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go before the First World War when the first signs of burning were in the air. The Turks had entered central
Anatolia (the Greek word for 'the east') in the eleventh century, and by 1400 it was entirely in their hands, though the jewel in the crown, Constantinople itself, wasn't taken till 1453. By then the Greek-speaking Christian population was in a minority, and even their church services were conducted partly in Greek, partly in Turkish. In Pontus, on the Black Sea coast, it was a different story. Here the Greeks were a very strong presence right up into modern times. Although they had been conquered in 1486, they were still the majority in the seventeenth century and many converted to Islam still spoke Greek. Even in the late twentieth century the authorities in Trebizond had to use interpreters to work with the Muslim Pontic-Greek speakers in the law courts, as the language was still spoken as their mother tongue. This region had a thriving oral culture into the last century and a whole genre of ballads comes down from the Ancient Greeks
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with them a new concept of
Greekness which linked the Greek-Orthodox communities of the Black Sea and the 'nation' of Greece." He goes on to explain how the Greek government encouraged nationalist thinking: "A speaker in the Greek parliament in 1844 expounded this newly designed identity: 'The Kingdom of Greece is not Greece. It constitutes only one part, the smallest and the poorest. A Greek is not only a man who lives within the Kingdom, but also one who lives in Yoannina, Serrai, Adrianople, Constantinople, Smyrna, Trebizond, Crete and in any land associated with Greek history and the Greek race." The newly established Kingdom of Greece set up consulates in the Ottoman Empire to spread the
4497:
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1577:', on which the elite Janissary corps had in the early Ottoman period depended for its recruits). But conversion could also occur in response to pressures from central government and local Muslim militia (e.g.) following any one of the Russo-Turkish wars in which ethnic Greeks from the Ottoman Empire's northern border regions were known to have collaborated, fought alongside, and sometimes even led invading Russian forces, such as was the case in the Greek governed, semi-autonomous Romanian Principalities, Trebizond, and the area that was briefly to become part of the Russian Caucasus in the far northeast.
1620:
4412:
2945:. Some of these schools taught Pontic Greek alongside Arabic (and to a lesser extent Persian or Ottoman Turkish as well). Although Atatürk banned these madrassas during the early republican period, some of them remained functioning until the second half of the 20th century because of their remote location. The effects of this educational heritage continue to this day, with many prominent religious figures, scientists and politicians coming from the areas influenced by the Naqshbandi Sufi orders of Pontic Greek extraction in Of, Caykara and Rize, among them president
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3261:. The college's forced closure in 1921 by the Turkish government resulted in the school's relocation to Greece in 1924, along with much of the Greek population of Asia Minor in the aftermath of genocide and a subsequent treaty that agreed upon a population exchange between Greece and Turkey. This resulted in the establishment of Pontic and Anatolian Greek sporting clubs in Greece, of which football is the sport with which they are most commonly associated. Today a number of these clubs still compete; some at a professional and intercontinental level. Such as:
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for the indigenous peoples of Iraq and Turkey, the victims for centuries of massacres, assaults on their religious and cultural sites, theft and deterioration of their lands and cultural objects, and forced assimilation. These peoples, among them the
Armenians, Assyrians, Greeks, and Yezidis of Turkey and Turkish-occupied Cyprus, and the Armenians, Assyrians, Yezidis, and Mandaeans of Iraq, have lost more than two-thirds of their peak populations, most of their cultural and religious sites, and thousands of priceless artifacts and specimens of visual art.
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1090:
1838:
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1611:
1336:
3018:. The mountains and rivers of the area impeded communication between Pontian Greek communities and caused them to develop in different ways. Also significant in the shaping of Pontian music was the proximity of various non-Greek peoples on the fringes of the Pontic area. For this reason we see that musical style of the east Pontos has significant differences from that of the west or southwest Pontos. The Pontian music of Kars, for example, shows a clear influence from the music of the Caucasus and elements from other parts of
1470:
67:
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1314:
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1479:
1029:,' but this was a cultural fancy rather than an ethnic description. Outsiders, whether Turks or northern Europeans, referred to them and to all the inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire as 'Rom' or 'Rum' people, or as 'Romanians' — citizens of the Roman Empire, in other words, who were also distinguished by their Orthodox Christian faith. Struggling with these categories, a Pontic Turk whose village had once been Greek told Anthony Bryer: 'This is Roman (Rum) country; they spoke Christian here
1757:
4439:
4470:
4427:
1280:" – "The sea! The sea!", the local people understood them. They were Greeks too and, according to Xenophon, they had been there for over 300 years. A whole range of trade flourished among the various Greek colonies, but also with the indigenous tribes who inhabited the Pontus inland. Soon Trebizond established a leading stature among the other colonies and the region nearby become the heart of the Pontian Greek culture and civilization. A notable inhabitant of the region was
1227:
191:
173:
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1997:
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1014:(Rum) Orthodox subject of the sultan; by the end of the century he was calling himself a Greek, and after he had finally left the Pontos in 1923, a Pontic Greek.'" Anton Popov studied Caucasus Greeks in former Soviet territories. Most of the Romeika speakers that Popov interviewed referred to themselves as "Romei." He also mentioned that many Caucasus Greeks only began referring to themselves as Pontians when they went to work in Greece.
209:
137:
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119:
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227:
101:
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155:
1077:. These Pontians follow the Greek Orthodox Church and profess a strong Greek identity. After the Greek-Turkish population exchange in 1923, even though the state never considered them a "national threat", many of these Pontians saw their language as a "cultural flaw" and desired to get rid of it. Historian and psychologist Stavros Iason Gavriilidis states that this was a result of the trauma they faced from the
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which few would relate to before the coming of
Western Romanticism's idealized perceptions of their putative ancestors. Well into the twentieth century, Romioi, "Christian Romans," was the term preferred by Orthodox Christians, especially those of the Ottoman lands, to denote themselves, which reflected the Byzantine Emperors' claim to be legitimate heirs in unbroken succession to the Caesars of Rome.
2235:
341:
2941:, giving the region one of the highest literacy rates in the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks of Caykara, who according to Ottoman tax records converted to Islam during the 17th century, were also recognized for their educational facilities. Teachers from the Of-valley provided education for thousands of Anatolian Sunni and Sufi students in home schools and small
1931:
1069:"the most enlightened and liberal", to the medical, legal and literary professionals and to the rising middle class. It was opposed, however, by the "ancient nobility, the superior clergy, the lay dignitaries of the church and the wealthy merchants". There are also some Turkish-speaking Pontic Greeks, living in the Greek region of
1924:. These were built during early Byzantine times. Vazelon Monastery, for example, was built around 270 AD, and it retained great political and societal importance until its abandonment in 1922/3. While St. George Monastery (also called Kuştul Monastery) and Vazelon are abandoned, Sumela is a prominent tourist attraction.
3188:), which is a fast shaking of the upper torso by a turning of the back on its axis. Like other Greek dances, they are danced in a line and the dancers form a circle. Pontian dances also resemble Persian and Middle Eastern dances because they are not led by a single dancer. The most renowned Pontian dances are
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government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand
National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks
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and died in great numbers, sometimes upwards of 90 percent. Beginning in the countryside and later urban areas, the Turks raided Pontic Greek homesteads and initiated the deportation caravan process. The Turks marched the remaining Pontic Greeks towards Der Zor in caravans, and they experienced death
5808:
In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a
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THE PONTIC GREEKS In the valleys running down to the Black Sea shore around
Trebizond, the Greek presence lasted from 700 BC until our own time. Only after the catastrophe of 1922, when the Greeks were expelled from Turkey, did most of them migrate to Greece, or into Georgia where many had started to
6098:
The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel
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Unlike the thoroughly
Hellenized areas of the western and central Black Sea coast and the Pontic Alps, the Erzinjan and Erzerum regions were primarily Turkish- and Armenian-speaking, with Greeks forming only a small minority of the population. The Greeks of this region were consequently more exposed
1560:
of 1828–29, Pontic Greeks from northeastern
Anatolia migrated as refugees or economic migrants (especially miners and livestock breeders) into nearby Armenia or Georgia, where they came to form a nucleus of Pontic Greeks which increased in size with the addition of each wave of refugees and migrants
1025:, writes, "Who did they think they were, in this pre-nationalist age? In the first place, they did not think of themselves as 'Greek' or as a people in some way rooted in the peninsula and islands we now call 'Greece.' Sophisticates in Trebizond might address one another in the fifteenth century as '
5529:
One possibility is that
Romeyka speakers today are the direct descendants of ancient Greeks who lived along the Black Sea coast millennia ago – perhaps going back to the 6th or 7th centuries BC when the area was first colonised. But it is also possible that they may be the descendants of indigenous
5334:
The U.N. Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples requires states to provide an effective remedy to indigenous peoples deprived of their cultural, religious, or intellectual property (IP) without their free, prior and informed consent. The Declaration could prove to be an important safeguard
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Greek nationalism only began to spread to the Pontos in the 1800s after the Greek nation gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. This nationalism came during a time of commercial prosperity in the Pontos. Again, Acherson writes, "The teachers and the school curricula came from Athens, bringing
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There are many different views on Pontians in Greece. Pontians may be celebrated as representations of Greek heroism or as near-mythic warriors. However, they have also been stereotyped as simple and backwards rural people. There is a genre of Greek humor, called Pontic anecdotes, that depicts the
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and other pre-Ottoman Turkish powers in Central and Eastern Anatolia. Many are also known to have "turned Turk" in both the Seljuk and Ottoman periods, and consequently to have assimilated into Turkish society or reverted to Christian Orthodoxy in the 19th century. Erzurum province was invaded and
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and adopted the Turkish language. This could be willingly, for example so to avoid paying the higher rate of taxation imposed on Orthodox Christians or in order to make themselves more eligible for higher level government and regular military employment opportunities within the empire (at least in
1068:
give three theories on why most Pontic Greeks distanced themselves from nationalism and separatism: poorly developed political consciousness, tradition of submissiveness to Islamic hegemony, or fears of massacres and economic harm. More generally, Greek nationalism in Asia Minor mostly appealed to
1013:
Pontian self-identification is also important. The Pontic label is relatively new. Anton Popov writes, "Anthony Bryer states that 'at the beginning of the nineteenth century a Pontic Christian might describe himself in the old way as a Douberites, Phytanos or Tsitenos first, and then as a "Roman"
956:
were also prevalent among the Pontians studied. Pontians in Georgia and Lazes are genetically similar. Armenians in Georgia and Pontians in Georgia are also genetically similar. In addition, the Pontians studied were genetically diverse, indicating genetic mixture with other groups. The region of
5759:
It should be stressed that the term "Greeks" with reference to these Ottoman Christians is misleading, and often invites anachronism and essentialist notions of national belonging. To most of them, terms like "Hellenes," or "Greeks" (in Modern Greek, Ellines), denoted a very distant, pagan past,
5125:
Pontic Greeks, Genocide of. The Pontic (sometimes Pontian) Greek genocide is the term applied to the massacres and deportations perpetuated against ethnic Greeks living in the Ottoman Empire at the hands of the Young Turk government between 1914 and 1923. The name of this people derives from the
1533:
rulers, in order to gain their protection and aid against the Ottoman threat. Many of the landowning and lower-class families of Pontus "turned-Turk", adopting the Turkish language and Turkish Islam but often remaining crypto-Christian before reverting to their Greek Orthodoxy in the early 19th
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Pontic Greek history with organised sports began with extra-curricular activities offered by educational institutions. The students would establish athletics clubs providing the Pontic Greek youth with an opportunity to participate in organised sporting competition. The Hellenic Athletic Club,
1976:
is a Byzantine church dating back to 660. It lies on the Black Sea coast. Despite vandalism and natural deterioration, the church still has old frescoes, which have been of interest to modern historians. The actual structure itself may date to Roman times. It likely had different uses over the
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are often referred to as "Northern Pontic ", in contrast to those from "South Pontus", which strictly speaking is Pontus proper. Those from Georgia, northeastern Anatolia, and the former Russian Caucasus are in contemporary Greek academic circles often referred to as "Eastern Pontic " or
2925:
Another well known institution was the Argyroupolis, built in 1682 and 1722 respectively, 38 highschools in the Sinopi region, 39 highschools in the Kerasounda region, a plethora of churches and monasteries, most notable of which are the St. Eugenios and
1905:, Giresun Province may be one of the oldest Greek Orthodox monasteries in the region; Turkish archaeologists suspect it may date to the 2nd century. The monastery is made of carved stone and built into a cave. As of the mid-2010s, it was open for tourism.
5096:
Pontic Greeks An ethnic Greek minority found in Georgia and originally concentrated in the breakaway republic of Abkhazia. The Pontic Greeks are ultimately descended from Greek colonists of the Caucasus region (who named the Black Sea the Pontic
2177:, a Greek school operating in Trabzon from the late 1600s to the early 1900s. It was an important center for Greek-language education across the whole Pontus region. Some students came from outside of Trabzon to learn there (one example being
2165:
They weren't divorced from Ottoman society, however; Pontic Greeks also contributed their labor to Ottoman construction projects. In 1610, Pontians built the Hacı Abdullah Wall in Giresun Province. The wall is 6.5 km (4.0 mi) long.
2684:
and moved onto the Eastern Anatolian plateau after the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461. They were mainly the descendants of Greek farmers, soldiers, state officials and traders, who settled in Erzurum province in the late Roman and
2721:
between the early Ottoman period and 1829 generally assimilated into the branch of Pontic Greeks usually called Caucasian Greeks. Those who remained and retained their Greek identity into the early 20th century were either deported to the
1516:
in 1461. However it took the Ottomans 18 more years to finally defeat the Greek resistance in Pontus. During this long period of resistance many Pontic Greeks nobles and aristocrats married foreign emperors and dynasties, most notably of
5464:
The Pontians are believed to be descendants of Greeks who in the eighth century BC had moved from the Ionian cities located in the islands and shores of the Aegean Sea, in what is now Turkey, to the area of the Black Sea called Pontos
1764:
During their millennia-long presence on the Black Sea's southern coast, Pontic Greeks constructed a number of buildings, some of which still stand today. Many structures sit in ruins. Others, however, enjoy active use; one example is
2208:, Giresun Province. Still another was Taşbaşı Church in Ordu, built in the 1800s; after the Greek Orthodox were expelled from Turkey, it saw some use as a prison. Many other less-notable churches remain throughout the Pontus region.
2921:
that operated from 1682/3 to 1921 and provided a major impetus for the rapid expansion of Greek education throughout the region. The building of this institution still remains the most impressive Pontic Greek monument in the city.
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existed in several versions which varied from region to region, with the style from Bafra sounding differently due to its bigger size. The Violin was very popular in the Bafra region and all throughout west Pontos. The
2693:
to Turkish and Armenian cultural influences than those of Pontus proper, and also more likely to have a strong command of the Turkish language, particular since the areas they inhabited had also been part of the
7372:
Though the actual date of founding is still obscure, according to some researchers the main church (probably the monastery) is believed to be founded by Manuel I the Great Comnenos (1238-1263) or his immediate
5552:
Today, Pontic Greeks are most probably descendants of these Greek colonists, indigenous Anatolians, Greeks who had moved relatively recently to Pontos, or other people who migrated to Pontos and converted to
5189:
Today, Pontic Greeks are most probably descendants of these Greek colonists, indigenous Anatolians, Greeks who had moved relatively recently to Pontos, or other people who migrated to Pontos and converted to
3304:
Pontic Greeks have also contributed to sporting successes internationally, not limited to but mostly representing Greece, with several team members a part of sports triumphs in major international basketball
3860:, written, produced, and directed by Peter Stefanidis, he aims to capture a small part of the genocide from the perspective of its two central characters, played by Lee Mason (Kemal) and Ross Black (Pantzo).
3180:), meaning literally "Dance" in both Ancient Pontian and Modern Greek languages, are circular in nature and each is characterized by distinct short steps. A unique aspect of Pontian dance is the tremoulo (
3754:
Pontians as buffoons, while in some Greek slang the word "Pontian" may mean "idiot"; these stem from the pre-1950s reception of the Pontic refugees, and today most Pontians are amused by the anecdotes.
5929:
Philetairos of Tios on the Black Sea, son of a Greek father and a Paphlagonian mother, a high-ranking officer in the army of King Lysimachos and also his confidant, was the actual founder of Pergamon.
2702:
several times in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and large numbers of Eastern Anatolia Greeks are known to have collaborated with the Russians in these campaigns, particularly that of the 1828–29
940:
Pontic Greeks are genetically similar to other groups living in the Caucasus. A genetic study of male Georgians, including Pontic Greeks in Georgia, revealed that the latter had high incidence of
1741:
According to the 1928 census of Greece, there were in total 240,695 Pontic Greek refugees in Greece: 11,435 from Russia, 47,091 from the Caucasus, and 182,169 from the Pontus region of Anatolia.
1375:, before eventually being defeated. Mithridates VI the Great, as he was left in memory, claiming to be the protector of the Greek world against the barbarian Romans, expanded his kingdom to
969:
In the 21st century, most Pontians strongly identify as Greeks. However, this has not always been the case. Before the creation of the diaspora, many Pontians did not consider themselves Greek.
5660:
High incidence of L haplogroup in Pontic Greeks strengthened the theory about close genetic affinity between the Lazs residing along the Black Sea shore and the Greeks who migrated to Georgia.
3403:. Culinary traditions have played an integral role in the preservation of Pontic Greek identity. Dairy products, grains, and vegetables are commonly used. Pontic cuisine specialities include:
2336:
2845:, thus creating an economic and cultural gap between the developed urban ports and the rural centers which lay upon the valleys and plains extending from the base of the Pontic alps.
4883:
5126:
Greek word Pontus, meaning "sea coast," and refers to the Greek population that lived on the south-eastern coast of the Black Sea, that is, in northern Turkey, for three millennia.
1199:(Hospitable Sea). In time, as the numbers of Greeks settling in the region grew significantly, more colonies were established along the whole Black Sea coastline of what is now
8038:
Koromela, Marianna and Evert, Lisa,'Pontos-Anatolia : northern Asia Minor and the Anatolian plateau east of the upper Euphrates : images of a Journey', (1989), p. 37.
5689:
Armenian, Azerbaijani and Greek populations are more diverse genetically. This fact confirms the above thesis about multiple genetic mixtures occurring in those populations.
4496:
1737:...' Their own country? Returned? They had lived in the Pontos for nearly three thousand years. Their Pontian dialect was not understandable to twentieth-century Athenians.
4302:
1140:, which is also the minor unique settlement of Pontic Greeks. The warlike characteristics of Pontic Greeks were once said to have been derived from the Amazons of Pontus.
2155:
lay siege to Trabzon in 1461, the Empire of Trebizond fell. Many church buildings became mosques around this time, while others remained in the Greek Orthodox community.
2060:. It was used as a mosque after Turkish conquest; the frescoes may have been covered for Muslim worship. Hagia Sophia underwent restoration work in the mid-20th century.
5242:
Zografou, Magda; Pipyrou, Stavroula (2016). "Dance and Difference: Toward an Individualization of the Pontian Self". In Meglin, Joellen A.; Matluck Brooks, Lynn (eds.).
5258:
The Pontians are a population that originate from the historical area of Pontus in Anatolia, originally located around the southern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea.
4567:
2304:
9178:
1684:. Different scholars have made different estimates for the death toll; most estimates range from 300,000 to 360,000 Pontic Greeks killed. Some notable victims include
929:. However, as many different ethnic groups have lived in the region since ancient times and have intermarried, today's Pontic Greeks also likely owe their ancestry to
1897:
After Christianity spread to the Pontus region in Roman times, Pontic Greeks began constructing a number of churches, monasteries, and other religious buildings. The
1458:(or Axouchos or Afouxechos) as early rulers intermarried with the family of Axouch, a Byzantine noble house of Turkic origin which included famed politicians such as
9168:
6425:
2930:
churches of Trapezeus, the monasteries of St. George and St. Ioannes Vazelonos, and arguably the most famous and highly regarded of all, the monastery of
2680:– are sometimes differentiated from both Pontic Greeks proper and Caucasian Greeks. These Greeks pre-date the refugees and migrants who left their homelands in the
10647:
9311:
8131:
4453:
9479:
5603:
5520:
3851:, meets Thanasis, a Pontian Greek man from the Soviet Union, who helps her to find her brother in Greece. The movie makes some references to the Pontic genocide.
2196:
guaranteed more religious freedom and civic equality for the Ottoman Empire's Jews and Christians, new churches were constructed. One of these was the church at
9405:
9316:
7553:
7422:
BRYER, A., & WINFIELD, D. (1985). The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos. Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
5211:
It is not clear how many of them were assimilated native Caucasians or Turks entering Pontus together with the Ottomans from 1460 onwards, who adopted Greek.
877:
are included in this latter groups as well. Aside from their predominantly Greek origin, they also likely owe a degree of their ancestry to several sources.
9255:
7948:
9210:
3250:
3241:
9499:
2356:
8980:
7797:
William J. Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia;With Some Account of Their Antiquities and Geology v.1 (London: John Murray, 1842), 269
7454:
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5672:
Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017).
5643:
Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017).
5617:
Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017).
5565:
Andriadze, Giorgi; Bitadze, Liana; Chikovani, Nino; Chitanava, David; Kekelidze, Mirab; Khmaladze, Eka; Laliashvili, Shorena; Shengelia, Ramaz (2017).
1871:
period. Its use as a religious center continued after the rise of Christianity in the region. During Byzantine times, likely in the 400s or 500s AD, a
1696:; others were subject to massacres; many Pontic men were forced to work in labor camps until they died; still others were deported to the interior on
10414:
9291:
9158:
2727:
8056:
Xanthopoulou-Kyriakou, Artemis, 'The Diaspora of the Greeks of the Pontos: Historical Background', Journal of Refugee Studies, 4, (1991), pp. 26–31.
5772:
2158:
Pontic Greeks continued to live and build under Ottoman rule. For example, Pontians in Gümüşhane established the valley town of Santa (today called
1650:
in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus) until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until the 1990s, preserving their own customs and
3986:
6165:
3022:. The music and dances of Turks from Black Sea region are very similar to Greek Pontic and some songs and melodies are common. Except for certain
1060:. Very few wanted an independent Pontic state, and few had ambition to join with Greece, even in the early 1900s. The reason for this is unclear.
9098:
5957:
BESSARION, JOHN (c. 1395–1472) + Greek scholar, cardinal, and statesman. One of the foremost figures in the rise of the intellectual Renaissance
6189:
5377:
Prior to their conquests by Turkic peoples, the ancient Greeks were one of several indigenous peoples living in Anatolia, modern Asian Turkey.
972:
An ethnicity is made up of people with ancestry or cultural background in common. Self-identification is an important part of belonging to an
8171:
5879:"Οι τουρκόφωνοι Πόντιοι του ανατολικού Τσιαρτσιαμπά Αντίσταση και συνεργασία Από το αντάρτικο του δυτικού Πόντου στον Ελληνικό Εθνικό Στρατό"
3848:
3821:(Πάμπτωχοι Α.Ε.), one of the characters is a Pontian Greek from the Soviet Union named Thymios Hloridis. A mathematician with a specialty in
2614:
2024:
over the door. Unlike many churches in Trabzon, there is no evidence of it being converted into a mosque following Ottoman conquest in 1461.
1704:
819:
494:
10392:
7821:
1930:
2606:
9076:
8332:
7276:
3092:, an instrument closely related to the one of Cappadocia, was highly popular in southwest Pontos and with the Pontian Greeks who lived in
10733:
9472:
4954:
Fann, Patricia (1991). "The Pontic Myth of Homeland: Cultural Expressions of Nationalism and Ethnicism in Pontos and Greece, 1870-1990".
4110:
4105:
10768:
9035:
2308:
2292:
1026:
4905:
3595:, rice dish. In coastal Pontus, it was sometimes made with mussels. Other versions included pilav with saffron, chicken, or anchovies.
6637:
4524:
3847:(Bulutlari Beklerken, Περιμένοντας τα σύννεφα), a Pontian Greek woman who didn't leave Pontus as a child with her brother during the
3197:
2626:
7662:
New Greek settlements sprung up south of the Pontic Alps in the highland valleys of Torul (6), Zigana (3)...and Santa (4) especially
7598:
6034:
3366:
2204:, Ordu Province. Local Georgians and Greeks built this church in the 1800s; it remains today. Another was the small stone church in
1284:(c. 343 BC–263 BC) who was born to a Greek father in the small town of Tieion which was situated on the Black Sea coast of the
10758:
10748:
6708:
2260:
2162:) in the 1600s. Even today, many of the stone schools, houses, and churches built by Santa's Greek Orthodox residents still stand.
7875:
7674:
6865:
6389:
Standard Languages and Language Standards: Greek, Past and Present, Alexandra Georgakopoulou, Michael Stephen Silk, page 52, 2009
5503:
Pontic scholars stress their unbroken line of ancestry from classical Ionian colonists of the region – though, as
605:
5719:
It is rather surprising that the Armenians in Matzouka were least numerous in comparison with Greeks, Lazs, Italians and Asians.
10376:
9465:
7897:
7140:
the small Church of St. Anne, the oldest extant Byzantine building in Trabzon, rebuilt during the reign of Basil I (AD 867-86).
2223:
1937:
1006:. They share other aspects of their culture with Lazes, Persians, and Armenians. They may owe some aspects of their culture to
6251:"Towards a Theory of Displacement Atrocities: The Cherokee Trail of Tears, The Herero Genocide, and The Pontic Greek Genocide"
4555:
4411:
10407:
9183:
9020:
9005:
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8113:
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6538:
6374:
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6044:
5809:
strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of "us" and "them".
5457:
5430:
4609:, a former ultra-nationalist Turk turned pacifist and promoter of Greek heritage after finding out his Pontic Greek heritage.
3991:
3871:, depicts the imagined trials and voyages of the Pontic Greek exodus from the region. It was published by Sheep Meadow Press.
2016:. While the actual date of construction is uncertain, it was restored by the Byzantine emperors in 884 and 885. It had three
2833:
upper-level education and arts flourished under the protection of a cosmopolitan middle class. In the inland cities such as
1977:
centuries, potentially being a public bath and gymnasium before its use as a church. Pottery found at the site dates to the
1792:
may date back to early Greek colonization in the 600s BC. During late Ottoman and recent Turkish times, the fortress housed
786:
territory. During the 11th century AD, Pontus was largely isolated from the rest of the Greek–speaking world, following the
10783:
10738:
7616:
6597:
4512:
3807:
Not Even My Name: From a Death March in Turkey to a New Home in America, A Young Girl's True Story of Genocide and Survival
3041:
set to music that emerged in the Byzantine Empire, probably in the 9th century. These songs celebrated the exploits of the
7271:
4469:
3801:(Χώμα και νερό), one of the characters is a Pontian Greek from Georgia who works as a woman's trafficker for a strip club.
10540:
9091:
2817:
The culture of Pontus has been strongly influenced by the topography of its different regions. In commercial cities like
8128:
5043:"Becoming Pontic: "Post-Socialist" Identities, "Transnational" Geography, and the "Native" Land of the Caucasian Greeks"
10773:
10585:
7485:
6907:
5118:
4926:
4785:Οι ξεριζωμένοι και διασκορπισμένοι στα πέρατα της οικουμένης έλληνες του Πόντου συμποσούνται σήμερα γύρω στα 2.500.000.
6996:
5595:
2148:
in the 1300s. It was an all-female monastery in Trabzon. The monastery may undergo restoration work to boost tourism.
10763:
10336:
8599:
8477:
8203:"Pontic Greek cuisine: the most common foods, ingredients, and dishes presented in cookbooks and folklore literature"
8014:
7980:
7945:
7930:
7655:
7582:
7252:
7225:
7163:
7129:
6773:
6692:
6461:
6349:
6324:
6299:
5978:
5950:
5922:
5858:
5830:
5752:
5712:
5403:
5251:
5020:
4990:
4834:
4797:
4760:
2793:
1830:
in the 100s BC. There's also a chance it was built during medieval times. From the castle, the Black Sea and much of
8447:
2723:
248:
10778:
10743:
10728:
10400:
8719:
8705:
8691:
8635:
8571:
3523:
2913:
The rich cultural activity of Pontian Greeks is witnessed by the number of educational institutions, churches, and
2169:
Trabzon remained an important center of Pontic Greek society and culture throughout Ottoman times. A scholar named
2242:
Some of the settlements historically inhabited by Pontian Greeks include (current official names in parentheses):
10371:
10326:
8585:
8521:
8432:
8286:
5530:
people or an immigrant tribe who were encouraged or forced to speak the language of the ancient Greek colonisers.
4767:
For example, there are 2 million Pontic Greeks worldwide, mostly in Russia, Ukraine, Greece, Germany, and Sweden.
4536:
4438:
2145:
4484:
1807:. While the ruling dynasty was Persian in origin, many kings had Greek ancestry, as Pontic rulers often married
1047:. While the Anatolians recognized a shared cultural heritage, most weren't involved in an irredentist movement.
387:
10331:
9084:
9054:
8917:
8892:
7346:
5490:
5155:
5089:
2775:
2771:
791:
17:
10422:
9844:
9598:
9488:
9359:
9205:
7403:
6854:
6605:
6111:
5780:
4206:
934:
489:
8400:
7051:"Hellenistic and Roman Period Ceramic Finds from the Balatlar Church Excavations in Sinop between 2010-2012"
10627:
10366:
9106:
7480:. Dumbarton Oaks Centre Studies. Vol. 2. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 348.
4426:
3306:
2193:
1812:
1733:: 'After the proclamation of the Republic, the Greeks who lived in the region returned to their own country
6933:
1187:
on the Black Sea, circa 800 BC. The settlers of Sinope were merchants from the Ionian Greek city state of
10504:
9430:
8751:
8507:
7734:
7100:
7080:. Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Proceedings: 610.
3794:
describes the life of a young "Russian Pontian" from Kazakhstan in the prostitution underworld of Athens.
3362:
2918:
2865:
2174:
806:
dynasty, later known as 'Grand Komnenos'. Anatolia, including Trebizond, was eventually conquered by the
598:
7436:
3137:
3049:
2968:
397:
10788:
9265:
7987:
The museum is located in the magnificent mansion of the former Trapezuntine banker Kostaki Teophylaktos
7807:
7408:
6175:
4397:
4385:
4317:
3014:
Musical styles, like language patterns and other cultural traits, were influenced by the topography of
2709:
As with Pontic Greeks proper, those Eastern Anatolia Greeks who migrated eastwards into Kars province,
2005:
1748:
surfacing it has also given the Pontic community in Turkey more attention, estimates are up to 345,000
1561:
until these eastern Pontic Greek communities of the South Caucasus region came to define themselves as
1170:
577:
3007:). Possibly there is an underlying influence from the native peoples who lived in the area before the
2115:
1902:
1784:
settled the Pontus region. Some walls from an early fortification stand in the modern Turkish city of
10753:
9354:
9230:
9072:
An interactive map featuring historic sites in Turkey, which can be filtered to show only Greek sites
8805:
3814:, life in the Pontus region is described by her mother Sano Halo before and after the Greek genocide.
3782:
3622:
3294:
2212:
2106:
is another fortress in Rize Province. According to the same historian, it may have been built by the
719:
479:
5969:
Bryer, Anthony (1980). "The Tourkokratia in the Pontos: Some Problems and Preliminary Conclusions".
2284:
2043:. It was originally the Panagia Chrysokephalos church, a cathedral in Trabzon. The name is fitting;
699:
464:
10652:
9609:
9321:
8553:
8314:
7347:"A Study on Visibility Analysis of Urban Landmarks: The Case of Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) in Trabzon"
6859:
4906:
https://web.archive.org/web/20091007180449/http://www.library.cjes.ru/files/pdf/ethno-atlas-uzb.pdf
4867:
4715:
3838:
by Jeffrey Eugenides, one of the side characters is a Pontian-American career criminal named Zizmo.
3387:
2137:
2119:
1989:
was found at Balatlar Church; however, it's more likely that the materials found were actually the
1876:
1573:
the later period following the abolition of the infamous Greek and Balkan Christian child levy or '
1487:
8787:
8268:
6663:
6598:"Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea"
10608:
10601:
10570:
10430:
9946:
9387:
8733:
8535:
8354:
8167:
4307:
3981:
3132:
3120:
2996:
2764:
2694:
2021:
1352:
1348:
1273:
691:
377:
289:
8769:
7101:"Piece Of Jesus' Cross Found? Archaeologists Discover 'Holy Thing' In Balatlar Church In Turkey"
5102:
3557:
2937:
During the 19th century hundreds of schools were constructed by Pontic Greek communities in the
1191:. After the colonization of the shores of the Black Sea, known until then to the Greek world as
913:". Pontic Greeks claim descent from ancient Greeks who in the 8th century BC had moved from the
10723:
10381:
10027:
9306:
8340:
5349:"The Cultural and Intellectual Property Interests of the Indigenous Peoples of Turkey and Iraq"
5306:"The Cultural and Intellectual Property Interests of the Indigenous Peoples of Turkey and Iraq"
4322:
4221:
3931:
3868:
3843:
3791:
3770:
3052:, which is related closely with other bowed musical instruments of the medieval West, like the
2340:
1845:
Many other structures date back to Greek occupation in ancient times. Ancient Greeks inhabited
1443:
1364:
1326:
591:
392:
8677:
8386:
8076:
7707:
6115:
5447:
5420:
5147:
5140:
3544:
3473:
2320:
10642:
10101:
9220:
9148:
9114:
8300:
6528:
5673:
5644:
5618:
5566:
4668:
4632:
4343:
4327:
4241:
4201:
4186:
3881:
3338:
2927:
2479:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2013:
1941:
1898:
1880:
1823:
1793:
1713:
1663:
1455:
1427:
1388:
1180:
1166:
871:
815:
566:
515:
285:
8617:
7027:
4744:
3293:
clubs also exist. In Australia, the Pontian Eagles SC are a semi-professional team based in
1849:, then called Kerasous, from the 5th century BC. During this time, they must also have used
10682:
10580:
10524:
10458:
10314:
10309:
10036:
9512:
9270:
9195:
9153:
9066:
6790:
6204:
5895:
5228:
4841:
In Georgia, the Greek community (approximately 100,000) has maintained its native language…
4752:
4348:
4216:
4191:
4089:
3382:
3330:
3317:). Champion individuals of Pontic Greek origin have also emerged in World Championship and
3290:
2743:
2706:, alongside Pontic Greeks inhabiting areas to the immediate north of Erzinjan and Erzurum.
2184:
2152:
1854:
1261:
695:
683:
362:
348:
8484:
A few of my school friends were Pontic Greeks, and I remember their exotic foods, such as
7333:
Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond
7217:
Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond
6744:
6641:
3739:
1545:
gained more control of land along the Black Sea coast, many coastal Pontians moved to the
1406:. The rest of the Pontus became part of the Roman Empire, while the mountainous interior (
1003:
8:
10667:
10662:
10637:
10519:
10484:
10167:
10138:
10049:
9301:
9296:
9235:
9173:
9163:
9128:
8372:
7857:
7078:
Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2012
6827:
Ertekin M. Doksanaltı; İlker M. Mimiroğlu (2011). "Giresun/Aretias - Kalkeritis Island".
6210:
5348:
5305:
4297:
4272:
4226:
4131:
4095:
4064:
4011:
3906:
3116:
2894:
2661:
2529:
2396:
2141:
2125:
2107:
2080:
2028:
1800:
1534:
century. The long period of Ottoman rule up until the population exchange was called the
1491:
1439:
1277:
1256:
1074:
811:
799:
474:
6880:
6709:"Amasya Harşena Dağı Ve Pontus Kral Kaya Mezarları Unesco Dünya Miras Geçici Listesinde"
4827:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
2931:
2811:
2130:
1917:
10697:
10453:
10089:
9997:
9420:
9340:
9250:
9215:
8418:
8232:
7780:
7197:
7050:
6579:
6571:
6506:
6498:
6089:
6062:"The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview"
6015:
5368:
5325:
5062:
4358:
4277:
4246:
4053:
4029:
4016:
3892:
3856:
3441:
3334:
3322:
2958:
2677:
2665:
2487:
2483:
2170:
1982:
1868:
1708:
1590:
1522:
1495:
1447:
1322:
850:
768:
736:
687:
671:
449:
367:
306:
8663:
810:
entirely by the 15th century AD. Greek presence in Pontus remained vibrant during the
10560:
10145:
10059:
9957:
9410:
9364:
9335:
9286:
9245:
9141:
9016:
9001:
8964:
8913:
8888:
8649:
8473:
8236:
8224:
8109:
8082:
8010:
7976:
7926:
7713:
7651:
7578:
7481:
7248:
7221:
7159:
7125:
6972:
6960:
6834:
6769:
6688:
6583:
6534:
6510:
6457:
6370:
6345:
6320:
6295:
6183:
6131:
6121:
6093:
6081:
6040:
5974:
5946:
5918:
5878:
5854:
5826:
5748:
5745:
The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe
5708:
5453:
5426:
5399:
5372:
5329:
5292:
These people originate from the eastern half of the southern shores of the Black Sea.
5247:
5151:
5114:
5085:
5066:
5016:
4986:
4830:
4756:
4704:
4547:
4353:
4312:
4236:
4231:
4196:
4141:
4136:
4120:
4100:
4059:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3964:
3941:
3834:
3765:
3265:
2938:
2731:
2710:
2703:
2646:
2178:
2099:
2057:
2032:
1921:
1804:
1689:
1685:
1557:
1518:
1454:. The Empire was ruled by this new branch of the Komenos dynasty which bore the name
1356:
1340:
1269:
1208:
1070:
1057:
1007:
953:
949:
930:
858:
835:
771:
454:
260:
256:
124:
7073:
3773:, the protagonist is a Pontian Greek who was deported to the Soviet Union after the
2834:
2324:
2268:
1508:
This empire lasted for more than 250 years until it eventually fell at the hands of
417:
10657:
10533:
10284:
10183:
10133:
10120:
9770:
9710:
9667:
9627:
9425:
9400:
9380:
9240:
9013:
Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 1912–1922
8985:
8214:
7772:
7628:
7361:
7081:
6563:
6490:
6400:
6262:
6250:
6222:
6214:
6073:
6061:
6007:
5494:
5360:
5317:
5283:
5108:
5054:
4963:
4940:
4811:
4292:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4211:
4181:
4125:
4115:
4084:
4074:
4047:
4041:
4035:
3951:
3806:
3326:
3254:
3123:, Stathis Nikolaidis, Theodoros Pavlidis, Giannis Tsitiridis, and Pela Nikolaidou.
2984:
2890:
2686:
2657:
2642:
2588:
2087:
2072:
1954:
1913:
1887:
1864:
1745:
1562:
1546:
1411:
1399:
1368:
1153:
988:. Pontian Greeks also share traits with other ethnic groups. Like Turks, they cook
941:
867:
854:
787:
783:
764:
631:
499:
469:
459:
433:
310:
268:
264:
8147:
5481:
Fann, Patricia (1991). "Pontic Performance: Minority Theater vs. Greek Ideology".
4927:"Against all odds: Archaic Greek in a modern world | University of Cambridge"
4745:
2063:
1908:
Other religious buildings were constructed later. Three ruined monasteries lie in
1769:
in Trabzon, originally built as a Greek Orthodox church during the 900s or 1000s.
10702:
10687:
10677:
10632:
10552:
10304:
10005:
9830:
9825:
9794:
9647:
9642:
9632:
9415:
9395:
9225:
9071:
8250:
8154:
8135:
8103:
8004:
7970:
7952:
7920:
7645:
7572:
7502:
7316:
7242:
7215:
7153:
7119:
7000:
6858:
6763:
6726:
6682:
6619:
6451:
5702:
5202:
4338:
4176:
4156:
4069:
3774:
3400:
3346:
3310:
3298:
3153:
3065:
3015:
3000:
2882:
2718:
2630:
2562:
2247:
2211:
Some of the old houses once belonging to Pontic Greeks still stand. For example,
2188:
Konstantinos Theofylaktos' mansion in Trabzon before it was converted to a museum
2111:
1973:
1808:
1639:
1526:
1304:
1289:
1129:
1125:
1105:
1097:
926:
890:
842:
714:, remain important to Pontian diaspora communities. Pontians traditionally speak
675:
623:
536:
357:
9457:
8201:
Keramaris, Achillefs; Kasapidou, Eleni; Mitlianga, Paraskevi (15 January 2022).
6267:
2909:
Pontian Greek students and teachers of the Alumni Tuition 1902–1903 in Trebizond
1969:. It was later expanded. The old fortress still stands today, serving tourists.
1033:...'" This identification mirrored the identification of other non-intellectual
728:
10575:
10497:
10463:
10279:
10197:
9715:
9637:
9622:
9545:
9200:
8975:
8219:
8202:
7366:
7267:
4691:
4685:
4655:
4649:
4606:
4287:
4166:
4161:
4146:
3370:
3314:
3181:
3173:
3161:
2699:
2634:
2570:
2566:
2348:
2280:
2216:
2215:, a wealthy Greek, had a mansion built for him in Trabzon. It now functions as
1978:
1850:
1827:
1789:
1718:
1669:
1598:
1513:
1435:
1372:
1285:
1093:
1078:
1065:
981:
957:
Pontus has been diverse since at least the Middle Ages; in 1204, the Matzouka (
823:
807:
795:
775:
760:
645:
562:
541:
484:
428:
255:. Also the languages of their respective countries of residence (Those include
8177:"Οι Πόντιοι Εύζωνες στο Σύνταγμα στα 100 χρόνια από τη Γενοκτονία των Ποντίων"
8176:
6830:
THE PHENOMENA OF CULTURAL BORDERSAND BORDER CULTURES ACROSS THE PASSAGEOF TIME
5042:
4391:
4379:
2859:
2264:
1841:
Giresun Island, used by Ancient Greek colonists as early as the 5th century BC
10717:
10672:
10346:
10341:
10269:
10128:
10096:
9881:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9760:
9685:
9652:
9446:
9327:
9136:
8228:
7538:
7520:
7509:(in French and English). Association de la revue des études arméniennes: 214.
6976:
6227:
6135:
6085:
5504:
4854:"Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 | English version | Results"
4364:
4282:
4267:
4151:
3727:
3342:
3318:
3193:
3157:
3149:
3142:
3045:, the frontier guards defending the eastern borders of the Byzantine Empire.
3034:
2830:
2475:
2404:
2384:
2222:
Many structures have not survived to the present day. One example of this is
2095:
2091:
1785:
1773:
1726:
1703:
In 1923 those still remaining in Turkey were exiled to Greece as part of the
1693:
1681:
1469:
1231:
1184:
1117:
1017:
During Ottoman times, most Pontian Greeks did not see themselves as "Greeks"
740:
703:
572:
423:
381:
272:
8858:
7761:"Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian-Muslim Equality in the 19th Century"
7632:
4853:
2806:
2730:
in 1923-4 or massacred in the Greek genocide that occurred after the larger
10594:
10247:
10072:
9980:
9921:
9730:
9705:
9695:
9680:
9675:
9657:
9540:
6989:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5507:
points out, it is impossible to determine how close their descent truly is.
4333:
4171:
3822:
3666:
3539:
3417:
3236:
2854:
2541:
2463:
1766:
1677:
1651:
1530:
1431:
1335:
1239:
1174:
1061:
976:. Pontians have a lot in common with other Greeks; for example, they speak
973:
910:
846:
779:
715:
413:
340:
252:
31:
9535:
7072:
Yuksel, Fethi Ahmet; Koroglu, Gulgun; Yildiz, Mehmet Safi (January 2012).
6151:
Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and After
5498:
5287:
5058:
4967:
2427:
2102:, it was built in the 1200s or 1300s on the order of Trapezuntine rulers.
2004:
Trabzon has at least three more late Byzantine churches that stand today.
1953:
Pontic Greeks also constructed a number of non-religious buildings during
10274:
10239:
10077:
9975:
9970:
9871:
9799:
9748:
9738:
9617:
9581:
9560:
9373:
6554:
Drews, Robert (1976). "The earliest Greek settlements on the Black Sea".
6218:
5851:
The Thirty-Year Genocide:Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities
5396:
The Thirty-Year Genocide:Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities
5364:
5321:
5142:
In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World
3918:
3533:
3432:
3189:
3038:
2878:
2874:
2838:
2681:
2467:
2272:
2094:. The castle sits on an islet just off the Black Sea coast. According to
1966:
1958:
1891:
1859:
1776:
was perhaps the earliest colony. According to the Pontic Greek historian
1697:
1676:, including the Pontic Greeks. The genocide was first perpetrated by the
1672:
leadership attempted to expel or kill its native Christian population of
1594:
1459:
1434:. In the aftermath of the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the
1281:
1089:
1052:
1043:
985:
722:, that has developed remotely in the region of Pontus. Commonly known as
711:
520:
371:
293:
8989:
8944:
8932:
8870:
8846:
8834:
7843:
7386:"Sancta Sophia, Trebizond: A Note on the Cleaning and Conservation Work"
7331:
Eastmond, Anthony. "The Byzantine Empires in the Thirteenth Century" in
5901:
2372:
2201:
1402:
and based in Crimea, until the 4th century AD, when it succumbed to the
10257:
10155:
10044:
9987:
9906:
9896:
9859:
9720:
9690:
9576:
9555:
9550:
8003:
Bryer, Anthony; Winfield, David; Ballance, Selina; Isaac, Jane (2002).
7784:
7760:
7554:"Trabzon imparatorlarının kemikleri belediye mezarlığına mı gömülecek?"
7423:
7385:
7294:
7244:
Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II
6826:
6502:
6478:
6453:
Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II
6077:
6019:
5995:
3652:
3201:
3097:
3093:
3053:
2778: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2592:
2580:
2537:
2364:
2328:
2197:
2086:
During the Empire of Trebizond, many new structures were built. One is
2009:
1986:
1816:
1635:
1610:
1265:
1158:
945:
918:
196:
178:
30:
This article is about the ethnic group. For their native language, see
7085:
6575:
6426:""Crypto-Pontus Greeks, between Islam and Christianity." (In Turkish)"
4916:
The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova.
4896:
The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova.
2388:
2380:
2159:
2035:, for example, was originally the Hagios Eugenios Church dedicated to
1619:
1550:
1426:, which ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1082 to 1185, a time in which
961:) region alone contained Greeks, Italians, Lazes and a few Armenians.
10511:
10490:
10262:
10219:
10067:
9965:
9937:
9911:
9567:
9525:
9520:
5079:
4589:
Pontic Greek from the Caucasus as member of the Russian Imperial Army
3811:
3109:
3048:
The most popular instrument in the Pontian musical collection is the
2914:
2574:
2553:
2533:
1872:
1574:
1509:
1384:
1113:
922:
902:
898:
752:
7776:
6640:(in Turkish). Sinop Culture and Tourism Directoriate. Archived from
6494:
6011:
5543:
5180:
4459:
Pontic Greek family in the courtyard of a Trapezounta house (modern
3253:, founded in 1903 was one such example formed by students attending
2963:
2753:
2205:
1837:
1226:
10692:
10206:
10160:
10150:
9916:
9901:
9891:
9886:
9743:
9491:
7972:
Türkei Reiseführer: Individuell reisen mit vielen praktischen Tipps
7692:
6828:
6567:
6530:
Miletos, the Ornament of Ionia: A History of the City to 400 B.C.E.
5521:"Jason and the Argot: Land Where Greeks' Ancient Language Survives"
5271:
3697:
3646:
3468:
3454:
3225:
3221:
3105:
3019:
2886:
2669:
2618:
2524:
2507:
2451:
2412:
2352:
2226:, which was dynamited in the 1930s to make way for a new building.
2076:
2027:
Two other structures in Trabzon, built as churches in Byzantine or
1673:
1451:
1423:
1376:
1293:
1251:
1204:
999:
980:, a Greek language variety. Pontians also traditionally follow the
906:
894:
831:
803:
679:
8976:"Le patrimoine menacé des Grecs pontiques, entre Turquie et Grèce"
7121:
The Heritage of Eastern Turkey: from Earliest Settlements to Islam
5704:
Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204
5671:
5642:
5616:
5564:
3635:
2980:
2905:
2439:
2416:
2344:
1909:
1811:
nobility. Some of these Persian/Greek rulers were interred in the
1568:
During the Ottoman period a number of Pontian Greeks converted to
1387:(in present-day Ukraine and Turkey) before his downfall after the
958:
10353:
10214:
10106:
9876:
9854:
9819:
9815:
9700:
8181:
6731:
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
6273:
Pontic Greek men (aged 18-48) were forcibly conscripted into the
5394:
Benny Morris; Dror Ze'evi (2019). "Turks and Greeks, 1919-1924".
5241:
4600:
4503:
4476:
4460:
4445:
3680:
3358:
3213:
3205:
3069:
3061:
3042:
2946:
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2826:
2818:
2714:
2622:
2610:
2601:
2495:
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2435:
2408:
2316:
2103:
1894:. It sat on the Black Sea coast and housed a temple to Athena.
1846:
1831:
1781:
1772:
Ancient Greeks reached and settled the Black Sea by the 700s BC;
1643:
1542:
1499:
1478:
1407:
1313:
1247:
1220:
1216:
1188:
1133:
1121:
977:
914:
744:
214:
142:
66:
9067:
Website with map showing colonization of the Black Sea by Greeks
7384:
Some details of the preservation can be read in David Winfield,
5109:
Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert; Jacobs, Steven L. (2008).
4868:
https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx
3289:
Outside of Greece, due to the widespread Pontic Greek diaspora,
2368:
1585:
1276:. Xenophon mentions that when at the sight of sea they shouted "
10565:
10448:
10434:
10425:
10252:
10229:
10224:
9346:
9109:
9049:
7203:. Ankara, Turkey: Middle East Technical University. p. 88.
7177:
7175:
7074:"Archaeogeophysical Studies Conducted on Sinop Balatlar Church"
6601:
4574:
4543:
4418:
4390:
Documentary showcasing Pontic Greek music and dance tradition:
3912:
3731:
3718:
3617:
3604:
3258:
3089:
3027:
3023:
3008:
2988:
2842:
2822:
2549:
2520:
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2491:
2360:
2312:
2256:
2252:
1777:
1756:
1395:
1380:
1212:
1200:
1137:
1034:
995:
886:
862:
827:
748:
667:
232:
160:
106:
8029:
Topalidis, Sam, 'A Pontic Greek History' (2006), introduction.
5912:
5674:"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"
5645:"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"
5619:"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"
5567:"Comparative Y-Chromosome Research in East Georgia Population"
3734:, tomato, chili peppers, bell peppers, and a variety of spices
1883:. It functioned both as a religious center and as a fortress.
1183:, established on the northern shores of ancient Anatolia, was
10082:
10010:
9753:
9588:
9530:
7905:
7883:
7829:
7647:
Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800-1900
7013:
4577:
at the beginning of the century, wearing traditional costume.
3826:
3659:
3598:
3592:
3217:
3169:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3057:
2976:
2972:
2584:
2545:
2499:
2443:
2431:
2400:
2392:
2296:
2288:
2276:
1996:
1990:
1945:
1569:
1502:(1395–1472), a Pontian Greek scholar, statesman and cardinal.
1235:
1109:
874:
546:
314:
7599:"Kızlar Monastery to serve as museum, enliven cultural life"
7557:
7462:
7172:
6153:, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, p. 124
5849:
Benny Morris; Dror Ze'evi (2019). "Nationalist Awakenings".
4378:
Documentary on the Pontic Greeks culture, dances and songs:
2995:
Pontian music retains elements of the musical traditions of
1700:. Rape, primarily of Pontic women and girls, was prominent.
1347:
This region was organized circa 281 BC as a kingdom by
10321:
9864:
9571:
8200:
8065:
Topalidis, Sam, 'A Pontic Greek History' (2006), pp. 22–25.
8047:
Topalidis, Sam, 'A Pontic Greek History' (2006), pp. 39–46.
7735:"Φροντιστήριο Τραπεζούντας ("Phrontisterion of Trapezous")"
5848:
5393:
3485:
3209:
3004:
2673:
2503:
2376:
2332:
2300:
2071:
After European invaders sacked Constantinople in 1204, the
2017:
1962:
1647:
1403:
1360:
8636:"Pontian Sarma with Black Cabbage for the Christmas Table"
8002:
6383:
6036:
The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece
5724:
5225:
Soundscapes of Trabzon: Music, Memory, and Power in Turkey
4981:
Georgije Ostrogorski (1969). "The Early Byzantine State".
4781:
Spyridon, Archbishop of America, 1996 – 1999: the heritage
2234:
1886:
Many old Pontic Greek city-states remain in ruins. One is
1363:. The most prominent descendant of Mithridates I was
802:
was established on the Black Sea coast by a branch of the
9028:
Nostalgia, Emotionality, and Ethno-Regionalism in Pontic
7922:
Turkish Nomad: The Intellectual Journey of Talat S Halman
5806:(9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage learning. p. 389.
5272:"The Pontic dialect: a corrupt version of Ancient Greek?"
3101:
2664:– essentially the northern portion of the former Ottoman
751:. Greek colonies continued to expand on the coast of the
8287:"Kinteata with oatmeal: fast and healthy Pontian recipe"
8138:
Michael E. Meeker – University of California Press, 2001
7675:"Works initiated for concrete structures in Santa ruins"
7617:"La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)"
7501:
Macler, Frédéric; Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste (1985).
2075:
fractured. The Pontus region went into the hands of the
2000:
Saint Anne Church, one of the oldest churches in Trabzon
1972:
Later, the Pontians built further churches and castles.
9061:
8961:
Morphological aspects of Pontic Greek spoken in Georgia
8816:
6727:"Mount Harşena and the Rrock-tombs of the Pontic Kings"
6026:
5701:
Saint-Guillain, Guilaume; Herrin, Judith, eds. (2016).
5073:
3301:, FC Pontos have an academy relationship with PAOK FC.
2949:, whose family originates from the village of Potamia.
7443:(in Turkish). Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
6715:(in Turkish). Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
5131:
4719:
3825:, Hloridis is forced to make a living selling illegal
2049:
means "conqueror" in both Ottoman and modern Turkish.
8129:
A Nation of Empire – Ottoman Legacy Turkish Modernity
7198:"Value Assessment on Hagia Sophia Complex in Trabzon"
5681:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
5652:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
5626:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
5574:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
5082:
A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe
4772:
4502:
Pontian Greek athletics team from Kerasounta (modern
2600:
On the southwestern coast of Ukraine and the Eastern
897:. Greeks have lived in Pontus since "the time of the
6174:] (in Greek), Athens, p. 24, archived from
5700:
4980:
1985:
eras. There is also speculation that a piece of the
1634:
Large communities (around 25% of the population) of
1246:
The region of Trapezus (later called Trebizond, now
1096:
of two Greek warriors found on the Black Sea coast,
7071:
6887:(in Turkish). Government of Şebinkarahisar, Giresun
6624:
Sinop Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism
6206:
Ethno-Regional Identity: The Case of Pontian Greeks
4880:"Bilateral Relations Between Greece and Kazakhstan"
3757:
3399:Today, Pontic Greek cuisine is mostly found in the
3096:. Finally worth mentioning are the Defi (a type of
3060:. Also important are other instruments such as the
1657:
739:in the region of Pontus begin in 700 BC, including
6938:Giresun Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate
6713:General Directorate of Cultural Assets and Museums
5915:Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar
5804:Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
5139:
5080:Alan John Day; Roger East; Richard Thomas (2002).
3030:, this music is played primarily to be danced to.
3003:, and the Caucasus (especially from the region of
1857:mentioned this island in his best-known epic, the
933:, other Greeks, other migrants to the Pontos, and
9487:
8692:"Pontian pork skewers with atzika and tsatsibeli"
8445:
7151:
6961:"VAZELON (ST. JOHN) MONASTERY OF MAÇKA TREBIZOND"
6733:. Permanent Delegation of Turkey to UNESCO. 2015.
6039:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 29–30.
4778:
4561:Pontian Greek Canoe, off the coast of Trapezounta
2728:exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey
710:), and traditional musical instruments, like the
296:(mostly in Turkey), other Christian denominations
48:
10715:
7500:
7478:Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos
7030:(in Turkish). Rize İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü
6906:Yetgin, Gültekin; Mutlu, Gülsen (23 July 2015).
6339:
6314:
6289:
2660:to the immediate south of the boundaries of the
2656:Ethnic Greeks indigenous to the high plateau of
2114:rulers. Yet another fortress, the Kov Castle in
1541:In the 1600s and 1700s, as Turkish lords called
1272:whom they fought for, against his older brother
917:cities located in the islands and shores of the
8973:
8470:The 'right to Return' and the Meaning of 'home'
7556:(in Turkish). Radikal Newspaper. Archived from
7152:Ćurčić, Slobodan; Krautheimer, Richard (1992).
5940:
5548:Australian Pontian Association 2019 Synapantema
5185:Australian Pontian Association 2019 Synapantema
3744:, stuffed eggplant; shared with Turkish cuisine
3080:, and the Kaval or Ghaval (a flute-like pipe).
1751:
1628:Pontic Greek families of the early 20th century
814:up until the 20th century, when, following the
7968:
7609:
6959:Demciuc, Vasile M.; Köse, İsmail (July 2014).
6626:(in Turkish). Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
6533:University of Michigan Press. pp. 63–66.
6059:
5945:. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 141.
5694:
5398:. Harvard University Press. pp. 382–384.
4708:
3934:(ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus from 120 to 63
3160:dance styles. The dances called Horoi/Choroi (
3011:as well, but this is not clearly established.
2118:, may have been built by Trapezuntine Emperor
1394:Nevertheless, the kingdom survived as a Roman
10408:
9473:
9092:
8101:
8078:Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy
7709:Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy
7475:
7272:"Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde"
5137:
4254:(track & field Olympic gold-medal winner)
3737:
2044:
1875:was built on the island, dedicated to either
1705:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
1692:. Many were executed, for example during the
639:
599:
55:
8448:"Varenika step-by-step by Savvas Karipoglou"
7969:Bussmann, Michael; Tröger, Gabriele (2015).
6120:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 166.
6032:
5853:. Harvard University Press. pp. 25–27.
5801:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4518:Pontian Greek female students of Trapezounta
3903:BC) (philosopher; founder of Cynic movement)
3712:
3685:
3671:
3640:
3626:
3562:
3548:
3527:
3511:
3495:
3477:
3459:
3445:
3426:
3411:
3391:
1529:Persian dynasty, and to a lesser extent the
989:
8666:(in Greek). Lelevose Radio. 6 October 2023.
8652:(in Greek). Pontos News. 26 September 2012.
8600:"Hapsipilavon, the Pontian pilaf with fish"
8463:
8461:
8339:(in Greek). 27 October 2009. Archived from
8148:Trabzon Greek – A language without a Tongue
7822:"Ordu ili tarihi yapılar kilise ve kaleler"
7739:Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
7354:METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture
7344:
6990:
6958:
6905:
5996:"Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception"
5876:
5593:
5589:
5587:
5445:
5418:
5222:
4111:Georgios Georgiadis (footballer, born 1987)
4106:Georgios Georgiadis (footballer, born 1972)
3777:. He returns to Greece after 32 years.
3365:ceremonial unit wear the traditional black
1549:. There, they established villages such as
1367:, who between 90 and 65 BC fought the
1056:except for some Greek nationalists such as
937:(such as Hellenized Lazes and Armenians).
653:
49:
10415:
10401:
9480:
9466:
9099:
9085:
9036:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
8720:"Lalaggia: Pontian pancakes for breakfast"
8588:(in Greek). Pontos News. 15 February 2013.
8524:(in Greek). Pontos News. 3 September 2013.
8375:(in Greek). Pontos News. 11 November 2012.
8006:The Post-Byzantine Monuments of the Pontos
7810:. Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
7392:, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Nov., 1963), pp. 117-130.
7155:Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
6908:"Meryem Ana Manastırı'na Yunanlı ziyareti"
6793:[The Giresun Castle (1764-1840)].
6522:
6520:
6188:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5743:Sjöberg, Erik (2016). "Ottoman Twilight".
5665:
5636:
5596:"Tongue Tied III - Pondering Pontic Greek"
5146:. University of California Press. p.
4818:
4751:. University of California Press. p.
4736:
2676:province, that is the western half of the
2651:
2140:, one of the last emperors under whom the
1803:ruled the Pontos region and called it the
606:
592:
65:
9025:
8907:
8882:
8822:
8522:"Pickled cucumbers from the Pontian Alps"
8510:(in Greek). Pontos News. 22 January 2013.
8421:(in Greek). Pontos News. 19 October 2012.
8303:(in Greek). Pontos News. 1 February 2013.
8218:
7365:
7124:. Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 170.
6364:
6344:. Harvard University Press. p. 412.
6319:. Harvard University Press. p. 401.
6294:. Harvard University Press. p. 390.
6266:
6226:
6163:
5917:. University of Texas Press. p. 24.
5913:Renée Dreyfus; Ellen Schraudolph (1996).
5898:. Angelfire.com. Retrieved on 2011-02-12.
5820:
5779:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
5730:
5610:
5544:"An Introduction to Pontic Greek History"
5541:
5269:
5181:"An Introduction to Pontic Greek History"
5178:
5172:
5010:
4999:
4530:Pontian Greek soccer team called 'Pontos'
3961:) (translator of Hebrew bible into Greek)
3875:
3033:An important part of Pontic music is the
2967:Traditional Pontian musical instruments:
2794:Learn how and when to remove this message
2008:, as the name suggests, was dedicated to
1108:the Black Sea region is the region where
984:faith, although a minority in Turkey are
682:(modern-day Turkey). They share a common
8586:"Mythopilavon: the Pontian mussel pilav"
8458:
8102:Bryer, Anthony; Winfield, David (2006).
7541:(in Turkish). Governorship of Gümüşhane.
7476:Bryer, Anthony; Winfield, David (1985).
7314:
7240:
7213:
6762:Alan, Hakan (2010). "Black Sea Region".
6476:
6449:
6278:rates of approximately 80 to 90 percent.
6148:
5584:
5036:
5034:
5032:
4985:. Rutgers University Press. p. 28.
4798:"The revival of a second Greek language"
3386:
3235:
3136:
3115:Popular singers of Pontic music include
2962:
2904:
2858:
2805:
2470:and Caucasian Greeks) and the so-called
2233:
2183:
2124:
2062:
1995:
1836:
1755:
1680:and later by the rebel government under
1584:
1334:
1225:
1195:(Inhospitable Sea), the name changed to
1152:
1088:
8680:(in Greek). Pontos News. December 2015.
8467:
8435:(in Greek). Pontos News. 11 March 2013.
8074:
7771:(4). Oxford University Press: 844–864.
7758:
7705:
7505:[Journal of Armenian Studies].
6866:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
6811:
6687:. Aarhus University Press. p. 64.
6517:
6202:
5802:People, James; Bailey, Garrick (2010).
5742:
5195:
2873:Pontic's linguistic lineage stems from
2031:times, are now functional mosques. The
1725:The Turkish guide-books on sale in the
1597:, based on the extent of the six local
880:
14:
10716:
8708:(in Greek). Pontos News. 12 June 2013.
8574:(in Greek). Pontos News. 2 March 2014.
8289:(in Greek). Pontos News. 9 March 2014.
8196:
8194:
8192:
8105:The post-Byzantine monuments of Pontos
7925:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 379.
7918:
7551:
7461:. Anadolu Agency. 2014. Archived from
7401:
7335:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004, p. 1.
7158:. Yale University Press. p. 395.
7117:
6853:
6719:
6526:
6172:Contemporary General History of Pontus
6117:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
6110:
5971:The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos
5943:OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history
5518:
5346:
5303:
5244:Preserving Dance Across Time and Space
4866:Figure includes all Greeks in Russia:
4824:
4742:
2224:Saint Gregory of Nyssa Church, Trabzon
1638:Pontic Greeks remained throughout the
1268:after the failure of the rebellion of
964:
889:subgroup, indigenous to the region of
10396:
9461:
9080:
8722:(in Greek). Pontos News. 18 May 2013.
8446:Savvas Karipoglou (17 January 2020).
7946:Kostaki Mansion - Museum of Trebizond
7643:
7577:. Net Turistik yayınlar. p. 49.
7570:
7295:"The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond"
7277:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
7195:
7098:
7048:
6833:. Trnava University. pp. 86–87.
6788:
6684:Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom
6680:
6638:"Tarihi Sinop Kale Cezaevi - Tarihçe"
6553:
6479:"The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond"
6248:
5993:
5968:
5872:
5870:
5844:
5842:
5707:. Taylor & Francis. p. 177.
5389:
5387:
5385:
5246:. Taylor & Francis. p. 267.
5040:
5029:
4690:
4684:
4654:
4648:
4475:Pontian Greek ladies and children of
4393:ΤΟ ΑΛΑΤΙ ΤΗΣ ΓΗΣ – Ποντιακό γλέντι HD
3352:
3321:levels of competition for athletics (
3212:. Other, less common, dances include
2889:from Turkish and to a lesser extent,
1890:, an archaeological site near modern
1780:, Greeks from the existing colony of
1430:to recover much of Anatolia from the
7975:(in German). Michael Müller Verlag.
7732:
7726:
7455:"Tarihi Kız Kalesi Restore Ediliyor"
7424:http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02923
7020:
6761:
6340:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019).
6315:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019).
6290:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019).
5773:"ethnicity: definition of ethnicity"
5480:
5469:is an ancient Greek word for "sea".)
5270:Mackridge, Peter (10 October 1991).
4953:
4779:Phrankoulē-Argyrē, Ioustinē (2006).
2776:adding citations to reliable sources
2747:
1918:Saint George Peristereotas Monastery
1351:, whose ancestry line dated back to
93:Regions with significant populations
8333:"Πισία με γιαούρτι (Yogurt pishía)"
8189:
7695:. Governorship of Giresun Province.
7605:. Anadolu Agency. 24 February 2020.
7345:Kalin, Arzu; Yilmaz, Demet (2012).
7185:. Turkish Embassy. 1989. p. 7.
6630:
6398:
6167:Σύγχρονος Γενική Ιστορία του Πόντου
5877:Γαβριηλίδης, Σταύρος Ιάσων (2018).
5606:from the original on 17 April 2022.
4783:. Hellēnika Grammata. p. 175.
3516:), soup made with onions and yogurt
3240:Pontian Greek football team called
1863:. Altars on the island date to the
24:
10734:Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)
8433:"Siron with yogurt: Pontian pasta"
7828:(in Turkish). 2007. Archived from
7650:. Variorum Reprints. p. 234.
7404:"1204: The Sack of Constantinople"
6681:Højte, Jakob Munk (22 June 2009).
6418:
6060:Meichanetsidis, Vasileios (2015).
5867:
5839:
5382:
4490:Pontic Greek couple in Trapezounta
4432:A middle-class Pontic Greek family
3928:) (founder of the Attalid dynasty)
1744:In Turkey, however, together with
1410:) was fully incorporated into the
841:Today, most Pontic Greeks live in
25:
10800:
10769:Ukrainian people of Greek descent
9043:
7844:"Taşbaşı Church Map And Location"
7318:An English and Turkish Dictionary
6789:Aydın, Mustafa (1 January 2012).
5084:. Psychology Press. p. 454.
4417:A wealthy Pontic Greek family in
3769:(Ταξίδι στα Κύθηρα), directed by
2917:in the region. These include the
2885:with many archaisms and contains
1993:of a saint or other holy person.
1957:times. In the 500s, for example,
1422:Pontus was the birthplace of the
10424:
9936:
9108:
9048:
8938:
8926:
8901:
8876:
8864:
8852:
8840:
8828:
8798:
8780:
8762:
8744:
8726:
8712:
8706:"Mantia, a popular Pontian food"
8698:
8684:
8670:
8656:
8642:
8638:. Pontos News. 17 December 2016.
8628:
8610:
8592:
8578:
8564:
8546:
8528:
8514:
8500:
8439:
8425:
8411:
8393:
8379:
8365:
8347:
8325:
8307:
8293:
8279:
8261:
8243:
8160:
8141:
8122:
8095:
8068:
8059:
8050:
8041:
8032:
8023:
7996:
7962:
7939:
7912:
7890:
7868:
7850:
7836:
7814:
7800:
7791:
7752:
7699:
7685:
7667:
7637:
7591:
7564:
7545:
7531:
7513:
7494:
7469:
7447:
7429:
7416:
7395:
7378:
7338:
7325:
7315:Redhouse, James William (1856).
7308:
7287:
7261:
7234:
7207:
7099:Hafiz, Yasmine (3 August 2013).
4582:
4566:
4554:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4495:
4483:
4468:
4452:
4437:
4425:
4410:
3758:Pontic Greeks in popular culture
2752:
2238:Traditional rural Pontian houses
1929:
1658:Genocide and population exchange
1618:
1609:
1477:
1468:
1371:, three bitter wars against the
1312:
1303:
1234:, coast depicting the head of a
1050:Few Pontic Greeks supported the
944:, which is also prevalent among
339:
225:
207:
189:
171:
153:
135:
117:
99:
10759:Turkish people of Greek descent
10749:Russian people of Greek descent
10372:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan
8953:
8572:"Five Pontian recipes for Lent"
7189:
7145:
7111:
7092:
7065:
7042:
7006:
6983:
6952:
6926:
6899:
6873:
6847:
6820:
6805:
6782:
6755:
6737:
6701:
6674:
6656:
6612:
6590:
6556:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
6547:
6470:
6443:
6392:
6358:
6333:
6308:
6283:
6255:Genocide Studies and Prevention
6242:
6196:
6157:
6142:
6104:
6053:
5987:
5962:
5934:
5889:
5883:Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Μακεδονίας
5825:. MacMillan. pp. 185–186.
5814:
5795:
5765:
5736:
5558:
5535:
5512:
5483:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
5474:
5439:
5412:
5340:
5297:
5263:
5235:
5216:
4974:
4947:
4933:
4919:
4910:
4899:
4697:
4661:
4625:
3104:and in the region of Kars, the
2763:needs additional citations for
2146:Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery
1729:offer this account of the 1923
8734:"Foustoron (Pontian Omelette)"
7858:"Turkey Cultural Heritage Map"
7765:The American Historical Review
7503:"Revue des études arméniennes"
6992:Η Ιστορία της Μονής στον Πόντο
6940:(in Turkish). Giresun Province
6795:Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi
6066:Genocide Studies International
6033:Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002).
5747:. Berghahn Books. p. 25.
5491:Johns Hopkins University Press
4983:History of the Byzantine State
4890:
4872:
4860:
4846:
4804:
4790:
3992:Ecumenical Patriarch Maximus V
3987:Ecumenical Patriarch John VIII
2734:in the same part of Anatolia.
2229:
2129:Zilkale in the Pontic Alps in
2067:Dome of Trabzon's Hagia Sophia
1799:Between 281 BC and 62 AD, the
1417:
1260:, describing how he and other
834:, including in the country of
13:
1:
8694:. Pontos News. 17 April 2020.
8606:(in Greek). 19 February 2021.
8542:(in Greek). 29 December 2020.
8508:"Tan: the Pontian soft drink"
8401:"How to make Tanomenon surva"
6934:"Meryemana Monastery (Ruins)"
6816:. Turkish Embassy. p. 6.
6149:Peterson, Merrill D. (2004),
5600:Cambridge Language Collective
5542:Topalidis, Sam (March 2019).
5179:Topalidis, Sam (March 2019).
4730:
3955:
3922:
3829:in front of the stock-market.
3717:), bread similar to Armenian
3363:Greek Army Presidential Guard
2837:, the economy was based upon
1021:. Neal Acherson, in his book
726:, it is traditionally called
686:that is distinguished by its
290:Russian Orthodox Christianity
82:
10377:Ethnic minorities in Georgia
10367:Ethnic minorities in Armenia
9062:Pontian Federation of Greece
8389:(in Greek). 17 October 2015.
7808:"ÇAKRAK KİLİSESİ VE KÖPRÜSÜ"
7759:Davison, Roderic H. (1954).
7525:Gumushane Culture and Nature
7507:Revue des études arméniennes
7247:. Pindar Press. p. 50.
7183:Turkey Today: Issues 113-136
6814:Turkey Today: Issues 113-136
6791:"Giresun Kalesi (1764-1840)"
6749:Black Sea-Silk Road Corridor
6456:. Pindar Press. p. 72.
5446:Thomopoulos, Elaine (2012).
5419:Thomopoulos, Elaine (2012).
4613:
4381:ΤΟ ΑΛΑΤΙ ΤΗΣ ΓΗΣ – Ποντος HD
3748:
3645:), pie similar to the Greek
3357:On 19 May of each year, the
3313:) and football tournaments (
3307:2006 FIBA World Championship
2900:
2194:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
1819:is still visible in Amasya.
1813:Tombs of the kings of Pontus
1752:Architecture and settlements
1556:Between 1461 and the second
1349:Mithridates I of Pontus
1329:, King of Pontus (135–63 BC)
1274:Artaxerxes II of Persia
1148:
1084:
885:Pontic Greeks are an ethnic
790:of Anatolia. After the 1203
7:
10784:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
10739:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan
10505:Albanians of Western Thrace
10382:Ethnic minorities in Russia
9026:Tsekouras, Ioannis (2016).
8908:Eugenides, Jeffrey (2002).
8883:Eugenides, Jeffrey (2002).
8624:(in Greek). 7 October 2012.
8536:"The Pontian Festive Table"
8157:Ömer Asan on Karalahana.com
8108:. Ashgate. p. xxxiii.
8075:Özdalga, Elisabeth (2005).
7959:, retrieved 12 October 2011
7706:Özdalga, Elisabeth (2005).
7621:Revue des études byzantines
7196:Özmen, Can (October 2016).
6885:Şebinkarahisar Kaymakamlığı
6869:. Vol. 1. p. 255.
6527:Gorman, Vanessa B. (2001).
6268:10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1297
5223:Michailidis, Nikos (2016).
5111:Dictionary of Genocide: A-L
4720:
4603:, a city with Pontic Greeks
4594:
4022:
3975:
2919:Phrontisterion of Trapezous
2866:Phrontisterion of Trapezous
2848:
2496:Dioskourias (Sevastoupolis)
2175:Phrontisterion of Trapezous
2037:Saint Eugenios of Trebizond
1668:Between 1913 and 1923, the
1365:Mithridates VI Eupator
1359:ruler of the Greek town of
845:, especially in and around
822:with Turkey, Pontic Greeks
702:. Folk dances, such as the
286:Greek Orthodox Christianity
51:Έλληνες του Πόντου (Ρωμιοί)
10:
10805:
8220:10.1186/s42779-022-00117-8
8081:. Routledge. p. 259.
7712:. Routledge. p. 259.
7409:World History Encyclopedia
7367:10.4305/metu.jfa.2012.1.14
7214:Eastmond, Anthony (2017).
7049:Alper, Eda Güngör (2014).
6369:. Macmillan. p. 184.
5276:Journal of Refugee Studies
5015:. MacMillan. p. 181.
4956:Journal of Refugee Studies
4829:. Routledge. p. 316.
4825:Danver, Steven L. (2015).
4403:
4318:Vasilis N. Triantafillidis
3886:
3879:
3863:A 2012 poetry collection,
3841:In the 2003 Turkish movie
3713:
3686:
3672:
3641:
3627:
3607:made with lamb and/or beef
3573:, wheat or barley porridge
3563:
3549:
3528:
3512:
3496:
3478:
3460:
3446:
3427:
3412:
3380:
3376:
3130:
2956:
2852:
2741:
2737:
2640:
2395:, i.e. the ancient of the
2181:, who was born in Rize).
1914:Panagias Soumela Monastery
1661:
1296:in the second century BC.
1292:and the Anatolian city of
1171:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea
1164:
1143:
1132:, and a minority lived in
627:
29:
10774:Ethnic groups in Abkhazia
10620:
10477:
10441:
10362:
10297:
10238:
10205:
10196:
10176:
10119:
10058:
10035:
10026:
9996:
9956:
9945:
9934:
9843:
9808:
9769:
9729:
9666:
9608:
9597:
9511:
9498:
9439:
9279:
9121:
8835:Taxidi sta Kythira (1984)
8468:Voutira, Eftihia (2011).
7919:Warner, Jayne L. (2017).
7321:. B. Quarich. p. 62.
6991:
6768:. AS Books. p. 166.
6477:Ballance, Selina (1960).
6249:Basso, Andrew R. (2016).
6164:Valavanis, G. K. (1925),
5452:. ABC-CLIO. p. 107.
5425:. ABC-CLIO. p. 107.
5353:Texas Wesleyan Law Review
5347:Travis, Hannibal (2009).
5310:Texas Wesleyan Law Review
5304:Travis, Hannibal (2009).
5113:. ABC-CLIO. p. 337.
4743:Dufoix, Stephane (2008).
4709:
3783:From the Edge of the City
3726:, a condiment similar to
3295:Adelaide, South Australia
3185:
3177:
3165:
2213:Konstantinos Theofylaktos
1589:The area claimed for the
1580:
1008:ancient Anatolian peoples
654:
649:
305:
300:
284:
279:
246:
241:
223:
205:
187:
169:
151:
133:
115:
97:
92:
81:
76:
64:
50:
47:
10764:Ethnic groups in Ukraine
8974:Bruneau, Michel (2015).
8959:Berikashvili, Svetlana.
8912:. Picador. p. 112.
8134:17 November 2015 at the
8009:. Ashgate. p. 202.
7241:Sinclair, T. A. (1989).
7220:. Taylor & Francis.
6668:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6450:Sinclair, T. A. (1989).
6401:"Pontic Greek in Turkey"
6365:Ascherson, Neal (1996).
6342:The Thirty-Year Genocide
6317:The Thirty-Year Genocide
6292:The Thirty-Year Genocide
6166:
5941:Bunson, Matthew (2004).
5821:Ascherson, Neal (1995).
5282:(4). Academia: 335–339.
5011:Ascherson, Neal (1995).
4941:"Pontic Greek in Greece"
4812:"Pontic Greek in Greece"
4618:
4444:Pontian Greek family of
4372:
4044:(film & TV director)
3854:In the 2008 short movie
3513:τανωμένον σορβά, τανοφάι
3231:
3126:
2952:
2448:Theodosiopolis (Erzurum)
2325:Kolonia (Şebinkarahisar)
2281:Comana Pontica (Gümenek)
1414:during the 6th century.
1264:fought their way to the
1262:10,000 Greek mercenaries
1230:Ancient Greek coin from
732:by its native speakers.
10779:Peoples of the Caucasus
10744:Ethnic groups in Russia
10729:Ethnic groups in Greece
8887:. Picador. p. 89.
8207:Journal of Ethnic Foods
7644:Bryer, Anthony (1988).
7633:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014
7390:Studies in Conservation
6812:Elçilik, Büyük (1989).
6203:Vergeti, Maria (1993).
5994:Bryer, Anthony (1975).
5885:(in Greek): 1–3, 35–36.
5203:"Rediscovering Romeyka"
4308:Chrysanthos Theodoridis
4080:Alexander Deligiannidis
3982:Alexios II of Trebizond
3899:BC – 323
3401:northern part of Greece
3392:
3141:Folk dances in Turkey.
3133:Pontic Greek folk dance
3121:Chrysanthos Theodoridis
2695:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
2652:Eastern Anatolia Greeks
2458:) and in the so-called
2456:Eastern Anatolia Greeks
2269:Argyropolis (Gümüşhane)
2056:, was perhaps built by
1903:Şebinkarahisar District
1788:(renamed from Sinope).
1760:Sinop fortress in 2011.
1450:, the patriarch of the
1240:eagle with raised wings
1161:, 8th to 3rd century BC
990:
792:sieze of Constantinople
71:One of the Pontic flags
9015:. Münster: LIT, 2004.
8933:Waiting for the Clouds
8847:Apo Tin Akri Tis Polis
8337:Oι συνταγές της παρέας
7904:. 2007. Archived from
7882:. 2007. Archived from
7552:Öztürk, Özhan (2007).
7118:Sagona, A. G. (2006).
5973:. Variorium Reprints.
5519:Connor, Steve (2011).
5138:Wood, Michael (2005).
4692:[elinoˈpondii]
4323:Vladimir Triandafillov
4222:Stephanos Papadopoulos
3932:Mithradates VI Eupator
3876:Notable Pontian Greeks
3869:Stephanos Papadopoulos
3844:Waiting for the Clouds
3792:Constantinos Giannaris
3788:Από την άκρη της πόλης
3771:Theodoros Angelopoulos
3738:
3396:
3245:
3146:
3076:, a type of drum, the
2992:
2979:. Photo from 1950s in
2910:
2870:
2814:
2472:Russian Trans-Caucasus
2329:Nikopolis (Koyulhisar)
2265:Argyrion (Akdağmadeni)
2239:
2189:
2134:
2068:
2054:Trabzon's Hagia Sophia
2045:
2001:
1842:
1761:
1739:
1602:
1444:Alexios I of Trebizond
1344:
1327:Mithridates VI Eupator
1243:
1162:
1157:Greek colonies of the
1101:
870:. The Turkic-speaking
853:. Those from southern
640:
635:
406:Languages and dialects
56:
9115:Immigration to Russia
9057:at Wikimedia Commons
8963:. LINCOM GmbH, 2017.
7862:Hrant Dink Foundation
7571:Yücel, Erdem (1989).
6881:"Meryemana Manastırı"
6608:on 12 September 2015.
6209:(Thesis) (in Greek).
6000:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
5896:Who are the Pontians?
5499:10.1353/mgs.2010.0098
5449:The History of Greece
5422:The History of Greece
5059:10.1353/imp.2003.0114
5041:Popov, Anton (2003).
4344:Alexandros Ypsilantis
4328:Matthaios Tsahouridis
4242:Dimitrios Partsalidis
4202:Alexandros Nikolaidis
4187:Dimitris Melissanidis
3882:List of Pontic Greeks
3790:), the film director
3390:
3339:Alexandros Nikolaidis
3285:Pontikos Neas Santas'
3239:
3140:
2966:
2908:
2862:
2809:
2554:Theodosia (Feodosiya)
2424:Outside Pontus proper
2285:Etonia (Gümüşhacıköy)
2237:
2187:
2128:
2066:
1999:
1899:Virgin Mary Monastery
1840:
1824:Pharnaces I of Pontus
1759:
1723:
1664:Pontic Greek genocide
1588:
1456:Megas Komnenos Axouch
1389:Third Mithridatic War
1338:
1229:
1167:Colonies in antiquity
1165:Further information:
1156:
1124:, female warriors in
1092:
921:, to the area of the
816:Pontic Greek genocide
567:Pontic Greek genocide
529:Related ethnic groups
516:Greek Orthodox Church
301:Related ethnic groups
9489:Ethnic groups in the
9011:Hofmann, Tessa, ed.
8558:Dimiourgies Tis Nias
8153:11 June 2008 at the
7876:"Part 12: Gümüşhane"
7627:(1949), pp. 205–207
7539:"Gümüşhane Kaleleri"
5365:10.2139/ssrn.1549804
5322:10.2139/ssrn.1549804
5229:Princeton University
4886:on 21 November 2007.
4721:P'ont'oeli Berdznebi
4682:Greek pronunciation:
4646:Greek pronunciation:
4361:(actor & singer)
4349:Demetrios Ypsilantis
4217:Lazaros Papadopoulos
4207:Apostolos Nikolaidis
4192:Ioannis Melissanidis
4090:Odysseas Dimitriadis
3613:, roasted vegetables
3589:, pickled vegetables
3383:Pontic Greek cuisine
3331:Ioannis Melissanidis
3291:association football
3279:AE Ponton Vatalakkou
2869:, early 20th century
2772:improve this article
2744:Pontic Greek culture
2534:Symbolon (Balaklava)
2361:Neocaesarea (Niksar)
2353:Myrsiphon (Merzifon)
2153:Mehmed the Conqueror
2079:, who ruled the new
1912:, Trabzon Province:
1855:Apollonius of Rhodes
1790:These fortifications
1492:Emperor of Trebizond
1412:Eastern Roman Empire
1325:(c. 408–323 BC) and
881:Origins and genetics
720:modern Greek variety
684:Pontic Greek culture
666:, are an ethnically
8990:10.4000/anatoli.315
8871:The Very Poor, Inc.
8752:"Cabbage and Beans"
8678:"Perek in the oven"
8664:"Recipe for Havitz"
8472:. Lit. p. 10.
7679:Hurriyet Daily News
7560:on 22 October 2011.
7437:"Kız Kalesi - Rize"
6860:"Athe'nae 2."
6620:"Kaleler (Castles)"
6211:Panteion University
5777:Oxford Dictionaries
5288:10.1093/jrs/4.4.335
4968:10.1093/jrs/4.4.340
4298:Pamphylia Tanailidi
4273:Giourkas Seitaridis
4227:Pantelis Pantelidis
4132:Stelios Kazantzidis
4096:Ioannis Fetfatzidis
4065:Konstantin Bazelyuk
4012:George of Trebizond
3971:AD), Christian monk
3907:Bion of Borysthenes
3849:population exchange
3819:The Very Poor, Inc.
3804:In the 2000 memoir
3601:, stuffed leaf dish
3482:), Pontian boortsog
3369:to commemorate the
3341:) and kick-boxing (
3152:retains aspects of
3117:Stelios Kazantzidis
2895:Caucasian languages
2662:Empire of Trebizond
2623:Mesembria (Nesebar)
2611:Apollonia (Sozopol)
2480:Černomore Guberniya
2436:Baiberdon (Bayburt)
2413:Tripolis (Tirebolu)
2409:Trebizond (Trabzon)
2349:Meletios (Mesudiye)
2142:Empire of Trebizond
2108:Empire of Trebizond
2081:Empire of Trebizond
1948:in Sumela Monastery
1877:St Phocas of Sinope
1442:was established by
1440:Empire of Trebizond
1428:the empire resurged
1278:Thalatta! Thalatta!
1254:in his famous work
1250:) was mentioned by
1179:The first recorded
1116:sailed to find the
1075:Metamorfosi, Kozani
965:Self-identification
820:population exchange
812:early modern period
800:Empire of Trebizond
495:Population exchange
475:Empire of Trebizond
325:Part of a series on
44:
10586:Slavic Macedonians
10090:Trialeti Ossetians
8812:. 7 February 2017.
8794:. 7 February 2017.
8776:. 7 February 2017.
8758:. 7 February 2017.
8740:. 7 February 2017.
8407:. 7 February 2017.
8387:"Tanomenos sorvas"
8361:. 7 February 2017.
8321:. 7 February 2017.
7951:2011-10-11 at the
7733:Salvanou, Emilia.
7574:Trabzon and Sumela
7465:on 22 August 2020.
7402:Cartwright, Mark.
7014:"Sümela Manastırı"
7003:, peristereota.com
6999:2006-10-28 at the
6219:10.12681/eadd/2548
6178:on 8 November 2015
6078:10.3138/gsi.9.1.06
4359:Nikos Xanthopoulos
4278:Nikolaos Siranidis
4247:Ioannis Passalidis
4054:Antonis Antoniadis
4030:Ioannis Amanatidis
4017:Basilios Bessarion
3893:Diogenes of Sinope
3832:In the 2002 novel
3817:In the 2000 movie
3797:In the 1999 movie
3780:In his 1998 movie
3763:In the 1984 movie
3567:), type of ravioli
3397:
3353:Military tradition
3335:Nikolaos Siranidis
3323:Katerina Stefanidi
3251:Pontus Merzifounta
3246:
3242:Pontus Merzifounta
3172:/Choros (Chorus) (
3147:
2993:
2959:Pontic Greek music
2911:
2871:
2815:
2678:Armenian Highlands
2666:Vilayet of Erzurum
2460:Russian Asia Minor
2389:Sourmena (Sürmene)
2373:Platana (Akçaabat)
2357:Mouzena (Aydınlar)
2337:Kromni (Yağlıdere)
2293:Galiana (Konaklar)
2240:
2190:
2171:Sevastos Kyminitis
2144:flourished, built
2135:
2116:Gümüşhane Province
2069:
2002:
1843:
1762:
1709:Treaty of Lausanne
1603:
1591:Republic of Pontus
1496:Cardinal Bessarion
1448:Alexios I Komnenos
1446:, a descendant of
1345:
1323:Diogenes of Sinope
1244:
1163:
1102:
1073:, specifically in
931:ancient Anatolians
893:, in northeastern
778:in 63 BC becoming
678:, in northeastern
450:Black Sea colonies
42:
10789:Sub-ethnic groups
10711:
10710:
10561:Megleno-Romanians
10390:
10389:
10293:
10292:
10192:
10191:
10115:
10114:
9932:
9931:
9839:
9838:
9455:
9454:
9390:
9383:
9376:
9349:
9330:
9192:
9053:Media related to
9021:978-3-8258-7823-8
9006:978-0-312-26211-2
9000:. Picador. 2000.
8984:(in French) (6).
8969:978-3-8628-8852-8
8343:on 4 August 2010.
8115:978-0-86078-864-5
8088:978-0-415-34164-6
7719:978-0-415-34164-6
7299:Anatolian Studies
7293:Selina Ballance,
7086:10.4133/1.4721889
6965:Codrul Cosminului
6840:978-80-8082-500-3
6540:978-0-472-11199-2
6483:Anatolian Studies
6405:joshuaproject.net
6399:Project, Joshua.
6376:978-0-8090-1593-1
6127:978-0-203-84696-4
6046:978-1-85065-702-6
5733:, pp. 19–20.
5594:Kieran McGreevy.
5459:978-0-313-37511-8
5432:978-0-313-37511-8
4710:პონტოელი ბერძნები
4686:[ˈpondii]
4672:
4636:
4573:Pontic family of
4542:Pontic Greeks in
4354:Fyodor Yurchikhin
4313:Vasilis Torosidis
4303:Takis Terzopoulos
4237:Lefteris Pantazis
4232:Mimis Papaioannou
4197:Kostas Nestoridis
4142:Matthaios Kofidis
4137:Yevhen Khacheridi
4121:Nikos Kapetanidis
4101:Adonis Georgiadis
4092:(music conductor)
4060:Joannis Avramidis
4007:Gregory Choniades
4002:George Amiroutzes
3997:Michael Panaretos
3965:Evagrius Ponticus
3942:Marcion of Sinope
3926: 343–263 BC
3766:Voyage to Cythera
3276:AE Ponton Evmirou
3270:AE Pontion Verias
3266:Apollon Pontou FC
3257:in Merzifon near
2939:Trebizond Vilayet
2810:Close-up view of
2804:
2803:
2796:
2732:Armenian genocide
2724:Kingdom of Greece
2704:Russo-Turkish War
2647:Greeks in Ukraine
2546:Soughdaia (Sudak)
2523:and the northern
2440:Efchaneia (Çorum)
2257:Samsunda (Amisos)
2179:Nikos Kapetanidis
2058:Manuel I Komnenos
2033:New Friday Mosque
1940:Fresco depicting
1922:Vazelon Monastery
1826:, may have built
1822:One Pontic king,
1805:Kingdom of Pontus
1801:Mithridatic kings
1690:Nikos Kapetanidis
1686:Matthaios Kofidis
1558:Russo-Turkish War
1398:state, now named
1341:Diocese of Pontus
1288:, he founded the
1270:Cyrus the Younger
1071:Western Macedonia
1058:Nikos Kapetanidis
935:Caucasian peoples
772:Kingdom of Pontus
641:Karadeniz Rumları
616:
615:
480:Fall of Trebizond
455:Kingdom of Pontus
320:
319:
57:Karadeniz Rumları
16:(Redirected from
10796:
10754:Greeks in Turkey
10611:
10604:
10597:
10555:
10543:
10536:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10429:
10428:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10394:
10393:
10337:Azerbaijani Jews
10285:Meskhetian Turks
10203:
10202:
10033:
10032:
9954:
9953:
9940:
9606:
9605:
9509:
9508:
9482:
9475:
9468:
9459:
9458:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9345:
9326:
9186:
9113:
9112:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9078:
9077:
9052:
9039:
8998:Not Even My Name
8993:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8844:
8838:
8832:
8826:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8766:
8760:
8759:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8554:"Pontian Torshi"
8550:
8544:
8543:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8494:
8465:
8456:
8455:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8222:
8198:
8187:
8186:
8164:
8158:
8145:
8139:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8072:
8066:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8048:
8045:
8039:
8036:
8030:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7966:
7960:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7916:
7910:
7909:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7832:on 12 June 2008.
7818:
7812:
7811:
7804:
7798:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7641:
7635:
7615:Franz Babinger,
7613:
7607:
7606:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7433:
7427:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7399:
7393:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7369:
7351:
7342:
7336:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7312:
7306:
7291:
7285:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7179:
7170:
7169:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7055:Anatolia Antiqua
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7010:
7004:
6994:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6862:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6765:Turkey (English)
6759:
6753:
6752:
6745:"Giresun Castle"
6741:
6735:
6734:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6604:. Archived from
6594:
6588:
6587:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6524:
6515:
6514:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6430:repairfuture.net
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6270:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6230:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6187:
6179:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6030:
6024:
6023:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5910:
5899:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5874:
5865:
5864:
5846:
5837:
5836:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5678:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5649:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5571:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5391:
5380:
5379:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5145:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5038:
5027:
5026:
5008:
4997:
4996:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4882:. Archived from
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4750:
4740:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4683:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:[roˈmɲi]
4652:
4650:[roˈmei]
4647:
4631:
4629:
4586:
4570:
4558:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4499:
4487:
4472:
4456:
4441:
4429:
4414:
4394:
4382:
4293:Georgios Skliros
4263:Viktor Sarianidi
4258:Dimitris Psathas
4252:Voula Patoulidou
4212:Demis Nikolaidis
4182:Takis Loukanidis
4126:Michael Katsidis
4116:George Gurdjieff
4085:Alex Dimitriades
4075:Georges Candilis
4048:Diana Anphimiadi
4042:Peter Andrikidis
4036:George Andreadis
3970:
3960:
3957:
3952:Aquila of Sinope
3948:AD) (theologian)
3947:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3902:
3898:
3743:
3716:
3715:
3689:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3656:, egg-lemon soup
3644:
3643:
3630:
3629:
3566:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3531:
3530:
3515:
3514:
3499:
3498:
3481:
3480:
3463:
3462:
3450:), fried dessert
3449:
3448:
3430:
3429:
3415:
3414:
3395:
3327:Voula Patoulidou
3273:AO Ellas Pontion
3255:Anatolia College
3187:
3179:
3167:
3050:kemenche or lyra
2812:Sümela Monastery
2799:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2756:
2748:
2698:occupied by the
2687:Byzantine Empire
2658:Eastern Anatolia
2643:Greeks in Russia
2589:Heraclea Pontica
2585:Gorgippa (Anapa)
2488:Tiflis Guberniya
2484:Kutais Guberniya
2444:Sebastia (Sivas)
2417:Cheriana (Şiran)
2345:Matsouka (Maçka)
2321:Kissa (Fındıklı)
2317:Cerasus(Giresun)
2073:Byzantine Empire
2052:Another church,
2048:
2012:, the mother of
1965:on the order of
1933:
1873:monastic complex
1746:Crypto-Armenians
1736:
1652:dialect of Greek
1642:area (including
1622:
1613:
1563:Caucasian Greeks
1547:Pontic Mountains
1523:Medieval Georgia
1481:
1472:
1452:Komnenos dynasty
1424:Komnenos dynasty
1400:Bosporan Kingdom
1369:Mithridatic Wars
1316:
1307:
1242:, 4th century BC
1136:, also known as
1100:, 4th century BC
1032:
993:
868:Caucasian Greeks
657:
656:
651:
643:
629:
608:
601:
594:
470:Byzantine Empire
460:Mithridatic Wars
343:
322:
321:
311:Caucasian Greeks
231:
229:
228:
213:
211:
210:
195:
193:
192:
177:
175:
174:
159:
157:
156:
141:
139:
138:
123:
121:
120:
105:
103:
102:
87:
86: 2,000,000
84:
77:Total population
69:
59:
53:
52:
45:
41:
21:
10804:
10803:
10799:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10707:
10616:
10607:
10600:
10593:
10551:
10539:
10532:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10489:
10473:
10437:
10423:
10421:
10391:
10386:
10358:
10289:
10234:
10188:
10172:
10111:
10054:
10022:
10006:Caucasus Greeks
9992:
9948:
9941:
9928:
9847:
9835:
9804:
9765:
9725:
9662:
9601:
9593:
9502:
9494:
9486:
9456:
9451:
9435:
9275:
9117:
9107:
9105:
9046:
8956:
8951:
8943:
8939:
8931:
8927:
8920:
8906:
8902:
8895:
8881:
8877:
8869:
8865:
8857:
8853:
8845:
8841:
8833:
8829:
8821:
8817:
8806:"Imam-bayildin"
8804:
8803:
8799:
8786:
8785:
8781:
8768:
8767:
8763:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8732:
8731:
8727:
8718:
8717:
8713:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8662:
8661:
8657:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8616:
8615:
8611:
8598:
8597:
8593:
8584:
8583:
8579:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8552:
8551:
8547:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8492:
8480:
8466:
8459:
8444:
8440:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8353:
8352:
8348:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8313:
8312:
8308:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8285:
8284:
8280:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8251:"Pontian Felia"
8249:
8248:
8244:
8199:
8190:
8175:
8172:Wayback Machine
8165:
8161:
8155:Wayback Machine
8146:
8142:
8136:Wayback Machine
8127:
8123:
8116:
8100:
8096:
8089:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8037:
8033:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8001:
7997:
7988:
7983:
7967:
7963:
7953:Wayback Machine
7944:
7940:
7933:
7917:
7913:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7886:on 11 May 2012.
7874:
7873:
7869:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7796:
7792:
7777:10.2307/1845120
7757:
7753:
7743:
7741:
7731:
7727:
7720:
7704:
7700:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7658:
7642:
7638:
7614:
7610:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7569:
7565:
7550:
7546:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7499:
7495:
7488:
7474:
7470:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7435:
7434:
7430:
7421:
7417:
7400:
7396:
7383:
7379:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7330:
7326:
7313:
7309:
7292:
7288:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7239:
7235:
7228:
7212:
7208:
7200:
7194:
7190:
7181:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7150:
7146:
7137:
7132:
7116:
7112:
7097:
7093:
7070:
7066:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7001:Wayback Machine
6988:
6984:
6957:
6953:
6943:
6941:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6917:
6915:
6904:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6855:Smnith, William
6852:
6848:
6841:
6825:
6821:
6810:
6806:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6760:
6756:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6644:on 17 June 2008
6636:
6635:
6631:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6525:
6518:
6495:10.2307/3642433
6475:
6471:
6464:
6448:
6444:
6434:
6432:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6288:
6284:
6275:amele taburları
6247:
6243:
6233:
6231:
6228:10442/hedi/2548
6201:
6197:
6181:
6180:
6168:
6162:
6158:
6147:
6143:
6128:
6109:
6105:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6031:
6027:
6012:10.2307/1291371
5992:
5988:
5981:
5967:
5963:
5953:
5939:
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5911:
5902:
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5890:
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5868:
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5217:
5207:Romeyka Project
5201:
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4375:
4370:
4339:Markos Vafiadis
4177:Stan Longinidis
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4070:A.I. Bezzerides
4025:
3978:
3968:
3958:
3945:
3935:
3925:
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3896:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3775:Greek civil war
3760:
3751:
3504:Tanoménon sorvá
3385:
3379:
3371:Pontic genocide
3355:
3347:Stan Longinidis
3329:), gymnastics (
3311:Eurobasket 2005
3299:Munich, Germany
3234:
3135:
3129:
2961:
2955:
2932:Panagia Soumela
2903:
2883:Byzantine Greek
2857:
2851:
2800:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2769:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2726:as part of the
2719:Southern Russia
2654:
2649:
2631:Odessos (Varna)
2573:(in particular
2563:Taman peninsula
2405:Thoania (Tonya)
2401:Evdokia (Tokat)
2381:Santa (Dumanlı)
2377:Rizounta (Rize)
2341:Livera (Yazlık)
2297:Gemoura (Yomra)
2232:
2133:, Rize Province
2077:Komnenos family
2006:St. Anne Church
1974:Balatlar Church
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1754:
1734:
1707:defined by the
1666:
1660:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1583:
1519:Medieval Russia
1506:
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1420:
1333:
1332:
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1319:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1290:Attalid dynasty
1197:Pontos Euxeinos
1177:
1151:
1146:
1126:Greek Mythology
1106:Greek mythology
1098:Taman peninsula
1087:
1030:
967:
952:and haplogroup
883:
843:Northern Greece
830:and around the
788:Seljuk conquest
774:was annexed by
757:Euxeinos Pontos
706:(also known as
628:Ρωμαίοι, Ρωμιοί
612:
579:Amele taburları
537:Caucasus Greeks
226:
224:
208:
206:
190:
188:
172:
170:
154:
152:
136:
134:
118:
116:
111:368,000–500,000
100:
98:
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28:
23:
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15:
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10615:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10609:Western Thrace
10605:
10598:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10576:Romaniote Jews
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10546:
10545:
10544:
10537:
10527:
10522:
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10508:
10501:
10498:Cham Albanians
10494:
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10466:
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9496:
9495:
9485:
9484:
9477:
9470:
9462:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9449:
9447:Black Africans
9443:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
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9332:
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9119:
9118:
9104:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9045:
9044:External links
9042:
9041:
9040:
9023:
9009:
8994:
8971:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8949:
8937:
8925:
8918:
8900:
8893:
8875:
8863:
8851:
8839:
8827:
8823:Tsekouras 2016
8815:
8797:
8779:
8761:
8743:
8725:
8711:
8697:
8683:
8669:
8655:
8641:
8627:
8618:"Sinope Pilaf"
8609:
8591:
8577:
8563:
8545:
8527:
8513:
8499:
8478:
8457:
8438:
8424:
8410:
8392:
8378:
8364:
8346:
8324:
8306:
8292:
8278:
8260:
8242:
8188:
8185:. 19 May 2019.
8159:
8140:
8121:
8114:
8094:
8087:
8067:
8058:
8049:
8040:
8031:
8022:
8015:
7995:
7981:
7961:
7938:
7931:
7911:
7908:on 4 May 2012.
7889:
7867:
7849:
7835:
7813:
7799:
7790:
7751:
7725:
7718:
7698:
7684:
7681:. 6 July 2018.
7666:
7656:
7636:
7608:
7590:
7583:
7563:
7544:
7530:
7512:
7493:
7487:978-1597403177
7486:
7468:
7446:
7441:Kültür Portalı
7428:
7415:
7394:
7377:
7360:(1): 241–271.
7337:
7324:
7307:
7305:(1960), p. 146
7286:
7284:(1895), p. 423
7268:Gabriel Millet
7260:
7253:
7233:
7226:
7206:
7188:
7171:
7164:
7144:
7130:
7110:
7091:
7064:
7041:
7019:
7005:
6982:
6951:
6925:
6912:Anadolu Agency
6898:
6872:
6846:
6839:
6819:
6804:
6781:
6774:
6754:
6736:
6718:
6700:
6693:
6673:
6655:
6629:
6611:
6589:
6568:10.2307/631221
6546:
6539:
6516:
6469:
6462:
6442:
6417:
6391:
6382:
6375:
6357:
6350:
6332:
6325:
6307:
6300:
6282:
6241:
6213:. p. 77.
6195:
6156:
6141:
6126:
6103:
6072:(1): 104–173.
6052:
6045:
6025:
5986:
5979:
5961:
5951:
5933:
5923:
5900:
5888:
5866:
5859:
5838:
5831:
5813:
5794:
5764:
5753:
5735:
5731:Tsekouras 2016
5723:
5713:
5693:
5664:
5635:
5609:
5583:
5557:
5534:
5511:
5473:
5458:
5438:
5431:
5411:
5404:
5381:
5339:
5296:
5262:
5252:
5234:
5215:
5194:
5171:
5156:
5130:
5120:978-0313346422
5119:
5101:
5090:
5072:
5053:(2): 339–360.
5028:
5021:
4998:
4991:
4973:
4946:
4932:
4918:
4909:
4898:
4889:
4871:
4859:
4845:
4835:
4817:
4803:
4789:
4771:
4761:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4696:
4660:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:Yannis Vasilis
4604:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4581:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4553:
4551:
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4532:
4529:
4522:
4520:
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4510:
4508:
4501:
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4458:
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4405:
4402:
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4400:
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4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:John Sitilides
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4167:Mike Lazaridis
4164:
4162:Filon Ktenidis
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:Savvas Kofidis
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
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3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3949:
3939:
3929:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3888:
3885:
3880:Main article:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3852:
3839:
3830:
3815:
3802:
3799:Soil and Water
3795:
3778:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3721:
3706:
3705:, cabbage soup
3700:
3691:
3677:
3663:
3662:, roasted meat
3657:
3649:
3632:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3554:
3536:
3517:
3501:
3489:
3483:
3465:
3451:
3435:
3420:
3381:Main article:
3378:
3375:
3367:Pontic uniform
3354:
3351:
3337:), taekwondo (
3315:UEFA Euro 2004
3287:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3233:
3230:
3131:Main article:
3128:
3125:
2997:Ancient Greece
2957:Main article:
2954:
2951:
2902:
2899:
2853:Main article:
2850:
2847:
2802:
2801:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2742:Main article:
2739:
2736:
2700:Russian Empire
2653:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2571:Stavropol Krai
2567:Krasnodar Krai
2558:
2557:
2527:
2516:
2515:
2454:(see below on
2425:
2421:
2420:
2393:Therme (Terme)
2385:Sinope (Sinop)
2333:Kotyora (Ordu)
2305:Imera (Olucak)
2273:Athina (Pazar)
2250:
2231:
2228:
2217:Trabzon Museum
2104:Zilkale Castle
1936:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1851:Giresun Island
1828:Giresun Castle
1794:a state prison
1753:
1750:
1727:Taksim Meydane
1719:Neal Ascherson
1711:. In his book
1659:
1656:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:Greek Orthodox
1582:
1579:
1514:Ottoman Empire
1486:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1436:Fourth Crusade
1419:
1416:
1373:Roman Republic
1353:Ariobarzanes I
1321:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1286:Pontus Euxinus
1193:Pontos Axeinos
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1094:Funerary stele
1086:
1083:
1079:Greek genocide
982:Greek Orthodox
966:
963:
882:
879:
872:Greek Orthodox
796:Fourth Crusade
759:) between the
737:Greek colonies
674:the region of
660:Pontian Greeks
636:Pontus Rumları
614:
613:
611:
610:
603:
596:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
575:
570:
563:Greek genocide
557:
556:
552:
551:
550:
549:
544:
542:Crimean Greeks
539:
531:
530:
526:
525:
524:
523:
518:
510:
509:
505:
504:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
485:Ottoman Empire
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Roman Anatolia
462:
457:
452:
444:
443:
439:
438:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
408:
407:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
375:
365:
360:
352:
351:
349:Pontic culture
345:
344:
336:
335:
327:
326:
318:
317:
303:
302:
298:
297:
282:
281:
277:
276:
247:Predominantly
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
221:
220:
217:
203:
202:
199:
185:
184:
181:
167:
166:
163:
149:
148:
145:
131:
130:
127:
113:
112:
109:
95:
94:
90:
89:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
38:
26:
18:Pontian Greeks
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10801:
10790:
10787:
10785:
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10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10724:Pontic Greeks
10722:
10721:
10719:
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10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
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10684:
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10664:
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10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10610:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10581:Sephardi Jews
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10554:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10542:
10538:
10535:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10513:
10509:
10506:
10502:
10499:
10495:
10492:
10488:
10487:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10476:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10431:Ethnic groups
10427:
10418:
10413:
10411:
10406:
10404:
10399:
10398:
10395:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10361:
10355:
10352:
10348:
10347:Mountain Jews
10345:
10343:
10342:Georgian Jews
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10332:Armenian Jews
10330:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10296:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10241:
10237:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10208:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10195:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10175:
10169:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10144:
10140:
10139:in Azerbaijan
10137:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10122:
10118:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10061:
10057:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10019:
10018:Pontic Greeks
10016:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9989:
9986:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9944:
9939:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9807:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9768:
9762:
9759:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9590:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9490:
9483:
9478:
9476:
9471:
9469:
9464:
9463:
9460:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9438:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9389:
9388:North Koreans
9385:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9348:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9329:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9278:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9190:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9111:
9102:
9097:
9095:
9090:
9088:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9055:Pontic Greeks
9051:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8957:
8946:
8945:Pontos (2008)
8941:
8934:
8929:
8921:
8915:
8911:
8904:
8896:
8890:
8886:
8879:
8872:
8867:
8860:
8855:
8848:
8843:
8836:
8831:
8824:
8819:
8811:
8807:
8801:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8757:
8753:
8747:
8739:
8735:
8729:
8721:
8715:
8707:
8701:
8693:
8687:
8679:
8673:
8665:
8659:
8651:
8645:
8637:
8631:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8595:
8587:
8581:
8573:
8567:
8559:
8555:
8549:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8523:
8517:
8509:
8503:
8496:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8479:9783643901071
8475:
8471:
8464:
8462:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8434:
8428:
8420:
8414:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8388:
8382:
8374:
8373:"Sousamopita"
8368:
8360:
8356:
8350:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8320:
8316:
8310:
8302:
8296:
8288:
8282:
8274:
8270:
8264:
8256:
8252:
8246:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8163:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8144:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8125:
8117:
8111:
8107:
8106:
8098:
8090:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8071:
8062:
8053:
8044:
8035:
8026:
8018:
8016:9780860788645
8012:
8008:
8007:
7999:
7992:
7984:
7982:9783956542978
7978:
7974:
7973:
7965:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7942:
7934:
7932:9781838609818
7928:
7924:
7923:
7915:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7863:
7859:
7853:
7845:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7809:
7803:
7794:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7740:
7736:
7729:
7721:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7702:
7694:
7688:
7680:
7676:
7670:
7663:
7659:
7657:9780860782223
7653:
7649:
7648:
7640:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7612:
7604:
7600:
7594:
7586:
7584:9789754790566
7580:
7576:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7548:
7540:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7489:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7432:
7425:
7419:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7374:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7334:
7328:
7320:
7319:
7311:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7283:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7269:
7264:
7256:
7254:9781904597759
7250:
7246:
7245:
7237:
7229:
7227:9781351957229
7223:
7219:
7218:
7210:
7199:
7192:
7184:
7178:
7176:
7167:
7165:9780300052947
7161:
7157:
7156:
7148:
7141:
7133:
7131:9781876832056
7127:
7123:
7122:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7029:
7023:
7016:(in Turkish).
7015:
7009:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6986:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6868:
6867:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6842:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6823:
6815:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6775:9789750114779
6771:
6767:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6696:
6694:9788779344433
6690:
6686:
6685:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6523:
6521:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6473:
6465:
6463:9781904597759
6459:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6386:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6353:
6351:9780674916456
6347:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6326:9780674916456
6322:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6301:9780674916456
6297:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6276:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6160:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5980:9780860780625
5976:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5954:
5952:1-59276-026-0
5948:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5926:
5924:0-88401-091-0
5920:
5916:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5897:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5871:
5862:
5860:9780674240087
5856:
5852:
5845:
5843:
5834:
5832:9780809015931
5828:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5805:
5798:
5783:on 5 May 2013
5782:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5754:9781785333262
5750:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5727:
5720:
5716:
5714:9781317119135
5710:
5706:
5705:
5697:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5588:
5580:(4): 121–124.
5579:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5553:Christianity.
5549:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5461:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5442:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5405:9780674240087
5401:
5397:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5255:
5253:9781134906383
5249:
5245:
5238:
5231:. p. 62.
5230:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5191:
5190:Christianity.
5186:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5024:
5022:9780809015931
5018:
5014:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4994:
4992:9780813511986
4988:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4936:
4928:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4902:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4855:
4849:
4842:
4838:
4836:9781317464006
4832:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4764:
4762:9780520941298
4758:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4739:
4735:
4722:
4717:
4706:
4700:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4678:Ellinopontioi
4675:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4365:Mike Zambidis
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:Arthur Sissis
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Ivan Savvidis
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Venetia Kotta
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3966:
3963:
3959: 130 AD
3953:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:(philosopher)
3908:
3905:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3870:
3866:
3865:The Black Sea
3862:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3740:İmam bayıldın
3736:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:Mike Zambidis
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:Pontian dance
3144:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:Acritic songs
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2795:
2787:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:This section
2759:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:Transcaucasia
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:Palea (Balya)
2429:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Pontus proper
2245:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:Anthony Bryer
2093:
2092:Rize Province
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2039:. Another is
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:was built in
1960:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1834:are visible.
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1698:death marches
1695:
1694:Amasya trials
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:Mustafa Kemal
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1621:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:(1338–1390),
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:in 1204, the
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Golden Fleece
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:at the time.
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
986:Sunni Muslims
983:
979:
975:
970:
962:
960:
955:
951:
948:. Haplogroup
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
878:
876:
873:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
826:primarily to
825:
821:
818:and the 1923
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
767:periods. The
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:The earliest
733:
731:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:indigenous to
669:
665:
661:
655:Ελληνοπόντιοι
647:
642:
637:
633:
625:
621:
620:Pontic Greeks
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
580:
576:
574:
573:Amasya trials
571:
568:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
554:
553:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
528:
527:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:Modern Turkey
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:
441:
440:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
419:
415:
412:
411:
410:
409:
405:
404:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
338:
337:
334:
333:
332:Pontic Greeks
329:
328:
324:
323:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
273:Urum language
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
240:
236:
234:
222:
218:
216:
204:
200:
198:
186:
183:10,000–12,000
182:
180:
168:
164:
162:
150:
146:
144:
132:
128:
126:
114:
110:
108:
96:
91:
80:
75:
68:
63:
58:
46:
43:Pontic Greeks
37:
33:
19:
10468:
10454:Cappadocians
10248:Azerbaijanis
10028:Indo-Iranian
10017:
9541:Imerkhevians
9503:
9312:Bangladeshis
9307:Azerbaijanis
9188:
9047:
9031:
9027:
9012:
8997:
8996:Halo, Thea.
8979:
8960:
8954:Bibliography
8940:
8928:
8909:
8903:
8884:
8878:
8866:
8854:
8842:
8830:
8825:, p. 5.
8818:
8810:Pontos World
8809:
8800:
8792:Pontos World
8791:
8788:"Tsatsoupel"
8782:
8774:Pontos World
8773:
8764:
8756:Pontos World
8755:
8746:
8738:Pontos World
8737:
8728:
8714:
8700:
8686:
8672:
8658:
8644:
8630:
8621:
8612:
8603:
8594:
8580:
8566:
8557:
8548:
8539:
8530:
8516:
8502:
8489:
8485:
8483:
8469:
8451:
8441:
8427:
8413:
8405:Pontos World
8404:
8395:
8381:
8367:
8359:Pontos World
8358:
8349:
8341:the original
8336:
8327:
8319:Pontos World
8318:
8309:
8301:"Fried otia"
8295:
8281:
8272:
8263:
8254:
8245:
8210:
8206:
8180:
8168:Ghostarchive
8166:Archived at
8162:
8143:
8124:
8104:
8097:
8077:
8070:
8061:
8052:
8043:
8034:
8025:
8005:
7998:
7986:
7971:
7964:
7956:
7941:
7921:
7914:
7906:the original
7901:
7892:
7884:the original
7879:
7870:
7861:
7852:
7838:
7830:the original
7825:
7816:
7802:
7793:
7768:
7764:
7754:
7742:. Retrieved
7738:
7728:
7708:
7701:
7687:
7678:
7669:
7661:
7646:
7639:
7624:
7620:
7611:
7602:
7593:
7573:
7566:
7558:the original
7547:
7533:
7524:
7521:"Kov Castle"
7515:
7506:
7496:
7477:
7471:
7463:the original
7458:
7449:
7440:
7431:
7418:
7407:
7397:
7389:
7380:
7371:
7357:
7353:
7340:
7332:
7327:
7317:
7310:
7302:
7298:
7289:
7281:
7275:
7263:
7243:
7236:
7216:
7209:
7191:
7182:
7154:
7147:
7135:
7120:
7113:
7104:
7094:
7077:
7067:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
7022:
7008:
6985:
6968:
6964:
6954:
6942:. Retrieved
6937:
6928:
6916:. Retrieved
6914:(in Turkish)
6911:
6901:
6889:. Retrieved
6884:
6875:
6864:
6849:
6829:
6822:
6813:
6807:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6764:
6757:
6748:
6739:
6730:
6721:
6712:
6703:
6683:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6646:. Retrieved
6642:the original
6632:
6623:
6614:
6606:the original
6592:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6529:
6486:
6482:
6472:
6452:
6445:
6433:. Retrieved
6429:
6420:
6408:. Retrieved
6404:
6394:
6385:
6366:
6360:
6341:
6335:
6316:
6310:
6291:
6285:
6274:
6272:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6232:. Retrieved
6205:
6198:
6176:the original
6171:
6159:
6150:
6144:
6116:
6106:
6097:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6035:
6028:
6003:
5999:
5989:
5970:
5964:
5956:
5942:
5936:
5928:
5914:
5891:
5882:
5850:
5822:
5816:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5785:. Retrieved
5781:the original
5776:
5767:
5758:
5744:
5738:
5726:
5718:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5638:
5629:
5625:
5612:
5599:
5577:
5573:
5560:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5502:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5466:
5463:
5448:
5441:
5421:
5414:
5395:
5376:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5333:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5291:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5257:
5243:
5237:
5224:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5197:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5161:
5141:
5133:
5124:
5110:
5104:
5095:
5081:
5075:
5050:
5046:
5012:
4982:
4976:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4935:
4929:. July 2010.
4921:
4912:
4901:
4892:
4884:the original
4874:
4862:
4848:
4840:
4826:
4820:
4806:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4766:
4746:
4738:
4699:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4334:Iovan Tsaous
4172:Yuri Lodygin
4056:(footballer)
4032:(footballer)
3864:
3855:
3842:
3833:
3823:chaos theory
3818:
3805:
3798:
3787:
3781:
3764:
3752:
3723:
3708:
3703:Mavra laxana
3702:
3693:
3679:
3676:), dumplings
3665:
3651:
3634:
3616:
3610:
3587:stupa torshi
3586:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3556:
3538:
3519:
3507:
3503:
3491:
3467:
3453:
3437:
3422:
3418:French toast
3407:
3398:
3356:
3303:
3288:
3247:
3168:), singular
3148:
3114:
3082:
3047:
3037:, heroic or
3032:
3013:
2994:
2936:
2928:Hagia Sophia
2924:
2912:
2893:and various
2872:
2864:
2855:Pontic Greek
2835:Argyroupolis
2816:
2790:
2781:
2770:Please help
2765:verification
2762:
2708:
2691:
2655:
2542:Panticapaeum
2492:Bathys Limni
2471:
2468:Kars Oblast'
2464:Batum Oblast
2459:
2455:
2369:Oinoe (Ünye)
2241:
2221:
2210:
2191:
2173:founded the
2168:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2136:
2098:, a British
2085:
2070:
2051:
2041:Fatih Mosque
2029:Trapezuntine
2026:
2003:
1971:
1952:
1907:
1896:
1885:
1858:
1844:
1821:
1798:
1771:
1767:Nakip Mosque
1763:
1743:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1712:
1702:
1678:Three Pashas
1667:
1633:
1567:
1555:
1540:
1536:Tourkokratia
1535:
1531:Kara Koyunlu
1507:
1432:Seljuk Turks
1421:
1393:
1346:
1255:
1245:
1196:
1192:
1181:Greek colony
1178:
1175:Roman Crimea
1103:
1062:Benny Morris
1051:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1004:İmam bayıldı
974:ethnic group
971:
968:
942:haplogroup L
939:
911:Ten Thousand
884:
847:Thessaloniki
840:
756:
734:
727:
723:
716:Pontic Greek
707:
663:
659:
619:
617:
578:
398:Architecture
331:
330:
307:Cappadocians
253:Pontic Greek
39:Ethnic group
36:
32:Pontic Greek
27:Ethnic group
10643:Australians
10478:Traditional
10459:Macedonians
10327:Abkhaz Jews
10275:Karapapakhs
10240:Oghuz Turks
9976:Cherkesogai
9971:Armeno-Tats
9872:Circassians
9582:Mingrelians
9561:Meskhetians
9440:From Africa
9374:Koryo-saram
9221:Lithuanians
9149:Belarusians
9122:From Europe
8622:Pontos News
8604:Pontos News
8560:(in Greek).
8454:(in Greek).
8452:Pontos News
8419:"Tsirichta"
8273:Trapezounta
7957:Kara Lahana
7898:"Gumushane"
7603:Daily Sabah
7373:successors.
6489:: 152–153.
6261:(1): 5–29.
6112:Jones, Adam
5787:28 December
5525:Independent
4477:Trapezounta
4367:(kickboxer)
3919:Philetaerus
3915:(historian)
3895:(412 or 404
3690:), pancakes
3631:), porridge
3534:loukoumades
3532:), type of
3497:σουσαμόπιτα
3492:Sousamópita
3488:, flatbread
3433:nettle soup
3416:), Pontian
3333:), diving (
3282:AEP Kozanis
3190:Tik (dance)
3068:(a type of
3039:epic poetry
2915:monasteries
2875:Ionic Greek
2839:agriculture
2682:Pontic Alps
2615:Germonakris
2538:Kerkinitida
2530:Chersonesos
2230:Settlements
2138:Alexios III
2131:Çamlıhemşin
2120:Alexios III
2100:Byzantinist
1983:Hellenistic
1967:Justinian I
1869:Hellenistic
1860:Argonautica
1853:. The poet
1601:bishoprics.
1595:World War I
1488:Alexios III
1460:John Axouch
1418:Middle Ages
1282:Philetaerus
1066:Dror Ze'evi
1053:Megali Idea
1044:Megali Idea
769:Hellenistic
712:Pontic lyra
708:Pyrrhichios
555:Persecution
521:Sunni Islam
490:World War I
416:(including
294:Sunni Islam
237:5,000–5,100
88:– 2,500,000
10718:Categories
10683:Pakistanis
10602:Dodecanese
10541:Dodecanese
10525:Aromanians
10315:in Georgia
10310:in Armenia
10258:Karadaghis
10168:Ukrainians
10156:Doukhobors
10134:in Armenia
10037:Indo-Aryan
9907:Kabardians
9897:Chemirgoys
9860:Abkhazians
9711:Tabasarans
9610:Avar–Andic
9556:Kakhetians
9551:Javakhians
9513:Kartvelian
9431:Vietnamese
9406:Mongolians
9317:Cambodians
9271:Ukrainians
9226:Norwegians
9196:Hungarians
9154:Bulgarians
8947:, imdb.com
8935:, imdb.com
8919:0374199698
8894:0374199698
8873:, imdb.com
8861:, imdb.com
8849:, imdb.com
8837:, imdb.com
8770:"Lavashia"
7902:Karalahana
7880:Karalahana
7826:Karalahana
7744:14 October
6648:17 October
6114:(2010a) .
5687:(4): 124.
5658:(4): 124.
5157:0520247248
5091:1857430638
5047:Ab Imperio
4962:(4): 346.
4731:References
4716:romanized:
4446:Kerasounta
4330:(musician)
4038:(novelist)
3730:made from
3724:Tsatsoupel
3696:, type of
3653:Avgolemono
3202:Pyrecheios
3098:tambourine
3094:Cappadocia
3078:Shiliavrin
3054:Kit violin
2827:Kerasounta
2823:Sampsounta
2641:See also:
2607:Antiphilos
2593:Phanagoria
2581:Germonassa
2397:Themiscyra
2198:Cape Jason
2192:After the
2110:for local
2088:Kiz Castle
2010:Saint Anne
1987:True Cross
1817:necropolis
1731:Katastrofĕ
1662:See also:
1266:Euxine Sea
1159:Euxine Sea
946:Laz people
919:Aegean Sea
782:and later
662:or simply
378:Folk dance
197:Uzbekistan
179:Kazakhstan
10668:Georgians
10663:Filipinos
10653:Bavarians
10638:Assyrians
10529:Italians
10520:Armenians
10512:Souliotes
10491:Arvanites
10485:Albanians
10305:Assyrians
10280:Küresünni
10263:Shahsevan
10220:Karachays
10068:Ossetians
9966:Armenians
9912:Natukhajs
9887:Besleneys
9845:Northwest
9826:Khinalugs
9795:Khwarshis
9648:Godoberis
9643:Chamalals
9633:Bagvalals
9602:(Caspian)
9599:Northeast
9568:Colchians
9526:Adjarians
9521:Georgians
9500:Caucasian
9302:Assyrians
9297:Armenians
9280:From Asia
9256:Spaniards
9236:Romanians
9174:Georgians
9164:Estonians
9129:Albanians
9030:Parakathi
8910:Middlesex
8885:Middlesex
8315:"Piroski"
8237:257163571
8229:2352-6181
7028:"Kaleler"
6977:1224-032X
6944:15 August
6918:18 August
6891:18 August
6584:162253005
6562:: 18–31.
6511:190694842
6435:6 January
6410:5 January
6367:Black Sea
6136:672333335
6094:154870709
6086:2291-1847
5823:Black Sea
5632:(4): 121.
5373:153304089
5330:153304089
5067:131320546
5013:Black Sea
4747:Diasporas
4669:romanized
4633:romanized
4614:Footnotes
4506:, Turkey)
4463:, Turkey)
3835:Middlesex
3812:Thea Halo
3749:In Greece
3694:Foustoron
3520:Tsirichtá
3393:Tsirichtá
3110:accordion
3001:Byzantium
2943:madrassas
2901:Education
2887:loanwords
2819:Trebizond
2575:Essentuki
2428:Adapazarı
2365:Ofis (Of)
1955:Byzantine
1865:Classical
1717:, author
1714:Black Sea
1636:Christian
1575:devshirme
1525:, or the
1510:Mehmed II
1500:Trebizond
1385:Propontis
1149:Antiquity
1128:lived in
1114:Argonauts
1085:Mythology
1023:Black Sea
923:Black Sea
903:Herodotus
899:Argonauts
851:Macedonia
784:Byzantine
765:Classical
753:Black Sea
242:Languages
10698:Russians
10693:Persians
10548:Maltese
10464:Cypriots
10442:Hellenic
10207:Kipchaks
10161:Molokans
10151:Cossacks
10146:Russians
9998:Hellenic
9958:Armenian
9949:European
9917:Shapsugs
9902:Cherkess
9892:Bzhedugs
9882:Adygeans
9848:(Pontic)
9773:(Didoic)
9744:Chechens
9716:Tsakhurs
9638:Botlikhs
9623:Akhvakhs
9546:Ingiloys
9492:Caucasus
9421:Turkmens
9381:Sakhalin
9369:Koreans
9355:Japanese
9341:Iranians
9251:Slovenes
9216:Latvians
9211:Italians
9142:Scottish
9133:British
8859:kai nero
8650:"Havitz"
8355:"Pishia"
8213:(1): 3.
8170:and the
8151:Archived
8132:Archived
7949:Archived
7693:"Turizm"
7459:Haberler
7105:Huffpost
7061:: 35–49.
6997:Archived
6857:(1854).
6801:: 39–56.
6664:"Pontus"
6184:citation
5604:Archived
4705:Georgian
4703:Also in
4595:See also
3976:Medieval
3967:(345–399
3709:Lavashia
3698:omelette
3687:Λαλάγγια
3681:Lalággia
3647:tiropita
3599:Dolmades
3564:βαρένικα
3558:Varenika
3553:), pasta
3529:τσιριχτά
3455:Pirozhki
3428:κιντέατα
3423:Kinteata
3226:Atsiapat
3222:Podaraki
3186:Τρέμουλο
3145:in blue.
3106:clarinet
3020:Anatolia
2981:Matzouka
2849:Language
2784:May 2023
2689:period.
2670:Erzinjan
2668:between
2619:Mariupol
2525:Azov Sea
2452:Erzincan
2309:Kakatsis
2202:Perşembe
2022:tympanum
1959:a castle
1815:. Their
1809:Seleucid
1721:writes:
1674:Anatolia
1543:derebeys
1377:Bithynia
1343:, 400 AD
1294:Pergamon
1257:Anabasis
1252:Xenophon
1205:Bulgaria
1112:and the
1027:Hellenes
1000:boortsog
909:and the
907:Xenophon
895:Anatolia
832:Caucasus
824:migrated
808:Ottomans
804:Komnenos
745:Trapezus
724:Pontiaka
700:clothing
680:Anatolia
664:Pontians
658:), also
508:Religion
418:Oflidika
388:Clothing
280:Religion
261:Georgian
257:Armenian
10673:Indians
10658:Chinese
10648:British
10628:African
10354:Kalmyks
10215:Balkars
10184:Germans
10107:Yazidis
10060:Iranian
9877:Abzakhs
9855:Abazins
9820:Kaitags
9816:Dargins
9790:Hunzibs
9785:Hinukhs
9780:Bezhtas
9701:Lezgins
9686:Budukhs
9653:Karatas
9536:Gurians
9504:(areal)
9411:Nepalis
9365:Kazakhs
9336:Indians
9328:Dungans
9322:Chinese
9287:Afghans
9246:Slovaks
9179:Germans
9137:English
9034:(PhD).
9032:Singing
8981:Anatoli
8269:"Felia"
8255:Cooklos
8182:YouTube
7785:1845120
6503:3642433
6234:23 June
6020:1291371
6006:: 122.
5493:: 108.
5359:: 637.
5316:: 601.
5227:(PhD).
4674:Pontioi
4638:Romaioi
4601:Amaseia
4548:Georgia
4504:Giresun
4461:Trabzon
4404:Gallery
4398:YouTube
4386:YouTube
4128:(boxer)
3944:(85–160
3887:Ancient
3714:Λαβάσια
3579:, drink
3508:Tanofái
3461:πιροσκί
3377:Cuisine
3361:of the
3359:Evzonoi
3319:Olympic
3297:and in
3214:Letsina
3206:Kotsari
3198:Maheria
3154:Persian
3072:), the
3070:Bagpipe
3043:Akritai
3028:ballads
3024:laments
2985:Trabzon
2969:kemençe
2947:Erdogan
2891:Persian
2738:Culture
2715:Armenia
2711:Georgia
2637:, Tira.
2627:Nikonis
2602:Balkans
2561:On the
2160:Dumanlı
2112:Hemshin
1888:Athenae
1847:Giresun
1832:Giresun
1782:Miletus
1670:Ottoman
1644:Trabzon
1527:Safavid
1512:of the
1408:Chaldia
1357:Persian
1248:Trabzon
1238:and an
1221:Romania
1217:Ukraine
1209:Georgia
1189:Miletus
1144:History
1134:Taurica
1122:Amazons
978:Romeika
925:called
859:Ukraine
836:Georgia
794:by the
761:Archaic
729:Romeika
696:cuisine
650:Πόντιοι
632:Turkish
442:History
434:Turkish
414:Romeika
363:Cuisine
269:Turkish
265:Russian
215:Armenia
201:10,000
165:50,000+
147:75,000+
143:Ukraine
129:100,000
125:Georgia
10621:Recent
10590:Turks
10566:Pomaks
10469:Pontic
10449:Greeks
10435:Greece
10298:Others
10270:Bayats
10253:Ayrums
10230:Nogais
10225:Kumyks
10198:Turkic
10177:Others
10121:Slavic
10097:Talysh
10073:Digors
9922:Ubykhs
9809:Others
9771:Tsezic
9761:Ingush
9706:Rutuls
9681:Archin
9668:Lezgic
9658:Tindis
9426:Uzbeks
9401:Kyrgyz
9347:Tajiks
9261:Swedes
9189:Pontic
9184:Greeks
9169:French
9019:
9004:
8967:
8916:
8891:
8493:
8486:sourva
8476:
8235:
8227:
8112:
8085:
8013:
7989:
7979:
7929:
7783:
7716:
7654:
7581:
7484:
7251:
7224:
7162:
7138:
7128:
7034:3 June
6975:
6837:
6772:
6691:
6602:UNESCO
6582:
6576:631221
6574:
6537:
6509:
6501:
6460:
6373:
6348:
6323:
6298:
6134:
6124:
6092:
6084:
6043:
6018:
5977:
5949:
5921:
5857:
5829:
5751:
5711:
5467:pontos
5456:
5429:
5402:
5371:
5328:
5250:
5165:
5154:
5117:
5088:
5065:
5019:
4989:
4833:
4759:
4707::
4642:Romioi
4575:Russia
4544:Batumi
4419:Geneva
4050:(poet)
4023:Modern
3969:
3946:
3936:
3913:Strabo
3901:
3897:
3857:Pontos
3827:cigars
3732:quince
3719:lavash
3673:Μαντία
3667:Mantía
3628:Χαβίτς
3618:Havitz
3611:Briami
3605:Kibbeh
3571:Sourva
3469:Pishía
3259:Amasya
3224:, and
3090:Kemane
3062:Angion
3016:Pontos
3009:Greeks
2989:Turkey
2843:mining
2831:Sinope
2829:, and
2550:Tanais
2521:Crimea
2512:Tsalka
2508:Pytius
2504:Phasis
2313:Kelkit
2261:Aphene
2253:Amasea
2206:Çakrak
2151:After
2020:and a
1991:relics
1920:, and
1778:Strabo
1774:Sinope
1735:
1640:Pontus
1593:after
1581:Modern
1396:vassal
1381:Crimea
1339:Roman
1232:Sinope
1219:, and
1213:Russia
1201:Turkey
1185:Sinope
1173:, and
1138:Crimea
1130:Pontus
1120:. The
1035:Greeks
1031:
1019:per se
1002:, and
996:kuymak
991:havítz
927:Pontus
915:Ionian
891:Pontus
863:Crimea
861:, and
855:Russia
828:Greece
798:, the
749:Amisos
747:, and
741:Sinope
698:, and
692:dances
676:Pontus
670:group
624:Pontic
358:Pontos
249:Modern
233:Turkey
230:
212:
194:
176:
161:Russia
158:
140:
122:
107:Greece
104:
10703:Serbs
10688:Poles
10678:Kurds
10633:Arabs
10595:Crete
10553:Corfu
10534:Corfu
10129:Poles
10083:Kudar
10078:Irons
10011:Urums
9947:Indo-
9754:Aukhs
9749:Kists
9696:Kryts
9676:Aguls
9628:Avars
9618:Andis
9589:Svans
9531:Dvals
9416:Turks
9396:Kurds
9292:Arabs
9266:Swiss
9241:Serbs
9231:Poles
9201:Irish
9159:Danes
8540:Perek
8233:S2CID
7781:JSTOR
7350:(PDF)
7201:(PDF)
6971:(1).
6580:S2CID
6572:JSTOR
6507:S2CID
6499:JSTOR
6170:[
6090:S2CID
6016:JSTOR
5677:(PDF)
5648:(PDF)
5622:(PDF)
5570:(PDF)
5550:: 1.
5505:Bryer
5489:(1).
5369:S2CID
5326:S2CID
5187:: 1.
5063:S2CID
4619:Notes
4373:Video
3728:salsa
3660:Kebab
3642:Περέκ
3636:Perek
3593:Pilav
3583:Stupa
3550:σιρόν
3540:Siron
3479:πιςία
3413:φελία
3408:Felia
3232:Sport
3218:Dipat
3194:Serra
3182:Greek
3178:Χορός
3174:Greek
3170:Horos
3166:Χοροί
3162:Greek
3158:Greek
3143:Horon
3127:Dance
3085:zurna
3074:davul
3066:Tulum
3058:Rebec
2977:zurna
2973:davul
2953:Music
2879:Koine
2635:Olbia
2500:Gonia
2478:(see
2462:(see
2289:Fatsa
2277:Bafra
2046:fatih
2018:apses
1979:Roman
1946:Jesus
1910:Maçka
1892:Pazar
1786:Sinop
1570:Islam
1551:Santa
1236:nymph
1110:Jason
959:Maçka
887:Greek
875:Urums
780:Roman
704:Serra
688:music
668:Greek
646:Greek
547:Urums
429:Greek
382:serra
368:Music
315:Urums
219:9,000
10571:Roma
10322:Jews
10102:Tats
10050:Roma
10045:Loms
9981:Zoks
9865:Sadz
9831:Laks
9800:Tsez
9739:Bats
9731:Nakh
9721:Udis
9691:Jeks
9577:Lazs
9572:Zans
9360:Jews
9206:Jews
9017:ISBN
9002:ISBN
8965:ISBN
8914:ISBN
8889:ISBN
8488:and
8474:ISBN
8225:ISSN
8110:ISBN
8083:ISBN
8011:ISBN
7977:ISBN
7927:ISBN
7746:2010
7714:ISBN
7652:ISBN
7579:ISBN
7482:ISBN
7249:ISBN
7222:ISBN
7160:ISBN
7126:ISBN
7036:2016
6973:ISSN
6946:2020
6920:2020
6893:2020
6835:ISBN
6799:2012
6770:ISBN
6689:ISBN
6650:2008
6535:ISBN
6458:ISBN
6437:2019
6412:2019
6371:ISBN
6346:ISBN
6321:ISBN
6296:ISBN
6236:2014
6190:link
6132:OCLC
6122:ISBN
6082:ISSN
6041:ISBN
5975:ISBN
5947:ISBN
5919:ISBN
5855:ISBN
5827:ISBN
5789:2013
5749:ISBN
5709:ISBN
5454:ISBN
5427:ISBN
5400:ISBN
5248:ISBN
5152:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5097:Sea)
5086:ISBN
5051:2003
5017:ISBN
4987:ISBN
4831:ISBN
4757:ISBN
3486:Pita
3447:ωτία
3438:Otía
3210:Omal
3208:and
3156:and
3108:and
3102:Outi
3083:The
3056:and
3026:and
3005:Kars
2881:and
2877:via
2863:The
2841:and
2717:and
2674:Kars
2672:and
2645:and
2565:and
2510:and
2301:Hopa
2014:Mary
1981:and
1963:Rize
1944:and
1942:Mary
1881:Mary
1688:and
1648:Kars
1646:and
1494:and
1404:Huns
1383:and
1361:Cius
1355:, a
1064:and
905:and
776:Rome
763:and
718:, a
618:The
424:Urum
372:lyra
271:and
251:and
10433:in
9988:Lom
8986:doi
8495:...
8490:tan
8215:doi
7991:...
7773:doi
7629:doi
7362:doi
7136:...
7082:doi
6564:doi
6491:doi
6263:doi
6223:hdl
6215:doi
6074:doi
6008:doi
5495:doi
5361:doi
5318:doi
5284:doi
5167:...
5148:109
5055:doi
4964:doi
4689:,
4396:on
4384:on
3938:BC)
3867:by
3810:by
3625:) (
3623:pnt
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3545:pnt
3526:) (
3524:pnt
3506:or
3476:) (
3474:pnt
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3442:pnt
3431:),
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3200:or
3100:),
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2774:by
2519:In
2474:or
2246:In
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2090:in
1901:in
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393:Art
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