195:, which placed a heavy gun on a carriage that retracted behind a parapet for reloading; this better protected the crew, and made the gun harder to target, since it was only visible while it was firing. The type was usually used for coastal defence guns. As naval gun turrets improved to allow greater elevation and range, many disappearing guns, most of which were limited in elevation, were seen as obsolescent; with aircraft becoming prominent in the First World War, they were largely seen as obsolete. However, they remained in use through the early Second World War, at least by the United States, due to limited funding for replacement weapons between the wars.
376:, adopted a new mounting that combined the benefits of both kinds of mounts. A heavily armoured, rotating gun house was added to the revolving platform, which kept the guns and their crews protected. The gun house was smaller and lighter than the old-style turrets, which still permitted placement higher in the ship and the corresponding benefits to stability and seakeeping. This innovation gradually became known simply as a turret, though the armored tube that held the turret substructure, which included the shell and propellant handling rooms and the ammunition hoists, was still referred to as a barbette. These ships were the prototype of the so-called
276:) fired. The barbette system reduced weight considerably, since the machinery for the rotating gun mount, along with the mount itself, was much lighter than that required for the gun house of a turret. The savings in weight could then be passed on to increase armour protection for the hull, improve coal storage capacity, or to install larger, more powerful engines. In addition, because barbettes were lighter, they could be placed higher in the ship without jeopardizing stability, which improved their ability to be worked in heavy seas that would have otherwise rendered turrets unusable. This also permitted a higher
349:
27:
3193:
211:
35:
475:
130:
324:, all of which employed barbettes to mount their heavy guns. All of these navies also built turret and or central battery ships during the same period, though none had a decisive advantage over the other. The British and the Russian navies experimented with using disappearing guns afloat, including on the British
104:
Shipboard barbettes were primarily used in armoured warships, starting in the 1860s during a period of intense experimentation with other mounting systems for heavy guns at sea. In these, gun barrels usually protruded over the barbette edge, so barbettes provided only partial protection, mainly for
120:
Guns with restricted arcs of fire mounted in heavy bombers during World War II—such those in the tail of the aircraft, as opposed to fully revolving turrets—were also sometimes referred to as having barbette mounts, though usage of the term is primarily restricted to
British publications. American
271:
In the 1870s, designers began to experiment with an en barbette type of mounting. The barbette was a fixed armoured enclosure protecting the gun. The barbette could take the form of a circular or elongated ring of armour around the rotating gun mount over which the guns (possibly fitted with a
1187:
The
Elements Of Navigation; Containing The Theory and Practice: With All the Necessary Tables : To which is Added, A Treatise of Marine Fortification ; For the Use of the Royal Mathematical School at Christ's Hospital, and the Gentlemen of the Navy ; In Two
423:
in 1894, carried their main battery in barbettes, though they were equipped with extensive gun shields that resembled turrets. The shields were nevertheless only proof against small-arms fire. Three of their opponents at the Yalu River, the
Japanese
383:
Ships equipped with barbette mountings did not see a great deal of combat, owing to the long period of relative peace between their appearance in the 1870s and their obsolescence in the 1890s. Some barbette ships saw action during the
British
117:. By the late 1880s, all three systems were replaced with a hybrid barbette-turret system that combined the benefits of both types. The armoured vertical tube that supported the new gun mount was referred to as a barbette.
500:
The term "barbette" is also used by some, again primarily
British historians, to describe a remotely aimed and operated gun turret emplacement on almost any non-American military aircraft of World War II, but it is
100:
or into a gunpit for reloading. Barbettes were primarily used in coastal defences, but saw some use in a handful of warships, and some inland fortifications. The term is also used for certain aircraft gun mounts.
253:
in the 1860s, which gave the guns a wide field of fire. These turrets were exceedingly heavy, which required them to be placed low in the ship to reduce top-weight—and produced a dangerous tendency to
489:
where a gun is in a mounting which has a restricted arc of fire when compared to a turret, or which is remotely mounted away from the gunner. As such it is frequently used to describe the
2587:
176:
and could be easily withdrawn when they came under enemy fire. Fortifications in the 19th century typically employed both casemate and barbette emplacements. For example, the
Russian
56:
In recent naval usage, a barbette is a protective circular armour support for a heavy gun turret. This evolved from earlier forms of gun protection that eventually led to the
222:
in the early 1860s, naval designers grappled with the problem of mounting heavy guns in the most efficient way possible. The first generation of ironclads employed the same
157:
emplacement offered wider arcs of fire, it also exposed the gun's crew to greater danger from hostile fire. In addition, since the barbette position would be higher than a
299:, which mounted their heavy guns in turrets or in a central armored battery. Many navies experimented with all three types in the 1870s and 1880s, including the British
526:/twin) powered forward dorsal gun turret, with the full translation of the German term comprising the prefix as "Remotely controlled rotating gun mount". The term
177:
198:
Later heavy coastal guns were often protected in hybrid installations, in wide casemates with cantilevered overhead cover partially covering a barbette or
3228:
288:
1270:
1185:
1300:
485:
When applied to military aircraft, largely in aviation history books written by
British historians, a barbette is a position on an
230:, but it was not particularly effective for ahead or stern fire. This was particularly important to designers, since the tactic of
2403:
968:
238:
in 1866. Ramming required a ship to steam directly at its opponent, which greatly increased the importance of end-on fire.
30:
8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns on barbette carriages circa 1895; these preceded the disappearing carriage in US service.
137:
The use of barbette mountings originated in ground fortifications. The term originally referred to a raised platform on a
2997:
2692:
332:
214:
Illustration of several armored ships from the 1880s, showing the degree of experimentation with armament arrangements
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2597:
1205:
1121:
1102:
1083:
1060:
1020:
949:
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363:
3022:
497:, with American aviation books frequently describing the position as a tail gun turret, or simply as a tail gun.
416:
1140:
455:
was employed as a torpedo training ship. A handful of barbette ships did see action during the war, including
339:
133:
Cross-section of a 19th-century fortification; a gun at position "C" would be firing from a barbette position
3233:
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1783:
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1152:
An
Elementary Course on Military Engineering Field Fortifications, Military Mining, and Siege Operations
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479:
389:
978:
901:
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377:
161:
position—that is, a gun firing through an embrasure—it would generally have a greater field of fire.
2627:
410:
404:
385:
370:
38:
US Army 16-inch gun M1919 on barbette mount M1919; this was a high-angle mount with elevation to 65°.
20:
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450:
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3124:
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300:
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1968:
1912:
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under construction in 1917, showing the forward two barbettes without the gun turrets installed
318:
304:
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3149:
2987:
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1411:
1072:
3134:
2662:
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2087:
2053:
1453:
1335:
352:
325:
296:
277:
114:
380:, which proved to be broadly influential in all major navies over the next fifteen years.
8:
2951:
2687:
2043:
1421:
362:
In the late 1880s, the debate between barbette or turret mounts was finally settled. The
242:
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was revived following its successful employment at the decisive
Austrian victory at the
3073:
2682:
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2642:
2637:
2487:
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1825:
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516:
456:
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173:
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1890:
1768:
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1201:
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1155:
1136:
1117:
1098:
1079:
1056:
1039:
1016:
964:
945:
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574:
431:, also mounted their guns in open barbettes. Those barbette ships that survived into
223:
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2462:
2013:
1817:
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227:
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89:
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in the mid-1850s; of these, 27 were barbette mounted, with the rest in casemates.
88:. The former gives better angles of fire but less protection than the latter. The
2992:
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2757:
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2060:
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1600:
1581:
1507:
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battleships. They were not deemed particularly successful and were not repeated.
57:
46:
149:, which referred to a gun placed to fire over a parapet, rather than through an
3161:
3156:
2822:
2807:
2742:
2732:
2607:
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1742:
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of nearly any type, with its original use as being for the mounting design for
512:
348:
3212:
3166:
3119:
3027:
3017:
2971:
2941:
2926:
2895:
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2737:
2677:
2632:
2547:
2506:
2316:
1949:
1944:
1677:
1640:
1625:
1576:
1521:
1500:
1309:
1228:
1176:
1043:
505:
usable in a direct translation for the varying German language terms used on
446:
246:
172:, were best suited for barbette emplacements since they could fire explosive
121:
authors generally refer to such mounts as tail guns or as tail gun turrets.
65:
511:
aircraft of that era for such emplacements. As just one example, the German
3144:
3002:
2966:
2921:
2905:
2833:
2786:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2562:
2379:
2240:
2207:
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2008:
1983:
1895:
1869:
1837:
1831:
1773:
1712:
1682:
1530:
1247:
1159:
531:
1239:
Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval
Warfare from 1855 to 1895, Volume 1
641:
68:: it originally meant a raised platform or mound, as in the French phrase
3043:
2900:
2869:
2851:
2839:
2781:
2776:
2717:
2712:
2672:
2572:
2537:
2433:
2336:
2107:
2077:
2067:
1973:
1862:
1479:
1426:
566:
490:
435:
were typically used only for secondary purposes. For example, the French
432:
292:
185:
1670:
3068:
2888:
2860:
2791:
2667:
2622:
2552:
2472:
2369:
2274:
2214:
2173:
2151:
2102:
2048:
1998:
1993:
1978:
1937:
1885:
1843:
1788:
1630:
1546:
281:
273:
250:
181:
110:
106:
3048:
1593:
92:
was a variation on the barbette gun; it consisted of a heavy gun on a
2477:
2408:
2235:
2230:
2163:
1804:
1717:
1647:
1605:
1431:
1401:
1362:
1328:
507:
442:
231:
150:
81:
26:
210:
34:
2961:
2956:
2881:
2722:
2415:
2398:
2328:
2269:
2197:
2190:
2033:
1921:
1795:
1615:
1610:
1586:
1514:
1494:
1474:
1441:
486:
463:
199:
169:
158:
93:
85:
998:
Brown, D. K. (1979). Roberts, John (ed.). "Shells at Sevastopol".
474:
3093:
3058:
3053:
2391:
2374:
2359:
2343:
2295:
2223:
2168:
2158:
2126:
2028:
2003:
1988:
1758:
1702:
1620:
1467:
1460:
1406:
1278:
369:, mounted their guns in barbettes, but the follow-on design, the
254:
142:
97:
77:
877:
3098:
2452:
2018:
1956:
1900:
1878:
1855:
1848:
1724:
1707:
1539:
1371:
1353:
1323:
1263:
1038:(1). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization: 68–78.
923:
Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design, 1870–1881
184:
was equipped with 43 heavy guns in its seaward side during the
73:
3139:
3083:
2827:
2352:
2183:
2023:
1344:
942:
British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866–1880
620:"The Moncrieff System of Disappearing Gun Carriages, p. 122.
2121:
1963:
1930:
1905:
1697:
1687:
1656:
1635:
265:
129:
50:
1053:
Fw 190 Sturmböcke Vs B-17 Flying Fortress: Europe 1944–45
623:
287:
Ironclads equipped with barbettes were referred to as "
141:
for one or more guns, enabling them to be fired over a
1215:"The Moncrieff System of Disappearing Gun Carriages".
1169:
Development of Aircraft Turrets in the AAF, 1917–1944
646:
109:supply. Alternatives included the heavily-armoured
1071:
1074:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
515:A heavy bomber had such a remotely operated twin-
257:in heavy seas, amply demonstrated by the loss of
3210:
1133:The Big Gun: Battleship Main Armament, 1860–1945
1030:Feron, Luc (1985). "French Battleship Marceau".
191:A modified version of the barbette type was the
1550:
1223:. London: W. H. Allen & Co.: 120–124 1886.
153:, an opening in a fortification wall. While an
2112:
2058:
1876:
1722:
1015:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2767:
2497:
2326:
2302:
1919:
1910:
1867:
1591:
1387:
1378:
1294:
1171:. German-Canadian Museum of Applied History.
1092:
961:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
883:
2886:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2438:
2413:
2389:
2350:
2341:
2293:
2279:
2250:
2221:
2212:
2188:
2149:
1954:
1935:
1853:
1802:
1793:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1668:
1654:
1645:
1528:
1505:
1537:
1519:
1465:
1451:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1217:The Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine
72:, which refers to the practice of firing a
1301:
1287:
1093:Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998).
642:List of US forts and batteries at CDSG.org
478:Rear "Cheyenne"-pattern gun position on a
49:in terrestrial fortifications or on naval
1183:
554:
469:
1195:
1069:
616:
614:
473:
347:
209:
168:suggested that light guns, particularly
128:
124:
33:
25:
1050:
1006:. London: Conway Maritime Press: 74–79.
874:"Bristol Armament Development", p. 232.
571:Fortress: A History of Military Defence
3229:Fortification (architectural elements)
3211:
1235:
1166:
1130:
1111:
963:(Third ed.). McLean: CDSG Press.
958:
939:
920:
652:
629:
538:-style siege guns of the Middle Ages.
462:, which bombarded German positions in
1282:
1149:
1029:
997:
753:
751:
611:
264:and Coles himself with the ship in a
1274:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
1135:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1116:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1078:. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press.
1010:
403:in 1884. The two Chinese ironclads,
2693:Weapons Storage and Security System
13:
1308:
1242:. London: S. Low, Marston and Co.
1097:. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing.
748:
291:" much like their contemporaries,
205:
14:
3245:
1256:
3192:
3191:
1236:Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1896).
493:position on bombers such as the
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
760:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
530:in German actually refers to a
164:The American military theorist
145:. This gave rise to the phrase
1070:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979).
979:"Bristol Armament Development"
635:
602:
593:
584:
560:
548:
441:was used as a repair ship for
218:Following the introduction of
1:
2588:British "hedgehog" road block
1055:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1013:British Battleships 1889–1904
959:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
944:. Stanford University Press.
893:
847:"B-29s Over Britain", p. 573.
96:that would retract behind a
7:
2998:Cities with defensive walls
2583:Defensive fighting position
2498:
2303:
2113:
2059:
1920:
1911:
1877:
1868:
1723:
1196:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
1191:. Nourse. pp. 619–640.
1150:Mahan, Dennis Hart (1867).
495:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
378:pre-dreadnought battleships
10:
3250:
1095:Heinkel He 177 - 277 - 274
718:Beeler 2001, pp. 159, 164.
520:Fernbedienbare Drehlafette
18:
3182:
3112:
3036:
2980:
2914:
2800:
2705:
2628:Hardened aircraft shelter
2603:Entry control point (ECP)
2515:
2426:
2142:
2135:
1567:
1316:
1114:German Warships 1815–1945
884:Griehl & Dressel 1998
766:Sondhaus 2001, pp. 80–88.
673:Sondhaus 2001, pp. 79–80.
590:Wilson 1896, pp. 340–341.
386:Bombardment of Alexandria
301:Admiral-class battleships
21:Barbette (disambiguation)
3125:Continuity of government
1198:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914
1184:Robertson, John (1754).
1051:Forsyth, Robert (2009).
573:, Macdonald and Jane's,
541:
417:Battle of the Yalu River
415:, that took part in the
2947:Motte-and-bailey castle
2653:Missile launch facility
2648:Main line of resistance
1343:
1271:Encyclopædia Britannica
985:: 232. 16 February 1950
908:: 572–574. 19 June 1947
811:Wilson 1896, pp. 62–63.
421:First Sino-Japanese War
226:arrangement as the old
113:and an armoured, fixed
80:rather than through an
16:Type of gun emplacement
3023:Military installations
2887:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2768:
2439:
2414:
2390:
2380:Scarp and Counterscarp
2351:
2342:
2327:
2294:
2280:
2251:
2222:
2213:
2189:
2150:
1955:
1936:
1854:
1803:
1794:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1669:
1655:
1646:
1592:
1551:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1506:
1466:
1452:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1334:
1167:Reuter, Claus (1999).
1154:. New York: J. Wiley.
1131:Hodges, Peter (1981).
1112:Gröner, Erich (1990).
745:Gardiner 1979, p. 341.
736:Gardiner 1979, p. 292.
482:
470:Use in bomber aircraft
359:
280:, which also improved
215:
134:
64:ultimately comes from
39:
31:
2792:Floating water castle
2523:Admiralty scaffolding
1816:Fortified buildings (
1200:. London: Routledge.
1032:Warship International
940:Beeler, John (1997).
921:Beeler, John (2001).
727:Gardiner 1979, p. 29.
480:B-17G Flying Fortress
477:
390:French ironclad
351:
297:central battery ships
213:
132:
125:Use in fortifications
84:in a fortification's
45:are several types of
37:
29:
3135:Subterranean warfare
2088:Viking ring fortress
902:"B-29s Over Britain"
856:Forsyth 2009, p. 32.
793:Wilson 1896, p. 287.
700:Beeler 2001, p. 164.
691:Beeler 2001, p. 139.
682:Beeler 1997, p. 114.
395:participated in the
19:For other uses, see
3234:Castle architecture
2952:Quadrangular castle
2688:Weapon storage area
2044:Quadrangular castle
1011:Burt, R.A. (1988).
925:. London: Chatham.
886:, pp. 243–245.
865:Reuter 1999, p. 39.
820:Wilson 1896, p. 58.
775:Hodges 1981, p. 33.
709:Hodges 1981, p. 10.
664:Beeler 2001, p. 91.
632:, pp. 201–226.
557:, pp. 619–640.
449:, while the German
335:Vitse-admiral Popov
249:designed the first
243:Cowper Phipps Coles
178:Constantine Battery
115:central gun battery
2683:Underground hangar
2468:Fire control tower
2265:Gunpowder magazine
1693:Butter-churn tower
829:Feron 1985, p. 72.
802:Wilson 1896, p. 5.
757:Gröner 1990, p. 8.
599:Mahan 1867, p. 45.
517:MG 131 machine gun
483:
466:in 1914 and 1915.
360:
338:, and some of the
315:-class battleships
241:Designers such as
216:
135:
40:
32:
3206:
3205:
3130:Military urbanism
3064:Fortified gateway
2937:Concentric castle
2701:
2700:
2618:Fire support base
2458:Coastal artillery
2333:(Spanish America)
1927:
1769:Concentric castle
970:978-0-9748167-3-9
838:Burt 1988, p. 82.
784:Burt 1988, p. 85.
388:in 1882, and the
317:, and the German
220:ironclad warships
166:Dennis Hart Mahan
3241:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3079:National redoubt
3008:Fortified estate
2932:Circular rampart
2892:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2773:
2533:Anti-tank trench
2528:Air raid shelter
2503:
2463:Disappearing gun
2444:
2419:
2395:
2356:
2347:
2332:
2308:
2299:
2285:
2256:
2227:
2218:
2194:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2118:
2098:Bailey (or ward)
2064:
1969:Motte-and-bailey
1960:
1941:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1882:
1873:
1859:
1808:
1799:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1674:
1660:
1651:
1597:
1554:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1511:
1471:
1457:
1397:Circular rampart
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1265:"Barbette"
1251:
1232:
1211:
1192:
1180:
1163:
1146:
1127:
1108:
1089:
1077:
1066:
1047:
1026:
1007:
994:
992:
990:
974:
955:
936:
917:
915:
913:
887:
881:
875:
872:
866:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
839:
836:
830:
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
767:
764:
758:
755:
746:
743:
737:
734:
728:
725:
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
674:
671:
665:
662:
656:
650:
644:
639:
633:
627:
621:
618:
609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
588:
582:
564:
558:
552:
397:Battle of Fuzhou
333:Russian monitor
322:-class ironclads
308:-class ironclads
228:ship of the line
193:disappearing gun
90:disappearing gun
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3219:Weapon fixtures
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3186:
3178:
3108:
3032:
2976:
2910:
2845:Imperial castle
2818:Coercion castle
2813:Coastal defence
2796:
2758:Promontory fort
2728:Hillside castle
2697:
2613:Fallout shelter
2578:Concertina wire
2558:Border security
2511:
2422:
2131:
1764:Coercion castle
1752:Cheval de frise
1734:Chemin de ronde
1582:Albarrana tower
1563:
1508:Schwedenschanze
1485:Promontory fort
1312:
1307:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1214:
1208:
1143:
1124:
1105:
1086:
1063:
1023:
988:
986:
977:
971:
952:
933:
911:
909:
900:
896:
891:
890:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
846:
842:
837:
833:
828:
824:
819:
815:
810:
806:
801:
797:
792:
788:
783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
761:
756:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
659:
651:
647:
640:
636:
628:
624:
619:
612:
608:Brown 1979, 78.
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
585:
565:
561:
553:
549:
544:
524:(Z – "zwilling"
472:
429:-class cruisers
401:Sino-French War
365:Royal Sovereign
236:Battle of Lissa
208:
206:Use in warships
127:
58:pre-dreadnought
47:gun emplacement
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3162:Trench warfare
3159:
3157:Tunnel warfare
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Fortifications
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2823:Counter-castle
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Border barrier
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Lowland castle
2740:
2735:
2733:Hilltop castle
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Electric fence
2605:
2600:
2598:Dragon's teeth
2595:
2593:Czech hedgehog
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2507:Wire obstacles
2504:
2495:
2493:Polygonal fort
2490:
2485:
2483:Martello tower
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Border outpost
2445:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2322:Polygonal fort
2319:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1928:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1860:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1814:
1812:Flanking tower
1809:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Counter-castle
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1569:Post-classical
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1559:Vitrified fort
1556:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Defensive wall
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:Fortifications
1306:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1257:External links
1255:
1253:
1252:
1233:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1181:
1164:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1122:
1109:
1103:
1090:
1084:
1067:
1061:
1048:
1027:
1021:
1008:
995:
975:
969:
956:
950:
937:
931:
918:
897:
895:
892:
889:
888:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
655:, p. 176.
645:
634:
622:
610:
601:
592:
583:
559:
555:Robertson 1754
546:
545:
543:
540:
513:Heinkel He 177
471:
468:
310:, the Italian
289:barbette ships
207:
204:
126:
123:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Naval warfare
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3198:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:Urban warfare
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Civil defense
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Bastion forts
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:Z-plan castle
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:L-plan castle
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Bridge castle
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Refuge castle
2894:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Military base
2875:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Hunting lodge
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Moated castle
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Island castle
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:By topography
2704:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Submarine pen
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Hesco bastion
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Blast shelter
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Place-of-arms
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1950:Machicolation
1948:
1946:
1945:L-plan castle
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Bridge castle
1676:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1641:Bent entrance
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Battery tower
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Advanced work
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:Refuge castle
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1207:9780415214780
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:0-87021-790-9
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1104:1-85310-364-0
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:0-8317-0302-4
1081:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1062:9781846039416
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1022:0-87021-061-0
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
962:
957:
953:
951:0-8047-2981-6
947:
943:
938:
934:
932:1-86176-167-8
928:
924:
919:
907:
903:
899:
898:
885:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
754:
752:
742:
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
688:
679:
670:
661:
654:
649:
643:
638:
631:
626:
617:
615:
605:
596:
587:
580:
579:0-356-08122-2
576:
572:
568:
563:
556:
551:
547:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
498:
496:
492:
488:
481:
476:
467:
465:
461:
460:
454:
453:
448:
447:torpedo boats
444:
440:
439:
434:
430:
428:
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
393:
387:
381:
379:
375:
373:
368:
366:
357:
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330:
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303:, the French
302:
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247:John Ericsson
244:
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99:
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67:
66:fortification
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
36:
28:
22:
3190:
3145:Siege engine
3113:Other topics
3037:Related word
3003:Defense line
2967:Tower castle
2922:Bastion fort
2906:Urban castle
2834:Ganerbenburg
2832:
2787:Water castle
2763:Ridge castle
2748:Marsh castle
2563:Bomb shelter
2543:Belgian gate
2516:20th century
2440:
2427:19th century
2365:Retrenchment
2337:Punji sticks
2246:Entrenchment
2241:Device Forts
2208:Counterguard
2143:Early modern
2073:Tower castle
2009:Powder tower
1984:Outer bailey
1896:Inner bailey
1870:Gulyay-gorod
1838:Ganerbenburg
1836:
1832:Fujian tulou
1774:Corner tower
1713:Chamber gate
1683:Bridge tower
1531:Trou de loup
1269:
1238:
1220:
1216:
1197:
1186:
1168:
1151:
1132:
1113:
1094:
1073:
1052:
1035:
1031:
1012:
1003:
999:
987:. Retrieved
982:
960:
941:
922:
910:. Retrieved
905:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
741:
732:
723:
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705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
648:
637:
625:
604:
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586:
570:
562:
550:
532:gun carriage
527:
523:
519:
506:
502:
499:
484:
458:
451:
437:
426:
411:
405:
391:
382:
371:
364:
361:
354:
341:Ekaterina II
340:
334:
327:
319:
312:
305:
293:turret ships
286:
270:
260:
240:
217:
197:
190:
163:
154:
146:
136:
119:
103:
69:
61:
55:
42:
41:
3044:Castle town
2901:Toll castle
2870:Lustschloss
2852:Kaiserpfalz
2782:Spur castle
2777:Rock castle
2718:Hill castle
2713:Cave castle
2673:Spider hole
2573:Bremer wall
2538:Barbed tape
2434:Barbed wire
2108:Witch tower
2078:Tower house
2068:Toll castle
2054:Shield wall
1974:Murder hole
1863:Guard tower
1480:Pincer gate
1427:Faussebraye
653:Berhow 2015
630:Berhow 2015
567:Hogg, Ian V
491:tail gunner
452:WĂĽrttemberg
433:World War I
419:during the
399:during the
392:Triomphante
251:gun turrets
186:Crimean War
155:en barbette
147:en barbette
70:en barbette
60:. The name
3213:Categories
3069:Gatekeeper
2889:Ordensburg
2861:Landesburg
2668:Sentry gun
2623:Flak tower
2553:Blast wall
2473:Gun turret
2370:Sally port
2275:Kotta mara
2215:Couvreface
2179:Breastwork
2174:Blockhouse
2152:Abwurfdach
2103:Watchtower
2093:Wall tower
2049:Shell keep
1999:Portcullis
1994:Peel tower
1979:Neck ditch
1938:Landesburg
1886:Half tower
1844:Gate tower
1789:Drawbridge
1631:Battlement
1547:Wagon fort
1390:Chengqiang
1142:0870219170
894:References
443:submarines
427:Matsushima
282:seakeeping
274:gun shield
182:Sevastopol
111:gun turret
107:ammunition
3172:Guerrilla
2915:By design
2663:Revetment
2478:Land mine
2409:Star fort
2236:Crownwork
2231:Covertway
2164:Barricade
1805:Embrasure
1718:Chartaque
1648:Bergfried
1606:Arrowslit
1432:Gatehouse
1402:City gate
1363:Castellum
1329:Acropolis
1229:220760873
1177:499763163
1044:0043-0374
528:"lafette"
522:FDL 131Z
508:Luftwaffe
457:HMS
353:USS
328:Temeraire
326:HMS
278:freeboard
268:in 1870.
259:HMS
224:broadside
170:howitzers
151:embrasure
82:embrasure
43:Barbettes
3197:Category
3187:See also
3074:Loophole
2962:Ringwork
2957:Ringfort
2882:Obstacle
2723:Hillfort
2643:Loophole
2441:Barbette
2416:Tenaille
2399:Sea fort
2329:Presidio
2289:Magazine
2270:Hornwork
2203:Cavalier
2198:Casemate
2191:Caponier
2034:Ringwork
1922:Detinets
1891:Hoarding
1796:Enceinte
1671:Bretèche
1616:Bartizan
1611:Barbican
1587:Alcazaba
1515:Stockade
1495:Ringfort
1475:Palisade
1447:Landwehr
1442:Hillfort
989:25 March
912:25 March
581:(p. 155)
569:(1975),
487:aircraft
464:Flanders
412:Zhenyuan
406:Dingyuan
372:Majestic
355:Maryland
200:gunhouse
180:outside
159:casemate
94:carriage
86:casemate
62:barbette
3104:Vedette
3094:Schloss
3059:Festung
3054:Dungeon
3049:Château
2993:Castles
2801:By role
2658:Pillbox
2488:Outpost
2404:Station
2392:Schanze
2375:Sandbag
2360:Redoubt
2344:Ravelin
2312:Palanka
2296:Orillon
2282:Lunette
2224:Coupure
2169:Bastion
2159:Arsenal
2127:Zwinger
2039:Roundel
2029:Ricetto
2004:Postern
1989:Outwork
1913:Kremlin
1784:Curtain
1759:Citadel
1743:Chemise
1703:Caltrop
1621:Bastion
1594:Alcázar
1490:Rampart
1468:Oppidum
1461:Nuraghe
1407:Crannog
1381:Castros
1317:Ancient
1248:1111061
1188:Volumes
1160:3157043
1000:Warship
536:bombard
459:Revenge
438:Marceau
320:Sachsen
306:Marceau
261:Captain
255:capsize
232:ramming
202:mount.
143:parapet
139:rampart
98:parapet
78:parapet
76:over a
3099:Trench
3089:Picket
2500:Sangar
2453:Bunker
2385:Sconce
2305:Ostrog
2253:Flèche
2136:Modern
2115:Yagura
2083:Turret
2019:Reduit
1957:Merlon
1901:Kasbah
1879:Gusuku
1856:Glacis
1849:Gabion
1818:church
1725:Chashi
1708:Castle
1552:Laager
1540:Vallum
1497:(Rath)
1372:Castra
1354:Burgus
1324:Abatis
1246:
1227:
1204:
1175:
1158:
1139:
1120:
1101:
1082:
1059:
1042:
1019:
983:Flight
967:
948:
929:
906:Flight
577:
343:-class
331:, the
313:Italia
174:shells
74:cannon
3140:Siege
3084:Palas
3028:Walls
3018:Forts
2981:Lists
2828:Fence
2770:Rocca
2638:Kabal
2353:Redan
2260:Gorge
2184:Canal
2061:Shiro
2024:Ribat
2014:Qalat
1826:Dzong
1822:house
1522:Sudis
1454:Limes
1412:Ditch
1345:Broch
1336:Agger
542:Notes
374:class
367:class
51:ships
3150:list
2568:Buoy
2122:Yett
1964:Moat
1931:Ksar
1906:Keep
1698:Caer
1688:Burh
1664:Boom
1657:Berm
1636:Bawn
1601:Amba
1437:Gord
1244:OCLC
1225:OCLC
1202:ISBN
1173:OCLC
1156:OCLC
1137:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1040:ISSN
1036:XXII
1017:ISBN
991:2014
965:ISBN
946:ISBN
927:ISBN
914:2014
575:ISBN
445:and
409:and
295:and
266:gale
245:and
105:the
1422:Dun
1221:III
1004:III
503:not
3215::
3189::
1824:,
1820:,
1268:.
1219:.
1034:.
1002:.
981:.
904:.
750:^
613:^
284:.
53:.
1926:)
1918:(
1828:)
1555:)
1549:(
1302:e
1295:t
1288:v
1250:.
1231:.
1210:.
1179:.
1162:.
1145:.
1126:.
1107:.
1088:.
1065:.
1046:.
1025:.
993:.
973:.
954:.
935:.
916:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
