 2943:rural 2362:103rd 2261:Idaho 2259:from 2089:Idaho 2087:from 1576:from 1550:from 1521:from 1495:from 1389:from 1154:947.5 1116:from 981:from 953:from 927:from 902:from 877:from 852:from 827:from 802:from 777:from 752:from 727:from 683:from 267:2.4% 260:49.6% 16971:Utah 16941:Ohio 16843:Iowa 16738:Utah 16686:Ohio 16567:Iowa 16487:U.S. 16347:Iowa 16302:U.S. 15969:1948 15959:1948 15949:1940 15856:Life 15708:1950 15703:1948 15698:1946 15568:NATO 15362:1950 15294:34th 15283:33rd 15124:Ohio 15016:1956 15003:1952 14990:1948 14977:1944 14964:1940 14951:1936 14938:1932 14925:1928 14916:1924 14907:Debs 14903:1920 14890:1916 14881:Debs 14877:1912 14868:Debs 14864:1908 14855:Debs 14851:1904 13293:1996 13288:1992 13283:1980 13278:1968 13273:1960 13268:1948 13263:1924 13258:1912 13252:1896 13247:1892 13241:1872 13236:1860 13231:1856 13226:1848 13221:1832 13214:1792 13115:1974 13110:1973 13096:2000 12830:Utah 12785:Ohio 12685:Iowa 12591:2024 12585:2020 12580:2016 12575:2012 12570:2008 12565:2004 12560:2000 12555:1996 12550:1992 12545:1988 12540:1984 12535:1980 12530:1976 12525:1972 12520:1968 12515:1964 12510:1960 12505:1956 12500:1952 12495:1948 12490:1944 12485:1940 12480:1936 12475:1932 12470:1928 12465:1924 12460:1920 12455:1916 12450:1912 12445:1908 12440:1904 12435:1900 12430:1896 12425:1892 12420:1888 12415:1884 12410:1880 12405:1876 12400:1872 12395:1868 12390:1864 12385:1860 12380:1856 12375:1852 12370:1848 12365:1844 12360:1840 12355:1836 12350:1832 12345:1828 12340:1824 12335:1820 12330:1816 12325:1812 12320:1808 12315:1804 12310:1800 12305:1796 12300:1792 12295:1788 12075:and 11804:) 11720:Utah 11675:Ohio 11575:Iowa 11375:ISBN 11280:ISBN 11224:ISBN 11203:ISBN 11181:ISBN 11067:ISBN 11015:ISBN 10984:ISBN 10902:ISBN 10881:ISBN 10814:2013 10793:2008 10754:2013 10724:2005 10562:2008 10320:2009 10287:2009 10212:2005 9825:ISBN 9719:ISBN 9692:ISBN 9665:ISBN 9619:ISBN 9592:ISBN 9529:2024 9426:Time 9383:2017 9280:and 9154:307 9113:259 8996:822 8955:N/A 8949:N/A 8943:N/A 8937:N/A 8931:N/A 8785:744 8744:914 8662:511 8621:458 8504:N/A 8498:N/A 8492:N/A 8486:N/A 8480:N/A 8463:477 8457:727 8381:490 8299:794 8205:311 8099:any 8097:cite 7591:Ohio 7586:Iowa 7561:4.48 7552:0.31 7543:0.29 7534:2.37 7525:2.41 7519:189 7510:303 7501:531 7487:4.35 7478:0.06 7469:0.14 7460:0.92 7411:4.41 7402:0.05 7393:0.98 7384:1.98 7308:0.44 7259:9.83 7250:0.81 7241:0.39 7232:3.51 7183:6.85 7174:0.06 7165:0.17 7156:0.49 7098:0.03 7089:0.47 7080:1.04 7031:8.96 7022:0.03 7004:0.97 6967:Utah 6946:0.26 6937:0.07 6928:0.31 6919:9.11 6861:0.23 6852:0.34 6776:1.12 6709:0.00 6700:0.11 6682:3.78 6642:0.04 6633:0.13 6624:0.80 6566:0.38 6557:0.30 6548:1.48 6481:0.96 6472:2.86 6347:0.24 6320:1.28 6283:Ohio 6253:0.45 6244:3.80 6235:0.17 6168:0.49 6159:8.80 6110:0.09 6101:0.66 6092:8.25 6034:0.09 6025:0.04 6016:0.55 5958:1.01 5949:0.54 5940:2.19 5882:0.04 5873:0.04 5864:0.85 5855:0.00 5815:3.11 5788:2.36 5730:0.00 5663:9.94 5654:0.19 5645:0.31 5636:3.26 5578:0.00 5569:0.14 5560:0.25 5551:0.00 5484:0.12 5466:2.62 5426:0.26 5417:0.38 5408:2.30 5350:0.71 5341:0.29 5332:2.20 5274:0.37 5256:1.81 5189:0.49 5180:1.67 5171:0.42 5122:0.08 5113:0.21 5104:0.71 5046:0.00 5028:0.73 4970:0.17 4961:0.16 4952:0.19 4943:1.27 4894:0.82 4885:0.36 4876:0.58 4827:2.73 4818:0.76 4809:0.18 4800:1.17 4763:Iowa 4742:0.93 4733:0.13 4724:0.58 4675:0.84 4666:0.42 4657:0.29 4599:2.73 4590:0.29 4581:0.15 4572:2.31 4514:0.18 4505:0.00 4496:0.39 4420:2.01 4362:0.27 4353:0.18 4344:0.75 4286:0.20 4277:0.79 4268:1.55 4219:5.35 4210:0.09 4201:0.33 4192:1.19 4143:0.44 4134:0.45 4125:0.09 4116:4.73 4107:0.03 4058:0.00 4049:0.43 4040:0.31 3991:9.97 3982:0.51 3964:1.87 3906:0.50 3888:0.71 3483:266 3478:266 3470:531 3465:531 3173:189 3158:189 3130:303 3115:303 3038:and 3027:1964 3023:1996 3013:and 2979:1928 2898:and 2809:and 2795:Life 2761:Bess 2625:1944 2592:200 2224:and 2203:guru 2148:and 2118:1924 2112:and 2110:1912 2072:33rd 1805:1094 1782:3rd 1694:The 1625:1944 1578:Ohio 1391:Ohio 1327:30th 1314:47th 955:Iowa 779:Ohio 668:33rd 568:1968 408:The 346:Blue 216:189 86:3.7 55:1952 45:1944 10946:doi 9821:399 9759:doi 9481:doi 9320:In 9300:In 9160:87 9133:VA 9119:20 9092:VA 9051:PA 9010:NY 8969:MO 8928:MI 8887:MD 8846:MA 8805:MA 8764:MA 8723:MA 8682:MA 8641:MA 8600:MA 8559:MA 8518:MA 8477:IL 8436:CT 8395:CT 8354:CT 8313:CT 8272:CO 8231:CA 8190:CA 8154:ST 8110:by 7567:US 7528:39 7493:WY 7466:137 7457:931 7417:WI 7399:702 7351:12 7341:WV 7265:WA 7189:VA 7171:234 7162:726 7123:11 7113:VT 7086:585 7037:UT 6961:TX 6934:919 6895:23 6885:TN 6819:12 6809:SD 6733:SC 6697:154 6657:RI 6639:131 6630:429 6581:PA 6515:35 6505:OR 6429:OK 6363:10 6353:OH 6287:25 6277:ND 6232:374 6201:NC 6135:14 6125:NY 6059:47 6049:NM 6031:176 5973:NJ 5907:16 5897:NH 5821:NV 5745:NE 5669:MT 5651:429 5642:695 5593:MO 5527:15 5517:MS 5481:225 5441:MN 5375:11 5365:MI 5299:19 5289:MA 5223:16 5213:MD 5137:ME 5119:206 5110:547 5061:LA 4995:10 4985:KY 4919:11 4909:KS 4833:IA 4767:10 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1948 United States presidential election

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