Pre-dreadnought battleship

695: 675:

engines, was protected by the main belt, which ran from just below the waterline to some distance above it. This "central citadel" was intended to protect the engines from even the most powerful shells. Yet the emergence of the quick-firing gun and high explosives in the 1880s meant that the 1870s to early 1880s concept of the pure central citadel was also inadequate in the 1890s and that thinner armour extensions towards the extremities would greatly aid the ship's defensive qualities. Thus, the main belt armour would normally taper to a lesser thickness along the side of the hull towards bow and stern; it might also taper up from the central citadel towards the superstructure.

22: 1355: 741: 486: 157: 1248: 475: 555: 539:", employing a number of innovations to increase the rate of fire. The propellant was provided in a brass cartridge, and both the breech mechanism and the mounting were suitable for rapid aiming and reloading. A principal role of the secondary battery was to damage the less armoured parts of an enemy battleship; while unable to penetrate the main armour belt, it might score hits on lightly armoured areas like the bridge, or start fires. Equally important, the secondary armament was to be used against smaller enemy vessels such as 1531: 1040: 1301: 1377: 1323:, by scrapping the secondary battery, was able to carry ten 12-inch (305 mm) guns rather than four. She could fire eight heavy guns broadside, as opposed to four from a pre-dreadnought; and six guns ahead, as opposed to two. The move to an "all-big-gun" design was a logical conclusion of the increasingly long engagement ranges and heavier secondary batteries of the last pre-dreadnoughts; Japan and the United States had designed ships with a similar armament before 1194: 822: 377: 204: 657: 917: 295: 1676: 732:. Europe adopted Krupp plate within five years, and only the United States persisted in using Harvey steel into the 20th century. The improving quality of armour plate meant that new ships could have better protection from a thinner and lighter armour belt; 12 inches (305 mm) of compound armour provided the same protection as just 7.5 inches (190 mm) of Harvey or 5.75 inches (133 mm) of Krupp. 1106: 551:. A medium-calibre gun could expect to penetrate the light armour of smaller ships, while the rate of fire of the secondary battery was important in scoring a hit against a small, manoeuvrable target. Secondary guns were mounted in a variety of ways; sometimes carried in turrets, they were just as often positioned in fixed armoured casemates in the side of the hull, or in unarmoured positions on upper decks. 936: 784: 795:. France and Germany preferred the three-screw approach, which allowed the engines to be shorter and hence more easily protected; they were also more maneuverable and had better resistance to accidental damage. Triple screws were, however, generally larger and heavier than the twin-screw arrangements preferred by most other navies. 846:, and even older unarmoured cruisers, sloops and frigates whether built out of steel, iron or wood. The battleships were threatened by torpedo boats; it was during the pre-dreadnought era that the first destroyers were constructed to deal with the torpedo-boat threat, though at the same time the first effective 1395:

This was first illustrated in the skirmishes between British and German navies around South America in 1914. While two German cruisers menaced British shipping, the Admiralty insisted that no battlecruisers could be spared from the main fleet and sent to the other side of the world to deal with them.

864:

While pre-dreadnoughts were adopted worldwide, there were no clashes between pre-dreadnought battleships until the very end of their period of dominance. The First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–95 influenced pre-dreadnought development, but this had been a clash between Chinese battleships and a Japanese

798:

Coal was the almost exclusive fuel for the pre-dreadnought period, though navies made the first experiments with oil propulsion in the late 1890s. An extra knot or two of speed could be gained for short bursts by applying a 'forced draught' to the furnaces, where air was pumped into the furnaces, but

1515:

Following the November 1918 Armistice, the U.S. Navy converted fifteen older battleships, eight armoured cruisers and two larger protected cruisers for temporary service as transports. These ships made one to six trans-Atlantic round-trips each, bringing home a total of more than 145,000 passengers.

1221:

laid down in 1901–02. Nevertheless, it was these earlier ships that ensured American naval dominance against the antiquated Spanish fleet—which included no pre-dreadnoughts—in the Spanish–American War, most notably at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. The final two classes of American pre-dreadnoughts

690:

The majority of battleships during this period of construction were fitted with a heavily-armoured conning tower, or CT, which was intended for the use of the command staff during battle. This was protected by a vertical, full height, ring of armour nearly equivalent in thickness to the main battery

401:

The most common calibre for this main armament was 12-inch (305 mm), although earlier ships often had larger-calibre weapons of lower muzzle velocity (guns in the 13-inch to 14-inch range) and some designs used smaller guns because they could attain higher rates of fire. All British first-class

397:

of four heavy guns mounted in two centre-line gunhouses fore and aft (these could be either fully enclosed barbettes or true turrets but, regardless of type, were later to be universally referred to as 'turrets'). These main guns were slow-firing, and initially of limited accuracy; but they were the

592:

classes, but not in the battleships laid down between 1897 and 1901. Shortly after the USN re-adopted the intermediate battery, the British, Italian, Russian, French, and Japanese navies laid down intermediate-battery ships. Almost all of this later generation of intermediate-battery ships finished

1504:

in 1916; German sailors called them the "five-minute ships", which was the amount of time they were expected to survive in a pitched battle. In spite of their limitations, the pre-dreadnought squadron played a useful role. As the German fleet disengaged from the battle, the pre-dreadnoughts risked

986:

classes appeared in rapid succession from 1897 to 1905. Counting two ships ordered by Chile but taken over by the British, the Royal Navy had 50 pre-dreadnought battleships ready or being built by 1904, from the 1889 Naval Defence Act's ten units onwards. Over a dozen older battleships remained in

665:

Pre-dreadnought battleships carried a considerable weight of steel armour, providing them with effective defence against the great majority of naval guns in service during the period. 'Medium' calibre guns up to 8-9.4 inch would generally prove incapable of piercing their thickest armour, while it

637:

in 1904, the Russian and Japanese fleets fought at ranges of 3.5 miles (5.5 km). The increase in engagement range was due in part to the longer range of torpedoes, and in part to improved gunnery and fire control. In consequence, shipbuilders tended towards heavier secondary armament, of the

621:, fired from fixed tubes located either just above or below the waterline. By the pre-dreadnought era the torpedo was typically 18-inch (457 mm) in diameter and had an effective range of several thousand metres. However, it was virtually unknown for a battleship to score a hit with a torpedo. 1345:

Nevertheless, pre-dreadnoughts continued in active service and saw significant combat use even when obsolete. Dreadnoughts and battlecruisers were believed vital for the decisive naval battles which at the time all nations expected, hence they were jealously guarded against the risk of damage by

1020:

class, laid down 1894–1896, were the first to adopt the standard four 12-inch (305 mm) gun heavy armament. The Jeune École retained a strong influence on French naval strategy, and by the end of the 19th century France had abandoned competition with Britain in battleship numbers. The French

573:

Some of the pre-dreadnoughts carried an "intermediate" battery, typically of 8-to-10-inch (200 to 250 mm) calibre. The intermediate battery was a method of packing more heavy firepower into the same battleship, principally of use against battleships or at long ranges. The United States Navy

54:

in 1906 and their classification as "pre-dreadnought" is retrospectively applied. In their day, they were simply known as "battleships" or else more rank-specific terms such as "first-class battleship" and so forth. The pre-dreadnought battleships were the pre-eminent warships of their time and

674:

Experience with the first generations of ironclads showed that rather than giving the ship's entire length uniform armour protection, it was best to concentrate armour in greater thickness over limited but critical areas. Therefore the central section of the hull, which housed the boilers and

1285:

s these battleships formed the core of the fleet which twice engaged the numerically superior Russian fleets at the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of Tsushima. After capturing eight Russian battleships of various ages, Japan built several more classes of pre-dreadnoughts after the

1391:

During World War I, a large number of pre-dreadnoughts remained in service. The advances in machinery and armament meant that a pre-dreadnought was not necessarily the equal of even a modern armoured cruiser, and was totally outclassed by a modern dreadnought battleship or battlecruiser.

1454:

The principle that disposable pre-dreadnoughts could be used where no modern ship could be risked was affirmed by British, French and German navies in subsidiary theatres of war. The German navy used its pre-dreadnoughts frequently in the Baltic campaign. However, the largest number of

1475:

could not be risked in the minefield, and the pre-dreadnoughts would be unable to deal with the Turkish battlecruiser lurking on the other side of the straits, the operation had failed. Pre-dreadnoughts were also used to support the Gallipoli landings, with the loss of three more:

1470:

engaging the Turkish shore defences. Three of the pre-dreadnoughts were sunk by mines, and several more badly damaged. However, it was not the damage to the pre-dreadnoughts which led to the operation being called off. The two battlecruisers were also damaged; since

660:

Schematic section of a typical pre-dreadnought battleship with an armoured upper and middle deck and side belt (red), lateral protective coal bunkers (grey), and a double-bottom of watertight compartments. The machinery was arranged in the protected internal

268:, her decks were subject to being swept by water and spray, interfering with the working of her guns. Navies worldwide continued to build masted, turretless battleships which had sufficient freeboard and were seaworthy enough to fight on the high seas. 683:

The main armament and the magazines were protected by projections of thick armour from the main belt. The beginning of the pre-dreadnought era was marked by a move from mounting the main armament in open barbettes to an all-enclosed, turret mounting.

953:

In 1889, Britain formally adopted a "two-power standard" committing it to building enough battleships to exceed the two largest other navies combined; at the time, this meant France and Russia, which became formally allied in the early 1890s. The

931:

European navies remained dominant in the pre-dreadnought era. The Royal Navy remained the world's largest fleet, though both Britain's traditional naval rivals and the new European powers increasingly asserted themselves against its supremacy.

691:

gunhouses and provided with observation slits. A narrow armoured tube extended down below this to the citadel; this contained & protected the various voice-tubes used for communication from the CT to various key stations during battle.

1570:, was allowed to keep eight pre-dreadnoughts (of which only six could be in active service at any one time) which were counted as armoured coast-defence ships; two of these were still in use at the beginning of World War II. One of these, 1346:

mines or submarine attack, and kept close to home as much as possible. The obsolescence and consequent expendability of the pre-dreadnoughts meant that they could be deployed into more dangerous situations and more far-flung areas.

779:

water-tube boiler had been introduced in the French fleet as early as 1879, but it took until 1894 for the Royal Navy to adopt it for armoured cruisers and pre-dreadnoughts; other water-tube boilers followed in navies worldwide.

1327:, but were unable to complete them before the British ship. It was felt that because of the longer distances at which battles could be fought, only the largest guns were effective in battle, and by mounting more 12-inch guns 463:

mounted 10-inch (254 mm) guns. The first German pre-dreadnought class used an 11-inch (279 mm) gun but decreased to a 9.4-inch (239 mm) gun for the two following classes and returned to 11-inch guns with the

186:

engines also made her faster. The existing battleships were decisively outclassed, with no more being designed to their format thereafter; the new, larger and more powerful, battleships built from then on were known as

62:

In contrast to the multifarious development of ironclads in preceding decades, the 1890s saw navies worldwide start to build battleships to a common design as dozens of ships essentially followed the design of the

260:, a turreted ironclad which more resembled a pre-dreadnought than the previous, and its contemporary, turretless ironclads. Both ships dispensed with masts and carried four heavy guns in two turrets fore and aft. 1422:, and while the only hit was from an inert practice shell which had been left loaded from the previous night (the "live" shells of the salvo broke up on contact with water; one inert shell ricocheted into one of 412:

class, laid down in 1894. Japan, importing most of its guns from Britain, used this calibre also. The United States used both 12-inch (305 mm) and 13-inch (330 mm) guns for most of the 1890s until the

889:

on 27 May 1905. These battles upended prevailing theories of how naval battles would be fought, as the fleets began firing at one another at much greater distances than before; naval architects realized that

1609:, bought from the U.S. Navy in 1914. While neither of the ships was in active service, they were both sunk by German dive bombers after the German invasion in 1941. In the Pacific, the U.S. Navy submarine 213:

shows the low freeboard typical for early ironclad turret-ships. This ship, launched in 1875, should not be confused with her famous successor, launched in 1906, marking the end of the pre-dreadnought era.

2683: 1338:

used steam turbines for propulsion, giving her a top speed of 21 knots, against the 18 knots typical of the pre-dreadnought battleships. Able both to outgun and outmaneuver their opponents, the

2922: 838:

The pre-dreadnought battleship in its heyday was the core of a very diverse navy. Many older ironclads were still in service. Battleships served alongside cruisers of many descriptions: modern

287:

guns of between 12-inch and 16 ¼-inch (305 mm and 413 mm) calibre, the Admirals continued the trend of ironclad warships mounting gigantic weapons. The guns were mounted in open

775:, allowing higher-pressure steam to be produced with less fuel consumption. Water-tube boilers were also safer, with less risk of explosion, and more flexible than fire-tube types. The 1122:

Russia equally entered into a programme of naval expansion in the 1890s; one of Russia's main objectives was to maintain its interests against Japanese expansion in the Far East. The

687:

The deck was typically lightly armoured with 2 to 4 inches of steel. This lighter armour was to prevent high-explosive shells from wrecking the superstructure of the ship.

2664: 722:

developed in the United States. First tested in 1891, Harvey armour was commonplace in ships laid down from 1893 to 1895. However, its reign was brief; in 1895, the German

1138:, being largely constructed in the United States. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 was a disaster for the Russian pre-dreadnoughts; of the 15 battleships completed since 857:, and saw the start of the rise of the "new naval powers" of Germany, Japan and the United States. The new ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy and to a lesser extent the 2915: 499:

While the calibre of the main battery remained quite constant, the performance of the guns improved as longer barrels were introduced. The introduction of slow-burning

1012:

and the ships which followed her were individual, as opposed to the large classes of British ships; they also carried an idiosyncratic arrangement of heavy guns, with

1214:

except for an innovative intermediate battery of 8-inch guns. The US Navy continued to build ships that were relatively short-range and poor in heavy seas, until the

853:

The pre-dreadnought age saw the beginning of the end of the 19th century naval balance of power in which France and Russia vied for competition against the massive

1273:, were still being built at the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, which saw Japanese armoured cruisers and protected cruisers defeat the Chinese 894:(explosive shells falling on their targets largely from above, instead of from a trajectory close to horizontal) was a much greater threat than had been thought. 1067:, were laid down in 1890. By 1905, a further 19 battleships were built or under construction, thanks to the sharp increase in naval expenditure justified by the 2908: 535:

of smaller guns, typically 6-inch (152 mm), though calibres from 4 to 9.4 inches (100 to 240 mm) were used. Virtually all secondary guns were "

767:

The main improvement in engine performance during the pre-dreadnought period came from the adoption of increasingly higher pressure steam from the boiler.

1207:

The United States started building its first battleships in 1891. These ships were short-range coast-defence battleships that were similar to the British

1177:. The Austro-Hungarian Empire also saw a naval renaissance during the 1890s, though of the nine pre-dreadnought battleships ordered only the three of the 1553:. Largely this meant the ships being broken up for scrap; others were destroyed in target practice or relegated to training and supply duties. One, 1281:. Following their victory, and facing Russian pressure in the region, the Japanese placed orders for four more pre-dreadnoughts; along with the two 2585: 787:

The working of a triple-expansion steam engine. High-pressure steam is used three times to produce motive power, gradually cooling as it travelled.

481:, a typical pre-dreadnought in many respects, with secondary and tertiary batteries, and concentration of armour on turrets and engineering spaces 291:

to save weight. Some historians see these ships as a vital step towards pre-dreadnoughts; others view them as a confused and unsuccessful design.

1440:

which had been dispatched after Coronel. This appears to have been the only meaningful engagement of an enemy ship by a British pre-dreadnought.

113:

The similarity in appearance of battleships in the 1890s was underlined by the increasing number of ships being built. New naval powers such as

1597:

A number of the inactive or disarmed pre-dreadnoughts were nevertheless sunk in action during World War II, such as the Greek pre-dreadnoughts

718:

class, were armoured with iron and steel compound armour. This was soon replaced with more effective case-hardened steel armour made using the

348:. These ships were built and armoured entirely of steel, and their guns were now mounted in fully-enclosed rotating turrets. They also adopted 605:

The pre-dreadnought's armament was completed by a tertiary battery of light, rapid-fire guns, of any calibre from 3-inch (76 mm) down to

1415:, but only when grounded to act as a harbour-defence vessel; she fired at extreme range (13,500 yards, 12,300 m) on the German cruiser 1016:

carrying three 13.4-inch (340 mm) guns and the ships which followed carrying two 12-inch and two 10.8-inch guns in single turrets. The

865:

fleet consisting of mostly cruisers. The Spanish–American War of 1898 was also a mismatch, with the American pre-dreadnought fleet engaging

1460: 900:

was typically conducted by cruisers or smaller warships. A British squadron of three protected cruisers and two gunboats brought about the

1002:

doctrine, which favoured torpedo boats to battleships. After the Jeune École's influence faded, the first French battleship laid down was

2325: 1525: 2261: 1266:

Japan was involved in two of the three major naval wars of the pre-dreadnought era. The first Japanese pre-dreadnought battleships, the

1102:, which served in both world wars. On the whole, the German ships were less powerful than their British equivalents but equally robust. 666:

still provided some measure of defence against even the 'heavy' guns of the day which were considered capable of piercing these plates.

430:

notoriety), after which the 12-inch gun was universal. The Russians used both 12 and 10-inch (254 mm) as their main armament; the

2957: 877:

of 1904–05 did pre-dreadnoughts engage on an equal footing. This happened in three battles: the Russian tactical victory during the

3890: 3880: 398:

only guns heavy enough to penetrate the thick armour which protected the engines, magazines, and main guns of enemy battleships.

2343: 2316: 1403:. Intended to stiffen the British cruisers in the area, in fact her slow speed meant that she was left behind at the disastrous 3895: 3885: 998:

France, Britain's traditional naval rival, had paused its battleship building during the 1880s because of the influence of the

609:. Their role was to give short-range protection against torpedo boats, or to rake the deck and superstructure of a battleship. 2947: 2693: 2673: 2621: 2602: 2486: 2464: 2426: 1720:: "pre-Dreadnought" (see Bergantín, pp. 267, 273; Beeler, p. 10), and occasionally "pre-Dreadnaught" or some other variation. 1080: 3518: 2952: 2100: 178:

followed the trend in battleship design to heavier, longer-ranged guns by adopting an "all-big-gun" armament scheme of ten

523:

to 45. and muzzle velocity increased from 706 metres (2,317 ft) per second to 770 metres (2,525 ft) per second.

2833: 1159:

Between 1893 and 1904, Italy laid down eight battleships; the later two classes of ship were remarkably fast, though the

133:, began to establish themselves with fleets of pre-dreadnoughts. Meanwhile, the battleship fleets of the United Kingdom, 1505:

themselves by turning on the British battlefleet as dark set. Nevertheless, only one of the pre-dreadnoughts was sunk:

1160: 756:. Most were capable of top speeds between 16 and 18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h). The ironclads of the 1880s used 694: 3857: 2793: 2772: 2753: 2734: 2715: 2654: 2639: 2569: 2543: 2524: 2505: 2445: 2407: 2378: 1134:

class. The weakness of Russian shipbuilding meant that many ships were built overseas for Russia; the best ship, the

981: 648:

as secondary armament. Ships with a uniform, heavy secondary battery are often referred to as "semi-dreadnoughts".

327: 320: 305: 3723: 1549:

After World War I, most battleships, dreadnought and pre-dreadnought alike, were disarmed under the terms of the

1278: 962:

classes were followed by a regular programme of construction at a much quicker pace than in previous years. The

3029: 1434: 1412: 564:, an example of the intermediate battery principle with its forward 13-inch and forward port 8-inch gun turrets 444: 431: 1584:

served for most of the war as a training ship; she was sunk while under refit in December 1944, and broken up

1630:

No pre-dreadnoughts served post–World War II as armed ships; the last serving pre-dreadnought was the former

1167: 465: 87: 275:, ordered in 1880. These ships reflected developments in ironclad design, being protected by iron-and-steel 3415: 1369: 1365: 1230: 1223: 1096: 1086: 1061: 1044: 639: 495:, an example of taking the intermediate battery principle to its ultimate expression with ten 9.2-inch guns 407: 349: 3698: 3544: 2889: 1143: 969: 825: 645: 438: 368:

Pre-dreadnoughts carried guns of several different calibres, for different roles in ship-to-ship combat.

1244:

of 16 pre-dreadnought battleships circumnavigated the world from 16 December 1907, to 22 February 1909.

1022: 638:

same calibre that the "intermediate" battery had been; the Royal Navy's last pre-dreadnought class, the

360:

s provided the model for battleship building in the Royal Navy and many other navies for years to come.

21: 3745: 1692: 1554: 1464: 870: 587: 381: 25: 2900: 1459:

campaign. Twelve British and French pre-dreadnoughts formed the bulk of the force which attempted to "

761: 141:

expanded to meet these new threats. The last decisive clash of pre-dreadnought fleets was between the

3640: 3309: 3185: 3084: 3074: 1617: 1580:

peninsula, opening the German invasion of Poland and firing the first shots of the Second World War.

1215: 1109: 1003: 921: 904:

in 1896; and while battleships participated in the combined fleet Western powers deployed during the

457: 450: 342: 334:) and faster (because of triple-expansion steam engines) than the Admirals. Just as importantly, the 179: 68: 3718: 3708: 3635: 3278: 3136: 1267: 1197: 963: 882: 723: 634: 575: 427: 1443:

In the Black Sea five Russian pre-dreadnoughts saw brief action against the Ottoman battlecruiser

1354: 520: 3508: 3314: 3024: 2826: 1604: 1598: 1550: 1381: 975: 866: 807: 630: 393:

Very few pre-dreadnoughts deviated from what became the classic arrangement of heavy weaponry: A

271:

The distinction between coast-assault battleship and cruising battleship became blurred with the

1252: 3905: 3503: 3390: 3354: 3349: 3175: 3079: 1772:

Beeler, pp. 167–168: he cites Oscar Parkes as seeing the similarities between the Admirals and

1687: 1571: 1540: 1313: 764:

was in use. Some fleets, though not the British, adopted the quadruple-expansion steam engine.

414: 272: 254: 222: 207: 142: 48: 338:

s had a higher freeboard, making them unequivocally capable of the high-seas battleship role.

3590: 3539: 3435: 3339: 3334: 3054: 2265: 1448: 1116: 878: 831: 146: 134: 3132: 2262:"USN Ship Types – World War I Transports – Combat Warships employed as Transports" 3900: 3816: 3420: 3369: 3112: 2994: 2763:

Sumrall, Robert F. (2001) . "The Battleship and Battlecruiser". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

1642: 1463:" in March 1915. The role of the pre-dreadnoughts was to support the brand-new dreadnought 768: 699: 489: 331: 298: 265: 1240:

and after the start of design work on the USN's own initial class of dreadnoughts. The US

748:

was the most efficient method of producing high-pressure steam for pre-dreadnought engines

618: 8: 3910: 3852: 3670: 3359: 3222: 3064: 1610: 1491: 1456: 1247: 474: 356:

propellant, were lighter and more powerful than the previous guns of larger calibre. The

2798: 3786: 3650: 3605: 3498: 3400: 3364: 3344: 3243: 3069: 2964: 2819: 2579: 1484: 1477: 1397: 1358: 1260: 1072: 901: 886: 874: 558: 532: 503:

and cordite propellant allowed the employment of a longer barrel, and therefore higher

485: 250: 228: 156: 150: 107: 740: 3821: 3771: 3713: 3703: 3470: 3324: 3202: 3142: 2989: 2884: 2768: 2767:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. pp. 14–35. 2749: 2730: 2711: 2689: 2669: 2650: 2635: 2617: 2598: 2565: 2539: 2520: 2501: 2482: 2460: 2441: 2422: 2403: 2374: 2339: 2313: 1657: 1567: 1501: 1404: 1241: 897: 843: 776: 772: 745: 239: 1622:

in May 1942. A veteran of the Battle of Tsushima, she was serving as a repair ship.

1376: 783: 617:

In addition to their gun armament, many pre-dreadnought battleships were armed with

3806: 3740: 3693: 3675: 3625: 3455: 3319: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3160: 3016: 2974: 2969: 2859: 2854: 2679: 2660: 1530: 536: 421: 218: 160: 126: 56: 1763:

Beeler, pp. 93–95; also see p. 169 for a graphic illustration of the problem.

1637:, which was used as a target ship by the Soviet Union into the early 1960s as the 3730: 3660: 3585: 3483: 3217: 3197: 3165: 3122: 3089: 3034: 2979: 2879: 2729:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 112–133. 2558: 2553: 2538:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 170–178. 2474: 2440:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–169. 2351: 2347: 2320: 1559:, was given a special exemption to the Washington Treaty and was maintained as a 1208: 1039: 908:, the naval part of the action was performed by gunboats, destroyers and sloops. 905: 839: 792: 757: 581: 504: 276: 235: 130: 118: 75: 2436:

Campbell, John (1992). "Naval Armaments and Armour". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

2104: 1152:

at the end of the mutiny. However, she was soon recovered and recommissioned as

554: 3600: 3595: 3580: 3450: 3212: 3049: 2388: 1803:

Roberts, p. 117: "Many regard them as the first true pre-dreadnoughts ..."

500: 284: 138: 79: 1300: 999: 3874: 3836: 3831: 3796: 3781: 3735: 3645: 3630: 3488: 3430: 3425: 3329: 3207: 3192: 3180: 3170: 3059: 3039: 2874: 2725:

Roberts, John (1992). "The Pre-Dreadnought Age,". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

1589: 1534: 1416: 1334:

The armament of the new breed of ships was not their only crucial advantage.

1331:

was two to three times more effective in combat than an existing battleship.

1274: 1174: 891: 656: 243: 183: 122: 114: 2811: 3791: 3776: 3615: 3610: 3549: 3493: 3460: 3293: 3288: 3094: 2788: 2703: 2685:

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

1577: 939: 753: 729: 719: 548: 394: 387: 280: 95: 1130:

s; later ships showed more French influence on their designs, such as the

1021:

suffered the most from the dreadnought revolution, with four ships of the

406:

class onwards carried 12-inch weapons, as did French battleships from the

98:

of very heavy guns upon the weather deck, in large rotating mounts either

3826: 3665: 3564: 3440: 3395: 3117: 2869: 2534:

Griffiths, Denis (1992). "Warship Machinery". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).

1653: 1560: 1506: 1339: 1295: 1277:, composed of a mixture of old ironclad battleships and cruisers, at the 1193: 1156:. After the war, Russia completed four more pre-dreadnoughts after 1905. 606: 312: 192: 188: 3283: 1142:, eleven were sunk or captured during the war. One of these, the famous 3811: 3620: 3554: 3104: 3004: 2931: 2930: 2843: 1649: 1631: 1512:

went down in the confused night action as the battlefleets disengaged.

1068: 987:

service. The last two British pre-dreadnoughts, the "semi-dreadnought"

869:

and then a Spanish squadron of armoured cruisers and destroyers at the

854: 264:

was the first ocean-worthy breastwork monitor; because of her very low

99: 64: 40: 949:

class was launched towards the end of the pre-dreadnought era, in 1903

821: 376: 203: 3685: 3559: 3374: 3268: 3248: 2500:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 1173:

lightly armed. In some ways, these ships presaged the concept of the

916: 858: 847: 544: 294: 91: 2421:(New revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1675: 629:

During the ironclad age, the range of engagements increased; in the

170:

These battleships were abruptly made obsolete by the arrival of HMS

3801: 3534: 3405: 3044: 2999: 1697: 1075:

and the growing sense of national rivalry with the UK. Besides the

288: 103: 1396:

Instead the British dispatched a pre-dreadnought of 1896 vintage,

1392:

Nevertheless, the pre-dreadnought played a major role in the war.

705:, showing how the armour scheme relates to the innards of the ship 3755: 3655: 3513: 3410: 3273: 3152: 2935: 2329:. Washington DC, Naval Historical Center. Retrieved 5 April 2014. 1149: 1105: 803: 799:

this risked damage to the boilers if used for prolonged periods.

633:

battles were fought at around 1 mile (1.5 km), while in the

540: 508: 353: 2593:

Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).

1746: 1744: 352:, which, because of advances in gun construction and the use of 3750: 3478: 3445: 2519:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. 1071:. This increase was due to the determination of the navy chief 935: 2371:

Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design 1870–1881

3238: 2803: 2665:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War

2457:

Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904-05

1741: 1664: 1566:

Germany, which lost most of its fleet under the terms of the

341:

The pre-dreadnought design reached maturity in 1895 with the

44: 1319:

brought about the obsolescence of all existing battleships.

885:

on 10 August 1904, and the decisive Japanese victory at the

242:

batteries, when they were commissioned in the early 1860s.

83: 32:

was the first pre-dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy.

2340:"How The Japan Times Saved a Foundering Battleship, Twice" 1667:

at Guam until 1948, after which she was scrapped in 1956.

752:

Almost all pre-dreadnoughts were powered by reciprocating

519:, the length of the British 12-inch gun increased from 35 2147:

Sumrall, p. 15; Jentschura, Jung, Mickel p. 23.

1545:

in port around 1930. Both ships served into World War II.

1500:

A squadron of German pre-dreadnoughts was present at the

507:—giving greater range and penetrating power for the same 326:

of 1889 retained barbettes but were uniformly armed with

82:

steel armour, pre-dreadnought battleships were driven by

1079:

class, German pre-dreadnoughts include the ships of the

47:. Their designs were conceived before the appearance of 2727:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

2536:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

2517:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

2438:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905

1686:

There is only one pre-dreadnought preserved today: the

2597:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. 760:, and by the end of the 1880s the even-more efficient 330:; they were also significantly larger (at 14,000 tons 191:. This was the point at which the ships that had been 842:

which were essentially cut-down battleships, lighter

816: 2592: 714:

The battleships of the late 1880s, for instance the

709: 456:had 12-inch (305 mm) main batteries while the 2557: 1870: 1868: 1342:decisively outclassed earlier battleship designs. 574:pioneered the intermediate battery concept in the 2595:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 3872: 2495: 1308:in 1906 rendered every other battleship obsolete 597:, and hence were obsolescent before completion. 43:built from the mid- to late- 1880s to the early 2765:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45 2498:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45 2454: 1865: 1700:, where she has been a museum ship since 1925. 1433:. The subsequent battle was decided by the two 1203:, a pre-dreadnought battleship launched in 1893 2710:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2616:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2481:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2373:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1951: 1949: 1912: 1910: 2916: 2841: 2827: 2612:Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017). 2611: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1594:, was mined and then scuttled in March 1945. 1236:) were completed after the completion of the 195:before were redesignated "pre-dreadnoughts". 2584:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2355:, 18 December 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012. 2101:"Great White Fleet – USS Vermont BB-20" 1368:at a Turkish shore battery (1915). Photo by 861:supported those powers' colonial expansion. 253:, was launched in 1868, followed in 1871 by 106:armoured over, and supported by one or more 2326:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 1946: 1907: 1652:from 1920 until its scrapping in 1955. The 1616:sank the disarmed Japanese pre-dreadnought 1526:List of battleships of the Second World War 1126:class begun in 1892 took after the British 2923: 2909: 2834: 2820: 2632:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 2289: 1815: 1188: 1043:Cross section of a German pre-dreadnought 166:was typical of pre-dreadnought battleships 2533: 1148:, mutinied and was briefly taken over by 806:powered pre-dreadnought battleships, the 2743: 2514: 2479:British Battleships of the Victorian Era 2473: 2435: 1716:The name is also spelled with a capital 1674: 1529: 1375: 1353: 1299: 1246: 1192: 1104: 1038: 934: 915: 820: 782: 739: 693: 655: 553: 484: 473: 375: 293: 202: 155: 20: 16:Battleships built from the 1880s to 1905 2762: 2724: 2647:German Warships of the Second World War 1882: 1880: 1690:'s flagship at the Battle of Tsushima, 669: 568: 380:The heavy guns and forward barbette of 304:was the fourth ship of the influential 217:The pre-dreadnought developed from the 3873: 2702: 2678: 2649:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1975. 2368: 2304:Jentschura, Jung, & Mickel, p. 18. 1387:being used for troop transport in 1919 1060:Germany's first pre-dreadnoughts, the 791:The engines drove either two or three 94:. These ships distinctively carried a 2904: 2815: 2387: 881:on 8–9 February 1904, the indecisive 420:, laid down in 1899 (not the earlier 59:battleships of the 1870s and 1880s. 2552: 2416: 2184:Naval Battles of the First World War 1877: 1625: 1455:pre-dreadnoughts was engaged at the 1429:s funnels), this certainly deterred 526: 88:compound reciprocating steam engines 2789:British and German Pre-Dreadnoughts 2614:French Battleships of World War One 1032:launched, and a further six of the 867:Spanish shore batteries at San Juan 802:The French built the only class of 600: 311:. The diagonal tubes are spars for 13: 2264:. History.Navy.Mil. Archived from 817:Pre-dreadnought fleets and battles 624: 14: 3922: 2782: 1904:Sondhaus, pp. 170, 171, 189. 1115:, a pre-dreadnought class of the 221:. The first ironclads—the French 110:of lighter weapons on broadside. 74:. Built from steel, protected by 771:were superseded by more compact 762:triple expansion compound engine 710:Metallurgical advances in armour 698:Cross-section view amidships of 531:Pre-dreadnoughts also carried a 3891:20th-century military equipment 3881:19th-century military equipment 2496:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 2400:: Warship Development 1860–1905 2332: 2307: 2298: 2280: 2254: 2241: 2228: 2215: 2202: 2189: 2176: 2163: 2150: 2141: 2128: 2119: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1982:Sondhaus, pp. 155–156, 182–183. 1976: 1967: 1958: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1898: 1889: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1806: 1519: 1289: 678: 371: 350:12-inch (305 mm) main guns 3030:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 2560:War at Sea in the Ironclad age 2554:Hill, J. Richard, Rear Admiral 2515:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992). 1797: 1788: 1779: 1766: 1757: 1732: 1723: 1710: 1413:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1349: 1312:In 1906, the commissioning of 1: 3896:20th-century military history 3886:19th-century military history 2948:Naval ship classes in service 2419:British Battleships 1889–1904 1703: 1166:was poorly protected and the 1051: 735: 651: 3416:Harbour defence motor launch 2036:Sondhaus, pp. 168, 182. 1670: 1588:in January 1945. The other, 1185:herself made them obsolete. 631:Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 612: 328:13.5-inch (343 mm) guns 238:, with three tall masts and 198: 7: 3699:Ballistic missile submarine 3545:Mine countermeasures vessel 2890:Battleships in World War II 2744:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 2634:. Macmillan, London, 1983. 2402:. London: Caxton Editions. 1738:Forczyk p. 7 and back cover 1095:classes—culminating in the 363: 37:Pre-dreadnought battleships 10: 3927: 3746:Submarine aircraft carrier 3128:Pre-dreadnought battleship 2938:in 19th and 20th centuries 2865:Pre-dreadnought battleship 2688:. New York: Random House. 2362: 1696:, which is now located in 1663:was used as an ammunition 1523: 1293: 871:Battle of Santiago de Cuba 3845: 3764: 3684: 3641:General stores issue ship 3573: 3527: 3469: 3383: 3310:Amphibious transport dock 3302: 3231: 3151: 3103: 3085:Merchant aircraft carrier 3075:Interdiction Assault Ship 3015: 2943: 2850: 2668:. Pimlico, London, 2004. 1641:. The hull of the former 911: 125:, and to a lesser extent 3719:Deep-submergence vehicle 3709:Cruise missile submarine 3636:Fast combat support ship 3279:Guided-missile destroyer 3137:Standard-type battleship 2794:Pre-Dreadnoughts in WWII 2746:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 2455:Forczyk, Robert (2009). 2212:, pp. 483, 492–493. 1411:redeemed herself at the 1279:Battle of the Yalu River 1036:class begun afterwards. 902:capitulation of Zanzibar 883:Battle of the Yellow Sea 850:were being constructed. 635:Battle of the Yellow Sea 90:which turned underwater 86:-fired boilers powering 3315:Amphibious warfare ship 3025:Amphibious assault ship 1973:Griffiths, p. 177. 1964:Griffiths, pp. 176–177. 1551:Washington Naval Treaty 1340:dreadnought battleships 1189:America and the Pacific 1069:1898 and 1900 Navy Laws 922:French battleship 728:pioneered the superior 273:Admiral-class ironclads 3391:Armed boarding steamer 3355:Landing Ship Logistics 3350:Landing ship, infantry 3176:Guided missile cruiser 3080:Light aircraft carrier 2063:Sondhaus, pp. 180–181. 2000:Sondhaus, pp. 170–171. 1862:Campbell, p. 163. 1688:Imperial Japanese Navy 1683: 1546: 1388: 1373: 1309: 1304:The appearance of HMS 1263: 1204: 1119: 1057: 950: 928: 835: 788: 749: 706: 662: 565: 511:of shell. Between the 496: 482: 390: 316: 214: 167: 143:Imperial Japanese Navy 33: 3591:Auxiliary repair dock 3540:Destroyer minesweeper 3436:Ocean boarding vessel 3340:Landing Craft Support 3335:Landing craft carrier 3055:Fighter catapult ship 2748:. London: Routledge. 2369:Beeler, John (2001). 2286:Kennedy, p. 275. 2081:Roberts, pp. 120–121. 1925:Roberts, pp. 132–133. 1886:Roberts, pp. 125–126. 1835:Roberts, pp. 117–125. 1678: 1576:, shelled the Polish 1533: 1461:force the Dardanelles 1449:Battle of Cape Sarych 1438:-class battlecruisers 1379: 1357: 1303: 1250: 1196: 1181:class arrived before 1117:Austro-Hungarian Navy 1108: 1042: 938: 919: 879:Battle of Port Arthur 824: 786: 769:Scotch marine boilers 743: 697: 659: 557: 488: 477: 402:battleships from the 379: 297: 206: 159: 147:Imperial Russian Navy 24: 3817:Littoral combat ship 3370:Landing Ship Vehicle 3113:Coastal defence ship 2417:Burt, R. A. (2013). 2346:13 July 2012 at the 1826:Sumrall, p. 14. 1286:Russo-Japanese War. 1082:Kaiser Friedrich III 1028:still building when 725:Kaiser Friedrich III 670:Vertical side armour 569:Intermediate battery 428:Spanish–American War 3671:Replenishment oiler 3574:Command and support 3360:Landing Ship Medium 3223:Unprotected cruiser 3065:Flight deck cruiser 2799:US Pre-Dreadnoughts 2708:British Battleships 2564:. London: Cassell. 2319:5 June 2011 at the 2199:, pp. 466–467. 2160:, pp. 471–473. 1563:and memorial ship. 644:class, carried ten 219:ironclad battleship 108:secondary batteries 3787:Breastwork monitor 3651:Joint support ship 3606:Combat stores ship 3401:Coastal motor boat 3365:Landing Ship, Tank 3345:Landing Ship Heavy 3244:Convoy rescue ship 3070:Helicopter carrier 2459:. Oxford: Osprey. 2295:Lenton 1975, p.13. 1895:Hill, p. 155. 1684: 1582:Schleswig-Holstein 1573:Schleswig-Holstein 1547: 1542:Schleswig-Holstein 1451:in November 1914. 1389: 1374: 1310: 1264: 1261:Battle of Tsushima 1205: 1120: 1073:Alfred von Tirpitz 1058: 991:s, appeared after 951: 929: 887:Battle of Tsushima 875:Russo-Japanese War 844:protected cruisers 836: 789: 773:water-tube boilers 750: 707: 663: 566: 497: 483: 391: 317: 251:breastwork monitor 234:—looked much like 215: 168: 151:Battle of Tsushima 78:, nickel steel or 34: 3868: 3867: 3772:Armed merchantman 3714:Cruiser submarine 3704:Coastal submarine 3471:Fast attack craft 3325:Dock landing ship 3203:Protected cruiser 3186:Pocket battleship 3143:Treaty battleship 3133:Super-dreadnought 3017:Aircraft carriers 2965:Operational zones 2898: 2897: 2885:Treaty battleship 2695:978-0-679-45671-1 2680:Massie, Robert K. 2674:978-1-84413-528-8 2661:Massie, Robert K. 2630:Kennedy, Paul M. 2623:978-1-59114-639-1 2604:978-0-87021-893-4 2488:978-1-68247-329-0 2466:978-1-84603-330-8 2428:978-1-59114-065-8 2054:Sondhaus, p. 181. 2045:Sondhaus, p. 167. 2027:Sondhaus, p. 161. 2018:Sondhaus, p. 186. 1934:Sondhaus, p. 166. 1853:Campbell, p. 169. 1812:Gardiner, p. 117. 1794:Gardiner, p. 116. 1776:s, but disagrees. 1626:Post World War II 1568:Versailles treaty 1502:Battle of Jutland 1405:Battle of Coronel 1366:12-inch main guns 1255:on the bridge of 1242:Great White Fleet 1162:Regina Margherita 1113:-class battleship 1048:-class battleship 898:Gunboat diplomacy 840:armoured cruisers 746:water-tube boiler 533:secondary battery 527:Secondary battery 182:. Her innovative 153:on 27 May 1905. 3918: 3807:Floating battery 3741:Midget submarine 3694:Attack submarine 3676:Submarine tender 3626:Destroyer tender 3456:Submarine chaser 3320:Attack transport 3264:Escort destroyer 3259:Destroyer leader 3254:Destroyer escort 3161:Aircraft cruiser 2975:Green-water navy 2970:Brown-water navy 2925: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2860:Ironclad warship 2855:Ship of the line 2836: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2778: 2759: 2740: 2721: 2699: 2627: 2608: 2589: 2583: 2575: 2563: 2549: 2530: 2511: 2492: 2475:Friedman, Norman 2470: 2451: 2432: 2413: 2384: 2356: 2338:Corkill, Ednan. 2336: 2330: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2268:on 17 April 2009 2258: 2252: 2249:Castles of Steel 2245: 2239: 2236:Castles of Steel 2232: 2226: 2223:Castles of Steel 2219: 2213: 2210:Castles of Steel 2206: 2200: 2197:Castles of Steel 2193: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2171:Castles of Steel 2167: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2125:Roberts, p. 123. 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2107:on 8 August 2009 2103:. Archived from 2097: 2091: 2090:Roberts, p. 126. 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2072:Roberts, p. 125. 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1955:Roberts, p. 114. 1953: 1944: 1943:Roberts, p. 132. 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1916:Roberts, p. 117. 1914: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1874:Roberts, p. 122. 1872: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844:Roberts, p. 113. 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1729:Roberts, p. 112. 1727: 1721: 1714: 1682:as a museum ship 1428: 1259:just before the 1056: 1053: 873:. Not until the 793:screw propellers 758:compound engines 601:Tertiary battery 283:. Equipped with 236:sailing frigates 3926: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3858:Sailing vessels 3841: 3760: 3731:Fleet submarine 3680: 3661:Net laying ship 3586:Ammunition ship 3569: 3523: 3465: 3379: 3298: 3227: 3218:Torpedo cruiser 3198:Merchant raider 3166:Armored cruiser 3147: 3123:Fast battleship 3099: 3090:Seaplane tender 3035:Balloon carrier 3011: 2995:Central battery 2980:Blue-water navy 2939: 2929: 2899: 2894: 2880:Fast battleship 2846: 2842:History of the 2840: 2785: 2775: 2756: 2737: 2718: 2696: 2624: 2605: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2546: 2527: 2508: 2489: 2467: 2448: 2429: 2410: 2389:Brown, David K. 2381: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2352:The Japan Times 2348:Wayback Machine 2337: 2333: 2321:Wayback Machine 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785:Beeler, p. 168. 1784: 1780: 1774:Royal Sovereign 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1673: 1628: 1528: 1522: 1473:Queen Elizabeth 1467:Queen Elizabeth 1426: 1352: 1298: 1292: 1191: 1128:Royal Sovereign 1054: 983:King Edward VII 956:Royal Sovereign 947:King Edward VII 914: 906:Boxer Rebellion 819: 777:Belleville-type 738: 716:Royal Sovereign 712: 681: 672: 654: 627: 625:Range of combat 615: 603: 593:building after 571: 529: 505:muzzle velocity 374: 366: 336:Royal Sovereign 322:Royal Sovereign 319:The subsequent 307:Royal Sovereign 277:compound armour 201: 131:Austria-Hungary 39:were sea-going 28:Royal Sovereign 17: 12: 11: 5: 3924: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3596:Auxiliary ship 3593: 3588: 3583: 3581:Amenities ship 3577: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3451:Steam gun boat 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3213:Strike cruiser 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3050:Escort carrier 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2986:Gun placement 2984: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2783:External links 2781: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2760: 2754: 2741: 2735: 2722: 2716: 2700: 2694: 2676: 2658: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2609: 2603: 2590: 2570: 2550: 2544: 2531: 2525: 2512: 2506: 2493: 2487: 2471: 2465: 2452: 2446: 2433: 2427: 2414: 2408: 2385: 2379: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2331: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2253: 2251:, p. 648. 2240: 2238:, p. 634. 2227: 2225:, p. 564. 2214: 2201: 2188: 2186:, p. 114. 2175: 2173:, p. 433. 2162: 2149: 2140: 2138:, p. 473. 2127: 2118: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2009:Forczyk p. 43. 2002: 1993: 1991:Forczyk p. 21. 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1765: 1756: 1754:, pp. 474–475. 1740: 1731: 1722: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1672: 1669: 1627: 1624: 1521: 1518: 1351: 1348: 1294:Main article: 1291: 1288: 1190: 1187: 913: 910: 818: 815: 737: 734: 720:Harvey process 711: 708: 680: 677: 671: 668: 653: 650: 626: 623: 614: 611: 602: 599: 570: 567: 528: 525: 501:nitrocellulose 373: 370: 365: 362: 285:breech-loading 200: 197: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3923: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Naval history 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3859: 3856: 3855: 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2990:Broadside 2958:auxiliary 2953:submarine 2804:Save the 2706:(1990) . 2580:cite book 2391:(2003) . 1671:Survivors 1658:USS 1645:Kearsarge 1643:USS 1632:SMS 1611:USS 1591:Schlesien 1536:Schlesien 1507:SMS 1492:HMS 1485:HMS 1478:HMS 1465:HMS 1457:Gallipoli 1431:Gneisenau 1424:Gneisenau 1419:Gneisenau 1417:SMS 1398:HMS 1382:USS 1359:HMS 1314:HMS 1209:HMS 1198:USS 995:herself. 940:HMS 859:U.S. Navy 830:sinks in 813:of 1907. 702:Kearsarge 700:USS 619:torpedoes 613:Torpedoes 589:Kearsarge 559:USS 492:Agamemnon 490:HMS 301:Ramillies 299:HMS 289:barbettes 266:freeboard 255:HMS 240:broadside 229:HMS 208:HMS 199:Evolution 193:laid down 174:in 1906. 161:HMS 104:partially 49:HMS 26:HMS 3802:Flagship 3535:Danlayer 3406:Corvette 3284:Kaibōkan 3153:Cruisers 3045:CAM ship 3000:Casemate 2936:warships 2806:Cerberus 2682:(2003). 2556:(2000). 2477:(2018). 2344:Archived 2317:Archived 2314:"Oregon" 2247:Massie, 2234:Massie, 2221:Massie, 2208:Massie, 2195:Massie, 2169:Massie, 2156:Massie, 2134:Massie, 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Pre-dreadnought battleship

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