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781:
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disputed meter to be fully tested both in the installed location and at a specialist calibration laboratory. Approximately 93% of disputed meters are found to be operating satisfactorily. A refund of electricity paid for, but not consumed (but not vice versa) will only be made if the laboratory is able to estimate how long the meter has been misregistering. This contrasts with gas meters where if a meter is found to be under reading, it is assumed that it has under read for as long as the consumer has had a gas supply through it. Any refund due is limited to the previous six years.
1539:. Three-wire single-phase requires local transformers, as few as one per ten residences, but provides lower, safer voltages at the socket (usually 120 V), and provides two voltages to customers: neutral to phase (usually 120 V), and phase to phase (usually 240 V). Additionally, three-wire customers normally have neutral wired to the zero side of the generator's windings, which gives earthing that can be easily measured to be safe. These meters have a metering equation of Watts = 0.5 x volts x (amps of phase A − amps of phase B), with volts measured between the phase wires.
219:
column. Like all other DC meters, it recorded ampere hours. Once the mercury pool was exhausted, the meter became an open circuit. It was therefore necessary for the consumer to pay for a further supply of electricity, whereupon, the supplier's agent would unlock the meter from its mounting and invert it restoring the mercury to the reservoir and the supply. In practice the consumer would get the supply company's agent in before the supply ran out and pay only for the charge consumed as read from the scale. The agent would then reset the meter to zero by inverting it.
376:
the wave form. For example, electronic loads such as computer power supplies draw their current at the voltage peak to fill their internal storage elements. This can lead to a significant voltage drop near the supply voltage peak which shows as a flattening of the voltage waveform. This flattening causes odd harmonics which are not permissible if they exceed specific limits, as they are not only wasteful, but may interfere with the operation of other equipment. Harmonic emissions are mandated by law in EU and other countries to fall within specified limits.
387:, were used in the early days of electrification. These were dependent upon the supply voltage remaining constant for accurate measurement of energy usage, which was not a likely circumstance with most supplies. The most common application was in relation to special-purpose meters to monitor charge / discharge status of large batteries. Some meters measured only the length of time for which charge flowed, with no measurement of the magnitude of voltage or current being made. These are only suited for constant-load applications and are rarely used today.
1367:, thus reducing the customer's recorded energy usage by the amount exported. This in effect results in the customer being paid for his/her exports at the full retail price of electricity. Unless equipped with a ratchet or equivalent, a standard meter will accurately record power flow in each direction by simply running backwards when power is exported. Where allowed by law, utilities maintain a profitable margin between the price of energy delivered to the consumer and the rate credited for consumer-generated energy that flows back to the grid.
1241:
1100:
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671:
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distribution method has one fewer wire, is less expensive, and is common in Asia, Africa, and many parts of Europe. In regions that mix residences and light industry, it is common for this to be the only distribution method. A meter for this type normally measures two of the windings relative to the third winding, and adds the watts. One disadvantage of this system is that if the safety earth fails, it is difficult to discover this by direct measurement, because no phase has a voltage relative to earth.
1450:
525:
396:
211:
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76:
175:
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mark on the older mechanical meters and the other as part of a two-way IR communications port for reading / programming the meter. These IR LEDs are visible with some night vision viewers and certain video cameras that are capable of sensing IR transmissions. These can be used for surveillance, revealing information about peoples' possessions and behaviour. For instance, it can show when the customer is away for extended periods.
1221:
1007:
977:
1067:
will vary significantly depending on the time of day. Low cost generation capacity (baseload) such as nuclear can take many hours to start, meaning a surplus in times of low demand, whereas high cost but flexible generating capacity (such as gas turbines) must be kept available to respond at a moment's notice (spinning reserve) to peak demand, perhaps being used for a few minutes per day, which is very expensive.
2667:
34:
294:
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meter in that they are two-phase motor meter. Although the induction meter would only work on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the
Thomson design. Shallenberger fell ill and was unable to refine his initial large and heavy design, although he did also develop a polyphase version.
1360:. Customers that generate back into the "grid" usually must have special equipment and safety devices to protect the grid components (as well as the customer's own) in case of faults (electrical short circuits) or maintenance of the grid (say voltage on a downed line coming from an exporting customers facility).
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disadvantages of cash prepayment. They were also popular with customers who wanted a convenient payment method, especially in short term tenancies. Well over 1 million such meters were installed across the UK in the first few years after introduction. Modern solid-state electricity meters, in conjunction with
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connection via an earth ground is often much higher resistance than the metallic neutral connector. Even if an earth ground is safe, metering at the substation can alert the operator to tampering. Substations, inter-ties, and transformers normally have a high-accuracy meter for the area served. Power
1558:
In many other countries the supply and load terminals are in the meter housing itself. Cables are connected directly to the meter. In some areas the meter is outside, often on a utility pole. In others, it is inside the building in a niche. If inside, it may share a data connection with other meters.
1550:
In North
America, it is common for electricity meters to plug into a standardised socket outdoors, on the side of a building. This allows the meter to be replaced without disturbing the wires to the socket, or the occupant of the building. Some sockets may have a bypass while the meter is removed for
754:
contact supplied from the meter. In a KYZ interface, the Y and Z wires are switch contacts, shorted to K for a measured amount of energy. When one contact closes the other opens to provide count accuracy security. Each contact change of state is considered one pulse. The frequency of pulses indicates
375:
is the ratio of resistive (or real) power to volt-amperes. A capacitive load has a leading power factor, and an inductive load has a lagging power factor. A purely resistive load (such as a filament lamp, heater or kettle) exhibits a power factor of 1. Current harmonics are a measure of distortion of
284:
applied the induction principle previously used only in AC ampere hour meters to produce a watt-hour meter of the modern electromechanical form, using an induction disk whose rotational speed was made proportional to the power in the circuit. The Bláthy meter was similar to
Shallenberger and Thomson
1606:
For the United
Kingdom, any installed electricity meter is required to accurately record the consumed energy, but it is permitted to under-read by 3.5%, or over-read by 2.5%. Disputed meters are initially verified with a check meter operating alongside the disputed meter. The final resort is for the
1602:
Electricity meters are required to register the energy consumed within an acceptable degree of accuracy. Any significant error in the registered energy can represent a loss to the electricity supplier, or the consumer being over billed. The accuracy is generally laid down in statute for the location
1317:
Time of Day metering (TOD), also known as Time of Usage (TOU) or
Seasonal Time of Day (SToD), metering involves dividing the day, month and year into tariff slots and with higher rates at peak load periods and low tariff rates at off-peak load periods. While this can be used to automatically control
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In the UK, mechanical prepayment coin meters used to be common, both in private rented accommodation and residential customers of the electricity boards, the nationalised electricity sector. Disadvantages of these included the need for regular visits to remove the cash, and risk of theft of the cash
715:
The processing and communication section has the responsibility of calculating the various derived quantities from the digital values generated by the metering engine. This also has the responsibility of communication using various protocols and interface with other addon modules connected as slaves
466:
by counting the revolutions of a non-magnetic, but electrically conductive, metal disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power passing through the meter. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. The voltage coil consumes a small and relatively constant
218:
An early type of electrochemical meter used in the United
Kingdom was the 'Reason' meter. This consisted of a vertically mounted glass structure with a mercury reservoir at the top of the meter. As current was drawn from the supply, electrochemical action transferred the mercury to the bottom of the
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in residential areas has produced additional privacy issues that may affect ordinary customers. These meters are often capable of recording energy usage every 15, 30 or 60 minutes. Some meters have one or two IR LEDs on the front: one used for testing and which acts as the equivalent of the timing
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Some tampers bypass the meter, wholly or in part. Safe tampers of this type normally increase the neutral current at the meter. Most split-phase residential meters in the United States are unable to detect neutral currents. However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect and bill it at standard
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In the four-wire three-phase system, sometimes called "four-wire wye", the safety ground is connected to a neutral wire that is physically connected to the zero-voltage side of the three windings of the generator or transformer. Since all power phases are relative to the neutral in this system, if
984:
Plug-in electricity meters (or plug load meters) measure energy used by individual appliances. There are a variety of models available on the market today but they all work on the same basic principle. The meter is plugged into an outlet, and the appliance to be measured is plugged into the meter.
263:
Works at the
Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889, and the first induction kilowatt-hour meter was already marketed by the factory at the end of the same year. These were the first alternating-current watt-hour meters, known by the name of Bláthy-meters. The AC kilowatt hour meters used at present
148:
When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some
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The owner of the meter normally secures the meter against tampering. Revenue meters' mechanisms and connections are sealed. Meters may also measure VAR-hours (the reflected load), neutral and DC currents (elevated by most electrical tampering), ambient magnetic fields, etc. Even simple mechanical
1329:
TOD metering normally splits rates into an arrangement of multiple segments including on-peak, off-peak, mid-peak or shoulder, and critical peak. A typical arrangement is a peak occurring during the day (non-holiday days only), such as from 1 pm to 9 pm Monday through Friday during the summer and
1268:
The first automated pre-payment meters were introduced by London
Electricity, in conjunction with the Schlumberger Metering based in Felixstowe, UK. They were initially called Key Meters and later renamed Budget Meters. They avoided the 60,000 disconnections for non-payment per annum and the many
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may wish to charge customers different tariffs at different times of the day to better reflect the costs of generation and transmission. Since it is typically not cost effective to store significant amounts of electricity during a period of low demand for use during a period of high demand, costs
406:
meter. 1: Voltage coil: many turns of fine wire encased in plastic, connected in parallel with load. 2: Current coil: three turns of thick wire, connected in series with load. 3: Stator: concentrates and confines magnetic field. 4: Aluminum rotor disc. 5: rotor brake magnets. 6: spindle with worm
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in ampere hours. Since the voltage of the supply should remain substantially constant, the reading of the meter was proportional to actual energy consumed. For example, if a meter recorded that 100 ampere hours had been consumed on a 200-volt supply, then 20 kilowatt-hours of energy had
1256:
The standard business model of electricity retailing involves the electricity company billing the customer for the amount of energy used in the previous month or quarter. In some countries, if the retailer believes that the customer may not pay the bill, a prepayment meter may be installed. This
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to automatically determine the number and type of appliances in a residence, how much energy each uses and when. This meter is used by electric utilities to do surveys of energy use. It eliminates the need to put timers on all of the appliances in a house to determine how much energy each uses.
551:
The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by the symbol Kh which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. The value 7.2 is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh one can determine their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch.
1630:
0.095/kWh, a standard residential 50 A meter causes a legally collectible charge of about US$ 5,000.00 per month. Meter readers are trained to spot signs of tampering, and with crude mechanical meters, the maximum rate may be charged each billing period until the tamper is removed, or the
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switch the entire electricity supply to the cheaper rate during the 7 hour night time period, not just the storage heater circuit. The downside of this is that the daytime rate per kWh is significantly higher, and that standing charges are sometimes higher. For example, as of July 2017, normal
951:
is to provide convenient real-time feedback to users so they can change their energy using behaviour. Recently, low-cost energy feedback displays have become available, that may be able to measure energy (Watt-hours), momentary power (wattage), and may additionally be able to measure the MAINS
719:
RTC and other add-on modules are attached as slaves to the processing and communication section for various input/output functions. On a modern meter most if not all of this will be implemented inside the microprocessor, such as the RTC, LCD controller, temperature sensor, memory and analog to
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to the outside of the meter. Strong magnets saturate the magnetic fields in the meter so that the motor portion of a mechanical meter does not operate. Lower power magnets can add to the drag resistance of the internal disk resistance magnets. Magnets can also saturate current transformers or
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Industrial power is normally supplied as three phase power. There are two forms: three wire, or four wire with a system neutral. In "three wire" or "three wire delta", there is no neutral but an earth ground is the safety ground. The three phases have voltage only relative to each other. This
1522:
is common for residential and small commercial customers. Single phase distribution is less-expensive, because one set of transformers in a substation normally serve a large area with relatively high voltages (usually 230 V) and no local transformers. These have a simple metering equation:
1514:
states that for any system with N current-carrying conductors, that N-1 measuring elements are sufficient to measure electrical energy. This indicates that different metering is needed, for example, for a three-phase three-wire system than for a three-phase four-wire (with neutral) system.
711:
The largest source of long-term errors in the meter is drift in the preamp, followed by the precision of the voltage reference. Both of these vary with temperature as well, and vary wildly when meters are outdoors. Characterising and compensating for these is a major part of meter design.
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service. The amount of electricity used without being recorded during this small time is considered insignificant when compared to the inconvenience which might be caused to the customer by cutting off the electricity supply. Most electronic meters in North
America use a serial protocol,
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Newer computerised meters usually have counter-measures against tampering. AMR (Automated Meter
Reading) meters often have sensors that can report opening of the meter cover, magnetic anomalies, extra clock setting, glued buttons, inverted installation, reversed or switched phases etc.
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meter is also available, which gives 10 hours of cheap off-peak electricity spread out over three timeslots throughout a 24-hour period. This allows multiple top-up boosts to storage heaters, or a good spread of times to run a wet electric heating system on a cheaper electricity rate.
467:
amount of power, typically around 2 watts which is not registered on the meter. The current coil similarly consumes a small amount of power in proportion to the square of the current flowing through it, typically up to a couple of watts at full load, which is registered on the meter.
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output. Voltage and current are limited to 27 V and 27 mA, respectively. Each metered amount of electrical energy produces one impulse with a length of 32-100 ms. The meter constant (pulses per kWh) is programmable on some meters, but often fixed to 1000-10000 pulses per
1506:
Since electrical standards vary in different regions, "customer drops" from the grid to the customer also vary depending on the standards and the type of installation. There are several common types of connections between a grid and a customer. Each type has a different
688:
or LED display, and some can also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used, some electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as instantaneous and maximum rate of usage demands, voltages, power factor and
703:
The metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage reference, samplers and quantisers followed by an analog to digital conversion section to yield the digitised equivalents of all the inputs. These inputs are then processed using a
1143:
per kWh (typically a factor of 3-5 times lower). Nevertheless, a sizeable number of properties do not have the option of gas, with many in rural areas being outside the gas supply network, and others being expensive upfront to upgrade to a radiator system.
654:
In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep test.
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Domestic variable-rate meters generally permit two to three tariffs ("peak", "off-peak" and "shoulder") and in such installations a simple electromechanical time switch may be used. Historically, these have often been used in conjunction with electrical
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have demand surges throughout the day, and the power company may wish to give price incentives to large customers to reduce demand at these times. These demand surges often correspond to meal times or, famously, to advertisements interrupting popular
1304:
Around the world, experiments are going on, especially in developing countries, to test pre-payment systems. In some cases, prepayment meters have not been accepted by customers. There are various groups, such as the Standard Transfer Specification
1162:("single rate") electricity costs 17.14p per kWh in the London region on the standard default tariff for EDF Energy (the post-privatisation incumbent electricity supplier in London), with a standing charge of 18.90p per day. The equivalent
1330:
from 6:30 am to 12 noon and 5 pm to 9 pm during the winter. More complex arrangements include the use of critical peaks that occur during high demand periods. The times of peak demand/cost will vary in different markets around the world.
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the neutral is disconnected, it can be directly measured. In the United States, the National Electrical Code requires neutrals to be of this type. In this system, power meters measure and sum all three phases relative to the neutral.
2524:
Measuring Instruments (Active Electrical Energy Meters) regulations 2006, Schedule 1, Paragraph 15. These errors apply between +5°C to +30°C and a power factor of 0.8 leading to 0.5 lagging. Outside of these limits larger errors are
911:(Remote Meter Reading) describe various systems that allow meters to be checked remotely, without the need to send a meter reader. An electronic meter can transmit its readings by telephone line or radio to a central billing office.
161:
The earliest commercial uses of electric energy, in the 1880s, had easily predictable usage; billing was based on the number of lamps or motors installed in a building. However, as usage spread, and especially with the invention of
1300:
prepaid meters are recharged by entering a unique, encoded twenty digit number using a keypad. This makes the tokens, which may be electronically delivered or printed on a slip of paper at point of purchase, very cheap to produce.
2315:
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the power demand. The number of pulses indicates energy metered. When incorporated into an electromechanical meter, the relay changes state with each full or half rotation of the meter disc. Each state change is called a "pulse."
547:
is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism.
1675:. Narcotics detectives associate abnormally high power usage with the lighting such operations require. Indoor marijuana growers aware of this are particularly motivated to steal electricity simply to conceal their usage of it.
226:
offered a mercury motor meter with a register similar to gas meters; this had the advantage that the consumer could easily read the meter and verify consumption. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a
892:
wired link. The meters can store the entire usage profiles with timestamps and relay them at the click of a button. The demand readings stored with the profiles accurately indicate the load requirements of the customer. This
272:
company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) based on an ironless commutator motor. This meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current.
1333:
Large commercial users can purchase power by the hour using either forecast pricing or real-time pricing. Some utilities allow residential customers to pay hourly rates, such as in Illinois, which uses day ahead pricing.
1668:
companies normally investigate discrepancies between the total billed and the total generated, in order to find and fix power distribution problems. These investigations are an effective method to discover tampering.
1618:
Power companies often install remote-reporting meters specifically to enable remote detection of tampering, and specifically to discover energy theft. The change to smart power meters is useful to stop energy theft.
1318:
usage on the part of the customer (resulting in automatic load control), it is often simply the customer's responsibility to control his own usage or pay accordingly (voluntary load control). This also allows the
1402:," which includes meters that measure electricity via communication networks that require remote control and give customers timing and pricing options. Vehicle-to-grid systems could be installed at workplace
993:. Web resources can also be used, if an estimate of the power consumption is enough for the research purposes. A power meter can often be borrowed from the local power authorities or a local public library.
732:. It saves the cost of a human meter reader and the resulting mistakes, but it also allows more measurements, and remote provisioning. Many smart meters now include a switch to interrupt or restore service.
439:, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source and customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 ampere of load,
198:
to totalise current consumption. At periodic intervals the plates were removed and weighed, and the customer billed. The electrochemical meter was labor-intensive to read and not well received by customers.
1139:. The popularity of such tariffs has declined in recent years, at least in the domestic market, because of the (perceived or real) deficiencies of storage heaters and the comparatively much lower cost of
632:= 7.2 as above, and one revolution took place in 14.4 seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them on one by one.
2377:
2357:
1687:
of electricity supply markets in many countries, the company responsible for an electricity meter may not be obvious. Depending on the arrangements in place, the meter may be the property of the
651:. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter.
2699:
801:. Other meters implement a similar pulse interface, but with an infrared LED instead of an electrical connection. The interface is also used on other kinds of meters, like water meters.
596:
1306:
1702:
The company responsible for reading the meter may not always be the company which owns it. Meter reading is now sometimes subcontracted and in some areas the same person may read
1433:
400 A electricity supply. The fourth neutral wire does not require a current transformer because current cannot flow in the neutral without also flowing in metered phase wires. (
443:
are used, so that the meter can be located somewhere other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic.
1166:
costs are 21.34p per kWh during the peak usage period with 7.83p per kWh during the off-peak usage period, and a standing charge of 18.90p per day. Timer switches installed on
368:
Volt-amperes measures all power passed through a distribution network, including reactive and actual. This is equal to the product of root-mean-square volts and amperes.
2692:
1615:
Meters can be manipulated to make them under-register, effectively allowing power use without paying for it. This theft or fraud can be dangerous as well as dishonest.
1535:, with volts measured from the neutral to the phase wire. In the United States, Canada, and parts of Central and South America similar customers are normally served by
2563:
Teridian Semiconductors Application Note, "Antitamper Features Enabled by the 71M6511" The 71M6511 is a single chip metering device widely used in computerised meters.
1096:, or via a radio-activated switch. In principle, a sealed time switch can also be used, but is considered more vulnerable to tampering to obtain cheaper electricity.
1660:
Disconnecting a meter's neutral connector is unsafe because shorts can then pass through people or equipment rather than a metallic ground to the generator or earth.
1309:) association, which promote common standards for prepayment metering systems across manufacturers. Prepaid meters using the STS standard are used in many countries.
1204:
notification, and power quality monitoring. They allow price setting agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of day and the season.
1441:
1285:
network, where rechargeable tokens (Quantum cards for natural gas, or plastic "keys" for electricity) can be loaded with whatever money the customer has available.
2149:
1257:
requires the customer to make advance payment before electricity can be used. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity is cut off by a
2685:
1484:. Electricity companies may prefer external locations as the meter can be read without gaining access to the premises but external meters may be more prone to
55:
2708:
243:
introduced it commercially into Great Britain from 1888. Aron's meter recorded the total charge used over time, and showed it on a series of clock dials.
2205:
1453:
Electricity meters placed outside the homes of residents in a common place, which is accessible only for the department staff and concerned residents
956:, capturing peak wattage and peak current, and have a manually set clock. The display may indicate the power consumption over the week graphically.
924:
Large commercial and industrial premises may use electronic meters which record power usage in blocks of half an hour or less. This is because most
758:
KYZ outputs were historically attached to "totaliser relays" feeding a "totaliser" so that many meters could be read all at once in one place.
379:
In addition to metering based on the amount of energy used, other types of metering are available. Meters which measured the amount of charge (
2261:
865:. Some meters can be read over the internet. Other more modern protocols are also becoming widely used, like OSGP (Open Smart Grid Protocol).
486:. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees, due to the coil's inductive nature, and calibrated using a lag coil. This produces
2169:
2127:
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used etc. They can also support time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used during on-peak and off-peak hours.
166:, it also became more variable, and the electric utilities sought a means to bill customers based on actual rather than estimated usage.
1996:
1642:
Some combinations of capacitive and inductive load can interact with the coils and mass of a rotor and cause reduced or reverse motion.
1570:
In 2014, networking to meters is rapidly changing. The most common schemes seem to combine an existing national standard for data (e.g.
1117:, 198 kHz. The time of off-peak charging is usually seven hours between midnight and 7:00am GMT/BST, and this is designed to power
700:), and other add-on modules such as a real time clock (RTC), a liquid crystal display, infra red communication ports/modules and so on.
2458:
2096:
1858:
42:
2671:
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serving a single large customer may have metering equipment installed in a cabinet, without bringing heavy cables into the cabinet.
1494:
permit the meter to be located remotely from the current-carrying conductors. This is common in large installations. For example, a
769:
or other control systems. Some modern meters also supply a contact closure that warns when the meter detects a demand near a higher
1603:
in which the meter is installed. Statutory provisions may also specify a procedure to be followed should the accuracy be disputed.
531:
electromechanical induction meter, metering 100 A 240/415 V supply. Horizontal aluminium rotor disc is visible in centre of meter
784:
Low-cost single-phase electricity meter with S0 pulse output (blue screw terminals and optocoupler directly below the terminals)
2637:
1414:
power prices are cheaper, and receive bill crediting for selling excess electricity back to the grid during high-demand hours.
2059:
812:
LED through the faceplate of the meter. In some multi-unit buildings, a similar protocol is used, but in a wired bus using a
539:
which drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energy used. The dials may be of the
2286:
2574:
2237:
1622:
When tampering is detected, the normal tactic, legal in most areas of the United States, is to switch the subscriber to a "
2155:
1645:
All of these effects can be detected by the electric company, and many modern meters can detect or compensate for them.
1356:. When a customer is generating more electricity than required for his own use, the surplus may be exported back to the
1070:
Some multiple tariff meters use different tariffs for different amounts of demand. These are usually industrial meters.
2487:
1348:
Many electricity customers are installing their own electricity generating equipment, whether for reasons of economy,
2586:
2035:
1983:
1953:
1825:
1800:
1050:
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to the power or rate of energy usage. The disc drives a register mechanism which counts revolutions, much like the
2187:
973:, take information from a smart meter and make it more readily available to users to help encourage conservation.
2955:
1759:
1457:
969:
subsequently offered free power monitors to 30,000 customers based on the success of the pilot. Projects such as
1363:
This exported energy may be accounted for in the simplest case by the meter running backwards during periods of
557:
2602:
Hart, G.W. (June 1989). "Residential energy monitoring and computerized surveillance via utility power flows".
1017:
2212:
494:
is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and instantaneous voltage. A
2858:
831:
762:
507:
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or by the customer. Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be supplied to the power company by
2904:
2807:
1719:
1273:, have removed these disadvantages and such meters are commonly used for customers considered to be a poor
1208:
240:
2950:
1519:
965:
showed an average 6.5% drop in total electricity use when compared with a similarly sized control group.
822:
In the European Union, the most common infrared and protocol is "FLAG", a simplified subset of mode C of
459:
223:
178:
An Aron type DC electricity meter showing that the calibration was in charge consumed rather than energy
1754:
528:
506:
of the disc. The equilibrium between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed
163:
137:
and monitoring purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the
2534:
347:
Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter- or half-hour.
2909:
2802:
2797:
1559:
If it exists, the shared connection is often a small plug near the post box. The connection is often
1232:
displays information and statistics such as current tariff and remaining credit. The button labelled
1085:
Multiple tariffs are made easier by time of use (TOU) meters which incorporate or are connected to a
674:
463:
403:
298:
1472:
The location of an electricity meter varies with each installation. Possible locations include on a
2512:
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1323:
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to connect all the meters to a single plug. The plug is often near a more easily accessible point.
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serving the property, in a street-side cabinet (meter box) or inside the premises adjacent to the
1887:
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One model of plug-in electricity meter, used to measure consumption of an individual appliance.
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Historically, rotating meters could report their metered information remotely, using a pair of
696:
The meter has a power supply, a metering engine, a processing and communication engine (i.e. a
475:
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meters can have mechanical flags that are dropped by magnetic tampering or large DC currents.
2757:
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306:
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gives even more detail about what appliances people have and their living and use patterns.
2782:
2028:
Recommended practice for industrial and commercial power systems analysis Standard 399-1997
1862:
1818:
The morals of measurement: accuracy, irony, and trust in late Victorian electrical practice
1511:
1434:
1024:
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635:
Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of the
354:
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which can operate over any medium, including serial ports. The data can be transmitted by
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in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the
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19:"Energy meter" redirects here. For the gauge that indicates energy in a video game, see
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1200:). They offer additional functionality including a real-time or near real-time reads,
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1949:
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technician removes the tamper-proof seal from an electricity meter at a residence in
1079:
970:
452:
400:
195:
2623:
1240:
1113:
is common in the UK, with a nightly data signal sent within the longwave carrier of
2924:
2878:
2611:
1899:
1769:
1639:
power-supply transformers in electronic meters, though countermeasures are common.
1319:
1297:
1179:
1122:
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1099:
925:
518:
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424:
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type, an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single
317:. The circle with two dots is the infrared port. Tamper-evident seals can be seen
203:
191:
150:
116:
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operate on the same principle as Bláthy's original invention. Also around 1889,
2853:
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350:
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Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric
1797:
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or for some large users of electricity the meter may belong to the customer.
1477:
1407:
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524:
479:
322:
293:
265:
183:
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Power thefts in the United States are often connected with indoor marijuana
395:
309:. Remote current and voltage sensors can be read and programmed remotely by
2863:
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232:
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2170:"Get to know your Power Meter – What is Real, Apparent and Reactive Power"
361:
load, such as a motor, will have positive reactive power. A "leading", or
2883:
2817:
2787:
2767:
2437:
2398:"Standard Transfer Specification Association NPC / 95/08496/08 > Home"
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1462:
1430:
1403:
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Lately, upload sources typically originate from renewable sources (e.g.,
1353:
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may be set so that they only switch on during the off-peak usage period.
1140:
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384:
371:
Distortion of the electric current by loads is measured in several ways.
236:
1236:
activates a small amount of emergency credit should the customer run out
761:
KYZ outputs are also the classic way of attaching electricity meters to
2888:
2777:
2762:
1779:
1725:
A more detailed and recent analysis of this issue was performed by the
1399:
1357:
1270:
1175:
1148:
415:
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous
362:
358:
1935:
Official gazette of the United States Patent Office: Volume 50. (1890)
1422:
897:
data is processed at the utilities for billing and planning purposes.
2827:
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2752:
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1575:
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1103:
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by identifying major energy users, or devices that consume excessive
961:
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in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total energy used.
408:
341:
75:
2654:"Handbook for Electricity Metering" by The Edison Electric Institute
1634:
A common method of tampering on mechanical disk meters is to attach
1410:
and could help drivers charge their batteries at home at night when
1035:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
826:. In the United States and Canada, the favored infrared protocol is
321:
The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the
174:
2832:
2772:
2188:"Do electric meters measure real or apparent power? – MVOrganizing"
1591:
1390:
systems. Another potential upload source that has been proposed is
1282:
1228:
tokens, from a rented accommodation in the UK. The button labelled
809:
648:
511:
326:
314:
124:
1322:
to plan their transmission infrastructure appropriately. See also
1220:
462:
AC supply, the electromechanical induction meter operates through
2792:
2722:
2707:
1740:
1560:
1383:
976:
416:
380:
1908:
Student paper read on January 24, 1896 at the Students' Meeting.
959:
A study using a consumer-readable meter in 500 Ontario homes by
536:
33:
2666:
1635:
1626:" tariff charged at the meter's maximum designed current. At US
1532:
889:
850:
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612:= time in seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution,
436:
432:
428:
325:, which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one
2515:, a large book, revised yearly, widely available for purchase.
1528:
1293:
1258:
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491:
334:
310:
120:
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gear. 7: display dials: the 1/10, 10 and 1000 dials rotate
330:
260:
127:, or an electrically powered device over a time interval.
1379:
1277:. In the UK, customers can use organisations such as the
873:
685:
478:. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a
133:
use electric meters installed at customers' premises for
2397:
411:
while the 1, 100 and 10000 dials rotate counterclockwise
91:
Electricity meter with transparent plastic case (Israel)
804:
Many meters designed for semi-automated reading have a
338:
255:
kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian
2262:"Residential — Home Energy Audit — Watts Up"
2235:
1501:
560:
1736:
677:
Danish-made electricity meter used in a home in the
1917:
The Electrical engineer, Volume 5. (February, 1890)
259:'s patent and named after him was presented by the
145:). They are usually read once each billing period.
1892:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
1518:In Europe, Asia, Africa and most other locations,
590:
914:
502:, exerting an opposing force proportional to the
451:The most common type of electricity meter is the
182:Many experimental types of meter were developed.
2942:
1196:Smart meters go a step further than simple AMR (
1125:. In the UK, such tariffs are typically branded
684:Electronic meters display the energy used on an
357:-hours", (kvarh). By convention, a "lagging" or
728:Remote meter reading is a practical example of
535:The disc is supported by a spindle which has a
2238:"Google plans meter to detail home energy use"
1265:in the meters by both customers and burglars.
708:to calculate the various metering parameters.
2709:Electrical and electronic measuring equipment
2693:
2378:"EDF Energy Tariff Information Label checker"
2358:"EDF Energy Tariff Information Label checker"
2081:. New York: Spon & Chamberlain. pp.
1911:
1798:E.g., Minnkota Power's Load Management System
1678:
1092:Switching between the tariffs may happen via
788:EN 62053-31 (formerly DIN 43864) defines the
2579:James Bong's Ultimate SpyGuide to Marijuana
1881:
1879:
1563:or infrared with a serial protocol such as
830:. Some industrial meters use protocols for
2700:
2686:
2601:
1831:
845:One protocol proposed for this purpose is
591:{\displaystyle P={{3600\cdot Kh} \over t}}
521:use additional voltage and current coils.
490:in the disc and the effect is such that a
1976:Survey of instrumentation and measurement
1710:and electricity meters at the same time.
1610:
1051:Learn how and when to remove this message
936:
365:load, will have negative reactive power.
2640:. Illinois Computer Security Laboratory.
1876:
1856:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1421:
1337:
1247:
1239:
1219:
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394:
292:
209:
173:
153:load shedding during peak load periods.
115:is a device that measures the amount of
86:
74:
58:of all important aspects of the article.
2554:Limitation Act 1980, Chapter 58, Part 1
2236:Verne Kopytoff; Ryan Kim (2009-02-22).
2074:
1429:used as part of metering equipment for
1312:
1244:A digital smart card type prepaid meter
2943:
2581:. Free World Press. pp. 234–242.
2229:
662:for North America and IEC 62053.
470:The disc is acted upon by two sets of
246:
54:Please consider expanding the lead to
16:Device used to measure electricity use
2681:
2054:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 841.
1997:"Shallenberger Integrating Wattmeter"
1885:
1861:. People.clarkson.edu. Archived from
658:Two standards govern meter accuracy,
474:, which form, in effect, a two phase
337:. Some electricity companies use the
2604:IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
2047:
1842:. London: Ernest Benn. pp. 31,
1215:
1000:
446:
301:electricity meter, connected to a 2
27:
2535:Electricity meter accuracy disputes
1948:, Cambridge University Press, 2003
1820:, Cambridge University Press, 2004
1502:Customer drop and metering equation
1089:and which have multiple registers.
949:reduce household energy consumption
792:, which is a galvanically isolated
13:
2572:
2264:. Austin Utilities. Archived from
1840:Forty Years of Electrical Progress
996:
919:
14:
2967:
2659:
2545:the Gas (Meters) Regulations 1983
2490:. Thewattspot.com. Archived from
2416:"Genus Power Infrastructures Ltd"
2151:Handbook for Electricity Metering
1398:power systems). This requires a "
1207:Another type of smart meter uses
282:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
169:
2665:
1926:The Electrician, Volume 50. 1923
1837:
1739:
1005:
947:A potentially powerful means to
32:
2630:
2595:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2528:
2518:
2505:
2480:
2451:
2426:
2408:
2390:
2370:
2350:
2329:
2304:
2279:
2254:
2198:
2180:
2162:
2142:
2120:
2089:
2068:
2041:
2018:
1989:
1968:
1959:
1760:Energy monitoring and targeting
1582:with a small circuit board for
1185:
868:Electronic meters now also use
863:over the power lines themselves
194:metering system, which used an
46:may be too short to adequately
2314:. Linkcat.info. Archived from
1938:
1929:
1920:
1850:
1810:
1791:
915:Monitoring and billing methods
832:programmable logic controllers
763:programmable logic controllers
56:provide an accessible overview
1:
2647:
2078:Magnets and Electric Currents
665:
353:is measured in "thousands of
149:areas meters have relays for
2905:Arbitrary waveform generator
2808:Transformer ratio arm bridge
1886:Ricks, G.W.D. (March 1896).
1720:Nonintrusive load monitoring
1209:nonintrusive load monitoring
390:
7:
1888:"Electricity Supply Meters"
1838:Whyte, Adam Gowans (1930).
1732:
1597:
1586:, or a digital radio for a
1417:
1386:, which are often found in
1031:the claims made and adding
235:, who patented it in 1883.
10:
2972:
2337:"Price comparison website"
2174:Chipkin Automation Systems
1807:, accessed 22 August 2009.
1755:Energy management software
1679:Regulation and legislation
1341:
1189:
952:voltage, current, uptime,
940:
251:The first specimen of the
156:
18:
2910:Digital pattern generator
2897:
2841:
2803:Time-to-digital converter
2798:Time-domain reflectometer
2715:
2289:. Mge.com. Archived from
1631:service is disconnected.
1111:Radio-activated switching
464:electromagnetic induction
202:DC meters often measured
2672:Electricity meters (kWh)
2513:National Electrical Code
2130:. SolidState Instruments
2051:Menlo Park Reminiscences
1904:10.1049/jiee-1.1896.0005
1785:
1445:A commercial power meter
985:Such meters can help in
706:digital signal processor
288:
241:General Electric Company
79:North American domestic
2436:. SAEEC. Archived from
2287:"Portable Energy Meter"
2242:San Francisco Chronicle
1693:electricity distributor
1584:powerline communication
1537:three-wire single phase
1198:automatic meter reading
905:Automatic Meter Reading
2956:Electrical instruments
2930:Video-signal generator
2128:"What are KYZ Pulses?"
2075:Fleming, J.A. (1914).
2048:Jehl, Francis (1941).
1974:Stephen A. Dyer (ed.)
1611:Tampering and security
1469:
1467:Durham, North Carolina
1454:
1446:
1438:
1324:Demand-side Management
1253:
1245:
1237:
1107:
1106:Meter and Teleswitcher
981:
937:Home energy monitoring
785:
775:demand side management
681:
592:
532:
476:linear induction motor
412:
318:
215:
179:
92:
84:
2758:Microwave power meter
2154:. EEI. Archived from
1727:Illinois Security Lab
1460:
1452:
1444:
1425:
1354:environmental reasons
1338:Power export metering
1251:
1243:
1224:Prepayment meter and
1223:
1102:
1064:Electricity retailers
979:
931:television programmes
808:that communicates by
783:
724:Communication methods
673:
593:
527:
398:
329:over a period of one
296:
213:
186:at first worked on a
177:
90:
78:
21:Energy (video gaming)
2783:Peak programme meter
2674:at Wikimedia Commons
2206:"CBPHydroOneReprint"
2192:www.mvorganizing.org
1944:W. Bernard Carlson,
1713:The introduction of
1578:) operating via the
1492:Current transformers
1427:Current transformers
1313:Time of day metering
720:digital converters.
558:
519:phase configurations
441:current transformers
355:volt-ampere reactive
278:Oliver Shallenberger
164:pluggable appliances
2638:"Attested Metering"
2488:"Real Time Pricing"
1406:and garages and at
1279:Post Office Limited
987:energy conservation
943:Home energy monitor
737:electrical contacts
247:Alternating current
113:kilowatt-hour meter
83:electricity meter.
2951:Electricity meters
2915:Function generator
2420:The Times Of India
2001:watthourmeters.com
1965:U.S. Patent 388003
1803:2006-06-16 at the
1775:Zellweger off-peak
1509:metering equation.
1482:distribution board
1470:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1155:Most meters using
1108:
1016:possibly contains
982:
786:
771:electricity tariff
682:
588:
533:
500:eddy current brake
413:
385:ampere hour meters
319:
216:
180:
131:Electric utilities
93:
85:
2938:
2937:
2874:Spectrum analyzer
2813:Transistor tester
2743:Frequency counter
2738:Electricity meter
2728:Capacitance meter
2670:Media related to
2061:978-0-7661-2648-0
1978:Wiley-IEEE, 2001
1956:, pages 1 and 258
1580:Internet Protocol
1512:Blondel's theorem
1435:Blondel's theorem
1216:Prepayment meters
1180:immersion heaters
1123:immersion heaters
1080:hot water storage
1061:
1060:
1053:
1018:original research
971:Google PowerMeter
926:electricity grids
620:= power in watts.
586:
504:speed of rotation
455:watt-hour meter.
453:electromechanical
447:Electromechanical
401:electromechanical
383:) used, known as
196:electrolytic cell
97:electricity meter
73:
72:
2963:
2925:Signal generator
2879:Waveform monitor
2859:Network analyzer
2702:
2695:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2616:10.1109/44.31557
2599:
2593:
2592:
2575:"Theft of power"
2570:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2465:. Archived from
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
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2354:
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2347:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2327:
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2323:
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2276:
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2273:
2258:
2252:
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2249:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2211:. Archived from
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2102:. Archived from
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2003:. Archived from
1993:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:on June 25, 2008
1854:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1795:
1770:Utility submeter
1749:
1744:
1743:
1298:Northern Ireland
1252:A prepayment key
1168:washing machines
1056:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:inline citations
1009:
1008:
1001:
631:
626:For example, if
619:
611:
597:
595:
594:
589:
587:
582:
568:
496:permanent magnet
270:General Electric
268:of the American
214:A 'Reason' meter
105:electrical meter
68:
65:
59:
36:
28:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2920:Sweep generator
2893:
2869:Signal analyzer
2837:
2733:Distortionmeter
2711:
2706:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2463:www2.ameren.com
2459:"retail-energy"
2457:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2413:
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2396:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2339:. 19 March 2010
2335:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2203:
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2186:
2185:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1815:
1811:
1805:Wayback Machine
1796:
1792:
1788:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1715:advanced meters
1681:
1673:grow operations
1613:
1600:
1590:network, or an
1504:
1420:
1396:vehicle-to-grid
1394:car batteries (
1346:
1340:
1315:
1226:magnetic stripe
1218:
1194:
1188:
1119:storage heaters
1076:storage heaters
1057:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1022:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:Multiple tariff
945:
939:
922:
920:Commercial uses
917:
870:low-power radio
859:telephone lines
726:
698:microcontroller
668:
627:
615:
607:
569:
567:
559:
556:
555:
472:induction coils
449:
393:
333:, or 3,600,000
313:and locally by
291:
249:
239:of the British
207:been supplied.
192:electrochemical
172:
159:
151:demand response
117:electric energy
69:
63:
60:
53:
41:This article's
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2953:
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2933:
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2871:
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2861:
2856:
2854:Logic analyzer
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
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2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
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2713:
2712:
2705:
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2697:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2661:
2660:External links
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
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2565:
2556:
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2517:
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2425:
2407:
2402:www.sts.org.za
2389:
2369:
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2328:
2303:
2278:
2253:
2228:
2197:
2179:
2161:
2158:on 2008-10-24.
2141:
2119:
2088:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2017:
1988:
1967:
1958:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1898:(120): 57–77.
1875:
1857:Eugenii Katz.
1849:
1830:
1816:Graeme Gooday
1809:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:Meter operator
1762:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1734:
1731:
1689:meter Operator
1683:Following the
1680:
1677:
1612:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1503:
1500:
1419:
1416:
1408:park and rides
1392:plug-in hybrid
1339:
1336:
1314:
1311:
1217:
1214:
1190:Main article:
1187:
1184:
1094:ripple control
1059:
1058:
1013:
1011:
1004:
998:
995:
954:apparent power
941:Main article:
938:
935:
921:
918:
916:
913:
794:open collector
739:attached to a
725:
722:
691:reactive power
667:
664:
624:
623:
622:
621:
613:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
566:
563:
448:
445:
392:
389:
351:Reactive power
297:Panel-mounted
290:
287:
248:
245:
188:direct current
171:
170:Direct current
168:
158:
155:
119:consumed by a
101:electric meter
71:
70:
50:the key points
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2588:9780973892802
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2494:on 2009-02-23
2493:
2489:
2483:
2469:on 2010-01-31
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2440:on 2011-01-10
2439:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2379:
2373:
2359:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2318:on 2008-08-04
2317:
2313:
2307:
2293:on 2008-04-12
2292:
2288:
2282:
2268:on 2009-03-12
2267:
2263:
2257:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:on 2009-03-18
2214:
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2201:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2123:
2109:on 2009-05-13
2105:
2098:
2097:"Volume 3-10"
2092:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2036:1-55937-968-5
2033:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2007:on 2008-06-25
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1984:0-471-39484-X
1981:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1954:0-521-53312-0
1951:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
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1882:
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1860:
1853:
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1841:
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1826:0-521-43098-4
1823:
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1773:
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1748:
1747:Energy portal
1742:
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1478:consumer unit
1475:
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1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:wind turbines
1368:
1366:
1361:
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1355:
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1173:
1172:tumble dryers
1169:
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1145:
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1138:
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1129:
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1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1055:
1052:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1014:This section
1012:
1003:
1002:
994:
992:
991:standby power
988:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
963:
957:
955:
950:
944:
934:
932:
927:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
891:
888:, as well as
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
795:
791:
782:
778:
776:
773:, to improve
772:
768:
764:
759:
756:
753:
749:
748:KYZ interface
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
721:
717:
713:
709:
707:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
680:
676:
672:
663:
661:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:power company
633:
630:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
604:
603:
602:
599:
583:
579:
576:
573:
570:
564:
561:
553:
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546:
542:
538:
530:
526:
522:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:eddy currents
485:
481:
480:magnetic flux
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
405:
402:
399:Mechanism of
397:
388:
386:
382:
377:
374:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:kilowatt hour
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
286:
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
266:Elihu Thomson
262:
258:
254:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
220:
212:
208:
205:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Thomas Edison
176:
167:
165:
154:
152:
146:
144:
140:
139:kilowatt hour
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
89:
82:
77:
67:
57:
51:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2864:Oscilloscope
2849:Bus analyzer
2748:Galvanometer
2737:
2632:
2610:(2): 12–16.
2607:
2603:
2597:
2578:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2530:
2525:permissible.
2520:
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:the original
2482:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:the original
2462:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2381:. Retrieved
2372:
2361:. Retrieved
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2281:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2256:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2231:
2220:. Retrieved
2213:the original
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2156:the original
2150:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2122:
2111:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2091:
2077:
2070:
2050:
2043:
2024:
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
2000:
1991:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1895:
1891:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1852:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1817:
1812:
1793:
1724:
1712:
1701:
1685:deregulation
1682:
1670:
1665:phantom loop
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1588:mobile phone
1569:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1520:single phase
1517:
1508:
1505:
1490:
1474:utility pole
1471:
1404:parking lots
1388:cogeneration
1376:photovoltaic
1369:
1362:
1347:
1344:Net metering
1332:
1328:
1316:
1303:
1290:South Africa
1287:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1233:
1229:
1206:
1202:power outage
1195:
1186:Smart meters
1156:
1154:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1109:
1091:
1084:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1047:
1041:January 2018
1038:
1015:
983:
966:
960:
958:
946:
923:
908:
900:
899:
895:load profile
867:
844:
821:
817:current loop
803:
790:S0 interface
789:
787:
760:
757:
747:
745:
740:
734:
727:
718:
714:
710:
702:
695:
683:
657:
653:
647:or over the
634:
628:
625:
616:
608:
600:
554:
550:
540:
534:
516:
508:proportional
469:
460:single-phase
457:
450:
414:
378:
373:Power factor
370:
367:
349:
346:
320:
305:electricity
275:
250:
233:Hermann Aron
221:
217:
201:
181:
160:
147:
142:
129:
112:
109:energy meter
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
64:January 2018
61:
45:
43:lead section
25:
2884:Vectorscope
2818:Tube tester
2788:Psophometer
2768:Megohmmeter
2134:22 November
1828:, p 232–241
1572:ANSI C12.19
1553:ANSI C12.18
1463:Duke Energy
1431:three-phase
1378:cells), or
1275:credit risk
1271:smart cards
1192:Smart meter
1176:dishwashers
1141:natural gas
1133:White Meter
1115:BBC Radio 4
1087:time switch
828:ANSI C12.18
806:serial port
679:Netherlands
675:Solid state
660:ANSI C12.20
529:Three-phase
498:acts as an
299:solid state
257:Ottó Bláthy
2945:Categories
2898:Generation
2889:Videoscope
2778:Peak meter
2763:Multimeter
2648:References
2498:2009-08-04
2473:2009-08-04
2444:2011-02-17
2383:2017-07-28
2363:2017-07-28
2343:2010-12-15
2322:2009-08-04
2297:2009-08-04
2272:2009-08-04
2247:2009-02-11
2222:2009-08-04
2113:2009-08-04
2011:2010-09-29
1986:, page 875
1869:2009-08-04
1780:Multimeter
1496:substation
1400:smart grid
1365:net export
1358:power grid
1350:redundancy
1342:See also:
1149:Economy 10
1025:improve it
847:DLMS/COSEM
666:Electronic
541:cyclometer
517:Different
431:) to give
363:capacitive
307:substation
237:Hugo Hirst
2828:Voltmeter
2823:Wattmeter
2753:LCR meter
2312:"LINKcat"
1624:tampering
1576:IEC 62056
1565:IEC 62056
1486:vandalism
1382:or steam
1320:utilities
1164:Economy 7
1158:Economy 7
1137:Dual-Rate
1128:Economy 7
1104:Economy 7
1082:systems.
1029:verifying
967:Hydro One
962:Hydro One
882:Bluetooth
824:IEC 61107
730:telemetry
641:telephone
574:⋅
537:worm gear
435:used (in
409:clockwise
404:induction
391:Operation
359:inductive
344:instead.
342:megajoule
231:meter by
121:residence
48:summarize
2842:Analysis
2833:VU meter
2773:Ohmmeter
2716:Metering
2624:41307271
2573:Arooka.
2511:See the
2434:"Conlog"
2030:, IEEE,
1859:"Blathy"
1801:Archived
1733:See also
1697:retailer
1598:Accuracy
1592:ISM band
1418:Location
1412:off-peak
1384:turbines
1283:PayPoint
810:infrared
649:internet
512:odometer
381:coulombs
327:kilowatt
315:infrared
276:In 1894
224:Ferranti
222:In 1885
125:business
2793:Q meter
2723:Ammeter
2038:page 47
1657:rates.
1636:magnets
1561:EIA-485
1326:(DSM).
1023:Please
834:, like
716:to it.
601:Where:
484:current
429:amperes
425:current
417:voltage
280:of the
157:History
135:billing
2622:
2585:
2058:
2034:
1982:
1952:
1824:
1695:, the
907:) and
890:RS-485
851:Zigbee
836:Modbus
814:serial
752:Form C
743:line.
437:joules
433:energy
423:) and
335:joules
204:charge
81:analog
2620:S2CID
2216:(PDF)
2209:(PDF)
2107:(PDF)
2100:(PDF)
1786:Notes
1708:water
1529:volts
1525:Watts
1294:Sudan
1259:relay
855:Wi-Fi
767:HVACs
750:is a
545:digit
492:force
458:On a
421:volts
311:modem
289:Units
111:, or
2583:ISBN
2136:2012
2056:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2026:IEEE
1980:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1533:amps
1296:and
1178:and
1121:and
886:IrDA
878:GPRS
840:DNP3
645:post
571:3600
331:hour
261:Ganz
123:, a
2612:doi
2083:335
1900:doi
1844:159
1704:gas
1574:or
1380:gas
1352:or
1307:STS
1288:In
1281:or
1147:An
1135:or
1078:or
1027:by
909:RMR
901:AMR
874:GSM
861:or
838:or
799:kWh
741:KYZ
686:LCD
303:MVA
143:kWh
95:An
2947::
2618:.
2606:.
2577:.
2461:.
2418:.
2400:.
2240:.
2190:.
2172:.
1999:.
1896:25
1894:.
1890:.
1878:^
1729:.
1706:,
1691:,
1663:A
1628:$
1594:.
1567:.
1555:.
1531:x
1527:=
1488:.
1480:/
1461:A
1437:)
1374:,
1292:,
1261:.
1174:,
1170:,
1131:,
933:.
884:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
857:,
853:,
842:.
777:.
765:,
746:A
643:,
629:Kh
598:.
339:SI
253:AC
229:DC
107:,
103:,
99:,
2701:e
2694:t
2687:v
2626:.
2614::
2608:8
2591:.
2501:.
2476:.
2447:.
2422:.
2404:.
2386:.
2366:.
2346:.
2325:.
2300:.
2275:.
2250:.
2225:.
2194:.
2176:.
2138:.
2116:.
2085:.
2064:.
2014:.
1906:.
1902::
1872:.
1846:.
1305:(
1234:B
1230:A
1054:)
1048:(
1043:)
1039:(
1021:.
903:(
617:P
609:t
584:t
580:h
577:K
565:=
562:P
427:(
419:(
141:(
66:)
62:(
52:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
