47:
1728:
1174:
894:
1716:
276:
that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science often emphasizes uniqueness and generality and may have a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. Comparisons between original scientific reports, derivative science journalism, and popular science typically reveals at least some level of distortion and
1670:
1660:
1680:
882:
171:, he wrote that the general public needed "digests of what is actually known in each particular branch of science... to give a connected view of what has been done, and what remains to be accomplished." Indeed, as the British population became not just increasingly literate but also well-educated, there was growing demand for science titles.
181:(1834), intended for the mass audience, sold quite well. Arguably one of the first books in modern popular science, it contained few diagrams and very little mathematics. Ten editions of the book were published, and it was translated into multiple languages. It was the most popular science title from the publisher
275:
efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing
232:
that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature.
231:
efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing
82:
Before the modern specialization and professionalization of science, there was often little distinction between "science" and "popular science", and works intended to share scientific knowledge with a general reader existed as far back as Greek and Roman antiquity. Without these popular works, much
207:
as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science while making the language more accessible. Many science-related controversies are discussed in popular science
73:
focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging. It may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.
105:, two long poems intended to interest and educate readers in botany. Many Greek and Roman scientific handbooks were written for the lay audience, and this "handbook" tradition continued right through to the invention of the printing press, with much later examples including
536:
Pellegrini, Giuseppe; Rubin, Andrea (2020). "20 Italy: The long and winding path of science communication". In
Gascoigne, Toss; Schiele, Bernard; Leach, Joan; Riedlinger, Michelle; Lewenstein, Bruce V.; Massarani, Luisa; Broks, Peter (eds.).
152:
was incomprehensible for most readers, so popularizations of Newton's ideas soon followed. Popular science writing surged in countries such as France, where books such as
128:
The 17th century saw the beginnings of the modern scientific revolution and the consequent need for explicit popular science writing. Although works such as
326:
629:
1291:
1076:
928:
445: – activities by research institutes, universities, and institutions such as science museums, aimed at promoting public awareness of science
149:
83:
of the scientific knowledge of the era might have been lost. For example, none of the original works of the 4th century BC Greek astronomer
314:
1688:
352:
294:
1683:
177:
271:
The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the
227:
The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the
157:
484:
Muñoz
Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (2020). Muñoz Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (eds.).
362:
1069:
966:
17:
898:
921:
424:
122:
1415:
1673:
1062:
867:
710:
558:
503:
1225:
886:
346:
31:
1523:
1497:
914:
520:
256:
Presented for an audience with little or no science background, hence explaining general concepts more thoroughly
153:
973:
182:
1306:
1693:
1410:
1364:
1346:
961:
289:
46:
403: – Concepts and theories about human mental life and behavior that are purportedly based on psychology
851:, Varieties of Popular Science and the Transformations of Public Knowledge: Some Historical Reflections".
259:
Synthesis of new ideas that cross multiple fields and offer new applications in other academic specialties
1400:
998:
988:
436:
406:
702:
Defining science : William
Whewell, natural knowledge, and public debate in early Victorian Britain
1706:
1215:
1732:
582:
Falkowski, Paul G. (2015). "2 Meet the
Microbes. Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable".
1748:
1630:
1568:
1432:
1326:
1278:
1131:
1085:
187:
110:
1452:
1427:
1405:
1336:
1205:
1111:
357:
1603:
1550:
1374:
1359:
209:
167:
had recognized the need for the specific genre of popular science. In a letter to philosopher
1422:
1321:
1136:
1043:
1008:
418:
214:
204:
38:
377: – Nonfiction or fiction prose or poetry about the natural environment, literary genre
1608:
1598:
1512:
1478:
1316:
1286:
1146:
663:
538:
412:
1003:
8:
1640:
457:
394:
667:
1663:
1635:
1613:
1268:
1195:
1141:
1121:
1023:
828:
681:
564:
400:
368:
335:
277:
101:
70:
811:
Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating
Science: The Rhetorical Life of Scientific Facts".
751:
87:
have survived, but his contributions were largely preserved due to the didactic poem "
1659:
1593:
1583:
1442:
1437:
1369:
1331:
1158:
1106:
1093:
956:
863:
832:
716:
706:
606:
568:
554:
499:
387:
302:
84:
250:
Exploring ideas overlooked by specialists or falling outside established disciplines
175:
became an early and highly successful science writer of the nineteenth century. Her
1573:
1190:
1033:
1018:
978:
820:
778:
747:
685:
671:
587:
544:
491:
463:
451:
442:
262:
Use of metaphors and analogies to explain difficult or abstract scientific concepts
118:
106:
1545:
1528:
1493:
1447:
1163:
1153:
946:
485:
380:
320:
308:
172:
168:
129:
114:
824:
735:
212:
and the biological components of intelligence, stirred by popular books such as
1720:
1483:
1468:
1263:
1243:
1200:
1173:
1038:
1028:
993:
430:
374:
220:
192:
96:
95:. Explaining science in poetic form was not uncommon, and as recently as 1791,
591:
1742:
1620:
1535:
1395:
1390:
951:
340:
164:
720:
1625:
1560:
1296:
1258:
1248:
1220:
1210:
1054:
1013:
848:
522:
Roman science: origins, development, and influence to the later Middle Ages
145:
141:
137:
495:
1645:
1578:
1354:
1301:
1126:
906:
700:
323: – Epistemic overconfidence instilled by pop-sci oversimplifications
133:
88:
69:) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While
893:
1518:
1235:
487:
Genealogy of
Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality
92:
1715:
1588:
1540:
1487:
1473:
1253:
860:
The
Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing
783:
766:
549:
421: – Public communication of science-related topics to non-experts
676:
651:
1508:
1311:
1116:
1101:
272:
228:
483:
329: – Engineering branch of the United States National Academies
1182:
881:
630:"How 18th-Century Writers Created the Genre of Popular Science"
208:
books and publications, such as the long-running debates over
240:
Some usual features of popular science productions include:
797:
Murdz
William McRae, "Introduction: Science in Culture" in
607:"The growth of science popularization: a historical sketch"
652:"In retrospect: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences"
705:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44.
454: – Broadening awareness and understanding of physics
349: – List of encyclopedias accessible via the Internet
244:
Entertainment value or personal relevance to the audience
27:
Interpretation of science intended for a general audience
331:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1704:
543:. Australian National University Press. p. 469.
466: – American-Canadian organization of conferences
327:
447:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
862:. The University of Georgia Press: Athens, 1993.
853:Isis. A Journal of the History of Science Society
1740:
736:"Mary Somerville: Queen of 19th-century science"
535:
144:" were read by both scientists and the public,
586:. Princeton University Press. pp. 25–27.
91:" written a century later and commented on by
1070:
922:
409: – Aspect of education and communication
1084:
771:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
627:
347:List of notable online science encyclopedias
767:"Mary Fairfax Somerville, Queen of Science"
628:Boissoneault, Lorraine (13 February 2019).
540:Communicating Science: A Global Perspective
433: – Museum devoted primarily to science
415: – Scientists well-known to the public
365: – Organization of science journalists
315:The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online
305: – Hobby of watching the sky and stars
1077:
1063:
936:
929:
915:
764:
397: – Mathematics for a general audience
353:List of popular science books on evolution
295:List of popular science mass media outlets
782:
765:Strickland, Elisabetta (September 2017).
675:
581:
548:
525:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
178:On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
52:On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences
733:
253:Generalized, simplified science concepts
158:Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
45:
37:For broader coverage of this topic, see
842:
604:
471:
460: – British non-profit organisation
363:National Association of Science Writers
14:
1741:
810:
649:
247:Emphasis on uniqueness and radicalness
1058:
910:
645:
643:
518:
54:(1834), an early popular-science book
1679:
425:Science & Entertainment Exchange
203:Popular science is a bridge between
698:
650:Holmes, Richard (22 October 2014).
317: – Online digital book library
311: – Amateur scientific research
24:
640:
25:
1760:
874:
390: – American science magazine
235:
1726:
1714:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1226:Traditional ecological knowledge
1172:
892:
880:
734:Baraniuk, Chris (28 June 2017).
50:Title page of Mary Somerville's
32:Popular science (disambiguation)
1524:Science, technology and society
858:McRae, Murdo William (editor).
804:
791:
758:
383: – Genre of historiography
974:Patient and public involvement
727:
692:
621:
598:
575:
529:
519:Stahl, William Harris (1962).
512:
477:
439: – Aspect of science news
13:
1:
1365:Religion and environmentalism
962:Participatory action research
897:The dictionary definition of
752:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X
290:List of science communicators
1428:Environmental interpretation
343: – UNESCO science award
266:
7:
1401:Environmental communication
999:Science by press conference
989:Public awareness of science
855:, 100 (June 2009), 319–332.
825:10.1177/0741088386003003001
437:Science by press conference
407:Public awareness of science
283:
10:
1765:
1216:Environmental anthropology
77:
36:
29:
1654:
1559:
1461:
1383:
1345:
1277:
1234:
1181:
1170:
1092:
942:
799:The Literature of Science
592:10.1515/9781400865727-004
427: – Science education
371: – Documentary genre
1631:Sustainable architecture
1569:Arts and Crafts movement
1433:Environmental journalism
1327:Environmental philosophy
1086:Environmental humanities
699:Yeo, Richard R. (1993).
188:On the Origin of Species
111:Giambattista Della Porta
1453:Thematic interpretation
1406:Environmental education
1206:Ecological anthropology
1112:Environmental sculpture
358:List of science museums
198:
1604:Landscape architecture
1551:Sustainability studies
1360:Environmental theology
937:Science and the public
605:Meadows, Jack (1986).
210:biological determinism
55:
18:Popularizer of science
1423:Environmental history
1322:Environmental justice
1044:The Amateur Scientist
1009:Science communication
813:Written Communication
496:10.1515/9783839448359
419:Science communication
215:The Mismeasure of Man
205:scientific literature
49:
39:Science communication
1599:Environmental design
1479:Biophilia hypothesis
1317:Environmental ethics
1287:Aesthetics of nature
889:at Wikimedia Commons
843:General bibliography
634:Smithsonian Magazine
472:Notes and references
413:Scientific celebrity
163:By 1830, astronomer
30:For other uses, see
1641:Sustainable fashion
668:2014Natur.514..432H
458:Sense about Science
395:Popular mathematics
160:were best-sellers.
1733:History of science
1664:Environment portal
1636:Sustainable design
1269:Outdoor literature
1196:Cultural landscape
1122:Landscape painting
1024:Science journalism
401:Popular psychology
369:Nature documentary
336:History of science
278:oversimplification
102:The Botanic Garden
71:science journalism
56:
1702:
1701:
1594:Educational trail
1584:Ecological design
1443:Outdoor education
1438:Environmental law
1370:Spiritual ecology
1332:Predation problem
1159:Site-specific art
1107:Environmental art
1052:
1051:
957:March for Science
885:Media related to
662:(7523): 432–433.
388:Popular Mechanics
303:Amateur astronomy
16:(Redirected from
1756:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1574:Acoustic ecology
1307:Ecophenomenology
1292:Critical realism
1191:Cultural ecology
1176:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1034:Science outreach
1019:Science festival
979:Physics outreach
931:
924:
917:
908:
907:
896:
884:
837:
836:
808:
802:
801:, pp. 1–3, 10–11
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:10.1090/noti1569
762:
756:
755:
731:
725:
724:
696:
690:
689:
679:
647:
638:
637:
625:
619:
618:
602:
596:
595:
579:
573:
572:
552:
550:10.22459/CS.2020
533:
527:
526:
516:
510:
509:
481:
464:TED (conference)
452:Physics outreach
448:
443:Science outreach
332:
119:Isabella Cortese
107:books of secrets
21:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1749:Popular science
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1650:
1555:
1546:Spirit of place
1529:science studies
1513:common property
1509:Property theory
1504:Popular science
1494:Natural history
1457:
1448:Psychogeography
1379:
1341:
1273:
1230:
1177:
1168:
1164:Sustainable art
1154:Sculpture trail
1088:
1083:
1053:
1048:
984:Popular science
967:Community-based
947:Citizen science
938:
935:
900:popular science
887:Popular science
877:
849:Andreas W. Daum
845:
840:
809:
805:
796:
792:
763:
759:
732:
728:
713:
697:
693:
677:10.1038/514432a
648:
641:
626:
622:
603:
599:
580:
576:
561:
534:
530:
517:
513:
506:
482:
478:
474:
469:
446:
381:Popular history
330:
321:Easiness effect
309:Citizen science
286:
269:
238:
201:
173:Mary Somerville
169:William Whewell
115:Magia Naturalis
80:
59:Popular science
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1484:Do it yourself
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Animal studies
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1337:Social ecology
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1264:Nature writing
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:Ecocomposition
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Ecolinguistics
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1039:Science policy
1036:
1031:
1029:Science museum
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:Public science
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
970:
969:
959:
954:
949:
943:
940:
939:
934:
933:
926:
919:
911:
905:
904:
890:
876:
875:External links
873:
872:
871:
856:
844:
841:
839:
838:
819:(3): 275–296.
803:
790:
757:
746:(3132): 40–1.
726:
711:
691:
639:
620:
597:
584:Life's Engines
574:
559:
528:
511:
504:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:
461:
455:
449:
440:
434:
431:Science museum
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
384:
378:
375:Nature writing
372:
366:
360:
355:
350:
344:
338:
333:
324:
318:
312:
306:
299:
298:
297:
292:
285:
282:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
237:
236:Common threads
234:
221:The Bell Curve
200:
197:
193:Charles Darwin
97:Erasmus Darwin
79:
76:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1761:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Nature center
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Simple living
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Ecomusicology
1394:
1392:
1391:Anthrozoology
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:Conversazione
950:
948:
945:
944:
941:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
912:
909:
903:at Wiktionary
902:
901:
895:
891:
888:
883:
879:
878:
869:
868:0-8203-1506-0
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
846:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
800:
794:
785:
780:
777:(8): 929–31.
776:
772:
768:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:New Scientist
737:
730:
722:
718:
714:
712:0-521-43182-4
708:
704:
703:
695:
687:
683:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
644:
635:
631:
624:
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
585:
578:
570:
566:
562:
560:9781760463656
556:
551:
546:
542:
541:
532:
524:
523:
515:
507:
505:9783839448359
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
480:
476:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
391:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:Kalinga Prize
339:
337:
334:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
281:
279:
274:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
241:
233:
230:
225:
223:
222:
217:
216:
211:
206:
196:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
165:John Herschel
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Il Saggiatore
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
75:
72:
68:
64:
61:(also called
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1626:New Urbanism
1503:
1297:Deep ecology
1259:Geocriticism
1249:Ecocriticism
1221:Ethnoecology
1211:Ecosemiotics
1132:conservation
1014:Science fair
1004:Science Café
983:
899:
859:
852:
816:
812:
806:
798:
793:
774:
770:
760:
743:
739:
729:
701:
694:
659:
655:
633:
623:
614:
610:
600:
583:
577:
539:
531:
521:
514:
486:
479:
386:
270:
239:
226:
219:
213:
202:
186:
176:
162:
142:Micrographia
138:Robert Hooke
127:
100:
81:
66:
62:
58:
57:
51:
43:
1646:Themed walk
1375:Stewardship
1355:Ecotheology
1302:Ecofeminism
1127:Photography
183:John Murray
63:pop-science
1609:assessment
1579:Biomimicry
1519:Sexecology
1416:arts-based
1279:Philosophy
1236:Literature
617:: 341–346.
490:. Verlag.
191:(1859) by
154:Fontenelle
93:Hipparchus
1589:Ecomuseum
1541:Slow food
1474:Bioethics
1254:Ecopoetry
1137:landscape
833:146786632
569:230769184
267:Criticism
150:Principia
140:'s 1665 "
132:'s 1632 "
121:'s 1561 "
113:'s 1558 "
89:Phenomena
1743:Category
1689:Journals
1674:Category
1614:planning
1347:Religion
1312:Ecosophy
1147:wildlife
1117:Land art
1102:Crop art
721:26673878
284:See also
273:forensic
229:forensic
156:'s 1686
146:Newton's
109:such as
1721:Science
1707:Portals
1694:Degrees
1684:Commons
1561:Applied
1498:museums
1462:Related
1183:Culture
686:4453696
664:Bibcode
130:Galileo
123:Secreti
85:Eudoxus
78:History
1142:nature
866:
831:
719:
709:
684:
656:Nature
611:Impact
567:
557:
502:
185:until
136:" and
117:" and
99:wrote
67:popsci
1488:ethic
1411:adult
1384:Other
829:S2CID
682:S2CID
565:S2CID
148:1687
864:ISBN
717:OCLC
707:ISBN
555:ISBN
500:ISBN
218:and
199:Role
1094:Art
821:doi
779:doi
748:doi
744:235
672:doi
660:514
615:144
588:doi
545:doi
492:doi
125:".
65:or
1745::
827:.
815:.
775:64
773:.
769:.
742:.
738:.
715:.
680:.
670:.
658:.
654:.
642:^
632:.
613:.
609:.
563:.
553:.
498:.
280:.
224:.
195:.
1709::
1515:)
1511:(
1500:)
1496:(
1490:)
1486:(
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
930:e
923:t
916:v
870:.
835:.
823::
817:3
787:.
781::
754:.
750::
723:.
688:.
674::
666::
636:.
594:.
590::
571:.
547::
508:.
494::
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
