444:(OSGP) is one of the most proven narrowband PLC technologies and protocols for smart metering. There are more than five million smart meters, based on OSGP and using BPSK PLC, installed and operating around the World. The OSGP Alliance, a non-profit association originally established as ESNA in 2006, led an effort to establish a family of specifications published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 14908 control networking standard for smart grid applications. OSGP is optimized to provide reliable and efficient delivery of command and control information for smart meters, direct load control modules, solar panels, gateways, and other smart grid devices. OSGP follows a modern, structured approach based on the OSI protocol model to meet the evolving challenges of the smart grid.
27:
408:. Timing is roughly centered on the zero crossing with a timer from the previous zero crossing. Typical speeds are 200 to 1200 bits per second, with one bit per tone slot. Speeds also depend on the AC line frequency. The speed is limited by noise, and the jitter of the AC line's zero crossing, which is affected by local loads. These systems are usually bidirectional, with both meters and central stations sending data and commands. Higher levels of the protocols can have stations (usually smart meters) retransmit messages. (See
208:. These signals may be impressed on one conductor, on two conductors or on all three conductors of a high-voltage AC transmission line. Several PLC channels may be coupled onto one HV line. Filtering devices are applied at substations to prevent the carrier frequency current from being bypassed through the station apparatus and to ensure that distant faults do not affect the isolated segments of the PLC system. These circuits are used for control of switchgear, and for protection of transmission lines. For example, a
529:) founded the G3-PLC Alliance to promote G3-PLC technology. G3-PLC is the low layer protocol to enable large scale infrastructure on the electrical grid. G3-PLC may operate on CENELEC A band (35 to 91 kHz) or CENELEC B band (98 kHz to 122 kHz) in Europe, on ARIB band (155 kHz to 403 kHz) in Japan and on FCC (155 kHz to 487 kHz) for the US and the rest of the world. The technology used is
76:(BPL). Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one type of wires (such as premises wiring within a single building), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both the distribution network and premises wiring). Typically transformers prevent propagating the signal, which requires multiple technologies to form very large networks. Various data rates and frequencies are used in different situations.
448:
provides a table-oriented data storage based, in part, on the ANSI C12.19 / MC12.19 / 2012 / IEEE Std 1377 standards for
Utility Industry End Device Data Tables and ANSI C12.18 / MC12.18 / IEEE Std 1701, for its services and payload encapsulation. This standard and command system provides not only for smart meters and related data but also for general purpose extension to other smart grid devices.
315:
with a message that carries the desired value. Outbound messages injected at a utility substation will propagate to all points downstream. This type of broadcast allows the communication system to simultaneously reach many thousands of devices—all of which are known to have power, and have been previously identified as candidates for load shed. PLC also may be a component of a
404:
noise.) To avoid other interference, receivers can improve their signal-to-noise ratio by measuring the power of only the "1" tones, only the "0" tones or the differential power of both. Different districts use different tone pairs to avoid interference. The bit timing is typically recovered from the boundaries between tones, in a way similar to a
739:(in the technical sense), it can operate anywhere in the 20 MHz – 20 GHz region. Also since it is not restricted to below 80 MHz, as is the case for high-frequency BPL, these systems can avoid the interference issues associated with use of shared spectrum with other licensed or unlicensed services.
400:) It is now a simple, low cost system with a long history, however it has a very slow transmission rate. In the 1970s, the Tokyo Electric Power Co ran experiments which reported successful bi-directional operation with several hundred units. The system is now (2012) widely used in Italy and some other parts of the EU.
419:. The drive is to produce a reliable system which is cheap enough to be widely installed and able to compete cost effectively with wireless solutions. But the narrowband powerline communications channel presents many technical challenges, a mathematical channel model and a survey of work is available.
249:
The voice signal is compressed and filtered into the 300 Hz to 4000 Hz range, and this audio frequency is mixed with the carrier frequency. The carrier frequency is again filtered, amplified and transmitted. The transmission power of these HF carrier frequencies will be in the range of 0 to
734:
These systems claim symmetric and full duplex communication in excess of 1 Gbit/s in each direction. Multiple Wi-Fi channels with simultaneous analog television in the 2.4 and 5.0 GHz unlicensed bands have been demonstrated operating over a single medium voltage line conductor. Because the
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to send data at faster bit rates without causing radio frequency interference. These utilize hundreds of slowly-sending data channels. Usually they can adapt to noise by turning off channels with interference. The extra expense of the encoding devices is minor compared to the cost of the electronics
383:
Narrowband power-line communications began soon after electrical power supply became widespread. Around the year 1922 the first carrier frequency systems began to operate over high-tension lines with frequencies of 15 to 500 kHz for telemetry purposes, and this continues. Consumer products such
302:
PLC is one of the technologies used for automatic meter reading. Both one-way and two-way systems have been successfully used for decades. Interest in this application has grown substantially in recent history—not so much because there is an interest in automating a manual process, but because there
115:
The main issue determining the frequencies of power-line communication is laws to limit interference with radio services. Many nations regulate unshielded wired emissions as if they were radio transmitters. These jurisdictions usually require unlicensed uses to be below 500 kHz or in unlicensed
870:
The primary challenge with the PLC to date is the unshielded and untwisted power wiring. This type of wiring releases significant radio energy, potentially disrupting others using the same frequency band. Additionally, the BPL (Broadband over Power Line) systems may experience interference from the
314:
In a two-way system (supporting both outbound and inbound), commands can be broadcast out from the master station to end devices (meters) – allowing for reconfiguration of the network, or to obtain readings, or to convey messages, etc. The device at the end of the network may then respond (inbound)
122:
and distance limits vary widely over many power-line communication standards. Low-frequency (about 100–200 kHz) carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or two analog voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuits with an equivalent data rate of a few hundred bits
60:
were solely used for transmitting electricity. However, with the introduction of advanced networking technologies, there has been a push for utility and service providers to find cost-effective and high-performance solutions. The possibility of using powerlines as a universal medium to transmit not
608:
port. Powerline adapter sets plug into power outlets to establish an
Ethernet connection using the existing electrical wiring in the home (power strips with filtering may absorb the power line signal). This allows devices to share data without the inconvenience of running dedicated network cables.
351:
into the household wiring at the transmitter. The carrier is modulated by digital signals. Each receiver in the system has an address and can be individually commanded by the signals transmitted over the household wiring and decoded at the receiver. These devices may be either plugged into regular
264:
To sectionalize the transmission network and protect against failures, a "wave trap" is connected in series with the power (transmission) line. They consist of one or more sections of resonant circuits, which block the high frequency carrier waves (24–500 kHz) and let power frequency current
684:
Broadband over power line (BPL) is a system to transmit two-way data over existing AC MV (medium voltage) electrical distribution wiring, between transformers, and AC LV (low voltage) wiring between transformer and customer outlets (typically 100 to 240 V). This avoids the expense of a dedicated
661:
With the diversification of IoT applications, the demand for high-speed data communication such as transmission of high-definition video data and/or high-frequent sensor data is increasing in the field of smart building, smart factory, smart city, etc. In such use cases, power line communication
455:
There are also many specialised niche applications which use the mains supply within the home as a convenient data link for telemetry. For example, in the UK and Europe a TV audience monitoring system uses powerline communications as a convenient data path between devices that monitor TV viewing
447:
At the physical layer, OSGP currently uses ETSI 103 908 as its technology standard. This uses binary phase shift keying at 3592.98 BAUD, using a carrier tone of 86.232 KHz +/- 200ppm. (Note: The bit clock is almost exactly 1/24 of the carrier.) At the OSGP application layer, ETSI TS 104 001
403:
S-FSK sends a burst of 2, 4 or 8 tones centered around the time when the AC line passes through zero voltage. In this way, the tones avoid most radio-frequency noise from arcing. (It is common for dirty insulators to arc at the highest point of the voltage, and thus generate a wide-band burst of
565:
LOADng, header compression, fragmentation and security. G3-PLC has been designed for extremely robust communication based on reliable and highly secured connections between devices, including crossing Medium
Voltage to Low Voltage transformers. With the use of IPv6, G3-PLC enables communication
200:
to connect radio transmitters and receivers to the AC power carrying conductors. Power meters often use small transformers with linear amplifiers in the range of tens of watts. Most of the expense of any PLC system is the power electronics. By comparison, the electronics to encode and decode is
187:
An annoyance for customers is that sometimes the code to turn equipment on is lost, or load shedding is inconvenient or dangerous. For example, during a party, a dangerous heat wave or when life-preserving medical equipment is on-site. To handle these cases, some equipment includes switches to
310:
In a one-way (inbound only) system, readings "bubble up" from end devices (such as meters), through the communication infrastructure, to a "master station" which publishes the readings. A one-way system might be lower-cost than a two-way system, but also is difficult to reconfigure should the
433:
Control and telemetry applications include both 'utility side' applications, which involves equipment belonging to the utility company up to the domestic meter, and 'consumer-side' applications which involves equipment in the consumer's premises. Possible utility-side applications include
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standards specify how, globally, existing AC wires should be employed for data purposes. The IEEE 1901 includes Nessum and HomePlug AV as baseline technologies. Any IEEE 1901 products can coexist and be fully interoperable between products using the same technology. On the other hand,
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Nessum has developed a multi-hop technology that can be used to build large-scale networks. In addition, the latest Nessum technology (4th-generation HD-PLC technology) provides multiple channels, which enables high-speed and long-range communication by selecting the optimal channel.
116:
radio bands. Some jurisdictions (such as the EU), regulate wire-line transmissions further. The U.S. is a notable exception, permitting limited-power wide-band signals to be injected into unshielded wiring, as long as the wiring is not designed to propagate radio waves in free space.
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group as baseline technologies for their standard, published 30 December 2010. HomePlug estimates that over 45 million HomePlug devices have been deployed worldwide. Other companies and organizations back different specifications for power line home networking and these include the
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to transmit. The transmission electronics is usually a high power operational amplifier, a coupling transformer and a power supply. Similar transmission electronics is required on older, slower systems, so with improved technology, improved performance can be very affordable.
156:: applied in the main power line transmissions, such as low frequency PLC (for telemetry and grid control), and in BPL, for internet transmission via power network. In this type of PLC, the equipment must be robust, to deal with the high voltage levels of the power lines.
268:
A coupling capacitor is used to connect the transmitters and receivers to the high voltage line. This provides low impedance path for carrier energy to HV line but blocks the power frequency circuit by being a high impedance path. The coupling capacitor may be part of a
219:
for their primary system communication needs, the power-line carrier apparatus may still be useful as a backup channel or for very simple low-cost installations that do not warrant installing fiber optic lines, or which are inaccessible to radio or other communication.
172:. Each district usually has its own frequency, so that adjacent areas are unaffected. Codes are sent by slowly turning the tone on and off. Equipment at a customer site receives the codes, and turns customer equipment off and on. Often the decoder is part of a standard
707:(Nessum, HomePlug) LAN standard and its widespread implementation in mainstream router chipsets, the older BPL standards are not competitive for communication between AC outlets within a building, nor between the building and the transformer where MV meets LV lines.
352:
power outlets, or permanently wired in place. Since the carrier signal may propagate to nearby homes (or apartments) on the same distribution system, these control schemes have a "house address" that designates the owner. A popular technology known as
327:
These systems are often used in countries in which it is illegal to transmit signals that interfere with normal radio. The frequencies are so low that they are unable to start radio waves when sent over the utility wiring.
103:
operate by adding a modulated carrier signal to the wiring system. Different types of power-line communications use different frequency bands. Since the power distribution system was originally intended for transmission of
265:(50–60 Hz) pass through. Wave traps are used in switchyard of most power stations to prevent carrier from entering the station equipment. Each wave trap has a lightning arrester to protect it from surge voltages.
451:
A project of EDF, France includes demand management, street lighting control, remote metering and billing, customer specific tariff optimisation, contract management, expense estimation and gas applications safety.
179:
In this way, the utility can avoid up to 20% of capital expenses for generating equipment. This lowers costs for electricity and fuel usage. Brownouts and rolling blackouts are more easily prevented. Grids that use
438:(AMR), dynamic tariff control, load management, load profile recording, credit control, pre-payment, remote connection, fraud detection and network management, and could be extended to include gas and water.
695:
The BPL OPERA standard is used primarily in Europe by ISPs. In North
America it is used in some places (Washington Island, WI, for instance) but is more generally used by electric distribution utilities for
246:. The carrier frequency range is used for audio signals, protection and a pilot frequency. The pilot frequency is a signal in the audio range that is transmitted continuously for failure detection.
150:: indoor PLC is used for LAN networking and narrowband in-house applications, such as home automation. It uses house power wiring to transmit data, injecting the current directly in the power plugs.
755:
medium-frequency home control devices remain divided, although X10 tends to be dominant. For power grid use, IEEE has approved a low-frequency (≤ 500 kHz) standard called IEEE 1901.2 in 2013.
780:
422:
Applications of mains communications vary enormously, as would be expected of such a widely available medium. One natural application of narrow band power-line communication is the control and
299:, and then reinjected onto the powerline again. As PLC signals can carry long distances (several hundred kilometres), such facilities only exist on very long power lines using PLC equipment.
426:
of electrical equipment such as meters, switches, heaters and domestic appliances. A number of active developments are considering such applications from a systems point of view, such as
833:
PLC technology is widely used in the following systems to empower Smart
Building, Smart Factory, Smart Grid, and Smart City, etc., as a solution to reduce network construction costs.
692:
to avoid using those frequencies actually in use, though early pre-2010 BPL standards did not. The criticisms of BPL from this perspective are of pre-OPERA, pre-1905 standards.
112:, power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry higher frequencies. The propagation problem is a limiting factor for each type of power-line communications.
212:
can use a PLC channel to trip a line if a fault is detected between its two terminals, but to leave the line in operation if the fault is elsewhere on the system.
596:
High frequency communication may (re)use large portions of the radio spectrum for communication, or may use select (narrow) band(s), depending on the technology.
1595:
127:
operating at millions of bits per second may only cover one floor of an office building, but eliminates the need for installation of dedicated network cabling.
1172:
Cooper, D.; Jeans, T. (1 July 2002). "Narrowband, low data rate communications on the low-voltage mains in the CENELEC frequencies. I. Noise and attenuation".
303:
is an interest in obtaining fresh data from all metered points in order to better control and operate the system. PLC is one of the technologies being used in
276:
Power-line carrier systems have long been a favorite at many utilities because it allows them to reliably move data over an infrastructure that they control.
570:
in Geneva where it is referenced as G.9903, Narrowband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing power line communication transceivers for G3-PLC networks.
1285:
620:. HomePlug Powerline Alliance announced in October 2016 that it would wind down its activities, and the Alliance website (homeplug.org) has been closed.
390:
For many years the search continued for a cheap bi-directional technology suitable for applications such as remote meter reading. French electric power
1506:
685:
network of wires for data communication, and the expense of maintaining a dedicated network of antennas, radios and routers in wireless network.
604:
Power line communications can also be used in a home to interconnect home computers and peripherals, and home entertainment devices that have an
799:
895:
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final standard was published on 30 December 2010, and included features from HomePlug and Nessum. Power line communication via IEEE 1901 and
506:
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between meters, grid actuators as well as smart objects. In
December 2011, G3 PLC technology was recognised as an international standard at
2008:
1978:
1479:
1088:
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channels from 42–89 kHz. Its fastest transmission rate is 128.6 kilobits/second, while its most robust is 21.4 kbit/s. It uses a
1566:"IEEE 1901.2-2013 - IEEE Standard for Low-Frequency (less than 500 kHz) Narrowband Power Line Communications for Smart Grid Applications"
468:
The
Distribution Line Carrier (DLC) System technology used a frequency range of 9 to 500 kHz with data rate up to 576 kbit/s.
510:
486:
In 2009, a group of vendors formed the PoweRline
Intelligent Metering Evolution (PRIME) alliance. As delivered, the physical layer is
387:
In the 1930s, ripple carrier signaling was introduced on the medium (10–20 kV) and low voltage (240/415 V) distribution systems.
1811:
949:
786:
In July 2009, the IEEE Power line
Communication Standards Committee approved its draft standard for broadband over power lines. The
642:
1565:
795:
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BPL uses some of the same radio frequencies used for over-the-air radio systems. Modern BPL employs
Wavelet-OFDM, FFT-OFDM, or
1367:
1241:
997:
719:
surface wave propagation mechanism that requires only a single conductor. An implementation of this technology is marketed as
1743:
1390:
1230:. 7th International Conference on Metering Applications and Tariffs for Electricity Supply. London UK: IEE. pp. 223–227.
1024:
584:
Sometimes PLC was used for transmitting radio programs over powerlines. When operated in the AM radio band, it is known as a
1646:
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usually small, in a special purpose integrated circuit. Thus even the complicated OFDM standards can still be economical.
1889:
135:
Although different protocols and legislation exists throughout the world, there are basically only two types of PLC: the
430:. In this, domestic appliances would intelligently co-ordinate their use of resources, for example limiting peak loads.
415:
Since the mid-1980s, there has been a surge of interest in using the potential of digital communications techniques and
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sampled at 400 kHz with adaptative modulation and tone mapping. Error detection and correction is made by both a
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A project called Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet (REMPLI) was funded from 2003 to 2006 by the
1708:
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905:
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689:
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can enable auxiliary customer equipment when the generators are being run to generate heat rather than electricity.
1692:
Powerline Communication: Potential and Critical System, Existing Technologies and Prospects for Future Development
304:
715:
Even higher information rate transmissions over power line use RF through microwave frequencies transmitted via a
818:
768:
723:. These use microwaves instead of the lower frequency bands, up to 2–20 GHz. While these may interfere with
634:
491:
963:
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per second; however, these circuits may be many miles long. Higher data rates generally imply shorter ranges; a
1062:
1289:
1161:. 4th International Conference on Metering, Apparatus and Tariffs for Electricity Supply. IEE. pp. 90–94.
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radio signals operating in a crowded environment. Radio interference, for example, has long been a concern of
1894:
1804:
971:
900:
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176:, and controls relays. There are also utility codes, e.g. to set the clocks of the power meters at midnight.
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821:. IEEE also came up with a low-frequency standard for long-distance smart grids called IEEE 1901.2 in 2013.
340:: for example, remote control of lighting and appliances without installation of additional control wiring.
188:
circumvent load shedding. Some meters switch into a higher billing rate when the "party switch" is flipped.
2058:
1988:
64:
A wide range of power-line communication technologies are needed for different applications, ranging from
61:
just electricity or control signals, but also high-speed data and multimedia, is now under investigation.
1199:
Newbury, J. (January 1998). "Communication requirements and standards for low voltage mains signalling".
764:
617:
284:
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Frequencies used are in the range of 24 to 500 kHz, with transmitter power levels up to hundreds of
46:
42:
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2013:
1909:
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2018:
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779:/G.9960 as a standard of networks for high-speed powerline, coax, and phoneline communications. The
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1993:
1983:
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2003:
1899:
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396:(EDF) prototyped and standardized a system called "spread frequency shift keying" or S-FSK. (See
360:
353:
258:
1483:
628:), and HomePlug AV which is the most current of the HomePlug specifications were adopted by the
165:
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1921:
1834:
228:
100:
1096:
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Two distinctly different sets of standards apply to powerline networking as of early 2010.
542:
336:
Power-line communications technology can use the electrical power wiring within a home for
243:
931:
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technologies can also be used and provides the same advantage of reusing existing cables.
557:
an internet network layer to constrained environments which is Power line communications.
26:
8:
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119:
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Improved Automatic meter reading and load control system and its operational achievement
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534:
522:
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224:
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adds an audio-frequency tone to an AC line. Typical frequencies are from 100 to 2400
1400:
1146:. Second IEE National Conference on Telecommunications. London UK. pp. 294–296.
1120:"Telecommunications over the Power Distribution Grid- Possibilities and Limitations"
1647:"NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0"
1404:
1378:
1375:
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications
1208:
1181:
941:
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343:
Typically home-control power-line communication devices operate by modulating in a
209:
1454:
1041:
1820:
772:
724:
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613:
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home automation product line, was accepted as part of some automation standards.
337:
84:
69:
65:
41:) is the carrying of data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC
1859:
1382:
1185:
890:
885:
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as "Additional Standards Identified by NIST Subject to Further Review" for the
181:
2052:
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1141:
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Several competing organizations have developed specifications, including the
546:
88:
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certification all major vendors of such devices committed to in 2013.
1949:
1939:
1726:
562:
457:
344:
296:
288:
236:
1537:
367:(PPM). The physical layer method is a very different scheme than the X10.
1270:
Duval, G. "Applications of power-line carrier at Electricite de France".
1089:"Echelon Announces ISO/IEC Standardization of LonWorks® Control Networks"
728:
697:
1703:. Newark, N.J.: Westinghouse Electric Corp., Relay-Instrument Division.
316:
292:
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is refreshed. Therefore the signal is filtered out from the powerline,
232:
57:
20:
1212:
1929:
1884:
1507:"Understanding the information rate of BPL and other last-mile pipes"
945:
803:
791:
787:
751:
736:
704:
679:
638:
629:
505:
In 2011, several companies including distribution network operators (
423:
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is a facility, at which a power-line communication (PLC) signal on a
197:
2023:
1874:
1854:
807:
605:
372:
254:. This range is set according to the distance between substations.
105:
80:
1789:
1621:
1272:
Proc 1997 Internat. Symp. On Power Line Comms and Its Applications
1127:
Proc 1997 Internat. Symp. On Power Line Comms and Its Applications
1879:
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783:(a US trade body) was also involved in advocating for standards.
558:
550:
526:
368:
251:
1718:
1066:
19:
For other schemes to deliver data and power over one cable, see
1998:
1869:
1844:
1538:"Introduction to the Propagating TM Wave on a Single Conductor"
625:
621:
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for error detection and correction. The upper layer is usually
727:
when used outdoors, the advantages of speeds competitive with
2033:
2028:
1973:
1957:
1934:
811:
646:
348:
215:
While utility companies use microwave and now, increasingly,
109:
775:(active). On October 2009, the ITU-T adopted Recommendation
79:
A number of difficult technical problems are common between
1864:
814:
776:
650:
612:
The widely deployed powerline networking standard are from
554:
530:
499:
487:
479:
405:
223:
Power-line carrier communication (PLCC) is mainly used for
205:
1429:
1319:
1312:"Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet"
998:"What is Power Line Communication (PLC) and How it works"
567:
384:
as baby alarms have been available at least since 1940.
933:
Powerline Communications Systems: Overview and Analysis
731:
cables without new wiring are likely to outweigh that.
169:
1784:
1779:
1768:
1095:. Echelon Corporation. 3 December 2008. Archived from
964:"ARRL Strengthens the Case for Mandatory BPL Notching"
1694:
http://www.tesionline.it/default/tesi.asp?idt=34078
710:
49:to consumers. The line that does so is known as a
1598:. ITU-T Newslog. 12 December 2008. Archived from
1228:Mains Communications- a practical metering system
1039:
456:activity in different rooms in a home and a data
242:The modulation generally used in these system is
2050:
1065:. Powerline Control Systems, Inc. Archived from
1785:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
1171:
83:and power-line communication, notably those of
1596:"New Global Standard for Fully Networked Home"
837:Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems
573:
227:, tele-protection and tele-monitoring between
1805:
1560:
1558:
896:List of broadband over power line deployments
322:
1622:"NEM: National Energy Marketers Association"
1535:
1504:
1015:Stanley H. Horowitz; Arun G. Phadke (2008).
669:
656:
331:
591:
463:
191:
1812:
1798:
1555:
1139:
871:radio signals produced by the PLC wiring.
758:
1698:
735:underlying propagation mode is extremely
460:which is connected to a telephone modem.
1733:
1225:
599:
378:
25:
16:Data network that uses electrical wiring
1288:. Power-Q Sendirian Bhd. Archived from
1198:
1117:
1063:"What is Univeral (sic) Powerline Bus?"
1019:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 64–65.
196:Utility companies use special coupling
2051:
1156:
995:
794:compliant devices is indicated by the
1793:
1226:Sheppard, T J (17–19 November 1992).
929:
865:
781:National Energy Marketers Association
711:Ultra-high frequency (≥ 100 MHz)
549:, a radio standard. In the protocol,
257:PLCC can be used for interconnecting
1365:
991:
989:
956:
513:, Landis&Gyr) and chip vendors (
490:, sampled at 250 kHz, with 512
1819:
1672:"What is Power Line Communications"
1201:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1174:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1017:Power system relaying third edition
952:from the original on 16 April 2024.
108:at typical frequencies of 50 or 60
13:
1686:
1480:"Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)"
1286:"Distribution Line Carrier System"
239:, such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV.
14:
2085:
1761:
1269:
986:
906:National Emergency Alarm Repeater
690:frequency-hopping spread spectrum
561:integrates routing, based on the
160:
1368:"Comparison of PLC G3 and PRIME"
1157:Hosono, M (26–28 October 1982).
305:Advanced Metering Infrastructure
1664:
1639:
1614:
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1498:
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1334:
1304:
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1263:
1234:
1219:
1192:
1165:
1150:
828:
819:Smart grid in the United States
769:Universal Powerline Association
635:Universal Powerline Association
492:differential phase shift keying
356:has been used since the 1970s.
323:Medium frequency (100 kHz)
130:
1738:(in French). Paris: Eyrolles.
1699:Blackburn, J. L., ed. (1976).
1143:Power line modems and networks
1133:
1111:
1081:
1055:
1033:
1008:
923:
703:Since the ratification of the
311:operating environment change.
273:used for voltage measurement.
1:
1536:Glenn Elmore (27 July 2009).
972:American Amateur Radio League
916:
901:Multimedia over Coax Alliance
592:High frequency (≥ 1 MHz)
539:Reed-Solomon error correction
281:PLC carrier repeating station
271:capacitor voltage transformer
1511:Computing Unplugged magazine
1505:Glenn Elmore (August 2006).
938:Rutgers University Libraries
742:
363:", introduced in 1999, uses
7:
1736:RĂ©seaux CPL par la pratique
1701:Applied Protective Relaying
1342:"Welcome To PRIME Alliance"
874:
765:HomePlug Powerline Alliance
618:HomePlug Powerline Alliance
574:Transmitting radio programs
47:electric power distribution
43:electric power transmission
10:
2090:
1430:"G3-PLC Official Web Site"
1383:10.1109/ISPLC.2011.5764384
1186:10.1109/TPWRD.2002.1022794
996:Pandit, Abhimanyu (2019).
676:Broadband over power lines
673:
653:(HomeGrid) specification.
577:
509:, Enexis), meter vendors (
74:broadband over power lines
18:
1966:
1948:
1920:
1827:
1734:Carcelle, Xavier (2006).
670:Broadband over power line
657:Non-home networking (LAN)
553:has been chosen to adapt
417:digital signal processing
365:pulse-position modulation
332:Home control (narrowband)
94:
1242:"ETSI TS 103 908 V1.1.1"
855:Lighting control systems
478:More modern systems use
464:Medium-speed narrow-band
442:Open Smart Grid Protocol
259:private branch exchanges
192:Long haul, low frequency
72:, which is often called
35:Power-line communication
1626:www.energymarketers.com
1455:"G.9903 ITU-T Web Page"
1140:Broadridge, R. (1989).
930:Sagar, Nishant (2011).
861:Security camera systems
759:Standards organizations
436:automatic meter reading
361:universal powerline bus
1040:Edward B.Driscoll Jr.
428:demand side management
347:of between 20 and 200
229:electrical substations
101:communications systems
31:
1366:Hoch, Martin (2011).
700:and load management.
600:Home networking (LAN)
393:Électricité de France
379:Low-speed narrow-band
29:
1377:. pp. 165–169.
1042:"The history of X10"
543:media access control
244:amplitude modulation
2059:Computer networking
1967:Long range wireless
1602:on 21 February 2009
1576:on 16 December 2018
1486:on 12 February 2019
1322:on 14 February 2009
1118:Dostert, K (1997).
911:Residential gateway
852:Smart street lights
473:European Commission
1775:. Nessum Alliance.
1543:. Corridor Systems
866:Challenges for PLC
750:Within homes, the
535:convolutional code
523:STMicroelectronics
496:convolutional code
217:fiber-optic cables
125:local area network
51:power-line carrier
32:
30:Power line adapter
2044:
2043:
1773:Official web site
1745:978-2-212-11930-5
1459:Official web site
1434:Official web site
1410:on 10 August 2017
1392:978-1-4244-7751-7
1346:Official web site
1316:official web site
1213:10.1109/61.660847
1026:978-0-470-05712-4
974:. 2 December 2010
849:Storage batteries
840:Micro - inverters
519:Texas Instruments
297:carrier frequency
225:telecommunication
174:electricity meter
2081:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1757:
1730:
1680:
1679:
1668:
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1632:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1562:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1517:on July 22, 2011
1513:. Archived from
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1482:. Archived from
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1403:. Archived from
1372:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:. Archived from
1308:
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993:
984:
983:
981:
979:
960:
954:
953:
946:10.7282/T3RR1XJ7
927:
858:Intercom systems
515:Maxim Integrated
210:protective relay
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2069:Electrical grid
2064:Internet access
2049:
2048:
2045:
2040:
1962:
1944:
1916:
1823:
1821:Internet access
1818:
1767:
1764:
1746:
1711:
1689:
1687:Further reading
1684:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
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1170:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1099:on 7 April 2012
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1069:on 18 July 2011
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
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1038:
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1027:
1013:
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987:
977:
975:
962:
961:
957:
928:
924:
919:
877:
868:
831:
773:Nessum Alliance
771:(defunct), and
761:
745:
725:radio astronomy
717:transverse mode
713:
682:
674:Main articles:
672:
659:
614:Nessum Alliance
602:
594:
586:carrier current
582:
580:Carrier current
576:
541:. The required
466:
381:
338:home automation
334:
325:
307:(AMI) systems.
194:
163:
133:
97:
85:spread spectrum
70:Internet access
66:home automation
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2087:
2077:
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2011:
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1996:
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1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1763:
1762:External links
1760:
1759:
1758:
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1681:
1663:
1638:
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1303:
1292:on 20 May 2009
1277:
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1233:
1218:
1191:
1180:(3): 718–723.
1164:
1149:
1132:
1110:
1080:
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1007:
1002:Circuit Digest
985:
955:
921:
920:
918:
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914:
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908:
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898:
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891:KNX (standard)
888:
886:IEEE 1675-2008
883:
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578:Main article:
575:
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545:is taken from
465:
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380:
377:
371:, part of the
333:
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193:
190:
166:Ripple control
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161:Ripple control
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1780:OSGP Alliance
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1249:ETSI Delivery
1243:
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802:has included
801:
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571:
569:
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560:
556:
552:
548:
547:IEEE 802.15.4
544:
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237:high voltages
234:
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202:
199:
189:
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111:
107:
102:
92:
90:
89:amateur radio
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
62:
59:
56:In the past,
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
22:
2046:
1950:Wireless LAN
1940:Wireless USB
1922:Wireless PAN
1904:
1772:
1735:
1700:
1675:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1569:
1545:. Retrieved
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1510:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1374:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:the original
1280:
1271:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1248:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1207:(1): 46–52.
1204:
1200:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1093:News release
1092:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1035:
1016:
1010:
1001:
976:. Retrieved
968:News release
967:
958:
937:
932:
925:
869:
843:HVAC systems
832:
829:Applications
785:
762:
749:
746:
733:
714:
702:
698:smart meters
694:
687:
683:
664:
660:
611:
603:
595:
583:
563:mesh network
504:
485:
477:
470:
467:
458:concentrator
454:
450:
446:
440:
432:
421:
414:
402:
391:
389:
386:
382:
358:
345:carrier wave
342:
335:
326:
313:
309:
301:
280:
278:
275:
267:
263:
256:
248:
241:
222:
214:
203:
195:
186:
182:cogeneration
178:
164:
153:
147:
140:
139:PLC and the
136:
134:
131:Types of PLC
118:
114:
98:
78:
63:
55:
50:
38:
34:
33:
1580:23 December
1490:2 September
978:24 November
767:(defunct),
729:fibre optic
289:demodulated
233:power lines
154:Outdoor PLC
99:Power-line
58:power lines
2074:Smart grid
2053:Categories
2014:Muni Wi-Fi
1905:Power-line
1652:. Nist.gov
1631:14 October
1606:11 October
940:(Thesis).
917:References
645:, and the
624:(formerly
317:smart grid
198:capacitors
148:Indoor PLC
120:Data rates
21:Power over
2019:Satellite
1930:Bluetooth
1910:Broadband
1885:IEEE 1901
1754:421746698
1255:16 August
846:Elevators
806:(Nessum,
804:IEEE 1901
792:IEEE 1905
788:IEEE 1901
752:IEEE 1901
743:Standards
737:broadband
705:IEEE 1901
680:IEEE 1901
639:SiConnect
630:IEEE 1901
424:telemetry
410:IEC 61334
398:IEC 61334
295:on a new
293:modulated
285:powerline
2024:UMTS-TDD
1875:HomePlug
1855:Ethernet
1769:"Nessum"
1719:76008060
1521:July 22,
1401:13741019
1274:: 76–80.
950:Archived
875:See also
810:AV) and
808:HomePlug
606:Ethernet
588:system.
511:Sagemcom
373:LonWorks
261:(PBXs).
231:through
106:AC power
91:groups.
81:wireless
1880:HomePNA
1840:Dial-up
1727:2423329
1678:. 2021.
1570:IEEE SA
1547:22 July
1464:6 March
1439:6 March
1351:22 July
1326:22 July
1296:22 July
1103:22 July
1073:22 July
1047:22 July
881:HomePNA
559:6loWPAN
551:6loWPAN
527:Renesas
369:LonTalk
141:outdoor
1999:iBurst
1870:Nessum
1845:DOCSIS
1752:
1742:
1725:
1717:
1707:
1676:Nessum
1414:16 May
1399:
1389:
1251:. ETSI
1129:: 1–9.
1023:
721:E-Line
643:Xsilon
626:HD-PLC
622:Nessum
137:indoor
95:Basics
2034:WiBro
2029:WiMAX
1974:5G NR
1958:Wi-Fi
1935:Li-Fi
1835:Cable
1828:Wired
1656:8 May
1650:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1397:S2CID
1371:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
812:ITU-T
647:ITU-T
359:The "
206:watts
143:PLC.
2009:MMDS
1994:HSPA
1989:GPRS
1984:EVDO
1979:DECT
1895:MoCA
1890:ISDN
1865:G.hn
1860:FTTx
1750:OCLC
1740:ISBN
1723:OCLC
1715:LCCN
1705:ISBN
1658:2012
1633:2019
1608:2010
1582:2013
1549:2011
1523:2011
1492:2019
1466:2013
1441:2013
1416:2012
1387:ISBN
1353:2011
1328:2011
1298:2011
1257:2021
1105:2011
1075:2011
1049:2011
1021:ISBN
980:2011
815:G.hn
800:NIST
796:nVoy
777:G.hn
678:and
651:G.hn
616:and
555:IPv6
537:and
531:OFDM
507:ERDF
500:IPv4
488:OFDM
480:OFDM
406:UART
291:and
250:+32
2004:LTE
1900:PON
1850:DSL
1379:doi
1209:doi
1182:doi
942:doi
649:'s
568:ITU
354:X10
349:kHz
252:dbW
235:at
68:to
45:or
39:PLC
2055::
1771:.
1748:.
1721:.
1713:.
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