1185:
33:
745:
1680:/nativism of a most radically Romanic form. The phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese are Classical Latin and Old Portuguese heritage. This is not a creole form, but a radical Romanic form. Regardless of borrowings and minor changes, it must be kept in mind that Brazilian Portuguese is not a Portuguese creole, since both grammar and vocabulary remain "real" Portuguese and its origins can be traced directly from 16th century European Portuguese. Some authors, like Swedish Parkvall, classify it as a
1133:: a creole spoken by the Sri Lankan Kaffir community. The Kaffirs are descendants of soldiers and slaves from the African Great Lakes region, as well as Portuguese colonists and native Sinhalese and Tamils. The language reportedly differed from the main Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese Creole spoken in Sri Lanka, and likely had influences from Bantu languages, although there are no records of the language, and the Kaffir community switched to Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese.
1256:
1273:
1208:
1224:
1192:
752:
1240:
784:
768:
1672:) resulted from decreolization of a creole based on Portuguese and native languages; but this is not a widely accepted view. Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous and mutually intelligible with European Portuguese, and in fact quite conservative in some aspects. Academic specialists compiled by linguist Volker Noll affirm that the Brazilian linguistic phenomena are the
1731:
134:
assumes that some type of pidgin language — dubbed West
African Pidgin Portuguese — based on Portuguese was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast. According to this theory, this variety may have been the starting point of all the
182:
of debated origin. Originally the word was used to distinguish the members of any ethnic group who were born and raised in the colonies from those who were born in their homeland. In Africa it was often applied to locally born people of (wholly or partly) Portuguese descent, as opposed to those
1686:
in the concept defined by Holm: a semicreole is a language that has undergone “partial restructuring, producing varieties which were never fully pidginized and which preserve a substantial part of their lexifier’s structure (...) while showing a noticeable degree of restructuring”. Nevertheless,
129:
Until recently creoles were considered "degenerate" dialects of
Portuguese unworthy of attention. As a consequence, there is little documentation on the details of their formation. Since the 20th century, increased study of creoles by linguists led to several theories being advanced. The
1515:, a Luso-Asian group descended from Portuguese mercenaries and adventurers to Burma in the 16th and 17th centuries who were enlisted into the Burmese army and settled there. The Bayingyi community still exists, but the language has not been recorded or spoken for centuries.
1741:(spoken on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in the Caribbean) is closely related to the Upper Guinea Creoles: Guinea-Bissau Creole and especially with Cape Verdean Creole. Papiamento has a Portuguese basis, but has undergone a large Spanish and considerable Dutch influence.
1687:
scholars like
Anthony Julius Naro and Maria Marta Pereira Scherre demonstrated how every single phenomenon found in Brazilian Portuguese can also be found in regional modern European Portuguese and 1500s and 1600s European Portuguese, such as the epic poetry of
135:
pidgin and creole languages. This may explain to some extent why
Portuguese lexical items can be found in many creoles, but more importantly, it would account for the numerous grammatical similarities shared by such languages, such as the
1707:, classifying these phenomena as a natural Romance drift. Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese and its phonetics is more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of a
1584:, with some scholars classifying it as Portuguese creole with an English relexification. Saramaccan may be an English creole with Portuguese words, since structurally (morphology and syntax) it is related to the
1508:, which were former Portuguese colonies settled by Luso-Asians. The Luso-Thai communities of Kudi Chin and Conception still exist, numbering around 2,000, but the language has not been recorded for centuries.
1025:) had become extinct by the 19th century. In Cananor and Tellicherry, some elderly people still spoke some creole in the 1980s. The only creole that is still spoken (by a few Christian families only) is
1836:
Forro was a declaration of freedom of a specific slave used in
Portugal and its colonies. These were the most wished documents for the enslaved population. These freed slaves developed and stabilized a
1145:
was spoken by Luso-Asians and Roman
Catholics in Bangladesh until its extinction in the late 19th to early 20th century. Bangladeshi Luso-Asians who spoke Bengali Portuguese Creole were concentrated in
1656:
that is theorized as presenting signs of an earlier decreolization. Ancient
Portuguese creoles originating from Africa are still preserved in the ritual songs of the Afro-Brazilian animist religions (
1154:, formerly the capital of the Portuguese Empire in Bengal. A smaller but still significant population of Bengali Portuguese Creole speakers was located in the smaller Firingi Bazar of Dhaka; the word
1033:, near Kerala; the last native speaker of the language, William Rozario, died in 2010, but the language is still spoken and understood to some degree by the Luso-Asian community of
814:
The numerous
Portuguese outposts in India and Sri Lanka gave rise to many Portuguese creole languages, of which only a few have survived to the present. The largest group were the
2101:
Dewulf, Jeroen (2019). "Iberian
Linguistic Elements among the Black Population in New Netherland (1614–1664)". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages Vol. 34, No. 1. p. 49-82.
573:, the creole is used as lingua franca among people speaking different languages, and is becoming the mother tongue of a growing population. They consist of two languages:
97:
with trading posts, forts and colonies in Africa, Asia and the
Americas. Contact between the Portuguese language and native languages gave rise to many Portuguese-based
2308:
947:
These surviving Norteiro creoles have suffered drastic changes in the last decades. Standard Portuguese re-influenced the creole of Daman in the mid-20th century.
1616:
198:
or its derivatives (like "Creole" and its equivalents in other languages) became the name of several specific Upper Guinean communities and their languages: the
126:
These creoles are (or were) spoken mostly by communities of descendants of Portuguese, natives, and sometimes other peoples from the Portuguese colonial empire.
2302:
2057:
Parkvall, Mikael (1999). "The Alleged Creole Past of Brazilian Vernacular Portuguese". In d'Andrade, Ernesto; Pereria, Dulce; Mota, Maria Antónia (eds.).
697:
561:
of Upper Guinea, born around the Portuguese settlements along the northwest coast of Africa. Portuguese creoles are the mother tongues of most people in
1998:
1184:
2314:
1892:
1309:. After the takeover of those places by the Dutch in the 17th century, many creole-speaking slaves were taken to other places in Indonesia and
2567:
1539:. It is nearly extinct in Macau, being spoken by an estimated 50 people in 2007, but more Macanese speakers likely exist among the diaspora.
2358:
1682:
1633:
1786:
863:
1469:; it probably became extinct in the late 20th century, its traces in the local Malay-based creole language, if any, do not survive (see
1597:
983:
847:
990:, were already extinct by the 19th century. Their speakers (mostly the people of mixed Portuguese-Indian ancestry, known locally as
936:
926:
855:
744:
423:
413:
1424:
891:
17:
1044:, used Portuguese until 1811. A Portuguese creole was still spoken in the early 20th century. Portuguese creoles were spoken in
2331:
1957:
2215:
2180:
1505:
1490:
90:
2287:
1288:
2292:
2282:
1867:
1638:
2277:
1092:
815:
2132:
1938:
2351:
1623:, São Paulo, discovered in 1978 and spoken by less than 40 people as a secret language, is better classified as a
387:, grouping Sri Lankan Portuguese, Battilocan Portuguese, Malabar Indo-Portuguese. Spoken in the coastal cities of
922:
790:
774:
1600:), despite the heavy percentage of Portuguese origin words. Other English creole languages of Suriname, such as
2326:
1026:
566:
214:, all of which still today have very vigorous use, suppressing the importance of official standard Portuguese.
1848:
1631:
words in its lexicon. For languages with these characteristics, H. H. do Couto has forged the designation of
131:
1527:
since the mid-16th century. A Portuguese creole, Patua, developed there. Macanese is primarily derived from
650:
342:
328:
301:
2572:
2462:
2235:"Papia, Relijang e Tradisang – The Portuguese Eurasians in Malaysia: Bumiquest, A Search for Self Identity"
1757:
384:
203:
2344:
799:
1376:
2441:
2435:
1420:
1142:
380:
2027:
1345:
descended from both communities arising in more modern times. Derived primarily from Portuguese and
2484:
2457:
2452:
1711:
formed by several regional European Portuguese variations brought to Brazil and its natural drift.
1474:
1438:
1279:
758:
482:
409:
116:
of these languages can be traced to the parent languages, usually with predominance of Portuguese;
2478:
2427:
2086:
Schwegler, Armin (1999). "Monogenesis Revisited". In Rickford, John R.; Romaine, Suzanne (eds.).
1262:
1112:
1085:
809:
528:
2272:
2446:
705:
419:
2190:
Cardoso, Hugo C. (2020). "Contact and Portuguese-Lexified Creoles". In Hickey, Raymond (ed.).
118:
while the grammar is mostly original and unique to each creole with little resemblance to the
1744:
Traces of a Portuguese-based pidgin have also been detected among the enslaved population in
1627:
variety since it is structurally similar to Portuguese, in spite of having a large number of
2250:
2386:
2234:
1915:
1669:
687:
577:
324:
297:
240:
150:
147:
75:
1965:
8:
2546:
2381:
1688:
1624:
1581:
1567:
1386:
1104:
951:
671:
623:
348:
230:
211:
71:
63:
51:
1612:
1573:
2495:
2417:
2221:
2015:
1414:
1368:
1230:
700:(Português dos Tongas): variety of Cape Verdean Creole spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe.
334:
338:
32:
2540:
2501:
2490:
2407:
2225:
2211:
2176:
2152:
2128:
1934:
1819:
1704:
1668:
It has been conjectured that the vernacular of Brazil (not the official and standard
1620:
1601:
1402:
1342:
1322:
1214:
1198:
1130:
654:
627:
470:
315:
307:
119:
94:
2336:
1708:
105:
throughout the Portuguese sphere of influence. In time, many of these pidgins were
2203:
2195:
2168:
2160:
2155:[Portuguese-lexified creoles]. In Iliescu, Maria; Roegiest, Eugeen (eds.).
1809:
1801:
1700:
1536:
1372:
1297:
The earliest Portuguese creole in the region probably arose in the 16th century in
1116:
1002:
995:
899:
835:
661:
603:
492:
488:
2518:
2297:
2118:
1696:
1628:
1605:
1593:
1543:
1512:
1500:
Thai Portuguese Creole was spoken by Luso-Asians in the Bangkok neighborhoods of
1470:
1246:
932:
819:
445:
375:
59:
1893:"Indonésia: uma comunidade de Flores Oriental quer aprender a Língua Portuguesa"
2402:
2199:
1762:
1745:
1532:
1494:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1124:
1120:
1081:
1069:
879:
709:
681:
522:
392:
289:
162:
2164:
1014:
2561:
1823:
1151:
1057:
665:
585:
581:
570:
356:
244:
199:
142:, meaning "in" and/or "on", which would come from the Portuguese contraction
102:
1787:"The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamentu: Linguistic and Historical Evidence"
2412:
1805:
1677:
1637:, which would be the inverse of a creole language, as they are seen by the
1589:
1493:, which were former Portuguese colonies settled by Luso-Asians, and in the
1406:
1390:
1310:
514:
496:
320:
188:
106:
37:
1657:
277:, it belongs to this language family. It has a growing number of speakers.
191:
of African descent from those who had been brought from Africa as slaves.
1100:
1010:
975:
940:
136:
704:
Many other Portuguese creoles probably existed in the former Portuguese
691:
2536:
2327:
Association for Portuguese and Spanish Lexically Based Creoles (ACBLPE)
2207:
2172:
1738:
1723:
1432:
1170:
1147:
1096:
1061:
979:
725:
637:
631:
615:
562:
536:
258:
234:
207:
79:
41:
1850:
Towards an Annotated Bibliography of Restructured Portuguese in Africa
1734:
Location map of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, where Papiamento is spoken
911:
675:
311:
270:
1814:
1730:
1551:
1528:
1501:
1486:
1462:
1458:
1442:
1394:
1354:
1334:
1065:
987:
967:
963:
607:
589:
510:
478:
455:
388:
274:
248:
843:
827:
1330:
1306:
1302:
1292:
Locations where creole languages influenced by Portuguese developed
1108:
1049:
1041:
991:
955:
803:
Locations where creole languages influenced by Portuguese developed
506:
474:
352:
293:
67:
2320:
1719:
One Portuguese-based creole language spoken in North America is:
1692:
1466:
1446:
1410:
1380:
1362:
1326:
1316:
1298:
1166:
1155:
1006:
971:
895:
611:
593:
518:
500:
266:
252:
113:
1868:"Artscope | Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers"
1115:). Spoken by about 2,220 people in 2011. Primarily derived from
2303:
Declaraçon di mundo intêro di Dréto di tudo homi co tudo mudjer
2194:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: WileyBlackwell. pp. 469–488.
1485:
Portuguese creoles were spoken in the Bangkok neighborhoods of
1454:
1313:, leading to several creoles that survived until recent times:
1045:
1022:
1018:
959:
907:
903:
883:
823:
721:
597:
323:: Forro is becoming the language of social networks. Spoken on
184:
176:
98:
2151:
Cardoso, Hugo C.; Hagemeijer, Tjerk; Alexandre, Nélia (2015).
2074:
American Black English and Afrikaans: Two Germanic Semicreoles
1914:"Em Cafundó, esforço para salvar identidade" (in Portuguese).
1080:
Significant Portuguese creoles flourished among the so-called
91:
Portuguese overseas exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries
70:. The most widely-spoken creoles influenced by Portuguese are
2332:
Associação Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares (ABECS)
1981:
Das Brasilianische Portugiesisch: Herausbildung und Kontraste
1931:
Anticrioulo: Manifestação lingüística de resistência cultural
1653:
1547:
1524:
1338:
1053:
1034:
1030:
915:
887:
875:
871:
867:
859:
851:
831:
649:
Another group of creoles is spoken in the Gulf of Guinea, in
459:
451:
427:
396:
262:
194:
In time, however, this generic sense was lost, and the word
2305:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kriolu of Santiago
2117:
Naro, Anthony Julius; Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira (2007).
2061:. Braga: Associação Portuguesa de Linguística. p. 223.
1649:= European languages grammar + African languages lexicon).
1428:
918:
are now extinct. The only surviving Norteiro creoles are:
532:
2150:
1645:= African languages grammar + European languages lexicon;
1523:
The Portuguese language was present in Portugal's colony
839:
1511:
In Myanmar, Burmese Portuguese Creole was spoken by the
2159:(in Portuguese). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 670–692.
1119:
and Portuguese with influence and some vocabulary from
929:. Spoken by about 4,000 people in Daman and 180 in Diu.
606:: a dialect of Guinea-Bissau creole, spoken mainly in
2366:
2273:
The Origins of Negation in the Gulf of Guinea Creoles
1563:
A few Portuguese creoles are found in South America:
1652:
There is a Portuguese dialect in Helvécia, South of
1441:(possibly extinct in the late 20th century): in the
1165:
In the past, Portuguese creoles were also spoken in
1895:(in Portuguese). Ventos da Lusofonia. 27 March 2014
1531:and Portuguese, with influence and vocabulary from
1933:(in Portuguese). Brasília, DF: Thesaurus Editora.
531:: Extinct, formerly spoken in Bidau, a suburb of
2559:
2127:] (in Portuguese). São Paulo, SP: Parábola.
1580:There is no consensus regarding the position of
2157:Manuel des anthologies, corpus et textes romans
1611:Although sometimes classified as a creole, the
834:, which was then called the “Northern Court of
557:The oldest Portuguese creole are the so-called
2317:Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Forro
2311:Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kriol
2251:"The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka"
1317:Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Timor-Leste
2352:
2000:O Português brasileiro: Formação e contrastes
1985:Brazilian Portuguese: Formation and Contrasts
1691:, as well as other Romance languages such as
1255:
822:, the Christian Indo-Portuguese in the North
187:it was also used to distinguish locally born
2298:Singapore Eurasian Association Kristang page
2283:The Portuguese Language Heritage in the East
1176:
838:” (in opposition to the "Southern Court" at
2116:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1856:(Master's thesis). Universidade de Coimbra.
2359:
2345:
2248:
2232:
2090:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 252.
2085:
1987:] (in German). Heidelberg: C. Winter.
1952:
1950:
1813:
1726:is spoken on Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao.
509:: Extinct, formerly spoken by Luso-Asian
351:: An English-Portuguese creole spoken in
2278:Reconstructing Kriol syllable structures
2056:
2034:
1847:Madeira, Sandra Luísa Rodrigues (2008).
1729:
1453:Portuguese was present on the island of
927:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
640:, spoken in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao.
414:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
109:, becoming new stable creole languages.
36:Cape Verdean Creole used in a panel for
31:
2288:Malacca Portuguese Eurasian Association
2189:
2088:Creole Genesis, Attitudes and Discourse
1846:
1780:
1778:
1480:
1337:, with a further diaspora community in
27:Creole languages lexified by Portuguese
14:
2560:
2315:Declaraçón Universal di Dirêtu di Hómé
2309:Declaraçom Universal di Diritu di Omis
2100:
1947:
1784:
1461:since the 16th century, especially in
1371:(extinct in the 19th century): by the
1150:, in the old Portuguese settlement of
826:. Those communities were centered on
2340:
2153:"Crioulos de base lexical portuguesa"
1928:
943:. Spoken by about 800 people in 2015.
715:
156:
2568:Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles
2249:Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva (2000).
2071:
1978:
1775:
167:The Portuguese word for "creole" is
112:As is the rule in most creoles, the
1608:, have also Portuguese influences.
624:Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu, Kriol)
24:
2143:
1714:
842:). The creole languages spoken in
720:Portuguese pidgins still exist in
243:: Vigorous use. Lingua franca in
175:("to raise", "to bring up") and a
25:
2584:
2368:Portuguese-based creole languages
2323:Dutch Portuguese Colonial History
2321:Dutch Portuguese Colonial History
2266:
1958:"Origens do português brasileiro"
1272:
1207:
1158:is derived from the Persian word
644:
2192:The Handbook of Language Contact
1929:Couto, Hildo Honório do (2002).
1918:. 24 December 2006. pp. A8.
1558:
1271:
1254:
1238:
1222:
1206:
1190:
1183:
782:
766:
750:
743:
712:, but also in the Congo region.
2125:Origins of Brazilian Portuguese
2120:Origens do português brasileiro
2094:
2079:
2065:
2050:
1991:
1423:(extinct in the 1960s): in the
1223:
1191:
923:Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole
552:
217:
1972:
1922:
1907:
1885:
1860:
1840:
1830:
1405:(extinct around 1950): in the
751:
491:: Extinct, formerly spoken by
171:, which derives from the verb
93:led to the establishment of a
13:
1:
2293:Malacca Portuguese Settlement
2109:
1239:
1137:
783:
731:
416:, India. (old decreolization)
255:. Growing number of speakers.
183:born in Portugal; whereas in
132:monogenetic theory of pidgins
2530:Portuguese lexical influence
1962:www.parabolaeditorial.com.br
1758:Sri Lankan Portuguese creole
1576:of Brazil is nearly extinct.
1550:and, to a lesser extent, in
1075:
998:after the British takeover.
578:Guinea-Bissau Creole (Kriol)
477:and emigrant communities in
337:: Almost extinct. Spoken on
7:
2059:Crioulos de base Portuguesa
1751:
1639:non-European input theories
1131:Sri Lanka Kaffir Portuguese
1001:Most of the creoles of the
767:
273:. Although situated in the
10:
2589:
2233:Fernandis, Gerard (2000).
2200:10.1002/9781119485094.ch23
1544:Macanese (Macaista, Patuá)
1349:with some vocabulary from
1088:communities of Sri Lanka:
807:
310:: Vigorous use. Spoken on
160:
122:or the substrate language.
85:
2527:
2511:
2471:
2442:Cannanore Indo-Portuguese
2426:
2395:
2374:
2185:– via ResearchGate.
2165:10.1515/9783110333138-043
2046:Naro & Scherre (2007)
1663:
1177:Southeast & East Asia
1143:Bengali Portuguese Creole
1093:Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese
604:Casamance Creole (Kriyol)
547:
2453:Daman and Diu Portuguese
1768:
1518:
736:
483:Perth, Western Australia
410:Daman and Diu Portuguese
405:Northern Indo-Portuguese
2498:or Papiá Tugu (extinct)
810:Indo-Portuguese creoles
662:Angolar (Ngola, N'góla)
638:Papiamento (Papiamentu)
292:: A heavy substrate of
261:: Official language in
18:Portuguese-based creole
2458:Korlai Indo-Portuguese
2447:Cochin Indo-Portuguese
1806:10.1075/dia.26.3.02jac
1735:
1389:(extinct in 1978): in
672:Annobonese (Fa d'Ambu)
664:: in coastal areas of
462:. (old decreolization)
420:Korlai Indo-Portuguese
55:
44:
2463:Sri Lankan Portuguese
1979:Noll, Volker (1999).
1785:Jacobs, Bart (2009).
1733:
1449:of Flores, Indonesia.
1027:Vypin Indo-Portuguese
690:(almost extinct): on
688:Principense (Lunguyê)
651:São Tomé and Príncipe
385:Sri Lankan Portuguese
343:São Tomé and Príncipe
329:São Tomé and Príncipe
302:São Tomé and Príncipe
66:as their substantial
35:
2387:Guinea-Bissau Creole
1916:O Estado de S. Paulo
1670:Brazilian Portuguese
1481:Thailand and Myanmar
1305:, as well as in the
1289:class=notpageimage|
1040:Christians, even in
800:class=notpageimage|
241:Guinea-Bissau Creole
146:, meaning "in the" (
120:syntax of Portuguese
76:Guinea-Bissau Creole
2573:Portuguese language
2528:Creoles with strong
2382:Cape Verdean Creole
1617:Quilombo do Cafundó
1162:meaning foreigner.
1105:Portuguese Burghers
952:Coast of Coromandel
950:The creoles of the
231:Cape Verdean Creole
72:Cape Verdean Creole
2436:Bengali Portuguese
1736:
1615:language from the
1586:Surinamese creoles
1323:Kristang (Cristão)
1005:, namely those of
816:Norteiro languages
716:Portuguese pidgins
630:on the islands of
529:Português de Bidau
235:Cape Verde Islands
157:Origin of the name
48:Portuguese creoles
45:
2555:
2554:
2541:Judaeo-Papiamento
2485:Flores Portuguese
2217:978-1-119-48509-4
2182:978-3-11-033313-8
2072:Holm, J. (1991),
1621:Salto de Pirapora
1439:Flores Portuguese
1343:Western Australia
1017:, Cochin (modern
698:Tongas Portuguese
655:Equatorial Guinea
628:dialect continuum
588:, also spoken in
466:Malayo-Portuguese
316:Equatorial Guinea
247:, also spoken in
233:: Vigorous use,
210:people and their
202:people and their
95:Portuguese Empire
16:(Redirected from
2580:
2479:Bidau Portuguese
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2261:
2255:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2186:
2138:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1964:. Archived from
1954:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1791:
1782:
1763:Sabir (language)
1421:Bidau Portuguese
1373:Mardijker people
1275:
1274:
1258:
1257:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1210:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1003:Coast of Malabar
836:Portuguese India
818:, spoken by the
786:
785:
770:
769:
754:
753:
747:
493:Mardijker people
489:Mardijker Creole
123:
60:creole languages
21:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2529:
2523:
2507:
2472:Southeast Asian
2467:
2428:Indo-Portuguese
2422:
2391:
2370:
2365:
2269:
2264:
2253:
2237:
2218:
2183:
2146:
2144:Further reading
2141:
2135:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2066:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2003:(in Portuguese)
1997:
1996:
1992:
1977:
1973:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1754:
1717:
1715:Central America
1693:Aranese Occitan
1666:
1598:Jamaican Maroon
1561:
1521:
1513:Bayingyi people
1483:
1471:Larantuka Malay
1319:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1140:
1078:
820:Norteiro people
812:
806:
805:
804:
802:
796:
795:
794:
793:
787:
779:
778:
777:
771:
763:
762:
761:
755:
739:
734:
718:
692:Príncipe Island
666:São Tomé Island
647:
555:
550:
467:
449:
441:
439:Southeast Asian
406:
376:Indo-Portuguese
372:
371:Indo-Portuguese
367:
365:Indo-Portuguese
339:Príncipe Island
325:São Tomé Island
298:São Tomé Island
286:
227:
220:
212:Kriolu language
165:
159:
117:
103:linguas francas
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2491:Papiá Kristang
2488:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2396:Gulf of Guinea
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2267:External links
2265:
2263:
2262:
2246:
2230:
2216:
2187:
2181:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2078:
2064:
2049:
2033:
2024:|website=
1990:
1971:
1968:on 2012-09-06.
1946:
1939:
1921:
1906:
1884:
1859:
1839:
1829:
1800:(3): 319–379.
1773:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1746:New Netherland
1728:
1727:
1716:
1713:
1689:Luís de Camões
1665:
1662:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1557:
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1520:
1517:
1495:Sagaing Region
1482:
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1451:
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1436:
1418:
1400:
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1181:
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994:) switched to
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717:
714:
710:Gulf of Guinea
702:
701:
695:
685:
684:: in São Tomé.
679:
676:Annobón Island
669:
646:
645:Gulf of Guinea
643:
642:
641:
635:
621:
620:
619:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
543:
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541:
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523:Maluku Islands
504:
486:
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417:
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332:
318:
305:
284:Gulf of Guinea
282:
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256:
238:
223:
219:
216:
204:Kriol language
163:Creole peoples
158:
155:
87:
84:
26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
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2178:
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2134:9788588456655
2130:
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2017:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
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1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1940:85-7062-320-8
1936:
1932:
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1706:
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1698:
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1679:
1675:
1674:"nativização"
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
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1599:
1595:
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1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:South America
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1497:of Myanmar.
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1475:Maumere Malay
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
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1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1264:
1248:
1232:
1216:
1200:
1186:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:Firingi Bazar
1149:
1144:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Chandannagore
1055:
1051:
1048:, such as at
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:, such as of
953:
948:
942:
938:
934:
931:
928:
924:
921:
920:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
801:
792:
776:
760:
746:
729:
727:
723:
713:
711:
707:
699:
696:
693:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
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663:
660:
659:
658:
656:
652:
639:
636:
633:
629:
625:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Guinea-Bissau
583:
582:lingua franca
579:
576:
575:
574:
572:
571:Guinea-Bissau
568:
564:
560:
538:
534:
530:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
442:
440:
436:
429:
425:
421:
418:
415:
411:
408:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:French Guyana
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
336:
333:
330:
326:
322:
319:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
287:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
246:
245:Guinea-Bissau
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
228:
226:
222:
221:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
164:
154:
152:
149:
145:
141:
138:
133:
127:
124:
121:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2375:Upper Guinea
2367:
2257:
2241:
2191:
2156:
2124:
2119:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2005:. Retrieved
1999:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:the original
1961:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1874:. 2021-03-16
1871:
1862:
1849:
1842:
1832:
1797:
1793:
1743:
1737:
1718:
1681:
1678:nativization
1673:
1667:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1610:
1585:
1579:
1570:of Suriname.
1562:
1522:
1510:
1499:
1484:
1452:
1413:islands and
1391:Kampung Tugu
1311:South Africa
1296:
1164:
1159:
1141:
1079:
1039:
1031:Vypin Island
1000:
949:
946:
813:
719:
703:
648:
558:
556:
553:Upper Guinea
497:Kampung Tugu
473:: spoken in
438:
422:, spoken in
412:, spoken in
364:
296:, spoken on
283:
225:Upper Guinea
224:
218:Concise list
208:Cape Verdean
195:
193:
189:black people
179:
172:
168:
166:
143:
139:
128:
125:
111:
89:
47:
46:
38:Cidade Velha
29:
2418:Principense
2208:10451/44460
2173:10451/30870
1794:Diachronica
1647:anticreoles
1417:, Indonesia
1393:, Jakarta,
1263:Bidau, Dili
1101:Trincomalee
1011:Tellicherry
976:Pondicherry
941:Maharashtra
567:ABC Islands
335:Principense
137:preposition
62:which have
2562:Categories
2547:Saramaccan
2537:Papiamento
2512:East Asian
2408:Annobonese
2260:: 253–259.
2244:: 261–268.
2110:References
2007:2018-10-02
1878:2024-08-26
1872:archive.ph
1739:Papiamento
1724:Papiamento
1683:semicreole
1634:anticreole
1625:Portuguese
1602:Paramaccan
1582:Saramaccan
1568:Saramaccan
1506:Conception
1491:Conception
1433:East Timor
1387:Papiá Tugu
1171:Bangladesh
1148:Chittagong
1138:Bangladesh
1097:Batticaloa
1062:Chittagong
980:Tranquebar
808:See also:
732:South Asia
726:Mozambique
632:Cape Verde
616:The Gambia
563:Cape Verde
537:East Timor
450:Spoken in
349:Saramaccan
308:Annobonese
259:Papiamento
161:See also:
101:, used as
80:Papiamento
64:Portuguese
52:Portuguese
42:Cape Verde
2504:(extinct)
2496:Mardijker
2487:(extinct)
2481:(extinct)
2449:(extinct)
2438:(extinct)
2258:Lusotopie
2242:Lusotopie
2226:225416064
2026:ignored (
2016:cite book
1824:0176-4225
1815:10961/207
1658:Candomblé
1552:Hong Kong
1529:Cantonese
1502:Kudi Chin
1487:Kudi Chin
1463:Larantuka
1459:Indonesia
1443:Larantuka
1395:Indonesia
1369:Mardijker
1355:Cantonese
1335:Singapore
1280:Larantuka
1265:(extinct)
1215:Singapore
1095:: around
1076:Sri Lanka
1066:Midnapore
1029:, in the
988:Negapatam
968:Cuddalore
964:Tuticorin
864:Tecelaria
830:, modern
706:feitorias
608:Casamance
590:Casamance
511:Moluccans
479:Singapore
456:Hong Kong
389:Sri Lanka
275:Caribbean
249:Casamance
107:nativized
2519:Macanese
2502:Portugis
1752:See also
1705:Romanian
1427:area of
1415:Minahasa
1403:Portugis
1331:Malaysia
1307:Moluccas
1303:Malaysia
1109:Puttalam
1050:Balasore
1042:Calcutta
992:Topasses
956:Meliapor
882:(modern
565:and the
559:crioulos
507:Portugis
499:area of
475:Malaysia
471:Kristang
446:Macanese
353:Suriname
314:island,
294:Kimbundu
151:singular
148:feminine
68:lexifier
2403:Angolar
1837:creole.
1701:Italian
1643:creoles
1641:(i.e.:
1613:Cupópia
1574:Cupópia
1537:Sinhala
1467:Maumere
1447:Maumere
1411:Ternate
1381:Jakarta
1377:Batavia
1363:Hokkien
1327:Malacca
1299:Malacca
1231:Jakarta
1199:Malacca
1167:Myanmar
1156:Firingi
1117:Sinhala
1113:Kaffirs
1082:Burgher
1070:Hooghly
1021:), and
1007:Cananor
996:English
984:Manapar
972:Karikal
912:Mazagão
900:Versova
896:Andheri
880:Bandora
848:Salsete
708:in the
612:Senegal
596:and in
594:Senegal
521:in the
519:Ternate
501:Jakarta
495:in the
393:Malabar
381:Malabar
312:Annobón
290:Angolar
271:Curaçao
267:Bonaire
253:Senegal
200:Guinean
196:crioulo
169:crioulo
114:lexicon
99:pidgins
86:Origins
56:crioulo
2224:
2214:
2179:
2131:
1937:
1899:3 July
1822:
1697:French
1664:Brazil
1606:Kwinti
1594:Ndyuka
1590:Sranan
1455:Flores
1361:, and
1333:) and
1160:farang
1107:) and
1086:Kaffir
1046:Bengal
1023:Quilon
1019:Kerala
986:, and
960:Madras
937:Korlai
933:Kristi
914:, and
908:Manori
904:Malvan
884:Bandra
856:Chevai
844:Baçaim
828:Baçaim
824:Konkan
759:Korlai
722:Angola
598:Gambia
548:Africa
424:Korlai
185:Brazil
177:suffix
58:) are
2413:Forro
2254:(PDF)
2238:(PDF)
2222:S2CID
2123:[
1983:[
1854:(PDF)
1790:(PDF)
1769:Notes
1709:koiné
1654:Bahia
1629:Bantu
1619:, at
1548:Macau
1546:: in
1533:Malay
1525:Macau
1519:Macau
1425:Bidau
1407:Ambon
1359:Dutch
1351:Tamil
1347:Malay
1339:Perth
1325:: in
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