Potsdam Conference

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industrial capital equipment, consisting of metallurgical, chemical, and machine manufacturing industries, was to be removed from the western zones in exchange for food, coal, potash, zinc, timber, clay, and petroleum products from the eastern zones. The Soviet Union bore the responsibility of transferring the products from the eastern zone within five years. Moreover, 10% of the industrial capacity of the western zones unnecessary for the German peace economy were to be transferred to the Soviet Union within two years, without any obligation of further payment of any kind in return. The Soviet Union promised to settle the reparation claims of Poland from its own share of reparations. Stalin successfully proposed for Poland to be excluded from the division of German compensation and to be later granted 15% of the compensation given to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union did not make any claims on gold captured by Allied troops in Germany.

1102: 152: 96: 191: 51: 958:(I) The council should be authorized to write, with a view to their submission to the United Nations, treaties of peace with Italy, Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland, and to propose settlements of territorial issues pending the termination of the war in Europe. The council should also prepare a peace settlement for Germany to be accepted by the government of Germany when a government adequate for the purpose is established. (II) To accomplish the previous tasks, the council would be composed of the members representing those states which were signatories to the terms of surrender imposed upon the enemy state concerned. 129: 961:(I) On any occasion the council would consider a question of direct interest to a state not represented, such state should be requested to send representatives to participate in the discussion of that question. (II) The council would be able to adapt its procedure to the particular problem under consideration. In some cases, it could hold its initial discussions before the participation of other interested states. Following the decision of the Conference, the Big Three have each addressed an invitation to the Governments of China and France, to adopt the text and to join in establishing the council. 1067:. The conclusion of peace treaties with recognized and democratic governments in those four countries would allow the Big Three to accept their requests to be members of the United Nations. Moreover, after the termination of peace negotiations, the Big Three agreed to examine in the near future the restoration of the diplomatic relations with Finland, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. The Big Three were sure that the situation in Europe after the end of World War II would allow representatives of the Allied press to enjoy freedom of expression in the four countries. 234: 118: 107: 381: 8620: 7644: 955:(I) The council should meet in London and form the Joint Secretariat. Each of the foreign ministers would be accompanied by a high-ranking deputy, properly authorized to continue the work of the Council in the absence of their foreign minister, and by a small staff of technical advisers. (II) The first meeting of the council should be held in London not later than 1 September 1945. Meetings could also be held by common agreement in other capitals. 443:(Victory in Japan) on the horizon. During the war, in the name of Allied unity, Roosevelt had brushed off warnings of potential domination by Stalin over parts of Europe by explaining, "I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man.... I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask for nothing from him in return, 'noblesse oblige', he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace." 509: 976: 806: 930:

eastern countries. The representatives would also form an estimate of the future pace of transfers and focus on the German occupied government's capacity to process new arrivals. The provisional governments of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were instructed to temporarily suspend expulsions of German civilians until their respective Control Council representatives had reported these results and estimates.

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of occupation, as well as on German foreign assets in Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania, and eastern Austria. The removal of industrial equipment from the western zones to satisfy reparations was to be completed within two years from the determination of reparations. The Allied Control Council was to make the determination of the equipment following policies set by the

353:, which the conference established. The conference ended with a stronger relationship among the three governments as a consequence of their collaboration, which renewed confidence that together with the other United Nations, they would ensure the creation of a just and enduring peace. Nevertheless, within 18 months relations had deteriorated and the 948:

participating it. The establishment of the Council in question did not contradict the agreement of the Yalta Conference that there should be periodic meetings among the foreign secretaries of the three governments. According to the text of the agreement for the establishment of the council, this was decided:

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gave Japan an ultimatum to surrender unconditionally or meet "prompt and utter destruction", which did not mention the new bomb but promised that "it was not intended to enslave Japan". The Soviet Union was not involved in that declaration since it was still neutral in the war against Japan. Japanese

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confirmed their previous commitment to the removal of German populations from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, which the provisional governments of those countries had already begun to put into effect. The three allied leaders agreed that transfers of German civilians should proceed in an orderly

717:

The conference concluded that it was necessary to set limits regarding the disposition and future use of the defeated German navy and of merchant ships. The American, British, and Soviet governments decided that they would assign experts to co-operate, which would soon lead to principles to be agreed

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Italy was making significant progress in gaining its freedom and rejecting the previous fascist regime, and it had paved the way for the re-establishment of democratic governments. If Italy had a recognized and democratic government, it would be easier for the Americans, the British, and the Soviets

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in Germany would deal with the matter, giving priority to the equal distribution of Germans among the various zones of occupation. Representatives on the Control Council were to report to their governments and to each zonal administration the number of people who had already entered Germany from the

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of October 1943 had no geographical restriction. Meanwhile, the leaders were aware of ongoing weeks-long discussions in London between the representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union. Their purpose was to bring the war criminals to trial as soon as possible

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was not invited to Potsdam — just as he had been denied representation at Yalta — for fear that he would reopen the Yalta decisions. De Gaulle thus felt a diplomatic slight, which became a cause of deep and lasting resentment for him. Other reasons for the omission included the longstanding personal

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of the first atomic bomb on July 16 had been successful. He hinted to Stalin that the U.S. was about to use a new kind of weapon against the Japanese. Though this was the first time the Soviets had been officially given information about the atomic bomb, Stalin was already aware of the bomb project,

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The Polish Provisional Government agreed to hold, as soon as possible, free elections with widespread suffrage and secret ballots. Democratic and anti-Nazi parties would have the right to take part, and representatives of the Allied press would have full freedom to report on developments during the

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War reparations to the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries would be received from their own zones of occupation, with the amounts to be determined within six months. The United States and the United Kingdom would give up all claims on German industries located in the eastern zone

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The Soviet Union proposed to the Conference for the territorial questions to be resolved permanently after peace was established in those regions. More specifically, the proposal referred to the section of the western Soviet border near the Baltic Sea. The area would pass from the eastern shore of

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to the Soviet Union from its zone of occupation in Germany were agreed upon. In addition to the reparations, the Soviet Union would also receive reparations from the western zones of occupation, but it had to give up all claims on German industries in the western zones. Specifically, 15% of usable

312:

were announced. By July 28, Attlee had defeated Churchill and replaced him as Britain's representative, with Britain's new Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Ernest Bevin, replacing Anthony Eden. Four days of further discussion followed. During the conference, there were meetings of the three

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France, having been excluded from the conference, resisted implementing the Potsdam agreements within its occupation zone. In particular, the French refused to resettle any Germans expelled from the east. Moreover, the French did not accept any obligation to abide by the Potsdam agreements in the

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The leaders declared that they were willing to support any request for membership from states that had remained neutral during the war and fulfilled the other requirements. The Big Three felt the need to clarify that they were reluctant to support application for such membership from the Spanish

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Truman was much more suspicious of the Soviets than Roosevelt had been and became increasingly suspicious of Stalin's intentions. Truman and his advisers saw Soviet actions in Eastern Europe as aggressive expansionism, which was incompatible with the agreements committed to by Stalin at Yalta in

938:

The Big Three took notice that the Soviet representatives on the Allied Control Commissions in Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary had communicated to their British and Americans colleagues proposals for refining the work of the Control Commission since the war in Europe had ended. The three leaders

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moves and solutions dictated by the demands of the war." With the end of the war, the priority of Allied unity was replaced by the challenge of the relationship between the two emerging superpowers. Both leading powers continued to portray a cordial relationship to the public, but suspicion and

404:

were forcibly reincorporated into the USSR, while the Red Army also occupied Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. Refugees fled from those countries. Stalin had set up a puppet communist government in Poland, insisted that his control of Eastern Europe was a defensive measure

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The Conference agreed on the establishment of a Council of Foreign Ministers to represent the five principal powers, continue the essential preliminary work for the peace settlements, and assume other matters that could occasionally be committed to the council by agreement of the governments

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were to be controlled. The economy was to be decentralised by decartelisation and reorganised, with the primary emphasis on agriculture and peaceful domestic industries. In early 1946, an agreement was reached on the details of the latter in which Germany was to be converted into having an

313:

heads of government with their foreign secretaries, as well as meetings of only the foreign secretaries. Committees that were appointed by the latter for precursory consideration of questions before the conference also met daily. During the Conference, Truman was secretly informed that the

365:

In May 1945, Churchill wrote to Truman hoping to arrange a meeting of the three governments to occur in June. Truman hoped for Stalin to propose the meeting so as to avoid the appearance that the Americans and British were ganging up on the Soviets. With some prompting from Truman's aide

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noted that "despite the contrast between his relatively modest background and the international glamour of his aristocratic predecessor, had the courage and resolution to reverse the policy that appeared to him naive and dangerous," which was "in contrast to the immediate, often

596:, the Gestapo; the air, land, and naval forces; and organizations, staffs, and institutions that were in charge of keeping alive the military tradition in Germany. Concerning the democratization of Germany, the "Big Three" thought it to be of great importance for the 1039:

was one of the most important issues that required the attention of the new Council of Foreign Ministers, the three governments were especially concerned with concluding a peace treaty with Italy, especially as it had been the first of the Axis powers to break with

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proceedings of the Allied Control Council. In particular, it reserved the right to block any proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as a whole and anything that could lead to the eventual emergence of a unified German government.

427:

was held in the United Kingdom on 5 July 1945, but its results were delayed to allow the votes of armed forces personnel to be counted in their home constituencies. The outcome became known during the conference, when Attlee became the new prime minister.

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Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 ( Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President

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and eventually to justice. The first list of defendants would be published before September 1. The leaders' objective was that the London negotiations would have a positive result validated by an agreement, which was signed at London on August 8, 1945.

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agreed on the revision of the procedures of the commissions in these countries and took into consideration the interests and responsibilities of their own governments, which together presented the terms of the armistice to the occupied countries.

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1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving States who accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations;

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were to be dismantled or otherwise destroyed. All production capacity associated with war potential, such as metal, chemicals, or machinery factories, were to be reduced to a minimum level, which would later be determined by the

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Nazi Party members who held public positions and who opposed postwar Allied aims were to be removed from office. They were to be replaced by those who, based on their political and moral beliefs, were in support of a democratic

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When Truman informed Stalin of the atomic bomb, he said that the United States "had a new weapon of unusual destructive force", but Stalin had full knowledge of the atomic bomb's development from Soviet spy networks inside the

828:

The British and the Americans governments took measures for the Polish Provisional Government to own property in the territories of Poland and to have all the legal rights to the property so that no other government could have

325:

Key final decisions included the following: Germany would be divided into the four occupation zones (among the three powers and France) that had been agreed to earlier; Germany's eastern border was to be shifted west to the

821:, created by the Soviets and known as the Lublin Poles, was to be recognized by all three powers. The Big Three's recognition of the Soviet-controlled government effectively meant the end of recognition of the London-based 1031:

In general, the Big Three desired that dispositions of Italy, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, and Romania should be resolved by the end of the negotiations. They believed that the other Allies would share their point of view.

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February. In addition, Truman became aware of possible complications elsewhere after Stalin had objected to Churchill's proposal for an Allied withdrawal from Iran ahead of the schedule that had been agreed at the

2919:

in Stephen Schuker, ed., Deutschland und Frankreich vom Konflikt zur Aussöhnung: Die Gestaltung der westeuropäischen Sicherheit 1914–1963, Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, Kolloquien 46 (Munich: Oldenbourg,

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At the end of the conference, the three heads of government agreed on the following actions. All other issues were to be resolved by the final peace conference, which was to be called as soon as possible.

494:. It also reflected the judgement of the British and the Americans that French aims, with respect to many items on the conference's agenda, were likely to contradict agreed-upon Anglo-American objectives. 1453:"Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945" 373:

Some sources suggest Truman delayed the conference in order for it to meet after the results of the first atomic bomb test were known. The conference was eventually set to begin July 16 at

729:

The German standard of living was to be prevented from exceeding the European average. The types and amounts of industry to be dismantled to achieve that was to be determined later (see

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and its affiliated organizations to be destroyed. Thus, the Allies would prevent all Nazi activity and prepare for the reconstruction of German political life in a democratic state.

6586: 899:, combined with the disposition of any former Italian territories. In September, the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs would examine the question of the Italian territory. 652:, which effectively reduced Germany in size by approximately 25% from its 1937 borders (and approximately 34% from its 1913 borders). The territories east of the new border were 603:

All Nazi laws would be abolished, which established discrimination on grounds of race, creed, and political opinion and as a result could not be accepted in a democratic country.

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on 9 August 1945. The justifications used were that both cities were legitimate military targets and that it was necessary to end the war swiftly and preserve American lives.

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2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

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After various opinions on the question had been discussed, the foreign prime ministers agreed that it was essential to decide at once the preparation of a peace treaty for

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A Council composed of the Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, China, France and the United States should be established.

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nine weeks earlier. The goals of the conference also included establishing the postwar order, solving issues on the peace treaty, and countering the effects of the war.

8690: 7612: 6959: 370:, Stalin proposed a meeting in the Berlin area. Informed of this by the US, Churchill sent a letter agreeing that he'd be happy to meet in "what is left of Berlin". 7827: 466:

distrust lingered between them. Despite this, on 17 July, the first day of the conference, Truman noted "I can deal with Stalin. He is honest — but smart as hell."

7200: 7158: 6601: 6337: 6276: 1133:(the Soviet Union was not yet at war against Japan), issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan during World War II in Asia. 490:

mutual antagonism between Roosevelt and de Gaulle, ongoing disputes over the French and American occupation zones, and the anticipated conflicts of interest over

3124: 1798:, Routledge, London 1977. See also a conference on "Potsdamer Konferenz 60 Jahre danach" hosted by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Berlin on 19. August 2005 888:

The Soviet Union made a proposal to the conference concerning the mandated territories and conformed with what had been decided at the Yalta Conference and the

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in the Soviet occupation zone from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the

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The German industrial war potential was to be destroyed by the destruction or control of all industries with military potential. To that end, all civilian

2738:

United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference)

2732:

United States Department of State Foreign relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference)

866:

the Bay of Danzig to the east, north of Braunsberg and Goldap, to the meeting point of the frontiers of Lithuania, the Polish Republic, and East Prussia.

8179: 7790: 2852:"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Volume II – Office of the Historian" 1996:"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Volume II - Office of the Historian" 1864:"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Volume II – Office of the Historian" 730: 577: 542: 9086: 9043: 7617: 7597: 7071: 4428: 625:. Specifically, at the Potsdam Conference, the three governments tried to reach an agreement on trial methods for war criminals whose crimes under the 7607: 6691: 707:

Freedoms of speech, press, religion, and religious institutions were to be respected. The formation of free trade unions was to be permitted as well.

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Nash, Gary B. "The Troublesome Polish Question." The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. Print.

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Truman had mentioned an unspecified "powerful new weapon" to Stalin during the conference. Towards the end of the conference, on July 26, the

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Leffler, Melvyn P., "For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War, First Edition, (New York, 2007) p. 31

675:"Orderly and humane" expulsions of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany were to be carried out from 9328: 8952: 8657: 7768: 6714: 6317: 6133: 5020: 2988: 2931: 2702:

I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman: Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time

2052:

Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin, Dienststelle 2005

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Poles serving in the British Army would be free to return to Communist Poland but with no guarantee of their security upon their return.

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Quoted in Arnold A. Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953. (Stanford University Press, 2002). p 14

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The Soviet Union declared that it would settle the reparation claims of Poland from its own share of the overall reparation payments.

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of the western frontier of Poland would await the peace settlement, which would only take place 45 years later, in 1990, during the

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Roberts, Geoffrey (Fall 2002). "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography".

9378: 8768: 8039: 7930: 7800: 7701: 6939: 6888: 6250: 5600: 4244: 3223: 2962: 2151: 9413: 8717: 8499: 8327: 8145: 8092: 7903: 7756: 7117: 6984: 6943: 6596: 6522: 6433: 6327: 6093: 4365: 3359: 1485: 1101: 266: 749:. The manufacturing capacity thus made "surplus" was to be dismantled as reparations or otherwise destroyed. All research and 9388: 9108: 9096: 8796: 7751: 6088: 4023: 3710: 3688: 2824: 2596: 2562: 2533: 1779: 1606: 1216: 550: 5111: 308:. From July 17 to July 25, nine meetings were held, when the Conference was interrupted for two days, as the results of the 8354: 6428: 6423: 6367: 4930: 4855: 4515: 4115: 642: 424: 349:

Views were also exchanged on a plethora of other questions. However, consideration of those matters was postponed into the

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Thackrah, J. R. "Aspects of American and British Policy Towards Poland from the Yalta to the Potsdam Conferences, 1945."

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to be extended to all of Austria. The Allies agreed to examine the proposal after British and American forces entered

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The Conference agreed to apply common policies for determining, at the earliest opportunity, the terms of the peace.

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The Allies encouraged the existence of democratic parties in Germany with right of assembly and of public discussion.

55: 3873: 1703: 151: 8820: 7324: 6841: 6322: 5005: 5000: 4495: 4458: 4187: 3633: 3390: 3354: 1452: 1196: 645:. This was an important policy in order to moderate the geopolitical ambitions of Germany in the post-war scenario. 4683: 4545: 4229: 701:

The German educational system was to be controlled to eliminate fascist doctrines and to develop democratic ideas.

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Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949: Multilateral, 1931–1945

1192: 1164:

did not respond, which was interpreted as a sign that the Japanese had ignored the ultimatum. As a result, the

997: 849:, defined by the Oder and Neisse Rivers. Silesia, Pomerania, the southern part of East Prussia, and the former 584:. More specifically, as for the demilitarization and disarmament of Germany, the Allies decided to abolish the 477:

At the Yalta Conference, France was granted an occupation zone within Germany. France was a participant in the

400:

and greatly affected the relationships among the leaders. The Soviets occupied Central and Eastern Europe. The

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Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers. The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam Conference, 1945)

2640:

Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans, Background, Execution, Consequences.

698:

The German judicial system was to be reorganized based on democratic ideals of equality and justice under law.

9165: 8938: 8507: 8244: 7915: 7735: 7673: 6914: 6811: 6103: 5118: 5071: 4835: 4758: 4490: 3313: 3235: 1071: 914: 889: 245:, Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov 36: 7807: 4550: 4259: 4182: 3853: 9004: 8983: 8924: 8775: 8722: 8404: 8104: 7817: 7569: 7334: 6996: 6846: 6759: 6485: 6475: 6448: 5136: 5096: 5066: 5015: 4875: 4793: 4789: 4660: 4590: 4355: 4172: 3938: 3833: 3765: 3369: 3364: 3060: 3036: 3012: 1238:

as a fait accompli. Taken by surprise, the Western Allies had been forced to abandon the principles of the

606:

Both Germany and Austria were to be divided into four occupation zones, as had been agreed in principle at

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and told Truman at the conference that he hoped Truman "would make good use of it against the Japanese."

190: 2851: 2489:

Gimbel, John. "On the Implementation of the Potsdam Agreement: an Essay on U.S. Postwar German Policy."

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economy. German exports were to be coal, beer, toys, textiles, etc., which would take the place of the

880:

guaranteed that they would support the proposals of the conference when peace was eventually ensured.

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Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

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Paterson, Thomas G. "Potsdam, the Atomic Bomb, and the Cold War: A Discussion with James F. Byrnes."

2711:

Mark, Eduard. "'Today Has Been A Historical One': Harry S Truman's Diary of the Potsdam Conference."

1529: 478: 2293: 2183: 9368: 8780: 8623: 8479: 8218: 8202: 8044: 7666: 7354: 7190: 7106: 7043: 6836: 6719: 6676: 6636: 5800: 5367: 4630: 4520: 4274: 3818: 3181: 3104: 3098: 3086: 3048: 3018: 2994: 1257: 554: 419:. Churchill's government had a Soviet policy since the early 1940s that differed considerably from 5540: 2913:

in B. Heuser et al., eds., Myths in History (Providence, Rhode Island, and Oxford: Berghahn, 1998)

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against possible future attacks, and claimed that it was a legitimate sphere of Soviet influence.

9408: 9272: 9266: 8828: 8437: 8228: 8155: 8063: 7940: 7564: 7168: 7057: 6924: 6791: 5030: 4975: 4960: 4900: 4708: 4688: 4448: 4125: 3730: 3325: 3110: 3074: 3042: 2737: 2731: 1799: 1517: 1427: 1303: 1269: 986: 933: 780: 741: 286: 3933: 2065:'s Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in 1696: 1187:

The Soviet Union converted several countries of Eastern Europe into satellite states within the

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Alliance: the inside story of how Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill won one war and began another

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Die Oder-Neisse-Linie: Geschichte der Aufrichtung und Anerkennung einer problematischen Grenze

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Farquharson, J. E. "Anglo-American Policy on German Reparations from Yalta to Potsdam."

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The Council of Foreign Ministers also had to examine and prepare the peace treaties for

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Villa, Brian L. "The US Army, unconditional surrender, and the Potsdam Proclamation."

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The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945

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After the conference considered the Soviet recommendation, it agreed for the city of

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The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956

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Annotated bibliography for the Potsdam Conference from the Alsos Digital Library

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All Poles who returned to Poland would be accorded personal and property rights.

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Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China

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Revised Allied Control Commission procedures in Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary

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was to be partitioned at the 16th parallel. The Soviets also reaffirmed their

9312: 9143: 8852: 8812: 7968: 7479: 7439: 7235: 7128: 7123: 6979: 6902: 6868: 6631: 6626: 6512: 6259: 6179: 6025: 5920: 5885: 5870: 5830: 5372: 5202: 4940: 4850: 4713: 4693: 4580: 4341: 4319: 4284: 3863: 3858: 3813: 3735: 3695: 3444: 3163: 2846: 2249: 1858: 1478:"Document Resume – The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II" 669: 585: 474:. The Potsdam Conference was the only time that Truman met Stalin in person. 423:'s and believed Stalin to be a "devil"-like tyrant, who led a vile system. A 401: 367: 270: 195: 164: 128: 100: 1334:

Gaddis, John Lewis (1989). "Intelligence, espionage, and Cold War origins".

1087:

government, which had been established with the support of the Axis powers.

870: 285:. They gathered to decide how to administer Germany, which had agreed to an 7535: 7431: 7250: 6991: 6776: 6686: 6547: 5965: 5915: 5845: 5835: 5689: 5677: 5664: 5470: 5297: 4798: 4046: 3896: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3451: 2442:

Roosevelt's Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War

2227: 1188: 1146: 1114: 854: 661: 653: 432: 319: 301: 297: 233: 199: 160: 95: 2279: 9254: 8557: 8339: 7268: 7094: 6781: 6010: 5615: 5585: 5440: 5430: 5329: 5192: 4985: 4474: 4304: 4289: 4100: 3948: 3916: 3803: 3618: 3523: 3462: 2917:"The United States, France, and the Question of German Power, 1945–1960," 2907:

Chief, Division of Central European Affairs, U.S. Dept. of State, 1944–47

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In addition to the Potsdam Agreement, on 26 July, Churchill; Truman; and

776: 634: 384: 380: 374: 73: 2716: 2609: 1226:, President Truman reported that Stalin had presented the occupation of 8432: 7999: 7245: 6893: 6579: 6458: 5769: 5480: 5450: 5404: 5319: 5287: 5279: 5222: 4910: 4625: 4314: 4202: 3808: 2726: 2619: 2494: 2473: 2207:"Mokusatsu, Japan's Response to the Potsdam Declaration", Kazuo Kawai, 1382: 1000: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 966:

Concluding peace treaties and facilitating membership in United Nations

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The Allies issued a statement of aims for their occupation of Germany:

4423: 2459: 9138: 8055: 6873: 6764: 6621: 6559: 6065: 5910: 5759: 5732: 5545: 5500: 5409: 5377: 5357: 5349: 4678: 4468: 2223:"What If the United States Had Told the Soviet Union About the Bomb?" 1235: 1169: 737: 665: 508: 8635: 1374: 975: 633:

All German annexations in Europe were to be reversed, including the

411:, who had served for most of the war as British prime minister in a 6816: 6527: 5644: 5485: 5382: 5257: 5076: 4980: 4120: 3978: 3432: 1173: 1150: 1052: 354: 7658: 4764:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

2628:(2012) pp 163–206; the top Air Force general was a Truman advisor. 2417: 512:

Demographics map used for the border discussions at the conference

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2152:"How The Potsdam Conference Shaped The Future Of Post-War Europe" 2062: 1857:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1508:

Truman, Harry S. (July–August 1980). Bernstein, Barton J. (ed.).

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A number of changes had taken place in the five months since the

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Foreign relations of the United States: diplomatic papers, 1945.

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1945 Volume II Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office

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2 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960

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1945 Volume I Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office

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and the area next to it to be transferred to the Soviet Union.

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From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War

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The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict Over East Europe

1964:. Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 345. 1398:

The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict Over East Europe

918:

and humane manner, but according to modern estimates, between

516: 454:, Truman had closely followed the Allied progress of the war. 6771: 6143: 6099:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

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Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe

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From Potsdam to the Cold War: Big Three Diplomacy, 1945–1947.

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2781:. London: HMSO (British official history). pp. 299–309. 1413:

From Potsdam to the Cold War: Big Three Diplomacy, 1945-1947

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Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II

668:. The areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of 648:

Germany's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the

241:, Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin, and behind: Fleet Admiral 218:, Truman's confidant and military aide, Russian interpreter 8302:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

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Potsdam: the End of World War II and the Remaking of Europe

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The German Question and the International Order, 1943–1948.

431:

Roosevelt had died on 12 April 1945, and US Vice-President

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was recognized as the legitimate government of Poland; and

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to support the membership of Italy in the United Nations.

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The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy

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would be under Polish administration. However, the final

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Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

6277:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

2509:

A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century

762:

products that had been most of Germany's prewar exports.

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United Nations Conference on International Organization

2899:

Harry Truman Revisionist Analysis of Potsdam Conference

1044:

and to participate in Allied operations against Japan.

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List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

3338:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2953: 2683:

The Tehran, Yalta & Potsdam Conferences. Documents

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Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2626:

Cataclysm: General Hap Arnold and the Defeat of Japan

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Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

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Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration

485:. Nevertheless, at the insistence of the Americans, 8180:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

2033: 2031: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1962:

The US Army and the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946

1912: 1910: 1772:

The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War

1750: 1748: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1428:"The Potsdam Conference 1945: A Day-By-Day Account" 731:

Allied plans for German industry after World War II

543:

Allied plans for German industry after World War II

7072:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 2779:Grand Strategy Volume VI, October 1944–August 1945 2253: 1688: 1217:failed Socialist revolutions prior to World War II 387:, site of the Potsdam Conference, pictured in 2014 344:promptly launch an invasion of Japanese-held areas 292:The foreign ministers and aides played key roles: 9349:Soviet Union–United States diplomatic conferences 2889:EDSITEment's lesson Sources of Discord, 1945–1946 2761:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after 1361:Cecil, Robert (1970). "Potsdam and its Legends". 194:From left to right, first row: General Secretary 9310: 6084:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 2695:Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 2355:, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. 2028: 1968: 1907: 1745: 1719: 8363:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 8328:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site 7180:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4521:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 3928:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 1953: 942: 775:The Soviet Union proposed for the authority of 2744:European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany 2633:British foreign policy in the second world war 2211:, Vol. 19, No. 4 (November 1950), pp. 409–414. 1576: 1574: 1572: 391: 8651: 7674: 6755:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 6657:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 6518:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 6244: 3417: 2939: 2878:Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference 2466:Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1691:Between War and Peace; the Potsdam Conference 1245: 1230:by the Soviet Union and Polish annexation of 8412:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries 6160:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 3711:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 845:The provisional western border would be the 718:upon and announced by the three governments. 8953:Never was so much owed by so many to so few 8287:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite 7769:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum 6715:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 5021:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1676:. Manchester University Press. p. 215. 1569: 1557: 1545: 1489:. The Smithsonian Institution. January 1995 909:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 539:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 8658: 8644: 8151:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 7681: 7667: 7141:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 6251: 6237: 6124:United States involvement in regime change 3679:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 3424: 3410: 2946: 2932: 2412:Cecil, Robert. "Potsdam and its Legends." 1827: 1299:List of Soviet Union–United States summits 29: 8899:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 7874:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6725:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 6697:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 2552: 2506: 2340: 2314: 2169: 2061:Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in 1769: 1563: 1551: 1425: 1143:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1016:Learn how and when to remove this message 202:, Soviet Ambassador to the United States 8383:1944 United States presidential election 6667:Great Construction Projects of Communism 3081:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 2758: 2324:, Texas A&M University Press, 2004. 1656: 1585:American Presidents and the Middle East, 1100: 819:Provisional Government of National Unity 804: 515: 507: 415:, was replaced during the conference by 379: 232: 189: 150: 16:1945 Allied meeting on the postwar world 8040:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 7801:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination 7083:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 4250:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 2785: 2486:(Simon and Schuster, 2015). pp 401–420. 2260:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 1695:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1601:. Oxford University Press. p. 35. 903:Orderly transfers of German populations 439:(Victory in Europe) within a month and 9311: 9273:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill 9076: 9022:Schools and higher education (various) 8500:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur 8146:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 7904:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 7118:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 6094:Russian espionage in the United States 4366:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3360:Sino-American Cooperative Organization 2814: 2776: 2661: 2507:Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), 2358: 2248: 2135: 2120: 2098: 2037: 2019: 1979: 1959: 1931: 1916: 1818: 1754: 1736: 1709: 1671: 1661:. Oxford University Press. p. 53. 1507: 1486:Education Resources Information Center 1410: 1333: 1090: 9339:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 8798:The Story of the Malakand Field Force 8781:Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955 8665: 8639: 8174:President's Committee on Civil Rights 8006:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 7662: 6232: 6089:Soviet espionage in the United States 4245:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 4024:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 3689:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 3405: 2927: 2693:Harriman, W. Averell, and Elie Abel, 1510:"Truman at Potsdam: His Secret Diary" 1395: 1360: 726:and with the participation of France. 551:Former eastern territories of Germany 481:and was to be an equal member of the 7201:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 7159:20th Congress of the Communist Party 6602:19th Congress of the Communist Party 6439:18th Congress of the Communist Party 6404:17th Congress of the Communist Party 6165:Soviet Union–United States relations 4516:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 2905:Interview with James W. Riddleberger 2422: 2364: 2220: 1686: 1634:(1955), p.380, cited in Lenczowski, 1596: 998:adding citations to reliable sources 969: 920:600,000 and 2.2 million Germans died 8885:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942) 8373:Democratic National Convention 1944 8192:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 8081:National Institute of Mental Health 7716:Vice President of the United States 7688: 7135:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 6359:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 6129:Soviet involvement in regime change 3224:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship 2885:, lesson plan for secondary schools 2468:(Princeton University Press, 1960) 1890:"Potsdam Conference | World War II" 1222:Regarding the establishment of the 1215:. Many of those countries had seen 618:) would be divided into four zones. 13: 8776:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945 7282:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 7101:The History of the Communist Party 6920:Soviet offensive plans controversy 6885:Ideological repression in science 6429:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 6170:Soviet Union–United States summits 3644:1947 Polish parliamentary election 3529:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 2955:Diplomatic history of World War II 2751: 2654: 2425:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia 2177:"Mokusatsu: One Word, Two Lessons" 1630:Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, Vol. 1: 1348:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1989.tb00051.x 1289:Diplomatic history of World War II 1166:United States dropped atomic bombs 922:during the flight and expulsions. 435:assumed the presidency, which saw 14: 9425: 9344:Diplomatic conferences in Germany 9044:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel 9027:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario 8979:Bibliography of Winston Churchill 8759:Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945 7936:National Security Resources Board 7320:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 7051:Marxism and the National Question 6258: 4931:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 4866:United States invasion of Grenada 4136:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 4077:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 2883:Truman and the Potsdam Conference 2871: 2817:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 2574:(Harvard University Press, 2001) 2381:. Hänsel-Hohenhausen. p. 69. 2085:and the German interior minister 8822:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria 8619: 8618: 7975:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds 7776:State of the Union Address (1946 7643: 7642: 6960:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6424:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 5006:United States invasion of Panama 4856:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 4496:1971 Turkish military memorandum 4459:Communist insurgency in Thailand 4429:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 4361:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 4188:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 4116:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3634:Restatement of Policy on Germany 3391:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 3355:Anglo-French Supreme War Council 3200:Declaration of St James's Palace 2840: 1852: 1674:The French Empire at War 1940-45 1266:, 28 November to 1 December 1943 974: 318:having learned about it through 214:. Second row: Brigadier General 127: 116: 105: 94: 49: 9374:1945 in international relations 9354:Poland–United Kingdom relations 9197:1940 British war cabinet crisis 8989:International Churchill Society 8862:Marlborough: His Life and Times 8257:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 8186:Housing and Home Finance Agency 7345:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 6481:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 6471:Occupation of the Baltic states 5726:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5107:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 5036:Fall of the inner German border 4936:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 4586:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 4576:Spanish transition to democracy 4536:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 4163:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 3669:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 3550:Occupation of the Baltic states 3272:Declaration of the Four Nations 2662:Bevans, Charles Irving (1968). 2377:Michael A. Hartenstein (1997). 2370: 2346: 2334: 2286: 2242: 2221:Putz, Catherine (18 May 2016). 2214: 2201: 2144: 2129: 2092: 2074: 2055: 2046: 2013: 1988: 1960:Ziemke, Earl Frederick (1990). 1940: 1925: 1882: 1812: 1788: 1763: 1680: 1665: 1650: 1641: 1624: 1615: 1590: 1536: 1205:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1131:Nationalist Government of China 985:needs additional citations for 643:the westernmost parts of Poland 610:, and similarly, each capital ( 155:A conference session including 9379:British Empire in World War II 9329:Germany–Soviet Union relations 9291:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill 8994:Churchill War Rooms and Museum 8918:A total and unmitigated defeat 8026:Office of Defense Mobilization 8014:Defense Production Act of 1950 7886:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act 7705:President of the United States 4506:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 4141:Mozambican War of Independence 3580:Indonesian National Revolution 3386:German Instrument of Surrender 3212:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 3170:Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact 2989:Second Inter-Allied Conference 2557:, Cambridge University Press, 2542:M. Evans & Company, 1975. 2294:"Soviet Atomic Program - 1946" 1501: 1470: 1445: 1426:McDonough, Jim (13 May 2021). 1419: 1404: 1396:Davis, Lynn Etheridge (2015). 1389: 1354: 1327: 1315: 621:Nazi war criminals were to be 360: 267:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 210:, and Soviet Foreign Minister 1: 9414:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 9334:Poland–Soviet Union relations 8939:We shall fight on the beaches 8701:"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939 8508:Backstairs at the White House 8292:Missouri Office and Courtroom 8245:Unrelated Business Income Tax 8161:Legislative Reference Service 8093:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 7916:National Security Act of 1947 7186:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 6997:1946–1947 Soviet famine 6570:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 6104:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 5119:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 5072:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 4794:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 4759:Seven Days to the River Rhine 4491:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 3778:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 3706:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 3236:Declaration by United Nations 3007:Third Inter-Allied Conference 2977:First Inter-Allied Conference 2971:U.S.–British Staff Conference 2901:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 2553:Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007), 2402:(Simon & Schuster, 2002) 1309: 1197:People's Republic of Bulgaria 1072:Charter of the United Nations 925:The leaders decided that the 890:Charter of the United Nations 497: 9389:August 1945 events in Europe 9005:Churchill College, Cambridge 8925:Blood, toil, tears and sweat 8105:Council of Economic Advisers 7335:1956 Georgian demonstrations 5097:Fall of communism in Albania 5067:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 5016:Polish Round Table Agreement 4356:1968 Polish political crisis 4173:Eritrean War of Independence 3939:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3834:East German uprising of 1953 3766:Chinese Communist Revolution 3431: 3370:Council of Foreign Ministers 3365:European Advisory Commission 3061:Greater East Asia Conference 3013:Second Washington Conference 2819:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2700:Leahy, Fleet Adm William D. 1213:People's Republic of Albania 1209:People's Republic of Romania 1201:People's Republic of Hungary 1136: 943:Council of Foreign Ministers 351:Council of Foreign Ministers 7: 9179:Terminological inexactitude 8448:Harry S. Truman Scholarship 8019:Relief of Douglas MacArthur 7950:Central Intelligence Agency 7350:Stalin Monument in Budapest 7017:Night of the Murdered Poets 6935:Allegations of antisemitism 6672:Engineers of the human soul 6419:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 6395:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 4971:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 4699:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 4444:Corrective Movement (Syria) 4408:New People's Army rebellion 4403:Sino-Soviet border conflict 4131:Angolan War of Independence 3994:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 3874:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 3519:Jamaican political conflict 3248:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 3037:Third Washington Conference 2788:Journal of Cold War Studies 2616:Journal of American History 2503:(Scholarly Resources, 1990) 2491:Political Science Quarterly 1774:. Milan: IPOC. p. 28. 1770:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2008). 1282: 1193:People's Republic of Poland 392:Relationships among leaders 226:, and (partially obscured) 10: 9430: 9384:July 1945 events in Europe 9166:St Martin's Church, Bladon 8946:This was their finest hour 8075:National Mental Health Act 8032:Science Advisory Committee 7921:U.S. Department of Defense 7828:Presidential Proclamations 7724:U.S. Senator from Missouri 7390:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 7360:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 6508:Soviet atomic bomb project 5167:Sino-Indian border dispute 4996:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 4926:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 4684:1976 Argentine coup d'état 4596:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 4546:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 4230:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 4198:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 3887:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 3654:Asian Relations Conference 2388: 2299:Atomic Heritage Foundation 1657:Reinisch, Jessica (2013). 1246:Previous major conferences 1140: 1094: 906: 823:Polish government-in-exile 794: 770: 536: 532: 501: 9319:Aftermath of World War II 9215: 9207:Honorary U.S. citizenship 9126: 9010:Churchill Archives Centre 8999:National Churchill Museum 8969: 8909: 8901:(1956–1958, four volumes) 8864:(1933–1938, four volumes) 8848:(1923–1931, five volumes) 8789: 8751: 8673: 8585: 8570:Martha Ellen Young Truman 8550: 8471: 8463:Statue of Harry S. Truman 8420: 8353: 8345:Truman Little White House 8323:Harry S. Truman Farm Home 8310: 8274: 8168:National School Lunch Act 8088:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 8054: 7931:National Security Council 7841: 7734: 7696: 7638: 7555: 7416: 7398: 7370:Places named after Stalin 7355:Stalin Monument in Prague 7302: 7214: 7149: 7035: 6879:Repressions in Azerbaijan 6705: 6614: 6597:1950 legislative election 6523:1946 legislative election 6434:1937 legislative election 6346: 6295: 6286: 6266: 6203: 6152: 6074: 6051:William Appleman Williams 5996:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 5778: 5750: 5699: 5631: 5624: 5558: 5423: 5348: 5278: 5271: 5180: 5127: 5059: 4772: 4511:Bangladesh Liberation War 4501:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 4416: 4388:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 4376:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 4039: 3814:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 3791: 3501: 3439: 3378: 3347: 3242:Punishment for War Crimes 3176:Destroyers-for-bases deal 3142: 3093:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 2961: 2800:10.1162/15203970260209527 2723:Pacific Historical Review 2631:Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. 2456:English Historical Review 2423:Cook, Bernard A. (2001), 2209:Pacific Historical Review 1530:National Security Archive 1411:Gormly, James L. (1990). 1322:Description of photograph 1260:, 12 to 16 September 1944 790: 747:Allied Control Commission 139: 89: 79: 69: 61: 44: 28: 23: 9324:World War II conferences 8893:(1948–1953, six volumes) 8691:Liberal Party, 1904–1924 8443:Truman Dam and Reservoir 8219:Agricultural Act of 1949 8203:Agricultural Act of 1948 8045:National Security Agency 7191:Soviet Nonconformist Art 7107:1936 Soviet Constitution 6760:Soviet famine of 1932–33 6720:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 6692:Transformation of nature 6677:1936 Soviet Constitution 6637:Socialism in One Country 6476:German–Soviet Axis talks 4826:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4661:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4631:1978 Somali coup attempt 4591:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4556:1973 Chilean coup d'état 4381:Revolutionary Government 4275:South African Border War 4067:1960 Turkish coup d'état 3984:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 3839:1953 Iranian coup d'état 3819:1952 Egyptian revolution 3182:Franco-Italian Armistice 3105:Fourth Moscow Conference 3099:Second Quebec Conference 3087:Bretton Woods Conference 3019:Second Moscow Conference 2815:Wettig, Gerhard (2008), 2759:Crampton, R. J. (1997), 2458:1997 112(448): 904–926. 2427:, Taylor & Francis, 1272:, 22 to 26 November 1943 1258:Second Quebec Conference 883: 555:World War II reparations 377:in Potsdam, near Berlin. 322:long before Truman did. 310:British general election 9267:Lord Randolph Churchill 8838:Lord Randolph Churchill 8708:World War II, 1939–1945 8591:← Franklin D. Roosevelt 8527:(1997 documentary film) 8438:Harry S Truman Building 8156:Federal Tort Claims Act 7315:Iosif Stalin locomotive 7058:Foundations of Leninism 7044:Anarchism or Socialism? 6925:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 6792:NKVD prisoner massacres 6444:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 6333:Death and state funeral 5031:Fall of the Berlin Wall 4976:People Power Revolution 4961:Central American crisis 4901:1986 Black Sea incident 4551:1973 Afghan coup d'état 4449:Western Sahara conflict 4260:1966 Syrian coup d'état 4183:1963 Syrian coup d'état 4126:Portuguese Colonial War 4089:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 3854:1954 Syrian coup d'état 3731:Annexation of Hyderabad 3674:1947–1949 Palestine war 3326:Treaty of San Francisco 3158:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3075:Second Cairo Conference 3049:Third Moscow Conference 3043:First Quebec Conference 2995:First Moscow Conference 2447:Davis, Lynn Etheridge. 1894:Encyclopedia Britannica 1672:Thomas, Martin (1998). 1518:Foreign Service Journal 1304:Origins of the Cold War 1278:, 14 to 24 January 1943 1254:, 4 to 11 February 1945 1105:The Foreign Ministers: 913:At the conference, the 287:unconditional surrender 65:17 July – 2 August 1945 56:Soviet-occupied Germany 9285:John Spencer-Churchill 9161:Siege of Sidney Street 8686:In politics, 1900–1939 8598:Dwight D. Eisenhower → 8100:Employment Act of 1946 7994:Revolt of the Admirals 7523:(second father-in-law) 6777:Murder of Sergey Kirov 6652:Stalinist architecture 6538:Turkish Straits crisis 5325:Neoclassical economics 4836:Gulf of Sidra incident 4393:1969 Libyan revolution 4084:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 3869:1954 Geneva Conference 3629:Turkish straits crisis 3624:Corfu Channel incident 3314:United Nations Charter 3254:Armistice of Cassibile 3206:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 2911:"The Myth of Potsdam," 2725:41.2 (1972): 225–230. 2668:. Department of State. 2416:46.3 (1970): 455–465. 1946:James Stewart Martin. 1597:Hunt, Michael (2013). 1415:. Scholarly Resources. 1118: 1084: 1035:As the disposition of 927:Allied Control Council 813: 781:provisional government 525: 513: 483:Allied Control Council 388: 258: 246: 230: 187: 9202:Bengal famine of 1943 9150:Operation Unthinkable 9087:Palace of Westminster 8878:Arms and the Covenant 8713:Later life, 1945–1965 8696:Chancellor, 1924–1929 8681:Early life, 1874–1904 8576:Clifton Truman Daniel 8480:Give 'em Hell, Harry! 8453:Truman Sports Complex 8282:Early life and career 7981:North Atlantic Treaty 7957:Displaced Persons Act 7926:Joint Chiefs of Staff 7833:Eisenhower transition 7818:"The buck stops here" 7791:Judicial appointments 7764:Assassination attempt 7544:William Wesley Peters 7089:Falsifiers of History 7012:Rootless cosmopolitan 6318:Rule as Soviet leader 6175:Russia–NATO relations 6056:Jonathan Reed Winkler 5340:Democratic capitalism 5335:Supply-side economics 5303:American conservatism 5102:Breakup of Yugoslavia 4991:Bougainville conflict 4906:South Yemen civil war 4841:Martial law in Poland 4704:Nicaraguan Revolution 4679:Dirty War (Argentina) 4486:1971 JVP insurrection 4300:Years of Lead (Italy) 4178:North Yemen civil war 4096:Berlin Crisis of 1961 4072:Albanian–Soviet split 4004:1959 Tibetan uprising 3969:Syrian Crisis of 1957 3824:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 3684:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3332:Austrian State Treaty 3025:Casablanca Conference 2858:. US State Department 2777:Ehrman, John (1956). 2715:4.3 (1980): 317–326. 2638:Zayas, Alfred M. de. 2493:1972 87(2): 242–269. 2414:International Affairs 2069:on 29 November 2006, 1870:. US State Department 1687:Feis, Hebert (1960). 1599:The World Transformed 1363:International Affairs 1276:Casablanca Conference 1141:Further information: 1104: 1076: 808: 519: 511: 448:United States Senator 421:Franklin D. Roosevelt 383: 237:Sitting (from left): 236: 228:Charles Griffith Ross 224:James K. Vardaman Jr. 206:, Secretary of State 193: 154: 9225:Clementine Churchill 8891:The Second World War 8870:Great Contemporaries 8830:Ian Hamilton's March 8483:(1975 play and film) 8399:Dewey Defeats Truman 8208:Executive Order 9981 7898:Executive Order 9835 7867:Declaration to Japan 7565:Stalin's house, Gori 7496:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 7424:Besarion Jughashvili 7365:Batumi Stalin Museum 7276:Nineteen Eighty-Four 7027:Censorship of images 6706:Crimes, repressions, 6409:1931 Menshevik Trial 6390:First five-year plan 5596:Non-Aligned Movement 5218:Peaceful coexistence 5172:North Borneo dispute 5087:German reunification 5082:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 4780:Salvadoran Civil War 4729:Grand Mosque seizure 4724:Yemenite War of 1979 4616:Mozambican Civil War 4571:Carnation Revolution 4526:Yemenite War of 1972 4464:1970 Polish protests 4295:1967 Hong Kong riots 4270:Argentine Revolution 4220:Guatemalan Civil War 4148:Cuban Missile Crisis 4062:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3934:1956 Poznań protests 3912:Geneva Summit (1955) 3514:Hukbalahap Rebellion 3493:Non-Aligned Movement 3320:Paris Peace Treaties 2618:63.1 (1976): 66–92. 2591:(Basic Books, 2015) 2538:Mee, Charles L. Jr. 2524:Lewkowicz, Nicolas, 2440:Costigliola, Frank. 2320:Granville, Johanna, 2156:Imperial War Museums 1805:20 July 2011 at the 1636:American Presidents, 994:improve this article 664:, and two thirds of 413:coalition government 243:William Daniel Leahy 222:, Truman naval aide 9172:Sword of Stalingrad 9061:Cultural depictions 9056:Sutherland portrait 8932:Be ye men of valour 8558:Bess Wallace Truman 8458:U.S. Postage stamps 8252:Revenue Act of 1951 8235:Revenue Act of 1950 8229:Dingell–Johnson Act 8224:Housing Act of 1949 8214:Revenue Act of 1948 8070:Revenue Act of 1945 7862:Agreement on Europe 7557:Stalin's residences 7504:Galina Dzhugashvili 7488:Svetlana Alliluyeva 7472:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 7399:Cultural depictions 7241:Anti-Stalinist left 7196:Shvernik Commission 7164:Pospelov Commission 6940:Population transfer 6915:1941 Red Army purge 6889:Suppressed research 6543:First Indochina War 6486:Great Patriotic War 6464:Moscow Peace Treaty 6328:Cult of personality 6041:Alex von Tunzelmann 6031:Vladimir Tismăneanu 5956:Thomas J. McCormick 5951:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 5851:Robert Hugh Ferrell 5714:Crusade for Freedom 5511:Illiberal democracy 5395:Ho Chi Minh Thought 5198:Eisenhower Doctrine 5051:Peaceful Revolution 5046:Romanian Revolution 5026:Revolutions of 1989 5011:1988 Polish strikes 4921:Operation INFEKTION 4916:1987 Lieyu massacre 4821:Eritrean Civil Wars 4804:Peruvian Revolution 4754:1979 Herat uprising 4744:Sino-Vietnamese War 4709:Uganda–Tanzania War 4689:Egyptian–Libyan War 4656:Third Indochina War 4651:Sino-Albanian split 4641:Ethiopian Civil War 4541:Eritrean Civil Wars 4481:Ping-pong diplomacy 4454:Cambodian Civil War 4280:Korean DMZ Conflict 4265:Cultural Revolution 4235:Dominican Civil War 4213:Tlatelolco massacre 3999:1959 Mosul uprising 3989:1958 Lebanon crisis 3716:Al-Wathbah uprising 3639:First Indochina War 3609:Iran crisis of 1946 3308:Potsdam Declaration 3266:Moscow Declarations 3188:Moscow Peace Treaty 2983:Atlantic Conference 2688:Progress Publishers 2540:Meeting at Potsdam. 1659:The Perils of Peace 1400:. pp. 288–334. 1172:on 6 August and on 1157:Potsdam Declaration 1097:Potsdam Declaration 1091:Potsdam Declaration 851:Free City of Danzig 751:international trade 259:Potsdamer Konferenz 9359:History of Potsdam 9249:Marigold Churchill 9237:Randolph Churchill 9156:Political ideology 9067:Churchillian Drift 9001:(Fulton, Missouri) 8611:Alben W. Barkley → 8606:← Henry A. Wallace 8240:Excess profits tax 8112:Flood Control Acts 7963:Key West Agreement 7856:Potsdam Conference 7528:Alexander Svanidze 7456:Konstantin Kuzakov 7448:Yakov Dzhugashvili 7407:Apocalypse: Stalin 7380:Stalin Peace Prize 7375:State Stalin Prize 7078:"Ten Blows" speech 7065:Dizzy with Success 6975:Operation "Priboi" 6955:Operation "Lentil" 6908:1937 Soviet Census 6587:Sino-Soviet Treaty 6501:Potsdam Conference 6454:Invasion of Poland 6195:Russian Revolution 5991:Mary Elise Sarotte 5976:William B. Pickett 5901:Patrick J. Hearden 5881:Gabriel Gorodetsky 5876:Timothy Garton Ash 5861:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 5456:Ethnic nationalism 5208:Hallstein Doctrine 5092:Yemeni unification 4881:1985 Geneva Summit 4846:Casamance conflict 4749:New Jewel Movement 4734:Iranian Revolution 4719:Chadian–Libyan War 4666:Cambodian conflict 4646:Lebanese Civil War 4636:Western Sahara War 4611:June 1976 protests 4606:Cambodian genocide 4371:17 July Revolution 4325:Nigerian Civil War 4240:Rhodesian Bush War 4225:Colombian conflict 4168:Ramadan Revolution 3907:Bandung Conference 3783:Operation Valuable 3664:Partition of India 3132:Potsdam Conference 3001:Arcadia Conference 2713:Diplomatic History 2608:1976 21(4): 3–34. 2451:(2015) pp 288–334. 2396:Beschloss, Michael 1796:Nemesis at Potsdam 1432:Berlin Experiences 1336:Diplomatic History 1119: 1107:Vyacheslav Molotov 814: 742:aircraft factories 627:Moscow Declaration 526: 524:(click to enlarge) 514: 479:Berlin Declaration 389: 330:; a Soviet-backed 294:Vyacheslav Molotov 273:, Prime Ministers 251:Potsdam Conference 247: 231: 212:Vyacheslav Molotov 188: 169:Vyacheslav Molotov 24:Potsdam Conference 9404:Winston Churchill 9306: 9305: 9261:Winston Churchill 9122: 9121: 9092:Parliament Square 8743:Death and funeral 8718:Electoral history 8667:Winston Churchill 8633: 8632: 8511:(1979 miniseries) 8333:Historic District 8270: 8269: 8262:1952 steel strike 8134:Fulbright Program 7910:Hoover Commission 7656: 7655: 7613:Kholodnaya Rechka 7310:Iosif Stalin tank 7231:Lenin's Testament 7206:Era of Stagnation 7007:Mingrelian Affair 6985:Forced settlement 6970:Operation "North" 6930:Soviet war crimes 6708:and controversies 6647:Socialist realism 6610: 6609: 6592:Tito–Stalin split 6491:Tehran Conference 6414:Spanish Civil War 6385:Chinese Civil War 6226: 6225: 6213:List of conflicts 6061:Rudolph Winnacker 6006:Giles Scott-Smith 5981:Ronald E. Powaski 5936:Melvyn P. Leffler 5866:John Lewis Gaddis 5841:Robert D. English 5806:Warren H. Carroll 5796:Michael Beschloss 5765:Nuclear arms race 5746: 5745: 5652:Neues Deutschland 5554: 5553: 5536:White nationalism 5506:Liberal democracy 5243:Ulbricht Doctrine 5233:Brezhnev Doctrine 5041:Velvet Revolution 4785:Soviet–Afghan War 4601:Angolan Civil War 4398:Goulash Communism 4255:ASEAN Declaration 4208:Mexican Dirty War 4106:Annexation of Goa 4057:1960 U-2 incident 4031:Sino-Soviet split 4009:Laotian Civil War 3849:Bricker Amendment 3829:Mau Mau rebellion 3773:Malayan Emergency 3761:Chinese Civil War 3721:Tito–Stalin split 3575:Division of Korea 3399: 3398: 3302:Potsdam Agreement 3296:Nuremberg Charter 3260:Cairo Declaration 3068:Tehran Conference 2856:history.state.gov 2826:978-0-7425-5542-6 2642:Routledge, 1977. 2597:978-0-4650-7525-6 2570:Naimark, Norman. 2564:978-0-5218-6244-8 2534:978-1-3493-2035-6 2499:Gormly, James L. 2482:Fenby, Jonathan. 2343:, pp. 370–71 2000:history.state.gov 1948:All Honorable Men 1868:history.state.gov 1781:978-8-8951-4527-3 1632:Year of Decisions 1608:978-0-1993-7102-0 1581:George Lenczowski 1324:, Truman Library. 1264:Tehran Conference 1182:Manhattan Project 1070:Article 4 of the 1026: 1025: 1018: 878:Winston Churchill 754:agricultural and 724:Allied Commission 504:Potsdam Agreement 487:Charles de Gaulle 472:Tehran Conference 456:George Lenczowski 409:Winston Churchill 275:Winston Churchill 149: 148: 112:Winston Churchill 9421: 9364:1945 conferences 9114:Washington, D.C. 9074: 9073: 9050:The Roaring Lion 8846:The World Crisis 8660: 8653: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8622: 8621: 8535:(2022 TV series) 8297:Truman Committee 8197:Taft–Hartley Act 8064:Medal of Freedom 7839: 7838: 7823:Executive Orders 7727: 7719: 7708: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7659: 7646: 7645: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7531:(brother-in-law) 7524: 7520:Sergei Alliluyev 7516: 7512:Joseph Alliluyev 7508: 7500: 7492: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7428: 7330:Pantheon, Moscow 7288:The Soviet Story 7262:Darkness at Noon 7151:De-Stalinization 7002:Leningrad Affair 6735:Decossackization 6533:1946 Iran crisis 6496:Yalta Conference 6368:Collectivization 6293: 6292: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6230: 6229: 5971:David S. Painter 5896:John Earl Haynes 5826:Nicholas J. Cull 5811:Adrian Cioroianu 5791:Thomas A. Bailey 5738:Voice of America 5629: 5628: 5541:White separatism 5521:Social democracy 5516:Guided democracy 5496:Authoritarianism 5446:Ultranationalism 5436:Anti-imperialism 5363:Marxism–Leninism 5276: 5275: 5263:Kinmen Agreement 5228:Johnson Doctrine 5213:Kennedy Doctrine 5129:Frozen conflicts 5112:1991 August Coup 5001:Afghan Civil War 4896:Reykjavík Summit 4891:Somali Rebellion 4831:Ugandan Bush War 4809:Gdańsk Agreement 4330:Protests of 1968 4310:War of Attrition 4019:Cuban Revolution 3955:We will bury you 3922:Cyprus Emergency 3902:Kashmir Princess 3892:Jebel Akhdar War 3741:Western betrayal 3426: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3290:Moscow Armistice 3218:Atlantic Charter 3152:Munich Agreement 3118:Yalta Conference 3111:Malta Conference 3055:Cairo Conference 3031:Adana Conference 2948: 2941: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2844: 2843: 2829: 2811: 2782: 2773: 2669: 2624:Wolk, Herman S. 2585:Neiberg, Michael 2567: 2528:Palgrave, 2010. 2521: 2476:Pulitzer Prize; 2444:(2013): 359–417. 2437: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2259: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2182:. 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Vaughan 177:Joseph E. Davies 173:William D. Leahy 144:Yalta Conference 132: 131: 121: 120: 110: 109: 99: 98: 54: 53: 52: 33: 21: 20: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9369:1945 in Germany 9309: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9243:Sarah Churchill 9231:Diana Churchill 9211: 9192:Tonypandy riots 9134:Blenheim Palace 9118: 9072: 9017:Memorial Trusts 8971: 8965: 8905: 8785: 8747: 8669: 8664: 8634: 8629: 8581: 8564:Margaret Truman 8546: 8467: 8416: 8349: 8306: 8266: 8140:Hill–Burton Act 8050: 7892:Luce–Celler Act 7851:Truman Doctrine 7837: 7730: 7722: 7711: 7700: 7692: 7690:Harry S. Truman 7687: 7657: 7652: 7634: 7630:Stalin's bunker 7580:Room at Kremlin 7570:Tiflis Seminary 7551: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7514: 7507:(granddaughter) 7506: 7498: 7490: 7482: 7474: 7466: 7464:Artyom Sergeyev 7458: 7450: 7442: 7434: 7426: 7412: 7394: 7298: 7256:True Communists 7219: 7217: 7210: 7174:Khrushchev Thaw 7145: 7112:Stalin's poetry 7031: 6899:Japhetic theory 6837:Medvedev Forest 6730:Georgian Affair 6707: 6701: 6662:Five-year plans 6606: 6575:Berlin Blockade 6565:Greek Civil War 6354:August Uprising 6342: 6323:Political views 6288: 6282: 6262: 6257: 6227: 6222: 6199: 6190:Second Cold War 6148: 6076: 6070: 6046:Odd Arne Westad 6036:Patrick Vaughan 6021:Athan Theoharis 6001:Ellen Schrecker 5986:Yakov M. Rabkin 5961:Timothy Naftali 5906:Tvrtko Jakovina 5891:Jussi Hanhimäki 5774: 5752: 5742: 5720:Paix et Liberté 5695: 5639:Active measures 5620: 5550: 5531:White supremacy 5491:Totalitarianism 5419: 5344: 5267: 5253:Reagan Doctrine 5248:Carter Doctrine 5188:Truman Doctrine 5176: 5123: 5055: 4950:Soviet reaction 4861:Ndogboyosoi War 4768: 4739:Saur Revolution 4566:1973 oil crisis 4531:Munich massacre 4439:Alcora Exercise 4434:Black September 4412: 4158:Sino-Indian War 4052:Simba rebellion 4035: 3879:Capture of the 3787: 3726:Berlin Blockade 3659:May 1947 crises 3649:Truman Doctrine 3614:Greek Civil War 3603:Blacklist Forty 3570:Gouzenko Affair 3557:Cursed soldiers 3509:Morgenthau Plan 3497: 3435: 3430: 3400: 3395: 3374: 3343: 3230:Paris Protocols 3194:Tripartite Pact 3144: 3138: 2957: 2952: 2874: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2827: 2771: 2754: 2752:Further reading 2749: 2657: 2655:Primary sources 2652: 2565: 2519: 2464:Feis, Herbert. 2435: 2391: 2386: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2272: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2219: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2134: 2130: 2119: 2108: 2097: 2093: 2079: 2075: 2067:Deutschlandfunk 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2036: 2029: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1978: 1969: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1930: 1926: 1915: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1828: 1817: 1813: 1807:Wayback Machine 1793: 1789: 1782: 1768: 1764: 1753: 1746: 1735: 1720: 1708: 1704: 1685: 1681: 1670: 1666: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1595: 1591: 1579: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1424: 1420: 1409: 1405: 1394: 1390: 1375:10.2307/2613222 1359: 1355: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1285: 1248: 1160:Prime Minister 1153: 1139: 1123:Chiang Kai-shek 1111:James F. Byrnes 1099: 1093: 1022: 1011: 1005: 1002: 991: 979: 968: 945: 936: 911: 905: 886: 803: 793: 773: 711:War reparations 641:, Austria, and 639:Alsace-Lorraine 582:decartelization 570:democratization 557: 535: 506: 500: 394: 363: 306:James F. Byrnes 283:Harry S. Truman 208:James F. Byrnes 185:Harry S. Truman 181:James F. Byrnes 134:Harry S. Truman 126: 125: 115: 114: 104: 103: 93: 50: 48: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9427: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9409:Clement Attlee 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9297:Leonard Jerome 9294: 9288: 9282: 9279:Jack Churchill 9276: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9221: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9186:The Other Club 9182: 9175: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9080: 9078: 9071: 9070: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9002: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8975: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8895: 8887: 8882: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8850: 8842: 8834: 8826: 8818: 8810: 8802: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8683: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8663: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8640: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8536: 8532:The First Lady 8528: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8491:(1975 song by 8484: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8232: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8011: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7880:War Brides Act 7877: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7843:Foreign policy 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7813:Truman Balcony 7810: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7748:Inaugurations 7746: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7720: 7709: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7541: 7533: 7525: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7485: 7477: 7469: 7461: 7453: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7385:Stalin Society 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7325:Stalin statues 7322: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7226:Stalin Epigram 7222: 7220: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7176: 7171: 7169:Rehabilitation 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6947: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6896: 6891: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6745:Wittorf affair 6742: 6740:Dekulakization 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6682:New Soviet man 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6365: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6016:Timothy Snyder 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Vojtech Mastny 5943: 5941:Geir Lundestad 5938: 5933: 5931:Walter Laqueur 5928: 5926:Walter LaFeber 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5856:André Fontaine 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5786:Gar Alperovitz 5782: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5526:Third-Worldism 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5315:Libertarianism 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5295: 5293:Chicago school 5290: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5238:Nixon Doctrine 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5181:Foreign policy 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4966:Operation RYAN 4963: 4958: 4953: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4871:Able Archer 83 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621:Oromo conflict 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4561:Yom Kippur War 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4193:Aden Emergency 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4111:Papua conflict 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4014:Kitchen Debate 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3974:Sputnik crisis 3971: 3966: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3944:Polish October 3941: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3844:Pact of Madrid 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3799:Bamboo Curtain 3795: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3598: 3590: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3539: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3122: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2873: 2872:External links 2870: 2869: 2868: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2812: 2783: 2774: 2769: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2719: 2709: 2698: 2691: 2679: 2670: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2612: 2602: 2582: 2568: 2563: 2550: 2536: 2522: 2517: 2504: 2497: 2487: 2480: 2462: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2420: 2410: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2341:Grenville 2005 2333: 2313: 2285: 2270: 2250:Groves, Leslie 2241: 2213: 2200: 2189:on 6 June 2013 2168: 2143: 2128: 2106: 2091: 2073: 2054: 2045: 2027: 2012: 1987: 1967: 1952: 1950:(1950) p. 191. 1939: 1924: 1906: 1881: 1826: 1811: 1787: 1780: 1762: 1744: 1718: 1702: 1679: 1664: 1649: 1640: 1623: 1614: 1607: 1589: 1568: 1564:Miscamble 2007 1556: 1552:Miscamble 2007 1544: 1535: 1500: 1469: 1444: 1418: 1403: 1388: 1369:(3): 455–465. 1353: 1342:(2): 191–212. 1326: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1244: 1228:Eastern Poland 1191:, such as the 1162:Kantarō Suzuki 1138: 1135: 1095:Main article: 1092: 1089: 1024: 1023: 1006:September 2022 982: 980: 973: 967: 964: 963: 962: 959: 956: 953: 944: 941: 935: 932: 915:Allied leaders 904: 901: 885: 882: 863: 862: 843: 840: 836: 833: 830: 826: 792: 789: 772: 769: 764: 763: 734: 727: 719: 715: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 692: 681:Czechoslovakia 673: 646: 631: 619: 604: 601: 566:denazification 534: 531: 502:Main article: 499: 496: 452:Vice President 417:Clement Attlee 393: 390: 362: 359: 279:Clement Attlee 261:) was held at 239:Clement Attlee 220:Charles Bohlen 204:Andrei Gromyko 157:Clement Attlee 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 123:Clement Attlee 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 46: 42: 41: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9426: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9399:Joseph Stalin 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9299:(grandfather) 9298: 9295: 9293:(grandmother) 9292: 9289: 9287:(grandfather) 9286: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9144:Norway Debate 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9068: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9039:Epstein busts 9037: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8968: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8854:My Early Life 8851: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8814:The River War 8811: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8626: 8625: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8405:campaign song 8403: 8400: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7969:Marshall Plan 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796:Supreme Court 7794: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7672: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7649: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7603:Semyonovskoye 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7545: 7542: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7526: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7486: 7481: 7480:Vasily Stalin 7478: 7475:(second wife) 7473: 7470: 7467:(adopted son) 7465: 7462: 7457: 7454: 7449: 7446: 7441: 7440:Kato Svanidze 7438: 7433: 7430: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7236:Ryutin Affair 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7216:Criticism and 7213: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7129:Order No. 270 7127: 7125: 7124:Order No. 227 7122: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:Doctors' plot 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6980:Nazino affair 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6944:German–Soviet 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:Slavists case 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Moscow Trials 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:Korenizatsiya 6630: 6628: 6627:Neo-Stalinism 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6513:Ili Rebellion 6511: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6260:Joseph Stalin 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6180:War on terror 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6075:Espionage and 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Andrew Thorpe 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5921:Gabriel Kolko 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Fred Halliday 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Lloyd Gardner 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:Norman Davies 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:John Costello 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751:Technological 5749: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632:Pro-communist 5630: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559:Organizations 5557: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373:Eurocommunism 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Domino theory 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:South Ossetia 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941:8888 Uprising 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:Iran–Iraq War 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4851:Falklands War 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4714:NDF Rebellion 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4694:German Autumn 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4581:Metapolitefsi 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4342:Prague Spring 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4320:Al-Wadiah War 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:12-3 incident 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:Domino theory 3862: 3860: 3859:Petrov Affair 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736:Madiun Affair 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3696:Marshall Plan 3694: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3445:United States 3442: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348:Organizations 3346: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3164:Pact of Steel 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2847:public domain 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2794:(4): 93–103. 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2770:0-4151-6422-2 2766: 2763:, Routledge, 2762: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2649: 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