1072:. Others can be replaced easily. The "special equipment" usually consists of a funnel, a press and rubber lubricant (soap). If one does not have access to a lathe, an improvised funnel can be made from steel tube and car body filler; as the filler is only subject to compressive forces it is able to do a good job. Often, the bushing can be drawn into place with nothing more complex than a couple of nuts, washers and a threaded rod. A more serious problem with this type of propeller is a "frozen-on" spline bushing, which makes propeller removal impossible. In such cases the propeller must be heated in order to deliberately destroy the rubber insert. Once the propeller is removed, the splined tube can be cut away with a grinder and a new spline bushing is then required. To prevent a recurrence of the problem, the splines can be coated with anti-seize anti-corrosion compound.
387:
879:
1093:
683:
terms of radial distance. The traditional propeller drawing includes four parts: a side elevation, which defines the rake, the variation of blade thickness from root to tip, a longitudinal section through the hub, and a projected outline of a blade onto a longitudinal centreline plane. The expanded blade view shows the section shapes at their various radii, with their pitch faces drawn parallel to the base line, and thickness parallel to the axis. The outline indicated by a line connecting the leading and trailing tips of the sections depicts the expanded blade outline. The pitch diagram shows variation of pitch with radius from root to tip. The transverse view shows the transverse projection of a blade and the developed outline of the blade.
817:
290:
39:
425:
871:
338:
1026:
806:
608:
1355:
1841:"It was not until 1839 that the principle of propelling steamships by a screw blade was fairly brought before the world, and for this we are indebted, as almost every adult will remember, to Mr. F. P. Smith of London. He was the man who first made the screw propeller practically useful. Aided by spirited capitalists, he built a large steamer named the "Archimedes", and the results obtained from her at once arrested public attention." MacFarlane, p. 109.
31:
794:
129:
844:
is covered by cavitation, the pressure difference between the pressure side and suction side of the blade drops considerably, as does the thrust produced by the propeller. This condition is called "thrust breakdown". Operating the propeller under these conditions wastes energy, generates considerable noise, and as the vapor bubbles collapse it rapidly erodes the screw's surface due to localized
1012:(ring-shaped) propellers, first invented over 120 years ago, replace the blades with a-circular rings. They are significantly quieter (particularly at audible frequencies) and more efficient than traditional propellers for both air and water applications. The design distributes vortices generated by the propeller across the entire shape, causing them to dissipate faster in the atmosphere.
223:: "An oar formed upon the principle of the screw was fixed in the forepart of the vessel its axis entered the vessel and being turned one way rowed the vessel forward but being turned the other way rowed it backward. It was made to be turned by the hand or foot." The brass propeller, like all the brass and moving parts on
552:
121:. In sculling, a single blade is moved through an arc, from side to side taking care to keep presenting the blade to the water at the effective angle. The innovation introduced with the screw propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a
368:, Symonds and his entourage were unimpressed. The Admiralty maintained the view that screw propulsion would be ineffective in ocean-going service, while Symonds himself believed that screw propelled ships could not be steered efficiently. Following this rejection, Ericsson built a second, larger screw-propelled boat,
1064:
of the bushing in the hub is overcome and the rotating propeller slips on the shaft, preventing overloading of the engine's components. After such an event the rubber bushing may be damaged. If so, it may continue to transmit reduced power at low revolutions, but may provide no power, due to reduced
993:
A rim-driven thruster integrates an electric motor into a ducted propeller. The cylindrical acts as the stator, while the tips of the blades act as the rotor. They typically provide high torque and operate at low RPMs, producing less noise. The system does not require a shaft, reducing weight. Units
843:
of the water, resulting in the formation of a vapor pocket. Under such conditions, the change in pressure between the downstream surface of the blade (the "pressure side") and the suction side is limited, and eventually reduced as the extent of cavitation is increased. When most of the blade surface
831:
is the formation of vapor bubbles in water near a moving propeller blade in regions of very low pressure. It can occur if an attempt is made to transmit too much power through the screw, or if the propeller is operating at a very high speed. Cavitation can waste power, create vibration and wear, and
682:
may be described by offsets from the chord line. The pitch surface may be a true helicoid or one having a warp to provide a better match of angle of attack to the wake velocity over the blades. A warped helicoid is described by specifying the shape of the radial reference line and the pitch angle in
651:
A screw turning through a solid will have zero "slip"; but as a propeller screw operates in a fluid (either air or water), there will be some losses. The most efficient propellers are large-diameter, slow-turning screws, such as on large ships; the least efficient are small-diameter and fast-turning
333:
from
November 1836 to September 1837. By a fortuitous accident, the wooden propeller of two turns was damaged during a voyage in February 1837, and to Smith's surprise the broken propeller, which now consisted of only a single turn, doubled the boat's previous speed, from about four miles an hour to
165:
in 1681 designed a horizontal watermill which was remarkably similar to the
Kirsten-Boeing vertical axis propeller designed almost two and a half centuries later in 1928; two years later Hooke modified the design to provide motive power for ships through water. In 1693 a Frenchman by the name of Du
263:
reached 6 knots. This was the first successful
Archimedes screw-propelled ship. His experiments were banned by police after a steam engine accident. Ressel, a forestry inspector, held an Austro-Hungarian patent for his propeller. The screw propeller was an improvement over paddlewheels as it wasn't
251:
built a 25-foot (7.6 m) boat with a rotary steam engine coupled to a four-bladed propeller. The craft achieved a speed of 4 mph (6.4 km/h), but
Stevens abandoned propellers due to the inherent danger in using the high-pressure steam engines. His subsequent vessels were paddle-wheeled
1083:
or other non-circular cross section of the sleeve inserted between the shaft and propeller hub transmits the engine torque to the propeller, rather than friction. The polymer is weaker than the components of the propeller and engine so it fails before they do when the propeller is overloaded. This
1037:
For smaller engines, such as outboards, where the propeller is exposed to the risk of collision with heavy objects, the propeller often includes a device that is designed to fail when overloaded; the device or the whole propeller is sacrificed so that the more expensive transmission and engine are
967:
provides more control over the boat's performance. There is no need to change an entire propeller when there is an opportunity to only change the pitch or the damaged blades. Being able to adjust pitch will allow for boaters to have better performance while in different altitudes, water sports, or
656:
laws of motion, one may usefully think of a propeller's forward thrust as being a reaction proportionate to the mass of fluid sent backward per time and the speed the propeller adds to that mass, and in practice there is more loss associated with producing a fast jet than with creating a heavier,
937:
used on some aircraft, the blade tips of a skewback propeller are swept back against the direction of rotation. In addition, the blades are tilted rearward along the longitudinal axis, giving the propeller an overall cup-shaped appearance. This design preserves thrust efficiency while reducing
2067:, 3 October 2002. Accessed: 15 March 2014. Quote: "Winner: the energy-saving Kappel propeller concept from the European Commission-funded Kapriccio propulsion research project. Blades curved towards the tips on the suction side reduce energy losses, fuel consumption, noise and vibration"
2232:
400:
Apparently aware of the Royal Navy's view that screw propellers would prove unsuitable for seagoing service, Smith determined to prove this assumption wrong. In
September 1837, he took his small vessel (now fitted with an iron propeller of a single turn) to sea, steaming from
911:
the ability to "feather" the blades to give the least resistance when not in use (for example, when sailing). For large airplanes, if the engine is uncontrollable, the ability to feather the propeller is necessary to prevent the propeller from spinning so fast it breaks
1798:"The type of screw propeller that now propels the vast majority of boats and ships was patented in 1836, first by the British engineer Francis Pettit Smith, then by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson. Smith used the design in the first successful screw-driven steamship,
421:. On the way back to London on the 25th, Smith's craft was observed making headway in stormy seas by officers of the Royal Navy. This revived Admiralty's interest and Smith was encouraged to build a full size ship to more conclusively demonstrate the technology.
237:
of London proposed using a similar propeller attached to a rod angled down temporarily deployed from the deck above the waterline and thus requiring no water seal, and intended only to assist becalmed sailing vessels. He tested it on the transport ship
170:
in Paris granted
Burnelli a prize for a design of a propeller-wheel. At about the same time, the French mathematician Alexis-Jean-Pierre Paucton suggested a water propulsion system based on the Archimedean screw. In 1771, steam-engine inventor
856:
demonstrates tip vortex cavitation. Tip vortex cavitation typically occurs before suction side surface cavitation and is less damaging to the blade, since this type of cavitation doesn't collapse on the blade, but some distance downstream.
1417:, Symonds was correct. Ericsson had made the mistake of placing the rudder forward of the propellers, which made the rudder ineffective. Symonds believed that Ericsson tried to disguise the problem by towing a barge during the test.
851:
Tip vortex cavitation is caused by the extremely low pressures formed at the core of the tip vortex. The tip vortex is caused by fluid wrapping around the tip of the propeller; from the pressure side to the suction side. This
2162:
278:, but his patent application in the United States was rejected until 1849 because he was not an American citizen. His efficient design drew praise in American scientific circles but by then he faced multiple competitors.
1124:
over the propeller, and once the narrowboat is stationary, the hatch may be opened to give access to the propeller, enabling debris to be cleared. Yachts and river boats rarely have weed hatches; instead they may fit a
677:
surface. This may form the face of the blade, or the faces of the blades may be described by offsets from this surface. The back of the blade is described by offsets from the helicoid surface in the same way that an
1985:
1129:
that fits around the prop shaft and rotates with the propeller. These cutters clear the debris and obviate the need for divers to attend manually to the fouling. Several forms of rope cutters are available:
580:
experiments. They introduced a twist in their blades to keep the angle of attack constant. Their blades were only 5% less efficient than those used 100 years later. Understanding of low-speed propeller
2023:
435:'s first propeller. A four-bladed model replaced the original in 1845. The ship was originally designed to have paddles, but plans changed after screw propellers were shown to be much more efficient.
158:, was enjoyed in China beginning around 320 AD. Later, Leonardo da Vinci adopted the screw principle to drive his theoretical helicopter, sketches of which involved a large canvas screw overhead.
2328:
599:, and this plus the absence of lengthwise twist made them less efficient than the Wright propellers. Even so, this may have been the first use of aluminium in the construction of an airscrew.
259:
had invented a screw propeller with multiple blades on a conical base. He tested it in
February 1826 on a manually-driven ship and successfully used it on a steamboat in 1829. His 48-ton ship
286:
Despite experimentation with screw propulsion before the 1830s, few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage, and those that were proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another.
1400:
On many boats, the prop shaft is not horizontal but dips towards the stern. Although this is often forced upon the designer by hull shape, it gives a small benefit by helping to counter any
979:
use four untwisted straight blades turning around a vertical axis instead of helical blades and can provide thrust in any direction at any time, at the cost of higher mechanical complexity.
1049:
when the propeller is put under a load that could damage the engine. After the pin is sheared the engine is unable to provide propulsive power to the boat until a new shear pin is fitted.
832:
cause damage to the propeller. It can occur in many ways on a propeller. The two most common types of propeller cavitation are suction side surface cavitation and tip vortex cavitation.
309:
engineer then working in
Britain, filed his patent six weeks later. Smith quickly built a small model boat to test his invention, which was demonstrated first on a pond at his
317:, where it was seen by the Secretary of the Navy, Sir William Barrow. Having secured the patronage of a London banker named Wright, Smith then built a 30-foot (9.1 m), 6-
2011:
230:
In 1785, Joseph Bramah of
England proposed a propeller solution of a rod going through the underwater aft of a boat attached to a bladed propeller, though he never built it.
1068:
Whether a rubber bushing can be replaced or repaired depends upon the propeller; some cannot. Some can, but need special equipment to insert the oversized bushing for an
2230:, Karls, Michael & Lindgren, Daniel, "Torsionally twisting propeller drive sleeve and adapter", published 1994-03-08, issued January 16, 1996
994:
can be placed at various locations around the hull and operated independently, e.g., to aid in maneuvering. The absence of a shaft allows alternative rear hull designs.
274:
developed a two-bladed, fan-shaped propeller in 1832 and publicly demonstrated it in 1833, propelling a row boat across
Yarmouth Harbour and a small coastal schooner at
1811:"The propeller was invented in 1836 by Francis Pettit Smith in Britain and John Ericsson in the United States. It first powered a seagoing ship, appropriately called
2039:
150:. It was probably an application of spiral movement in space (spirals were a special study of Archimedes) to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by
648:(1889). The propeller is modelled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation and creating a flow around the propeller.
853:
591:, another early pioneer, applied the knowledge he gained from experiences with airships to make a propeller with a steel shaft and aluminium blades for his
1722:
1850:
175:
in a private letter suggested using "spiral oars" to propel boats, although he did not use them with his steam engines, or ever implement the idea.
1065:
friction, at high revolutions. Also, the rubber bushing may perish over time leading to its failure under loads below its designed failure load.
2103:
645:
1863:
76:) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear
386:
219:
also has the distinction of being the first submarine used in battle. Bushnell later described the propeller in an October 1787 letter to
878:
532:
were both heavily modified to become the first Royal Navy ships to have steam-powered engines and screw propellers. Both participated in
293:
Smith's original 1836 patent for a screw propeller of two full turns. He would later revise the patent, reducing the length to one turn.
80:
upon a working fluid such as water or air. Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a
2078:
1971:
305:, began working separately on the problem. Smith was first to take out a screw propeller patent on 31 May, while Ericsson, a gifted
694:
is the central part of the propeller, which connects the blades together and fixes the propeller to the shaft. This is called the
2060:
835:
Suction side surface cavitation forms when the propeller is operating at high rotational speeds or under heavy load (high blade
1925:
2390:
2212:
2187:
1607:
1153:
is cut straight. It provides little bow lift, so that it can be used on boats that do not need much bow lift, for instance
2369:
2036:
1092:
248:
1161:
may be installed on the lower unit. Hydrofoils reduce bow lift and help to get a boat out of the hole and onto plane.
2157:
1879:
1321:
1149:
A cleaver is a type of propeller design especially used for boat racing. Its leading edge is formed round, while the
887:
2354:
1045:
through the drive shaft and propeller hub transmits the power of the engine at normal loads. The pin is designed to
576:
shape of modern aircraft propellers. They realized an air propeller was similar to a wing. They verified this using
43:
595:. Some of his designs used a bent aluminium sheet for blades, thus creating an airfoil shape. They were heavily
2430:
1730:
196:. Bushnell's brother Ezra Bushnell and ship's carpenter and clock maker Phineas Pratt constructed the hull in
637:
533:
1997:
1137:
A rotor with two or more projecting blades that slice against a fixed blade, cutting with a scissor action;
816:
908:
the ability to move astern (in reverse) much more efficiently (fixed props perform very poorly in astern);
2435:
922:
798:
372:, and had her sailed in 1839 to the United States, where he was soon to gain fame as the designer of the
2246:
1270: – Rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the pressure and flow of a fluid or gas
289:
24:
2227:
1315:
976:
585:
was complete by the 1920s, although increased power and smaller diameters added design constraints.
275:
2111:
460:
had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the
161:
In 1661, Toogood and Hays proposed using screws for waterjet propulsion, though not as a propeller.
2381:
772:
Mean width ratio = (Area of one blade outside the hub/length of the blade outside the hub)/Diameter
93:
34:
A 'right-handed' propeller on a merchant vessel, which rotates clockwise to propel the ship forward
2262:
1824:"In 1839, the Messrs. Rennie constructed the engines, machinery and propeller, for the celebrated
38:
1170:
1116:
often suffer propeller fouling by debris such as weed, ropes, cables, nets and plastics. British
641:
563:
502:
334:
eight. Smith would subsequently file a revised patent in keeping with this accidental discovery.
20:
1100:
Whereas the propeller on a large ship will be immersed in deep water and free of obstacles and
894:). Variable-pitch propellers have significant advantages over the fixed-pitch variety, namely:
364:. In spite of the boat achieving a speed of 10 miles an hour, comparable with that of existing
185:
122:
101:
92:
motion through the fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade by
2409:
2360:
1157:, that naturally have enough hydrodynamic bow lift. To compensate for the lack of bow lift, a
424:
125:, but in practice there are nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved.
1559:
839:). The pressure on the upstream surface of the blade (the "suction side") can drop below the
661:
engines tend to be more efficient than earlier, smaller-diameter turbofans, and even smaller
596:
588:
271:
239:
197:
1895:
1574:
The Life of James Watt, with Selections from His Correspondence… With Portraits and Woodcuts
512:
in 1843, then the world's largest ship and the first screw-propelled steamship to cross the
2133:
1499:
1333:
1279:
905:, the ability to coarsen the blade angle to attain the optimum drive from wind and engines;
592:
377:
358:
302:
179:
147:
132:
2349:
166:
Quet invented a screw propeller which was tried in 1693 but later abandoned. In 1752, the
8:
2425:
2404:
988:
949:
similar to those on some airplane wings, reducing tip vortices and improving efficiency.
870:
361:
1884:. Oklahoma City: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. 2008. pp. 2–7. FAA-8083-25A.
1914:(Revised ed.). Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. pp. 397–462.
1380:
1053:
1041:
Typically in smaller (less than 10 hp or 7.5 kW) and older engines, a narrow
1003:
939:
934:
926:
633:
473:
1828:, from which may be said to date the introduction of the screw system of propulsion…"
2208:
2183:
1955:
1611:
1603:
1374:
1324: – Propeller with blades that can be rotated to control their pitch while in use
1285:
1255:
1154:
964:
953:
891:
628:
In the nineteenth century, several theories concerning propellers were proposed. The
526:
519:
480:
402:
354:
178:
One of the first practical and applied uses of a propeller was on a submarine dubbed
1933:
1140:
A serrated rotor with a complex cutting edge made up of sharp edges and projections.
2387:
1241:
1221:
1189:
1069:
836:
821:
653:
623:
506:
429:
330:
220:
205:
1475:
690:
are the foil section plates that develop thrust when the propeller is rotated The
2394:
2375:
2202:
2177:
2043:
2001:
1975:
1910:
Todd, F.H. (1967). "VII: Resistance and Propulsion". In Comstock, John P. (ed.).
1864:"Wrights: How two brothers from Dayton added a new twist to airplane propulsion."
1753:
1545:
1080:
629:
569:
446:
345:
In the meantime, Ericsson built a 45-foot (14 m) screw-propelled steamboat,
212:
193:
50:
2361:"What You Should Know About Propellers For Our Fighting Planes", November 1943,
337:
2047:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1273:
1202:
1030:
1025:
840:
778:
Blade thickness fraction = Thickness of a blade produced to shaft axis/Diameter
513:
365:
234:
189:
118:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1312: – Transverse or steerable propulsion device at the stern of a watercraft
805:
709:
The propeller characteristics are commonly expressed as dimensionless ratios:
2419:
2278:
1183:
1150:
1113:
607:
439:
391:
298:
155:
2006:
1980:
1546:"A Treatise on the Screw Propeller: With Various Suggestions of Improvement"
1238: – Transverse or steerable propulsion device at the bow of a watercraft
551:
2398:
2366:
extremely detailed article with numerous drawings and cutaway illustrations
1401:
1235:
1046:
582:
350:
322:
256:
244:
at Gibraltar and Malta, achieving a speed of 1.5 mph (2.4 km/h).
162:
1851:
Propeller versus Paddle: The Tug of War between HMS Rattler and the Alecto
1615:
1318: – Marine propeller designed to operate with a full cavitation bubble
464:, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. Trials with Smith's
1383: – Material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances
902:
898:
the ability to select the most effective blade angle for any given speed;
612:
577:
406:
2294:
1729:, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 33, October 10, 1848, archived from
1327:
1208:
1117:
845:
828:
809:
788:
537:
469:
461:
418:
318:
267:
172:
143:
139:
89:
1430:. There were a number of successful propeller-driven vessels prior to
706:
is the tangential offset of the line of maximum thickness to a radius
313:
farm, and later at the Royal Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science in
30:
1560:"Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of Specifications : Class…"
1303:
1158:
1060:
of the drive shaft to the propeller's hub. Under a damaging load the
1042:
373:
329:, which was fitted with his wooden propeller and demonstrated on the
151:
46:
2160:, Sebastian, Thomas, "TOROIDALPROPELLER", published 2020
2134:"Toroidal propellers: A noise-killing game changer in air and water"
657:
slower jet. (The same applies in aircraft, in which larger-diameter
16:
Device that transmits rotational power into linear thrust on a fluid
1267:
1247:
1205: – Tendency of a propeller to yaw a vessel during acceleration
1084:
fails completely under excessive load, but can easily be replaced.
1061:
679:
674:
662:
658:
573:
450:
410:
128:
85:
73:
1173: – Vehicle propelled by load-bearing rotating helical flanges
793:
702:
is the angle of the blade to a radius perpendicular to the shaft.
341:
Ericsson's original patent for a contra-rotating screw propulsion.
117:
The principle employed in using a screw propeller is derived from
2357:: detailed article with blade element theory software application
1548:. Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans – via Google Books.
1282: – Transverse or steerable propulsion device in a watercraft
1101:
946:
1377: – Measuring tool used for balancing rotating machine parts
1227:
1057:
1009:
555:
314:
310:
306:
200:. On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant Ezra Lee piloted
192:, with the help of clock maker, engraver, and brass foundryman
77:
2311:
1192: – Fan that induces gas flow mostly parallel to the shaft
138:
The origin of the screw propeller starts at least as early as
1261:
1109:
1105:
414:
1802:, which was launched in 1839." Marshall Cavendish, p. 1335.
449:
of London, as the world's first steamship to be driven by a
96:
which exerts force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are
1918:
1450:– designed for service on inland waterways – as opposed to
81:
65:
1075:
In some modern propellers, a hard polymer insert called a
1896:
https://www.deepblueyachtsupply.com/boat-propeller-theory
1587:
The Sea in World History: Exploration, Travel, and Trade
1562:. Patent Office. April 10, 1857 – via Google Books.
1276: – Type of directional propulsion system for vessels
142:(c. 287 – c. 212 BC), who used a screw to lift water for
812:
damage evident on the propeller of a personal watercraft
1862:
Ash, Robert L., Colin P. Britcher and Kenneth W. Hyde.
1651:
A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts
1294: – Steam-powered vessel propelled by paddle wheels
673:
The geometry of a marine screw propeller is based on a
146:
and bailing boats, so famously that it became known as
1665:
1527:
1525:
1336: – Ship hull appendage to modify propeller inflow
886:
Variable-pitch propellers may be either controllable (
775:
Blade width ratio = Maximum width of a blade/Diameter
1244: – Marine propeller with a non-rotating nozzle
1224: – Steerable propulsion pod under a watercraft
820:
Bronze propeller & anti-cavitation plate, &
2207:, Great Britain: Ministry of Defence (Navy), 1995,
1522:
1330: – Perpendicular axis marine propulsion system
921:An advanced type of propeller used on the American
2061:Industry Pays Tribute to Innovation Awards Winners
1096:Bronze propeller & stainless steel rope cutter
88:through air. The blades are shaped so that their
1998:Kappel-propellers pave the way for success at MAN
1932:. JMC Web Creation & Co. 2009. Archived from
1653:, Volume 4, G. G. & J. Robinson, 1801, p. 221
1134:A simple sharp edged disc that cuts like a razor;
769:= Projected area of all blades outside of the hub
754:= Developed area of all blades outside of the hub
739:= Expanded area of all blades outside of the hub.
2417:
1589:, Ed. Stephen K. Stein, ABC-CLIO, Vol. 1, p. 600
1087:
632:or disk actuator theory – a theory describing a
543:Screw propeller design stabilized in the 1880s.
2024:Kappel agreement secures access to major market
1755:A Short history of Naval and Marine Engineering
1751:
1682:
1680:
227:, was crafted by Issac Doolittle of New Haven.
1758:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 66–67.
1186: – Ratio of freestream speed to tip speed
882:A variable-pitch propeller on a fishing vessel
2226:
1699:. Paris: Académie de Marine, 1962, pp. 31–50.
1600:Turtle: David Bushnell's Revolutionary Vessel
2070:
1905:
1903:
1677:
1340:
1306: – Mechanical device to propel a vessel
1264: – Space curve that winds around a line
1258: – Propeller with blades that fold open
1211: – Low-pressure voids formed in liquids
1177:
1052:In larger and more modern engines, a rubber
971:
945:A small number of ships use propellers with
717:= propeller pitch/propeller diameter, or P/D
665:, which eject less mass at greater speeds.)
1867:Mechanical Engineering: 100 years of Flight
1774:
1767:
1765:
1288: – Propeller assembled from components
865:
264:affected by ship motions or draft changes.
2010:, 15 March 2014. Accessed: 15 March 2014.
1984:, 23 April 2012. Accessed: 15 March 2014.
1881:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
1407:
349:in 1837, and demonstrated his boat on the
2156:
1900:
636:of an ideal propeller – was developed by
2175:
1815:, in 1839." Macauley and Ardley, p. 378.
1783:
1762:
1091:
1024:
938:cavitation, and thus makes for a quiet,
877:
869:
815:
804:
792:
606:
550:
423:
385:
336:
288:
127:
37:
29:
2355:Theory calculation propellers and wings
2104:"Are rim-driven propulsors the future?"
1671:
1531:
1512:
1300: – Thruster assisted ship's rudder
1230: – Electric drive azimuth thruster
1144:
494:backward at 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h).
188:, in 1775 by Yale student and inventor
104:with an approximately horizontal axis.
2418:
2076:
1712:Goose Lane Publishing (2001) pp. 58–59
1543:
1196:
860:
652:(such as on an outboard motor). Using
247:In 1802, American lawyer and inventor
2295:"Stripper scissor-action rope cutter"
2131:
1602:, Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing.
1598:Manstan, Roy R.; Frese, Frederic J.,
916:
668:
618:. The outer two are counter-rotating.
112:
2026:", Man diesel turbo, 30 August 2013.
1909:
1629:Almanac of American Military History
1517:, Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 363
1015:
958:
2079:"A new start for marine propellers"
1576:, London: John Murray, 1858, p. 208
1359:Construction of Wooden Propellers 1
1020:
297:In 1835, two inventors in Britain,
281:
13:
1631:, ABC-CLIO, 2013, Volume 1, p. 305
376:'s first screw-propelled warship,
100:with helical blades rotating on a
14:
2447:
2343:
2312:"Gator cissor-action rope cutter"
2251:, Yachting monthly, 14 April 2015
1697:La Genèse de l'Hélice Propulsive
1079:replaces the rubber bushing. The
154:for centuries. A flying toy, the
2410:"History of the Screw Propeller"
2372:: The story of marine propulsion
2280:Spurs scissor-action rope cutter
2077:Smrcka, Karel (March 18, 2005).
1912:Principles of Naval Architecture
1741:– via The Archimedes Screw
1515:Marine Propellers and Propulsion
1353:
1250: – Marine propulsion system
321:(4.5 kW) canal boat of six
44:Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100
2321:
2304:
2287:
2271:
2255:
2248:Yachting World rope cutter test
2239:
2220:
2195:
2169:
2150:
2125:
2096:
2053:
2029:
2016:
1990:
1964:
1948:
1888:
1872:
1856:
1844:
1835:
1818:
1805:
1792:
1745:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1656:
1643:
1634:
1621:
1592:
1544:Bourne, John (April 10, 1855).
1420:
890:) or automatically feathering (
2204:Admiralty Manual of Seamanship
2179:The Outboard Boater's Handbook
1579:
1566:
1552:
1537:
1506:
1492:
1468:
1446:. However, these vessels were
1394:
1029:A failed rubber bushing in an
874:A controllable-pitch propeller
536:, last seen in July 1845 near
501:also influenced the design of
1:
1454:, built for seagoing service.
1088:Weed hatches and rope cutters
888:controllable-pitch propellers
782:
60:(colloquially often called a
19:For aircraft propellers, see
2384:: Wartsila Marine Propellers
2182:, McGraw Hill Professional,
1461:
982:
848:against the blade surface.
472:competition in 1845 between
7:
2110:. July 2017. Archived from
1164:
997:
923:Los Angeles-class submarine
546:
490:pulling the paddle steamer
10:
2452:
2050:. Accessed: 15 March 2014.
1001:
986:
977:Voith Schneider propellers
951:
786:
621:
561:
534:Franklin's lost expedition
107:
25:Propeller (disambiguation)
18:
2378:: The story of propellers
2132:Blain, Loz (2023-01-27).
1710:Great Maritime Inventions
1585:Stein, Stephen K., 2017,
1572:Murihead, James Patrick,
1352:
1347:
1341:Materials and manufacture
1328:Voith-Schneider propeller
1316:Supercavitating propeller
1178:Propeller characteristics
972:Voith Schneider propeller
765:, where projected area A
750:, where developed area A
602:
353:to senior members of the
276:Saint John, New Brunswick
2370:Archimedes Screw History
2329:"Images of rope cutters"
2176:Getchell, David (1994),
1853:, Bow Creek to Anatahan.
1752:Smith, Edgar C. (1905).
1618:, 2010, pp. xiii, 52, 53
1434:, including Smith's own
1426:The emphasis here is on
1387:
1322:Variable-pitch propeller
1215:
866:Variable-pitch propeller
797:Cavitating propeller in
757:Projected area ratio = A
742:Developed area ratio = A
735:, where expanded area A
255:By 1827, Czech inventor
1972:Energy saving propeller
1695:Paul Augustin Normand,
1480:Encyclopedia Britannica
1171:Screw-propelled vehicle
727:Expanded area ratio = A
564:Propeller (aeronautics)
503:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
21:Propeller (aeronautics)
1894:How propellers work -
1640:Mansten pp. xiii, xiv.
1513:Carlton, John (2012),
1500:"Propeller Propulsion"
1097:
1034:
925:as well as the German
883:
875:
825:
813:
802:
619:
572:pioneered the twisted
559:
486:with the screw-driven
436:
397:
342:
294:
186:New Haven, Connecticut
184:which was designed in
135:
53:
35:
23:. For other uses, see
2431:Watercraft components
1936:on September 26, 2007
1095:
1028:
881:
873:
819:
808:
796:
610:
589:Alberto Santos Dumont
554:
445:was built in 1838 by
427:
389:
340:
292:
272:Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
198:Saybrook, Connecticut
168:Academie des Sciences
131:
94:Bernoulli's principle
41:
33:
2382:Propulsors and gears
2350:Titanic's Propellers
1649:Nicholson, William,
1502:. NASA. May 5, 2015.
1334:Wake-equalising duct
1280:Maneuvering thruster
1145:Propeller variations
359:Surveyor of the Navy
303:Francis Pettit Smith
84:through water or an
2405:Scientific American
2335:(search), Microsoft
2264:Simple disc cutters
2012:English translation
1986:English translation
1960:, UK: GSI Tek props
1926:"Silent propellers"
1723:"Patch's Propeller"
1197:Propeller phenomena
989:Rim-driven thruster
861:Types of propellers
558:propeller in flight
390:Screw propeller of
362:Sir William Symonds
2436:Swedish inventions
2393:2021-04-20 at the
2376:propellers history
2042:2014-03-15 at the
1830:Mechanics Magazine
1780:Bourne, pp. 87–89.
1727:Scientific America
1444:Robert F. Stockton
1381:Composite material
1120:invariably have a
1098:
1035:
1004:Toroidal propeller
931:skewback propeller
927:Type 212 submarine
917:Skewback propeller
892:folding propellers
884:
876:
826:
824:(on a river barge)
814:
803:
669:Propeller geometry
634:mathematical model
620:
560:
437:
398:
370:Robert F. Stockton
343:
295:
233:In February 1800,
136:
113:Early developments
54:
36:
2158:US US10,836,466B2
2037:Kapriccio Project
1708:Mario Theriault,
1627:Tucker, Spencer,
1375:Balancing machine
1371:
1370:
1286:Modular propeller
1256:Folding propeller
1016:Damage protection
965:modular propeller
959:Modular propeller
954:astern propulsion
403:Blackwall, London
355:British Admiralty
148:Archimedes' screw
133:Archimedes' screw
2443:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
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2284:
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2268:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:978-0-11772696-3
2199:
2193:
2192:
2189:978-0-07023053-8
2173:
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2166:
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2154:
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2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2083:Engineering News
2074:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2014:
1996:Godske, Bjørn. "
1994:
1988:
1970:Godske, Bjørn. "
1968:
1962:
1961:
1957:About Propellers
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1922:
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1915:
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1898:
1892:
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1876:
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1641:
1638:
1632:
1625:
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1608:978-1-59416105-6
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1549:
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1518:
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1504:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1472:
1455:
1440:Francis B. Ogden
1424:
1418:
1415:Francis B. Ogden
1411:
1405:
1398:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1242:Ducted propeller
1222:Azimuth thruster
1190:Axial fan design
1070:interference fit
1021:Shaft protection
837:lift coefficient
822:Schilling rudder
624:Propeller theory
516:in August 1845.
409:, with stops at
347:Francis B. Ogden
331:Paddington Canal
282:Screw propellers
221:Thomas Jefferson
204:in an attack on
98:screw propellers
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2416:
2415:
2412:, 1881, pp. 232
2395:Wayback Machine
2363:Popular Science
2346:
2341:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2267:, ASAP Supplies
2261:
2260:
2256:
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2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2108:www.rina.org.uk
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2044:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
2021:
2017:
1995:
1991:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1924:
1923:
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1908:
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1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1733:on July 8, 2011
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1674:, pp. 1–2.
1670:
1666:
1662:Manstan, p. 150
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
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1584:
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1498:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1438:and Ericsson's
1425:
1421:
1413:In the case of
1412:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1354:
1348:External videos
1343:
1218:
1199:
1180:
1167:
1147:
1090:
1023:
1018:
1006:
1000:
991:
985:
974:
961:
956:
935:scimitar blades
919:
868:
863:
791:
785:
768:
764:
760:
753:
749:
745:
738:
734:
730:
723:
671:
630:momentum theory
626:
605:
570:Wright brothers
566:
549:
451:screw propeller
447:Henry Wimshurst
366:paddle steamers
284:
270:, a mariner in
213:New York Harbor
194:Isaac Doolittle
115:
110:
102:propeller shaft
51:Bombardier Q400
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2397:: Measured by
2388:Propeller Drop
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2344:External links
2342:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2303:
2286:
2283:, Spurs marine
2270:
2254:
2238:
2219:
2213:
2194:
2188:
2168:
2149:
2124:
2095:
2069:
2052:
2048:European Union
2028:
2015:
1989:
1963:
1947:
1930:France helices
1917:
1899:
1887:
1871:
1869:, 3 July 2007.
1855:
1843:
1834:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1789:Bourne, p. 85.
1782:
1773:
1771:Bourne, p. 84.
1761:
1744:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1655:
1642:
1633:
1620:
1591:
1578:
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1386:
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1369:
1368:
1367:, NASA Langley
1350:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1310:Stern thruster
1307:
1301:
1298:Pleuger rudder
1295:
1292:Paddle steamer
1289:
1283:
1277:
1274:Kitchen rudder
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1203:Propeller walk
1198:
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1179:
1176:
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1174:
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1163:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1089:
1086:
1056:transmits the
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1002:Main article:
999:
996:
987:Main article:
984:
981:
973:
970:
960:
957:
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915:
914:
913:
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906:
899:
867:
864:
862:
859:
841:vapor pressure
787:Main article:
784:
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766:
762:
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751:
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732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
670:
667:
642:A.G. Greenhill
638:W.J.M. Rankine
622:Main article:
611:Propellers of
604:
601:
593:14 bis biplane
562:Main article:
548:
545:
514:Atlantic Ocean
283:
280:
235:Edward Shorter
190:David Bushnell
119:stern sculling
114:
111:
109:
106:
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9:
6:
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2299:Rope stripper
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2159:
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2139:
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2128:
2114:on 2022-05-24
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332:
328:
327:Francis Smith
324:
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308:
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300:
299:John Ericsson
291:
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156:bamboo-copter
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105:
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52:
48:
45:
42:Propeller of
40:
32:
26:
22:
2403:
2399:feeler gauge
2362:
2332:
2323:
2316:Prop protect
2315:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2241:
2222:
2203:
2197:
2178:
2171:
2152:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2107:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1929:
1920:
1911:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1754:
1747:
1735:, retrieved
1731:the original
1726:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1672:Carlton 2012
1667:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1554:
1539:
1534:, p. 1.
1532:Carlton 2012
1514:
1508:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1402:squat effect
1396:
1236:Bow thruster
1148:
1126:
1121:
1099:
1077:drive sleeve
1076:
1074:
1067:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1033:'s propeller
1007:
992:
975:
962:
944:
933:. As in the
930:
929:is called a
920:
903:motorsailing
885:
850:
834:
827:
799:water tunnel
714:
713:Pitch ratio
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
672:
650:
627:
614:
587:
583:aerodynamics
567:
542:
528:
521:
518:
508:
498:
496:
491:
487:
482:
475:
465:
457:
455:
441:
438:
431:
399:
393:
379:
369:
357:, including
351:River Thames
346:
344:
326:
323:tons burthen
296:
285:
266:
260:
257:Josef Ressel
254:
249:John Stevens
246:
240:
232:
229:
224:
216:
207:
201:
180:
177:
167:
163:Robert Hooke
160:
137:
123:single blade
116:
97:
69:
61:
57:
55:
2065:Marine link
1476:"Propeller"
1155:hydroplanes
1127:rope cutter
1118:narrowboats
1114:river boats
846:shock waves
720:Disk area A
698:in the UK.
646:R.E. Froude
644:(1888) and
578:wind tunnel
407:Hythe, Kent
49:mounted on
2426:Propellers
2420:Categories
2228:US 5484264
2143:2023-01-29
2118:2023-01-29
2007:Ingeniøren
1981:Ingeniøren
1826:Archimedes
1813:Archimedes
1800:Archimedes
1737:31 January
1485:2019-12-04
1432:Archimedes
1209:Cavitation
1122:weed hatch
968:cruising.
952:See also:
829:Cavitation
810:Cavitation
801:experiment
789:Cavitation
783:Cavitation
675:helicoidal
538:Baffin Bay
499:Archimedes
470:tug-of-war
466:Archimedes
462:Royal Navy
458:Archimedes
442:Archimedes
419:Folkestone
394:Archimedes
319:horsepower
268:John Patch
173:James Watt
144:irrigation
140:Archimedes
90:rotational
2138:New Atlas
1832:, p. 220.
1616:369779489
1462:Citations
1304:Propulsor
1159:hydrofoil
1043:shear pin
983:Shaftless
663:turbojets
613:RMS
527:HMS
520:HMS
481:HMS
474:HMS
468:led to a
380:Princeton
378:USS
374:U.S. Navy
241:Doncaster
206:HMS
152:Egyptians
72:if on an
58:propeller
47:turboprop
2391:Archived
2088:July 21,
2040:Archived
1940:July 21,
1268:Impeller
1248:Pump-jet
1165:See also
1062:friction
1031:outboard
1008:Twisted-
998:Toroidal
947:winglets
942:design.
940:stealthy
680:aerofoil
659:turbofan
654:Newton's
640:(1865),
574:aerofoil
547:Aircraft
507:SS
440:SS
430:SS
411:Ramsgate
392:SS
86:aircraft
74:aircraft
70:airscrew
64:if on a
1102:flotsam
1081:splined
1054:bushing
615:Olympic
488:Rattler
476:Rattler
325:called
307:Swedish
261:Civetta
252:boats.
108:History
2234:
2211:
2186:
2164:
2002:Danish
2000:" (in
1976:Danish
1974:" (in
1614:
1606:
1228:Azipod
1110:barges
1106:yachts
1058:torque
1010:toroid
912:apart.
724:= πD/4
688:blades
603:Theory
556:ATR 72
529:Erebus
522:Terror
492:Alecto
483:Alecto
315:London
311:Hendon
225:Turtle
217:Turtle
202:Turtle
181:Turtle
78:thrust
68:or an
1452:ships
1448:boats
1388:Notes
1262:Helix
1216:Other
1047:shear
901:when
854:video
415:Dover
208:Eagle
62:screw
2333:Bing
2209:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2090:2017
1942:2017
1739:2010
1612:OCLC
1604:ISBN
1442:and
1428:ship
1112:and
704:Skew
700:Rake
696:boss
686:The
568:The
525:and
497:The
479:and
456:The
417:and
301:and
82:boat
66:ship
692:hub
505:'s
405:to
211:in
2422::
2408:,
2331:,
2314:,
2297:,
2136:.
2106:.
2081:.
2063:"
2046:"
2004:)
1978:)
1928:.
1902:^
1764:^
1725:,
1679:^
1610:.
1524:^
1478:.
1108:,
1104:,
963:A
761:/A
746:/A
731:/A
715:PR
540:.
453:.
413:,
383:.
215:.
56:A
2146:.
2121:.
2092:.
2059:"
2035:"
2022:"
1944:.
1519:.
1488:.
1404:.
1365:3
1362:2
767:P
763:0
759:P
752:D
748:0
744:D
737:E
733:0
729:E
722:0
27:.
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