Pre-dreadnought battleship

706: 686:

engines, was protected by the main belt, which ran from just below the waterline to some distance above it. This "central citadel" was intended to protect the engines from even the most powerful shells. Yet the emergence of the quick-firing gun and high explosives in the 1880s meant that the 1870s to early 1880s concept of the pure central citadel was also inadequate in the 1890s and that thinner armour extensions towards the extremities would greatly aid the ship's defensive qualities. Thus, the main belt armour would normally taper to a lesser thickness along the side of the hull towards bow and stern; it might also taper up from the central citadel towards the superstructure.

33: 1366: 752: 497: 168: 1259: 486: 566: 550:", employing a number of innovations to increase the rate of fire. The propellant was provided in a brass cartridge, and both the breech mechanism and the mounting were suitable for rapid aiming and reloading. A principal role of the secondary battery was to damage the less armoured parts of an enemy battleship; while unable to penetrate the main armour belt, it might score hits on lightly armoured areas like the bridge, or start fires. Equally important, the secondary armament was to be used against smaller enemy vessels such as 1542: 1051: 1312: 1388: 1334:, by scrapping the secondary battery, was able to carry ten 12-inch (305 mm) guns rather than four. She could fire eight heavy guns broadside, as opposed to four from a pre-dreadnought; and six guns ahead, as opposed to two. The move to an "all-big-gun" design was a logical conclusion of the increasingly long engagement ranges and heavier secondary batteries of the last pre-dreadnoughts; Japan and the United States had designed ships with a similar armament before 1205: 833: 388: 215: 668: 928: 306: 1687: 743:. Europe adopted Krupp plate within five years, and only the United States persisted in using Harvey steel into the 20th century. The improving quality of armour plate meant that new ships could have better protection from a thinner and lighter armour belt; 12 inches (305 mm) of compound armour provided the same protection as just 7.5 inches (190 mm) of Harvey or 5.75 inches (133 mm) of Krupp. 1117: 562:. A medium-calibre gun could expect to penetrate the light armour of smaller ships, while the rate of fire of the secondary battery was important in scoring a hit against a small, manoeuvrable target. Secondary guns were mounted in a variety of ways; sometimes carried in turrets, they were just as often positioned in fixed armoured casemates in the side of the hull, or in unarmoured positions on upper decks. 947: 795: 806:. France and Germany preferred the three-screw approach, which allowed the engines to be shorter and hence more easily protected; they were also more maneuverable and had better resistance to accidental damage. Triple screws were, however, generally larger and heavier than the twin-screw arrangements preferred by most other navies. 857:, and even older unarmoured cruisers, sloops and frigates whether built out of steel, iron or wood. The battleships were threatened by torpedo boats; it was during the pre-dreadnought era that the first destroyers were constructed to deal with the torpedo-boat threat, though at the same time the first effective 1406:

This was first illustrated in the skirmishes between British and German navies around South America in 1914. While two German cruisers menaced British shipping, the Admiralty insisted that no battlecruisers could be spared from the main fleet and sent to the other side of the world to deal with them.

875:

While pre-dreadnoughts were adopted worldwide, there were no clashes between pre-dreadnought battleships until the very end of their period of dominance. The First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–95 influenced pre-dreadnought development, but this had been a clash between Chinese battleships and a Japanese

809:

Coal was the almost exclusive fuel for the pre-dreadnought period, though navies made the first experiments with oil propulsion in the late 1890s. An extra knot or two of speed could be gained for short bursts by applying a 'forced draught' to the furnaces, where air was pumped into the furnaces, but

1526:

Following the November 1918 Armistice, the U.S. Navy converted fifteen older battleships, eight armoured cruisers and two larger protected cruisers for temporary service as transports. These ships made one to six trans-Atlantic round-trips each, bringing home a total of more than 145,000 passengers.

1232:

laid down in 1901–02. Nevertheless, it was these earlier ships that ensured American naval dominance against the antiquated Spanish fleet—which included no pre-dreadnoughts—in the Spanish–American War, most notably at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. The final two classes of American pre-dreadnoughts

701:

The majority of battleships during this period of construction were fitted with a heavily-armoured conning tower, or CT, which was intended for the use of the command staff during battle. This was protected by a vertical, full height, ring of armour nearly equivalent in thickness to the main battery

412:

The most common calibre for this main armament was 12-inch (305 mm), although earlier ships often had larger-calibre weapons of lower muzzle velocity (guns in the 13-inch to 14-inch range) and some designs used smaller guns because they could attain higher rates of fire. All British first-class

408:

of four heavy guns mounted in two centre-line gunhouses fore and aft (these could be either fully enclosed barbettes or true turrets but, regardless of type, were later to be universally referred to as 'turrets'). These main guns were slow-firing, and initially of limited accuracy; but they were the

603:

classes, but not in the battleships laid down between 1897 and 1901. Shortly after the USN re-adopted the intermediate battery, the British, Italian, Russian, French, and Japanese navies laid down intermediate-battery ships. Almost all of this later generation of intermediate-battery ships finished

1515:

in 1916; German sailors called them the "five-minute ships", which was the amount of time they were expected to survive in a pitched battle. In spite of their limitations, the pre-dreadnought squadron played a useful role. As the German fleet disengaged from the battle, the pre-dreadnoughts risked

997:

classes appeared in rapid succession from 1897 to 1905. Counting two ships ordered by Chile but taken over by the British, the Royal Navy had 50 pre-dreadnought battleships ready or being built by 1904, from the 1889 Naval Defence Act's ten units onwards. Over a dozen older battleships remained in

676:

Pre-dreadnought battleships carried a considerable weight of steel armour, providing them with effective defence against the great majority of naval guns in service during the period. 'Medium' calibre guns up to 8-9.4 inch would generally prove incapable of piercing their thickest armour, while it

648:

in 1904, the Russian and Japanese fleets fought at ranges of 3.5 miles (5.5 km). The increase in engagement range was due in part to the longer range of torpedoes, and in part to improved gunnery and fire control. In consequence, shipbuilders tended towards heavier secondary armament, of the

632:, fired from fixed tubes located either just above or below the waterline. By the pre-dreadnought era the torpedo was typically 18-inch (457 mm) in diameter and had an effective range of several thousand metres. However, it was virtually unknown for a battleship to score a hit with a torpedo. 1356:

Nevertheless, pre-dreadnoughts continued in active service and saw significant combat use even when obsolete. Dreadnoughts and battlecruisers were believed vital for the decisive naval battles which at the time all nations expected, hence they were jealously guarded against the risk of damage by

1031:

class, laid down 1894–1896, were the first to adopt the standard four 12-inch (305 mm) gun heavy armament. The Jeune École retained a strong influence on French naval strategy, and by the end of the 19th century France had abandoned competition with Britain in battleship numbers. The French

584:

Some of the pre-dreadnoughts carried an "intermediate" battery, typically of 8-to-10-inch (200 to 250 mm) calibre. The intermediate battery was a method of packing more heavy firepower into the same battleship, principally of use against battleships or at long ranges. The United States Navy

65:

in 1906 and their classification as "pre-dreadnought" is retrospectively applied. In their day, they were simply known as "battleships" or else more rank-specific terms such as "first-class battleship" and so forth. The pre-dreadnought battleships were the pre-eminent warships of their time and

685:

Experience with the first generations of ironclads showed that rather than giving the ship's entire length uniform armour protection, it was best to concentrate armour in greater thickness over limited but critical areas. Therefore the central section of the hull, which housed the boilers and

1296:

s these battleships formed the core of the fleet which twice engaged the numerically superior Russian fleets at the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of Tsushima. After capturing eight Russian battleships of various ages, Japan built several more classes of pre-dreadnoughts after the

1402:

During World War I, a large number of pre-dreadnoughts remained in service. The advances in machinery and armament meant that a pre-dreadnought was not necessarily the equal of even a modern armoured cruiser, and was totally outclassed by a modern dreadnought battleship or battlecruiser.

1465:

The principle that disposable pre-dreadnoughts could be used where no modern ship could be risked was affirmed by British, French and German navies in subsidiary theatres of war. The German navy used its pre-dreadnoughts frequently in the Baltic campaign. However, the largest number of

1486:

could not be risked in the minefield, and the pre-dreadnoughts would be unable to deal with the Turkish battlecruiser lurking on the other side of the straits, the operation had failed. Pre-dreadnoughts were also used to support the Gallipoli landings, with the loss of three more:

1481:

engaging the Turkish shore defences. Three of the pre-dreadnoughts were sunk by mines, and several more badly damaged. However, it was not the damage to the pre-dreadnoughts which led to the operation being called off. The two battlecruisers were also damaged; since

671:

Schematic section of a typical pre-dreadnought battleship with an armoured upper and middle deck and side belt (red), lateral protective coal bunkers (grey), and a double-bottom of watertight compartments. The machinery was arranged in the protected internal

279:, her decks were subject to being swept by water and spray, interfering with the working of her guns. Navies worldwide continued to build masted, turretless battleships which had sufficient freeboard and were seaworthy enough to fight on the high seas. 694:

The main armament and the magazines were protected by projections of thick armour from the main belt. The beginning of the pre-dreadnought era was marked by a move from mounting the main armament in open barbettes to an all-enclosed, turret mounting.

964:

In 1889, Britain formally adopted a "two-power standard" committing it to building enough battleships to exceed the two largest other navies combined; at the time, this meant France and Russia, which became formally allied in the early 1890s. The

942:

European navies remained dominant in the pre-dreadnought era. The Royal Navy remained the world's largest fleet, though both Britain's traditional naval rivals and the new European powers increasingly asserted themselves against its supremacy.

702:

gunhouses and provided with observation slits. A narrow armoured tube extended down below this to the citadel; this contained & protected the various voice-tubes used for communication from the CT to various key stations during battle.

1581:, was allowed to keep eight pre-dreadnoughts (of which only six could be in active service at any one time) which were counted as armoured coast-defence ships; two of these were still in use at the beginning of World War II. One of these, 1357:

mines or submarine attack, and kept close to home as much as possible. The obsolescence and consequent expendability of the pre-dreadnoughts meant that they could be deployed into more dangerous situations and more far-flung areas.

790:

water-tube boiler had been introduced in the French fleet as early as 1879, but it took until 1894 for the Royal Navy to adopt it for armoured cruisers and pre-dreadnoughts; other water-tube boilers followed in navies worldwide.

1338:, but were unable to complete them before the British ship. It was felt that because of the longer distances at which battles could be fought, only the largest guns were effective in battle, and by mounting more 12-inch guns 474:

mounted 10-inch (254 mm) guns. The first German pre-dreadnought class used an 11-inch (279 mm) gun but decreased to a 9.4-inch (239 mm) gun for the two following classes and returned to 11-inch guns with the

197:

engines also made her faster. The existing battleships were decisively outclassed, with no more being designed to their format thereafter; the new, larger and more powerful, battleships built from then on were known as

73:

In contrast to the multifarious development of ironclads in preceding decades, the 1890s saw navies worldwide start to build battleships to a common design as dozens of ships essentially followed the design of the

271:, a turreted ironclad which more resembled a pre-dreadnought than the previous, and its contemporary, turretless ironclads. Both ships dispensed with masts and carried four heavy guns in two turrets fore and aft. 1433:, and while the only hit was from an inert practice shell which had been left loaded from the previous night (the "live" shells of the salvo broke up on contact with water; one inert shell ricocheted into one of 423:

class, laid down in 1894. Japan, importing most of its guns from Britain, used this calibre also. The United States used both 12-inch (305 mm) and 13-inch (330 mm) guns for most of the 1890s until the

900:

on 27 May 1905. These battles upended prevailing theories of how naval battles would be fought, as the fleets began firing at one another at much greater distances than before; naval architects realized that

1620:, bought from the U.S. Navy in 1914. While neither of the ships was in active service, they were both sunk by German dive bombers after the German invasion in 1941. In the Pacific, the U.S. Navy submarine 224:

shows the low freeboard typical for early ironclad turret-ships. This ship, launched in 1875, should not be confused with her famous successor, launched in 1906, marking the end of the pre-dreadnought era.

2694: 1349:

used steam turbines for propulsion, giving her a top speed of 21 knots, against the 18 knots typical of the pre-dreadnought battleships. Able both to outgun and outmaneuver their opponents, the

2933: 849:

The pre-dreadnought battleship in its heyday was the core of a very diverse navy. Many older ironclads were still in service. Battleships served alongside cruisers of many descriptions: modern

298:

guns of between 12-inch and 16 ¼-inch (305 mm and 413 mm) calibre, the Admirals continued the trend of ironclad warships mounting gigantic weapons. The guns were mounted in open

786:, allowing higher-pressure steam to be produced with less fuel consumption. Water-tube boilers were also safer, with less risk of explosion, and more flexible than fire-tube types. The 1133:

Russia equally entered into a programme of naval expansion in the 1890s; one of Russia's main objectives was to maintain its interests against Japanese expansion in the Far East. The

698:

The deck was typically lightly armoured with 2 to 4 inches of steel. This lighter armour was to prevent high-explosive shells from wrecking the superstructure of the ship.

2675: 733:

developed in the United States. First tested in 1891, Harvey armour was commonplace in ships laid down from 1893 to 1895. However, its reign was brief; in 1895, the German

1149:, being largely constructed in the United States. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 was a disaster for the Russian pre-dreadnoughts; of the 15 battleships completed since 868:, and saw the start of the rise of the "new naval powers" of Germany, Japan and the United States. The new ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy and to a lesser extent the 2926: 510:

While the calibre of the main battery remained quite constant, the performance of the guns improved as longer barrels were introduced. The introduction of slow-burning

1023:

and the ships which followed her were individual, as opposed to the large classes of British ships; they also carried an idiosyncratic arrangement of heavy guns, with

1225:

except for an innovative intermediate battery of 8-inch guns. The US Navy continued to build ships that were relatively short-range and poor in heavy seas, until the

864:

The pre-dreadnought age saw the beginning of the end of the 19th century naval balance of power in which France and Russia vied for competition against the massive

1284:, were still being built at the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, which saw Japanese armoured cruisers and protected cruisers defeat the Chinese 905:(explosive shells falling on their targets largely from above, instead of from a trajectory close to horizontal) was a much greater threat than had been thought. 1078:, were laid down in 1890. By 1905, a further 19 battleships were built or under construction, thanks to the sharp increase in naval expenditure justified by the 2919: 546:

of smaller guns, typically 6-inch (152 mm), though calibres from 4 to 9.4 inches (100 to 240 mm) were used. Virtually all secondary guns were "

778:

The main improvement in engine performance during the pre-dreadnought period came from the adoption of increasingly higher pressure steam from the boiler.

1218:

The United States started building its first battleships in 1891. These ships were short-range coast-defence battleships that were similar to the British

1188:. The Austro-Hungarian Empire also saw a naval renaissance during the 1890s, though of the nine pre-dreadnought battleships ordered only the three of the 1564:. Largely this meant the ships being broken up for scrap; others were destroyed in target practice or relegated to training and supply duties. One, 1292:. Following their victory, and facing Russian pressure in the region, the Japanese placed orders for four more pre-dreadnoughts; along with the two 2596: 798:

The working of a triple-expansion steam engine. High-pressure steam is used three times to produce motive power, gradually cooling as it travelled.

492:, a typical pre-dreadnought in many respects, with secondary and tertiary batteries, and concentration of armour on turrets and engineering spaces 302:

to save weight. Some historians see these ships as a vital step towards pre-dreadnoughts; others view them as a confused and unsuccessful design.

1451:

which had been dispatched after Coronel. This appears to have been the only meaningful engagement of an enemy ship by a British pre-dreadnought.

124:

The similarity in appearance of battleships in the 1890s was underlined by the increasing number of ships being built. New naval powers such as

1608:

A number of the inactive or disarmed pre-dreadnoughts were nevertheless sunk in action during World War II, such as the Greek pre-dreadnoughts

729:

class, were armoured with iron and steel compound armour. This was soon replaced with more effective case-hardened steel armour made using the

359:. These ships were built and armoured entirely of steel, and their guns were now mounted in fully-enclosed rotating turrets. They also adopted 616:

The pre-dreadnought's armament was completed by a tertiary battery of light, rapid-fire guns, of any calibre from 3-inch (76 mm) down to

1426:, but only when grounded to act as a harbour-defence vessel; she fired at extreme range (13,500 yards, 12,300 m) on the German cruiser 1027:

carrying three 13.4-inch (340 mm) guns and the ships which followed carrying two 12-inch and two 10.8-inch guns in single turrets. The

876:

fleet consisting of mostly cruisers. The Spanish–American War of 1898 was also a mismatch, with the American pre-dreadnought fleet engaging

1471: 911:

was typically conducted by cruisers or smaller warships. A British squadron of three protected cruisers and two gunboats brought about the

1013:

doctrine, which favoured torpedo boats to battleships. After the Jeune École's influence faded, the first French battleship laid down was

2336: 1536: 2272: 1277:

Japan was involved in two of the three major naval wars of the pre-dreadnought era. The first Japanese pre-dreadnought battleships, the

1113:, which served in both world wars. On the whole, the German ships were less powerful than their British equivalents but equally robust. 677:

still provided some measure of defence against even the 'heavy' guns of the day which were considered capable of piercing these plates.

441:

notoriety), after which the 12-inch gun was universal. The Russians used both 12 and 10-inch (254 mm) as their main armament; the

2968: 17: 888:

of 1904–05 did pre-dreadnoughts engage on an equal footing. This happened in three battles: the Russian tactical victory during the

3901: 3891: 409:

only guns heavy enough to penetrate the thick armour which protected the engines, magazines, and main guns of enemy battleships.

2354: 2327: 1414:. Intended to stiffen the British cruisers in the area, in fact her slow speed meant that she was left behind at the disastrous 3906: 3896: 1009:

France, Britain's traditional naval rival, had paused its battleship building during the 1880s because of the influence of the

620:. Their role was to give short-range protection against torpedo boats, or to rake the deck and superstructure of a battleship. 2958: 2704: 2684: 2632: 2613: 2497: 2475: 2437: 1731:: "pre-Dreadnought" (see Bergantín, pp. 267, 273; Beeler, p. 10), and occasionally "pre-Dreadnaught" or some other variation. 1091: 3529: 2963: 2111: 189:

followed the trend in battleship design to heavier, longer-ranged guns by adopting an "all-big-gun" armament scheme of ten

534:

to 45. and muzzle velocity increased from 706 metres (2,317 ft) per second to 770 metres (2,525 ft) per second.

2844: 1170:

Between 1893 and 1904, Italy laid down eight battleships; the later two classes of ship were remarkably fast, though the

144:, began to establish themselves with fleets of pre-dreadnoughts. Meanwhile, the battleship fleets of the United Kingdom, 1516:

themselves by turning on the British battlefleet as dark set. Nevertheless, only one of the pre-dreadnoughts was sunk:

1171: 767:. Most were capable of top speeds between 16 and 18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h). The ironclads of the 1880s used 705: 3868: 2804: 2783: 2764: 2745: 2726: 2665: 2650: 2580: 2554: 2535: 2516: 2456: 2418: 2389: 1145:

class. The weakness of Russian shipbuilding meant that many ships were built overseas for Russia; the best ship, the

992: 659:

as secondary armament. Ships with a uniform, heavy secondary battery are often referred to as "semi-dreadnoughts".

338: 331: 316: 3734: 1560:

After World War I, most battleships, dreadnought and pre-dreadnought alike, were disarmed under the terms of the

1289: 973:

classes were followed by a regular programme of construction at a much quicker pace than in previous years. The

3040: 1445: 1423: 575:, an example of the intermediate battery principle with its forward 13-inch and forward port 8-inch gun turrets 455: 442: 1595:

served for most of the war as a training ship; she was sunk while under refit in December 1944, and broken up

1641:

No pre-dreadnoughts served post–World War II as armed ships; the last serving pre-dreadnought was the former

1178: 476: 98: 286:, ordered in 1880. These ships reflected developments in ironclad design, being protected by iron-and-steel 3426: 1380: 1376: 1241: 1234: 1107: 1097: 1072: 1055: 650: 506:, an example of taking the intermediate battery principle to its ultimate expression with ten 9.2-inch guns 418: 360: 3709: 3555: 2900: 1154: 980: 836: 656: 449: 379:

Pre-dreadnoughts carried guns of several different calibres, for different roles in ship-to-ship combat.

1255:

of 16 pre-dreadnought battleships circumnavigated the world from 16 December 1907, to 22 February 1909.

1033: 649:

same calibre that the "intermediate" battery had been; the Royal Navy's last pre-dreadnought class, the

371:

s provided the model for battleship building in the Royal Navy and many other navies for years to come.

32: 3756: 1703: 1565: 1475: 881: 598: 392: 36: 2911: 1470:

campaign. Twelve British and French pre-dreadnoughts formed the bulk of the force which attempted to "

772: 152:

expanded to meet these new threats. The last decisive clash of pre-dreadnought fleets was between the

3651: 3320: 3196: 3095: 3085: 1628: 1591:

peninsula, opening the German invasion of Poland and firing the first shots of the Second World War.

1226: 1120: 1014: 932: 915:

in 1896; and while battleships participated in the combined fleet Western powers deployed during the

468: 461: 353: 345:) and faster (because of triple-expansion steam engines) than the Admirals. Just as importantly, the 190: 79: 3729: 3719: 3646: 3289: 3147: 1278: 1208: 974: 893: 734: 645: 586: 438: 1454:

In the Black Sea five Russian pre-dreadnoughts saw brief action against the Ottoman battlecruiser

1365: 531: 3519: 3325: 3035: 2837: 1615: 1609: 1561: 1392: 986: 877: 818: 641: 404:

Very few pre-dreadnoughts deviated from what became the classic arrangement of heavy weaponry: A

282:

The distinction between coast-assault battleship and cruising battleship became blurred with the

1263: 3916: 3514: 3401: 3365: 3360: 3186: 3090: 1783:

Beeler, pp. 167–168: he cites Oscar Parkes as seeing the similarities between the Admirals and

1698: 1582: 1551: 1324: 775:

was in use. Some fleets, though not the British, adopted the quadruple-expansion steam engine.

425: 283: 265: 233: 218: 153: 59: 349:

s had a higher freeboard, making them unequivocally capable of the high-seas battleship role.

3601: 3550: 3446: 3350: 3345: 3065: 2276: 1459: 1127: 889: 842: 157: 145: 3143: 2273:"USN Ship Types – World War I Transports – Combat Warships employed as Transports" 3911: 3827: 3431: 3380: 3123: 3005: 2774:

Sumrall, Robert F. (2001) . "The Battleship and Battlecruiser". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

1653: 1474:" in March 1915. The role of the pre-dreadnoughts was to support the brand-new dreadnought 779: 710: 500: 342: 309: 276: 1251:

and after the start of design work on the USN's own initial class of dreadnoughts. The US

759:

was the most efficient method of producing high-pressure steam for pre-dreadnought engines

629: 8: 3921: 3863: 3681: 3370: 3233: 3075: 1621: 1502: 1467: 1258: 485: 367:

propellant, were lighter and more powerful than the previous guns of larger calibre. The

2809: 3797: 3661: 3616: 3509: 3411: 3375: 3355: 3254: 3080: 2975: 2830: 2590: 1495: 1488: 1408: 1369: 1271: 1083: 912: 897: 885: 569: 543: 514:

and cordite propellant allowed the employment of a longer barrel, and therefore higher

496: 261: 239: 167: 161: 118: 751: 3832: 3782: 3724: 3714: 3481: 3335: 3213: 3153: 3000: 2895: 2779: 2778:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. pp. 14–35. 2760: 2741: 2722: 2700: 2680: 2661: 2646: 2628: 2609: 2576: 2550: 2531: 2512: 2493: 2471: 2452: 2433: 2414: 2385: 2350: 2324: 1668: 1578: 1512: 1415: 1252: 908: 854: 787: 783: 756: 250: 1633:

in May 1942. A veteran of the Battle of Tsushima, she was serving as a repair ship.

1387: 794: 628:

In addition to their gun armament, many pre-dreadnought battleships were armed with

3817: 3751: 3704: 3686: 3636: 3466: 3330: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3171: 3027: 2985: 2980: 2870: 2865: 2690: 2671: 1541: 547: 432: 229: 171: 137: 67: 1774:

Beeler, pp. 93–95; also see p. 169 for a graphic illustration of the problem.

1648:, which was used as a target ship by the Soviet Union into the early 1960s as the 3741: 3671: 3596: 3494: 3228: 3208: 3176: 3133: 3100: 3045: 2990: 2890: 2740:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 112–133. 2569: 2564: 2549:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 170–178. 2485: 2451:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–169. 2362: 2358: 2331: 1570:, was given a special exemption to the Washington Treaty and was maintained as a 1219: 1050: 919:, the naval part of the action was performed by gunboats, destroyers and sloops. 916: 850: 803: 768: 592: 515: 287: 246: 141: 129: 86: 2447:

Campbell, John (1992). "Naval Armaments and Armour". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

2115: 1163:

at the end of the mutiny. However, she was soon recovered and recommissioned as

565: 3611: 3606: 3591: 3461: 3223: 3060: 2399: 1814:

Roberts, p. 117: "Many regard them as the first true pre-dreadnoughts ..."

511: 295: 149: 90: 1311: 1010: 3885: 3847: 3842: 3807: 3792: 3746: 3656: 3641: 3499: 3441: 3436: 3340: 3218: 3203: 3191: 3181: 3070: 3050: 2885: 2736:

Roberts, John (1992). "The Pre-Dreadnought Age,". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

1600: 1545: 1427: 1345:

The armament of the new breed of ships was not their only crucial advantage.

1342:

was two to three times more effective in combat than an existing battleship.

1285: 1185: 902: 667: 254: 194: 133: 125: 2822: 3802: 3787: 3626: 3621: 3560: 3504: 3471: 3304: 3299: 3105: 2799: 2714: 2696:

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

1588: 950: 764: 740: 730: 559: 405: 398: 291: 106: 1141:

s; later ships showed more French influence on their designs, such as the

1032:

suffered the most from the dreadnought revolution, with four ships of the

417:

class onwards carried 12-inch weapons, as did French battleships from the

109:

of very heavy guns upon the weather deck, in large rotating mounts either

3837: 3676: 3575: 3451: 3406: 3128: 2880: 2545:

Griffiths, Denis (1992). "Warship Machinery". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

1664: 1571: 1517: 1350: 1306: 1288:, composed of a mixture of old ironclad battleships and cruisers, at the 1204: 1167:. After the war, Russia completed four more pre-dreadnoughts after 1905. 617: 323: 203: 199: 3294: 1153:, eleven were sunk or captured during the war. One of these, the famous 3822: 3631: 3565: 3115: 3015: 2942: 2941: 2854: 1660: 1642: 1523:

went down in the confused night action as the battlefleets disengaged.

1079: 998:

service. The last two British pre-dreadnoughts, the "semi-dreadnought"

880:

and then a Spanish squadron of armoured cruisers and destroyers at the

865: 275:

was the first ocean-worthy breastwork monitor; because of her very low

110: 75: 51: 960:

class was launched towards the end of the pre-dreadnought era, in 1903

832: 387: 214: 3696: 3570: 3385: 3279: 3259: 2511:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 1184:

lightly armed. In some ways, these ships presaged the concept of the

927: 869: 858: 555: 305: 102: 2432:(New revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1686: 640:

During the ironclad age, the range of engagements increased; in the

181:

These battleships were abruptly made obsolete by the arrival of HMS

3812: 3545: 3416: 3055: 3010: 1708: 1086:

and the growing sense of national rivalry with the UK. Besides the

299: 114: 1407:

Instead the British dispatched a pre-dreadnought of 1896 vintage,

1403:

Nevertheless, the pre-dreadnought played a major role in the war.

716:, showing how the armour scheme relates to the innards of the ship 3766: 3666: 3524: 3421: 3284: 3163: 2946: 2340:. Washington DC, Naval Historical Center. Retrieved 5 April 2014. 1160: 1116: 814: 810:

this risked damage to the boilers if used for prolonged periods.

644:

battles were fought at around 1 mile (1.5 km), while in the

551: 519: 364: 2604:

Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).

1757: 1755: 363:, which, because of advances in gun construction and the use of 3761: 3489: 3456: 2530:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. 1082:. This increase was due to the determination of the navy chief 946: 2382:

Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design 1870–1881

3249: 2814: 2676:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War

2468:

Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904-05

1752: 1675: 1577:

Germany, which lost most of its fleet under the terms of the

352:

The pre-dreadnought design reached maturity in 1895 with the

55: 1330:

brought about the obsolescence of all existing battleships.

896:

on 10 August 1904, and the decisive Japanese victory at the

253:

batteries, when they were commissioned in the early 1860s.

94: 43:

was the first pre-dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy.

2351:"How The Japan Times Saved a Foundering Battleship, Twice" 1678:

at Guam until 1948, after which she was scrapped in 1956.

763:

Almost all pre-dreadnoughts were powered by reciprocating

530:, the length of the British 12-inch gun increased from 35 2158:

Sumrall, p. 15; Jentschura, Jung, Mickel p. 23.

1556:

in port around 1930. Both ships served into World War II.

1511:

A squadron of German pre-dreadnoughts was present at the

518:—giving greater range and penetrating power for the same 337:

of 1889 retained barbettes but were uniformly armed with

93:

steel armour, pre-dreadnought battleships were driven by

1090:

class, German pre-dreadnoughts include the ships of the

58:. Their designs were conceived before the appearance of 2738:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

2547:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

2528:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

2449:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

1697:

There is only one pre-dreadnought preserved today: the

2608:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. 771:, and by the end of the 1880s the even-more efficient 341:; they were also significantly larger (at 14,000 tons 202:. This was the point at which the ships that had been 853:

which were essentially cut-down battleships, lighter

827: 2603: 725:

The battleships of the late 1880s, for instance the

720: 467:had 12-inch (305 mm) main batteries while the 2568: 1881: 1879: 1353:decisively outclassed earlier battleship designs. 585:pioneered the intermediate battery concept in the 2606:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 3883: 2506: 1319:in 1906 rendered every other battleship obsolete 608:, and hence were obsolescent before completion. 54:built from the mid- to late- 1880s to the early 2776:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45 2509:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45 2465: 1876: 1711:, where she has been a museum ship since 1925. 1444:. The subsequent battle was decided by the two 1214:, a pre-dreadnought battleship launched in 1893 2721:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2627:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2492:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2384:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1962: 1960: 1923: 1921: 2927: 2852: 2838: 2623:Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017). 2622: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1605:, was mined and then scuttled in March 1945. 1247:) were completed after the completion of the 206:before were redesignated "pre-dreadnoughts". 2595:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2366:, 18 December 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012. 2112:"Great White Fleet – USS Vermont BB-20" 1379:at a Turkish shore battery (1915). Photo by 872:supported those powers' colonial expansion. 264:, was launched in 1868, followed in 1871 by 117:armoured over, and supported by one or more 2337:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 1957: 1918: 1663:from 1920 until its scrapping in 1955. The 1627:sank the disarmed Japanese pre-dreadnought 1537:List of battleships of the Second World War 1137:class begun in 1892 took after the British 2934: 2920: 2845: 2831: 2643:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 2300: 1826: 1199: 1054:Cross section of a German pre-dreadnought 177:was typical of pre-dreadnought battleships 2544: 1159:, mutinied and was briefly taken over by 817:powered pre-dreadnought battleships, the 2754: 2525: 2490:British Battleships of the Victorian Era 2484: 2446: 1727:The name is also spelled with a capital 1685: 1540: 1386: 1364: 1310: 1257: 1203: 1115: 1049: 945: 926: 831: 793: 750: 704: 666: 564: 495: 484: 386: 304: 213: 166: 31: 27:Battleships built from the 1880s to 1905 2773: 2735: 2658:German Warships of the Second World War 1893: 1891: 1701:'s flagship at the Battle of Tsushima, 680: 579: 391:The heavy guns and forward barbette of 315:was the fourth ship of the influential 228:The pre-dreadnought developed from the 14: 3884: 2713: 2689: 2660:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1975. 2379: 2315:Jentschura, Jung, & Mickel, p. 18. 1398:being used for troop transport in 1919 1071:Germany's first pre-dreadnoughts, the 802:The engines drove either two or three 105:. These ships distinctively carried a 2915: 2826: 2398: 892:on 8–9 February 1904, the indecisive 431:, laid down in 1899 (not the earlier 70:battleships of the 1870s and 1880s. 2563: 2427: 2195:Naval Battles of the First World War 1888: 1636: 1466:pre-dreadnoughts was engaged at the 1440:s funnels), this certainly deterred 537: 99:compound reciprocating steam engines 2800:British and German Pre-Dreadnoughts 2625:French Battleships of World War One 1043:launched, and a further six of the 878:Spanish shore batteries at San Juan 813:The French built the only class of 611: 322:. The diagonal tubes are spars for 24: 2275:. History.Navy.Mil. Archived from 828:Pre-dreadnought fleets and battles 635: 25: 3933: 2793: 1915:Sondhaus, pp. 170, 171, 189. 1126:, a pre-dreadnought class of the 232:. The first ironclads—the French 121:of lighter weapons on broadside. 85:. Built from steel, protected by 782:were superseded by more compact 773:triple expansion compound engine 721:Metallurgical advances in armour 709:Cross-section view amidships of 542:Pre-dreadnoughts also carried a 3902:20th-century military equipment 3892:19th-century military equipment 2507:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 2411:: Warship Development 1860–1905 2343: 2318: 2309: 2291: 2265: 2252: 2239: 2226: 2213: 2200: 2187: 2174: 2161: 2152: 2139: 2130: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1993:Sondhaus, pp. 155–156, 182–183. 1987: 1978: 1969: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1909: 1900: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1817: 1530: 1300: 689: 382: 361:12-inch (305 mm) main guns 3041:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 2571:War at Sea in the Ironclad age 2565:Hill, J. Richard, Rear Admiral 2526:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992). 1808: 1799: 1790: 1777: 1768: 1743: 1734: 1721: 1424:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1360: 1323:In 1906, the commissioning of 13: 1: 3907:20th-century military history 3897:19th-century military history 2959:Naval ship classes in service 2430:British Battleships 1889–1904 1714: 1177:was poorly protected and the 1062: 746: 662: 3427:Harbour defence motor launch 2047:Sondhaus, pp. 168, 182. 1681: 1599:in January 1945. The other, 1196:herself made them obsolete. 642:Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 623: 339:13.5-inch (343 mm) guns 249:, with three tall masts and 209: 7: 3710:Ballistic missile submarine 3556:Mine countermeasures vessel 2901:Battleships in World War II 2755:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 2645:. Macmillan, London, 1983. 2413:. London: Caxton Editions. 1749:Forczyk p. 7 and back cover 1106:classes—culminating in the 374: 48:Pre-dreadnought battleships 10: 3938: 3757:Submarine aircraft carrier 3139:Pre-dreadnought battleship 2949:in 19th and 20th centuries 2876:Pre-dreadnought battleship 2699:. New York: Random House. 2373: 1707:, which is now located in 1674:was used as an ammunition 1534: 1304: 882:Battle of Santiago de Cuba 3856: 3775: 3695: 3652:General stores issue ship 3584: 3538: 3480: 3394: 3321:Amphibious transport dock 3313: 3242: 3162: 3114: 3096:Merchant aircraft carrier 3086:Interdiction Assault Ship 3026: 2954: 2861: 2679:. Pimlico, London, 2004. 1652:. The hull of the former 922: 136:, and to a lesser extent 18:Predreadnought battleship 3730:Deep-submergence vehicle 3720:Cruise missile submarine 3647:Fast combat support ship 3290:Guided-missile destroyer 3148:Standard-type battleship 2805:Pre-Dreadnoughts in WWII 2757:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 2466:Forczyk, Robert (2009). 2223:, pp. 483, 492–493. 1422:redeemed herself at the 1290:Battle of the Yalu River 1047:class begun afterwards. 913:capitulation of Zanzibar 894:Battle of the Yellow Sea 861:were being constructed. 646:Battle of the Yellow Sea 101:which turned underwater 97:-fired boilers powering 3326:Amphibious warfare ship 3036:Amphibious assault ship 1984:Griffiths, p. 177. 1975:Griffiths, pp. 176–177. 1562:Washington Naval Treaty 1351:dreadnought battleships 1200:America and the Pacific 1080:1898 and 1900 Navy Laws 933:French battleship 739:pioneered the superior 284:Admiral-class ironclads 3402:Armed boarding steamer 3366:Landing Ship Logistics 3361:Landing ship, infantry 3187:Guided missile cruiser 3091:Light aircraft carrier 2074:Sondhaus, pp. 180–181. 2011:Sondhaus, pp. 170–171. 1873:Campbell, p. 163. 1699:Imperial Japanese Navy 1694: 1557: 1399: 1384: 1320: 1315:The appearance of HMS 1274: 1215: 1130: 1068: 961: 939: 846: 799: 760: 717: 673: 576: 522:of shell. Between the 507: 493: 401: 327: 225: 178: 154:Imperial Japanese Navy 44: 3602:Auxiliary repair dock 3551:Destroyer minesweeper 3447:Ocean boarding vessel 3351:Landing Craft Support 3346:Landing craft carrier 3066:Fighter catapult ship 2759:. London: Routledge. 2380:Beeler, John (2001). 2297:Kennedy, p. 275. 2092:Roberts, pp. 120–121. 1936:Roberts, pp. 132–133. 1897:Roberts, pp. 125–126. 1846:Roberts, pp. 117–125. 1689: 1587:, shelled the Polish 1544: 1472:force the Dardanelles 1460:Battle of Cape Sarych 1449:-class battlecruisers 1390: 1368: 1314: 1261: 1207: 1192:class arrived before 1128:Austro-Hungarian Navy 1119: 1053: 949: 930: 890:Battle of Port Arthur 835: 797: 780:Scotch marine boilers 754: 708: 670: 568: 499: 488: 413:battleships from the 390: 308: 217: 170: 158:Imperial Russian Navy 35: 3828:Littoral combat ship 3381:Landing Ship Vehicle 3124:Coastal defence ship 2428:Burt, R. A. (2013). 2357:13 July 2012 at the 1837:Sumrall, p. 14. 1297:Russo-Japanese War. 1093:Kaiser Friedrich III 1039:still building when 736:Kaiser Friedrich III 681:Vertical side armour 580:Intermediate battery 439:Spanish–American War 3682:Replenishment oiler 3585:Command and support 3371:Landing Ship Medium 3234:Unprotected cruiser 3076:Flight deck cruiser 2810:US Pre-Dreadnoughts 2719:British Battleships 2575:. London: Cassell. 2330:5 June 2011 at the 2210:, pp. 466–467. 2171:, pp. 471–473. 1574:and memorial ship. 655:class, carried ten 230:ironclad battleship 119:secondary batteries 3798:Breastwork monitor 3662:Joint support ship 3617:Combat stores ship 3412:Coastal motor boat 3376:Landing Ship, Tank 3356:Landing Ship Heavy 3255:Convoy rescue ship 3081:Helicopter carrier 2470:. Oxford: Osprey. 2306:Lenton 1975, p.13. 1906:Hill, p. 155. 1695: 1593:Schleswig-Holstein 1584:Schleswig-Holstein 1558: 1553:Schleswig-Holstein 1462:in November 1914. 1400: 1385: 1321: 1275: 1272:Battle of Tsushima 1216: 1131: 1084:Alfred von Tirpitz 1069: 1002:s, appeared after 962: 940: 898:Battle of Tsushima 886:Russo-Japanese War 855:protected cruisers 847: 800: 784:water-tube boilers 761: 718: 674: 577: 508: 494: 402: 328: 262:breastwork monitor 245:—looked much like 226: 179: 162:Battle of Tsushima 89:, nickel steel or 45: 3879: 3878: 3783:Armed merchantman 3725:Cruiser submarine 3715:Coastal submarine 3482:Fast attack craft 3336:Dock landing ship 3214:Protected cruiser 3197:Pocket battleship 3154:Treaty battleship 3144:Super-dreadnought 3028:Aircraft carriers 2976:Operational zones 2909: 2908: 2896:Treaty battleship 2706:978-0-679-45671-1 2691:Massie, Robert K. 2685:978-1-84413-528-8 2672:Massie, Robert K. 2641:Kennedy, Paul M. 2634:978-1-59114-639-1 2615:978-0-87021-893-4 2499:978-1-68247-329-0 2477:978-1-84603-330-8 2439:978-1-59114-065-8 2065:Sondhaus, p. 181. 2056:Sondhaus, p. 167. 2038:Sondhaus, p. 161. 2029:Sondhaus, p. 186. 1945:Sondhaus, p. 166. 1864:Campbell, p. 169. 1823:Gardiner, p. 117. 1805:Gardiner, p. 116. 1787:s, but disagrees. 1637:Post World War II 1579:Versailles treaty 1513:Battle of Jutland 1416:Battle of Coronel 1377:12-inch main guns 1266:on the bridge of 1253:Great White Fleet 1173:Regina Margherita 1124:-class battleship 1059:-class battleship 909:Gunboat diplomacy 851:armoured cruisers 757:water-tube boiler 544:secondary battery 538:Secondary battery 193:. Her innovative 164:on 27 May 1905. 16:(Redirected from 3929: 3818:Floating battery 3752:Midget submarine 3705:Attack submarine 3687:Submarine tender 3637:Destroyer tender 3467:Submarine chaser 3331:Attack transport 3275:Escort destroyer 3270:Destroyer leader 3265:Destroyer escort 3172:Aircraft cruiser 2986:Green-water navy 2981:Brown-water navy 2936: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2871:Ironclad warship 2866:Ship of the line 2847: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2789: 2770: 2751: 2732: 2710: 2638: 2619: 2600: 2594: 2586: 2574: 2560: 2541: 2522: 2503: 2486:Friedman, Norman 2481: 2462: 2443: 2424: 2395: 2367: 2349:Corkill, Ednan. 2347: 2341: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2279:on 17 April 2009 2269: 2263: 2260:Castles of Steel 2256: 2250: 2247:Castles of Steel 2243: 2237: 2234:Castles of Steel 2230: 2224: 2221:Castles of Steel 2217: 2211: 2208:Castles of Steel 2204: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2182:Castles of Steel 2178: 2172: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2136:Roberts, p. 123. 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2118:on 8 August 2009 2114:. Archived from 2108: 2102: 2101:Roberts, p. 126. 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083:Roberts, p. 125. 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1966:Roberts, p. 114. 1964: 1955: 1954:Roberts, p. 132. 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1927:Roberts, p. 117. 1925: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1886: 1885:Roberts, p. 122. 1883: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1855:Roberts, p. 113. 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1740:Roberts, p. 112. 1738: 1732: 1725: 1693:as a museum ship 1439: 1270:just before the 1067: 1064: 884:. Not until the 804:screw propellers 769:compound engines 612:Tertiary battery 294:. Equipped with 247:sailing frigates 21: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3869:Sailing vessels 3852: 3771: 3742:Fleet submarine 3691: 3672:Net laying ship 3597:Ammunition ship 3580: 3534: 3476: 3390: 3309: 3238: 3229:Torpedo cruiser 3209:Merchant raider 3177:Armored cruiser 3158: 3134:Fast battleship 3110: 3101:Seaplane tender 3046:Balloon carrier 3022: 3006:Central battery 2991:Blue-water navy 2950: 2940: 2910: 2905: 2891:Fast battleship 2857: 2853:History of the 2851: 2796: 2786: 2767: 2748: 2729: 2707: 2635: 2616: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2557: 2538: 2519: 2500: 2478: 2459: 2440: 2421: 2400:Brown, David K. 2392: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2363:The Japan Times 2359:Wayback Machine 2348: 2344: 2332:Wayback Machine 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796:Beeler, p. 168. 1795: 1791: 1785:Royal Sovereign 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1684: 1639: 1539: 1533: 1484:Queen Elizabeth 1478:Queen Elizabeth 1437: 1363: 1309: 1303: 1202: 1139:Royal Sovereign 1065: 994:King Edward VII 967:Royal Sovereign 958:King Edward VII 925: 917:Boxer Rebellion 830: 788:Belleville-type 749: 727:Royal Sovereign 723: 692: 683: 665: 638: 636:Range of combat 626: 614: 604:building after 582: 540: 516:muzzle velocity 385: 377: 347:Royal Sovereign 333:Royal Sovereign 330:The subsequent 318:Royal Sovereign 288:compound armour 212: 142:Austria-Hungary 50:were sea-going 39:Royal Sovereign 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3935: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3607:Auxiliary ship 3604: 3599: 3594: 3592:Amenities ship 3588: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3462:Steam gun boat 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3311: 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2419: 2396: 2390: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2342: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2264: 2262:, p. 648. 2251: 2249:, p. 634. 2238: 2236:, p. 564. 2225: 2212: 2199: 2197:, p. 114. 2186: 2184:, p. 433. 2173: 2160: 2151: 2149:, p. 473. 2138: 2129: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2020:Forczyk p. 43. 2013: 2004: 2002:Forczyk p. 21. 1995: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1887: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1776: 1767: 1765:, pp. 474–475. 1751: 1742: 1733: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1683: 1680: 1638: 1635: 1532: 1529: 1362: 1359: 1305:Main article: 1302: 1299: 1201: 1198: 924: 921: 829: 826: 748: 745: 731:Harvey process 722: 719: 691: 688: 682: 679: 664: 661: 637: 634: 625: 622: 613: 610: 581: 578: 539: 536: 512:nitrocellulose 384: 381: 376: 373: 296:breech-loading 211: 208: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3934: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:Naval history 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3848:Training ship 3846: 3844: 3843:River monitor 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3808:Drone carrier 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:Barracks ship 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776:Miscellaneous 3774: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747:Human torpedo 3745: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3667:Naval tugboat 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3657:Hospital ship 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3642:Dispatch boat 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 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1336:Dreadnought 1332:Dreadnought 1327:Dreadnought 1317:Dreadnought 1307:Dreadnought 1249:Dreadnought 1243:Mississippi 1236:Connecticut 1194:Dreadnought 1165:Panteleimon 1109:Deutschland 1099:Wittelsbach 1088:Brandenburg 1074:Brandenburg 1066: 1914 1057:Wittelsbach 1041:Dreadnought 1029:Charlemagne 1019:, in 1889. 1011:Jeune École 1004:Dreadnought 1000:Lord Nelson 843:Port Arthur 652:Lord Nelson 606:Dreadnought 558:, and even 528:Dreadnought 457:Tsesarevich 420:Charlemagne 273:Devastation 268:Devastation 221:Dreadnought 187:Dreadnought 183:Dreadnought 62:Dreadnought 52:battleships 3922:Ship types 3886:Categories 3864:Ship types 3823:Guard ship 3697:Submarines 3632:Depot ship 3566:Minehunter 2855:battleship 1715:References 1667:of the ex- 1661:crane ship 1535:See also: 1447:Invincible 1375:fires her 982:Formidable 866:Royal Navy 859:submarines 747:Propulsion 663:Protection 556:destroyers 526:class and 76:Royal Navy 3571:Minelayer 3386:Troopship 3314:Transport 3280:Escorteur 3260:Destroyer 3001:Broadside 2969:auxiliary 2964:submarine 2815:Save the 2717:(1990) . 2591:cite book 2402:(2003) . 1682:Survivors 1669:USS 1656:Kearsarge 1654:USS 1643:SMS 1622:USS 1602:Schlesien 1547:Schlesien 1518:SMS 1503:HMS 1496:HMS 1489:HMS 1476:HMS 1468:Gallipoli 1442:Gneisenau 1435:Gneisenau 1430:Gneisenau 1428:SMS 1409:HMS 1393:USS 1370:HMS 1325:HMS 1220:HMS 1209:USS 1006:herself. 951:HMS 870:U.S. Navy 841:sinks in 824:of 1907. 713:Kearsarge 711:USS 630:torpedoes 624:Torpedoes 600:Kearsarge 570:USS 503:Agamemnon 501:HMS 312:Ramillies 310:HMS 300:barbettes 277:freeboard 266:HMS 251:broadside 240:HMS 219:HMS 210:Evolution 204:laid down 185:in 1906. 172:HMS 115:partially 60:HMS 37:HMS 3813:Flagship 3546:Danlayer 3417:Corvette 3295:Kaibōkan 3164:Cruisers 3056:CAM ship 3011:Casemate 2947:warships 2817:Cerberus 2693:(2003). 2567:(2000). 2488:(2018). 2355:Archived 2328:Archived 2325:"Oregon" 2258:Massie, 2245:Massie, 2232:Massie, 2219:Massie, 2206:Massie, 2180:Massie, 2167:Massie, 2145:Massie, 1761:Massie, 1709:Yokosuka 1505:Majestic 1262:Japan's 1228:Virginia 1190:Habsburg 1156:Potemkin 1147:Retvizan 1143:Borodino 1122:Radetzky 971:Majestic 953:Dominion 938:at speed 838:Retvizan 552:cruisers 532:calibres 524:Majestic 470:Peresvet 463:Borodino 451:Retvizan 415:Majestic 375:Armament 369:Majestic 355:Majestic 257:Cerberus 156:and the 87:compound 81:Majestic 68:ironclad 3857:Related 3833:Monitor 3767:Wet sub 3612:Collier 3530:Shin'yō 3525:PT boat 3422:Gunboat 3285:Frigate 3016:Turrets 2405:Warrior 2374:Sources 2283:6 March 2122:5 March 1597:in situ 1520:Pommern 1498:Triumph 1491:Goliath 1420:Canopus 1411:Canopus 1372:Canopus 1161:Romania 1035:Liberté 1025:Brennus 1021:Brennus 1016:Brennus 976:Canopus 956:of the 935:Justice 815:turbine 588:Indiana 572:Indiana 520:calibre 365:cordite 242:Warrior 160:at the 126:Germany 3762:U-boat 3490:E-boat 3457:Q-ship 3243:Escort 2782: 2763: 2744: 2725: 2703: 2683: 2664: 2649: 2631: 2612: 2579: 2553: 2534: 2515: 2496: 2474: 2455: 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Pre-dreadnought battleship

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