Framing (social sciences)

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versus "losses". For example, Kahneman and Tversky asked participants to choose between two "gain-framed" policy responses to a hypothetical disease outbreak expected to kill 600 people. Response A would save 200 people while Response B had a one-third probability of saving everyone, but a two-thirds probability of saving no one. Participants overwhelmingly chose Response A, which they perceived as the less risky option. Kahneman and Tversky asked other participants to choose between two equivalent "loss-framed" policy responses to the same disease outbreak. In this condition, Response A would kill 400 people while Response B had a one-third probability of killing no one but a two-thirds probability of killing everyone. Although these options are mathematically identical to those given in the "gain-framed" condition, participants overwhelmingly chose Response B, the risky option. Kahneman and Tversky, then, demonstrated that when phrased in terms of potential gains, people tend to choose what they perceive as the less risky option (i.e., the sure gain). Conversely, when faced with a potential loss, people tend to choose the riskier option.

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contrary, when taking into consideration how themes are framed, found that the news media framed its response in such a way that it could be viewed as supporting the idea of some action against terrorism, while concommitantly opposing the initiatives of the President. The news media may well relay what the president says, but it does not necessarily follow that it is framed in the same manner; thus, an echo of the theme, but not of the frame. The present study demonstrates, as seen in Table One , that shortly after 9/11 the news media was beginning to actively counter the Bush administration and beginning to leave out information important to understanding the Bush Administration's conception of the War on Terror. In sum, eight weeks after 9/11, the news media was moving beyond reporting political opposition to the President—a very necessary and invaluable press function—and was instead actively choosing themes, and framing those themes, in such a way that the President's focus was opposed, misrepresented, or ignored.

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leads to the revelation that media coverage may not just elevate a particular consideration, but may also actively suppress a consideration, rendering it less usable for subsequent judgments. The news framing process illustrates that among different aspects of an issue, a certain aspect is chosen over others to characterize an issue or event. For example, the issue of unemployment is described in terms of the cheap labor provided by immigrants. Exposure to the news story activates thoughts correspond to immigrants rather than thoughts related to other aspects of the issue (e.g., legislation, education, and cheap imports from other countries) and, at the same time, makes the former thoughts prominent by promoting their importance and relevance to the understanding of the issue at hand. That is, issue perceptions are influenced by the consideration featured in the news story. Thoughts related to neglected considerations become relegated to the degree that thoughts about a featured consideration are magnified.

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It affects how people look at "deservedness" when it comes to welfare. One end can be seen as political credit, claiming where in-need citizens have a right to claim welfare as a necessity. It is framed as a duty from the government to citizens. In this frame, no one losses because government is doing its duty to maximize the quality of life for its entire society. The other side sees welfare retrenchment as necessary by using framing tactics to shift the blame and responsibility from the government to the citizens. The idea is to convince the public that welfare should be pushed back for their benefit. Contemporary rhetoric, championed by former U.S. President Ronald Reagan, has made the idea of "hard work" their frame to say welfare wouldn't be necessary if people "worked harder". With this contrasting frame, wealthier people are now losing because they are losing money in helping fund welfare benefits to those that "work less" than them. This different frame makes welfare seem like a zero-sum game.

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terrorism, poverty, unemployment, and racial inequality. According to Iyengar, an episodic news frame "takes the form of a case study or event-oriented report and depicts public issues in terms of concrete instances", in other words focusing on specific place in a specific time Thematic news frame "places public issues in some more general abstract context ... directed at general outcomes or conditions", for example exploring commonality that happens in several place and time. Iyengar found that the majority of television news coverage of poverty, for example, was episodic. In fact, in a content analysis of six years of television news, Iyengar found that the typical news viewer would have been twice as likely to encounter episodic rather than thematic television news about poverty.

1237:, are posited against climate action interventions that inherently place constraints on the free economy through support for renewable energy through subsidies or through additional tax on nonrenewable sources of energy. Thus, when climate activists are in conversation with conservative-leaning individuals, it would be advantageous to focus on framing that does not provoke fear of constraint on the free market economy or that insinuates broad-sweeping lifestyle changes. Results of the same study support the notion that "non-climate-based frames for renewable energy are likely to garner broader public support" relative to political context and demonstrate the polarized response to climate-based framing, indicating a deep political polarization of climate change. 416:

effort to provide more conceptual clarity, Entman suggested that frames "select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described". Entman's conceptualization of framing, which suggests frames work by elevating particular pieces of information in salience, is in line with much early research on the psychological underpinnings of framing effects (see also Iyengar, who argues that accessibility is the primary psychological explanation for the existence of framing effects). Wyer and Srull explain the construct of accessibility thus:

1092:, as an issue that has yet to be established as a normative belief, is often subject to dissent in the face of activism and advocacy. Activists engaging in interpersonal, grassroots advocacy in order to elicit more pro-environmental conduct within their social groups, even those engaged in polite confrontation, are subject to negative reactions and social consequences in the face of opposition. Moreover, climate change has the capacity to be defined as a moral issue due to anthropogenic effects on the planet and on other human life, however there are psychological barriers to the acceptance of climate change and subsequent motivation to act in response to the need for intervention. An article in the journal 464:'s plan to hold a rally. Participants in one condition read a news story that framed the issue in terms of public safety concerns while participants in the other condition read a news story that framed the issue in terms of free speech considerations. Participants exposed to the public safety condition considered public safety applicable for deciding whether the Klan should be allowed to hold a rally and, as expected, expressed lower tolerance of the Klan's right to hold a rally. Participants exposed to the free speech condition considered free speech applicable for deciding whether the Klan should be allowed to hold a rally and, as expected, expressed greater tolerance of the Klan's right to hold a rally. 386:

framing of poverty, Iyengar argues that television news shifts responsibility of poverty from government and society to the poor themselves. For example, the news media could use the "laziness and dysfunction" frame, which insinuates the poor would rather stay at home than go to work. After examining content analysis and experimental data on poverty and other political issues, Iyengar concludes that episodic news frames divert citizens' attributions of political responsibility away from society and political elites, making them less likely to support government efforts to address those issue and obscuring the connections between those issues and their elected officials' actions or lack thereof.

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Clawson, and Oxley empirically demonstrated that applicability, rather than their salience, is key. Measuring accessibility in terms of response latency of respondent answers, where more accessible information results in faster response times, Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley demonstrated that accessibility accounted for only a minor proportion of the variance in framing effects while applicability accounted for the major proportion of variance. Therefore, according to Nelson and colleagues, "frames influence opinions by stressing specific values, facts, and other considerations, endowing them with greater apparent relevance to the issue than they might appear to have under an alternative frame."

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labelled 25% fat. In the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of loss vs. gain framing was studied in the use of messages communication COVID-19 risk to the public. Messages framed in terms of gain would say "Wear a mask, save lives". Messages framed in terms of loss would say "if you do not wear a mask, lives will be lost". Results of this studies showed there was no impact on (1) behavioral intentions to follow guidelines to prevent COVID-19 transmission, (2) attitudes to- ward COVID-19 prevention policies, (3) whether participants chose to seek more information about COVID-19, however there was increased self reported anxiety when messages from the media where framed in loss.

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relation to politics. Emotionally charged images are seen as a prominent tool for framing political messages. Visual framing can be effective by putting emphasis on a specific aspect of an issue, a tactic commonly used in portrayal of war and conflict news known as empathy framing. Visual framing that has emotional appeal can be considered more salient. This type of framing can be applied to other contexts, including athletics in relation to athletic disability. Visual framing in this context can reinterpret the perspective on athletic and physical incompetence, a formerly established media stereotype.

929:(framing analysis) as a rhetorical perspective in 1997. His approach begins inductively by looking for themes that persist across time in a text (for Kuypers, primarily news narratives on an issue or event) and then determining how those themes are framed. Kuypers's work begins with the assumption that frames are powerful rhetorical entities that "induce us to filter our perceptions of the world in particular ways, essentially making some aspects of our multi-dimensional reality more noticeable than other aspects. They operate by making some information more salient than other information." 937:

encourages the facts of a given situation to be interpreted by others in a particular manner. Frames operate in four key ways: they define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies. Frames are often found within a narrative account of an issue or event, and are generally the central organizing idea." Kuypers's work is based on the premise that framing is a rhetorical process and as such it is best examined from a rhetorical point of view. Curing the problem is not rhetorical and best left to the observer.

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other than applicability. For instance, Iyengar suggested that news about social problems can influence attributions of causal and treatment responsibility, an effect observed in both cognitive responses and evaluations of political leaders, or other scholars looked at the framing effects on receivers' evaluative processing style and the complexity of audience members' thoughts about issues. Frame setting studies also address how frames can affect how someone thinks about an issue (cognitive) or feels about an issue (affective).

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uses framing to present the facts surrounding an issue in a way that creates the appearance of a problem at hand that requires a solution. Politicians using framing to make their own solution to an exigence appear to be the most appropriate compared to that of the opposition. Counter-arguments become less effective in persuading an audience once one side has framed an argument, because it is argued that the opposition then has the additional burden of arguing the frame of the issue in addition to the issue itself.

1671:(PR) firms often use language to help frame a given issue, structuring the questions that then subsequently emerge. For example, one firm advises clients to use "bridging language" that uses a strategy of answering questions with specific terms or ideas in order to shift the discourse from an uncomfortable topic to a more comfortable one. Practitioners of this strategy might attempt to draw attention away from one frame in order to focus on another. As Lakoff notes, "On the day that 43: 322:

their existing schema to an issue, the implication of that application depends, in part, on what is in that schema. Therefore, generally, the more the audiences know about issues, the more effective are frames. For example, the more an audience knows about the deceitful practices of the tobacco industry, the more effective is the frame of the tobacco industry, rather than individuals who smoke, being responsible for the health impacts of smoking.

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attraction value. Within the framing context, images can obscure issues and facts in effort to frame information. Visuals consist of rhetorical tools such as metaphors, depiction and symbols to portray the context of an event or scene graphically in an attempt to help us better understand the world around us. Images can have a one-to-one correspondence between what is captured on camera and its representation in the real world.

732:(among other applications). According to Bert Klandermans, the "social construction of collective action frames" involves "public discourse, that is, the interface of media discourse and interpersonal interaction; persuasive communication during mobilization campaigns by movement organizations, their opponents and countermovement organizations; and consciousness raising during episodes of collective action". 403:

visual frames as follows: visuals as denotative systems, visuals as stylistic-semiotic systems, visuals as connotative systems and visuals as ideological representations. Researchers caution against relying only on images to understand information. Since they hold more power than text and are more relatable to reality, we may overlook potential manipulations and staging and mistake this as evidence.

1191:'one's own' collective action seems to be the essence of the hope that activists talk about". Additionally, creating a link between climate action and positive emotions such as gratitude and pride, improvements in subjective well-being, and potential for impact permits individuals to perceive their own actions to better the climate as a sustainable, rewarding manner rather than as demotivating. 1133:

dismissal or rationalization of the information that threatened their just-world beliefs". In the case of climate change, the notion of dire messaging is critical to understanding what motivates activism. For example, having a fear of climate change "attributed to the self's incapacity to prevent it may result in withdrawal, while considering someone else responsible may result in anger".

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beautiful Appalachian mountains of West Virginia, where the coal industry became supplanted by massive hubs for green energy jobs and innovation. You can commute easily to DC or New York. Your food is locally grown and distributed through the Urban Agricultural Co-op that educates children about how to grow food, the importance of localization, and how to be more sustainable.

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cognitive schema. Agenda setting relies upon the frequency or prominence of a message's issues to tell people what to think about. Emphasis framing refers to the influence of the structure of the message and agenda setting refers to the influence of the prominence of the content. For example, Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley exposed participants to a news story that presented the

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plays in the effects of media presentation has been widely discussed, with the central notion that associated perceptions of factual information can vary based upon the presentation of the information. Oftentimes journalists do not necessarily develop and use these frames consciously, but they are used as a way to organize ideas and suggest what is an issue in the media.

793:). In addition, they operate as part of the process of constructing meaning for participants and opposers (Snow & Benford, 1988). Sociologists deem the mobilization of mass-movements "successful" when the frames projected align with the frames of participants to produce resonance between the two parties. Researchers of framing speak of this process as 632:, 57% of the subjects chose a medication when presented with benefits in relative terms, whereas only 14.7% chose a medication whose benefit appeared in absolute terms. Further questioning of the patients suggested that, because the subjects ignored the underlying risk of disease, they perceived benefits as greater when expressed in relative terms. 254:, other scholars state that there is a distinction. According to an article written by Donald H. Weaver, framing selects certain aspects of an issue and makes them more prominent in order to elicit certain interpretations and evaluations of the issue, whereas agenda setting introduces the issue topic to increase its salience and accessibility. 313:

stories about the separation of church and state, because the media generally does not frame their stories from a religious point of view. Frame building is a process that influences the creation or changes of frames applied by journalists. The term frame building, borrowed from agenda-setting research, seems to capture these processes best.

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role in how politics is framed. Social media, in particular, allows politicians to communicate their ideologies with concise and precise messaging. Using emotional triggering words, focusing on eliciting fear or anger, to change the way the public feels about a policy is facilitated by the short attention span created by social media.

828:; centrality: the frame cannot be of low hierarchical significance and salience within the larger belief system. Its range and interrelatedness, if the framer links the frame to only one core belief or value that, in itself, has a limited range within the larger belief system, the frame has a high degree of being discounted. 1459:

by several important U.S. media outlets in covering these two tragic misapplications of military force. For the first, the frame emphasized the moral bankruptcy and guilt of the perpetrating nation, for the second, the frame de-emphasized the guilt and focused on the complex problems of operating military high technology.

279:. Today, many volumes of the major communication journals contain papers on media frames and framing effects. Approaches used in such papers can be broadly classified into two groups: studies of framing as the dependent variable and studies of framing as the independent variable. The former usually deals with 161:, that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. In other words, people build a series of mental "filters" through biological and cultural influences. They then use these filters to make sense of the world. The choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame. Framing involves 138:, the study of social interaction among humans. Framing is an integral part of conveying and processing data daily. Successful framing techniques can be used to reduce the ambiguity of intangible topics by contextualizing the information in such a way that recipients can connect to what they already know. 1594:

Because framing can alter the public's perception, politicians disagree on how issues are framed. Hence, the way the issues are framed in the media reflects who is winning the battle. For instance, according to Robert Entman, professor of Communication at George Washington University, in the build-up

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argues that, in order to persuade a political audience of one side of an argument or another, the facts must be presented through a rhetorical frame. It is argued that, without the frame, the facts of an argument become lost on an audience, making the argument less effective. The rhetoric of politics

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The idea of political framing is derived from loss aversion. Politicians want to make their idea less of a risk to potential voters since "People pay more attention to losses than to gains, just as they tend to engage in particular behaviors in the face of losses. Specifically, people take risks when

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Another approach that has proven to be efficacious is the projection of a future utopian society in which all pressing issues have been resolved, offering creative narratives that walk individuals from current problems to future solutions and allow them to choose to serve as a bridge between the two.

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Snow and Benford (1988) regard frame-alignment as an important element in social mobilization or movement. They argue that when individual frames become linked in congruency and complementariness, "frame alignment" occurs, producing "frame resonance", a catalyst in the process of a groresearup making

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Unlike equivalency frames, emphasis frames offer "qualitatively different yet potentially relevant considerations" which individuals use to make judgments. Emphasis framing is distinct from agenda-setting. Emphasis framing represents the changes in the structure of communication to evoke a particular

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The argument supporting accessibility as the psychological process underlying framing can therefore be summarized thus: Because people rely heavily on news media for public affairs information, the most accessible information about public affairs often comes from the public affairs news they consume.

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Along with increasing understanding, visuals can also elevate retention rates, making information easier to remember and recall. Due to the comparable nature of images, grammar rules do not apply. According to researchers, framing is reflected within a four-tiered model, which identifies and analyzes

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Further, experimental results indicate participants who watched episodic news coverage of poverty were more than twice as likely as those who watched thematic news coverage of poverty to attribute responsibility of poverty to the poor themselves rather than society. Given the predominance of episodic

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movement during the 1960s, was among the first to examine media frames from a sociological perspective. Frames, Gitlin wrote, are "persistent patterns of cognition, interpretations, and presentation, of selection emphasis ... largely unspoken and unacknowledged ... organize the world for

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Media framing research has both sociological and psychological roots. Sociological framing focuses on "the words, images, phrases, and presentation styles" that communicators use when relaying information to recipients. Research on frames in sociologically driven media research generally examines the

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in such a way as to encourage certain interpretations and to discourage others. For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that requires a solution. Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own

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The effects of framing can be seen in journalism: the frame surrounding the issue can change the reader's perception without having to alter the actual facts as the same information is used as a base. This is done through the media's choice of certain words and images to cover a story (e.g. using the

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By de-emphasizing the agency and the victims and by the choice of graphics and adjectives, the news stories about the U.S. downing of an Iranian plane called it a technical problem, while the Soviet downing of a Korean jet was portrayed as a moral outrage ... he contrasting news frames employed

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The framing of climate change varies according to the intended audience and their perceived responses to various approaches to activism. In Sweden, research evaluating sustainability in the male-dominated transportation sector suggests that the norms provided by femininity are more likely to advance

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Hope augments a sense of purpose and agency, while enhancing resilience. For climate activists, it is infeasible to decouple hope from fear. However, when deconstructing the hope that others will take necessary actions, hope is generated through faith in one's own capacity, indicating that "trust in

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indicated that they are "instead more acutely frightened, less hopeful, and more angered, ascribing guilt – responsibility – to northern countries. These differences may indicate a relatively depoliticized activist approach to climate change in the north, as opposed to a more politicized approach in

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A 2020 published theory suggests that judged usability (i.e., the extent to which a consideration featured in the message is deemed usable for a given subsequent judgment) may be an important mediator of cognitive media effects like framing, agenda setting, and priming. Emphasizing judged usability

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The truth is that the wealthy have received more from America than most Americans—not just wealth but the infrastructure that has allowed them to amass their wealth: banks, the Federal Reserve, the stock market, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the legal system, federally sponsored research,

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In media, to frame is "to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication context, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, casual interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described". The role framing

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Political framing has also affected other policies besides climate change. Welfare, for example, has been subjected to political framing to shift public opinion on the implementation of the policy. The sheer flux of different frames is conducive to the change of public opinion throughout the years.

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Another 2017 study shows that fear motivates action through raising awareness of the threat of climate catastrophe. Fear's paralyzing potential is mediated by hope: Hope propels action, while collective action generates hope while also managing fear. The danger-alerting capacity of fear is embraced

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trade-off theory defines choice as a compromise between desires, either as a preference for a correct decision or a preference for minimized cognitive effort. This model, which dovetails elements of cognitive and motivational theories, postulates that calculating the value of a sure gain takes much

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Chong and Druckman suggest framing research has mainly focused on two types of frames: equivalency and emphasis frames. Equivalency frames offer "different, but logically equivalent phrases", which cause individuals to alter their preferences. Equivalency frames are often worded in terms of "gains"

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Perhaps because of their use across the social sciences, frames have been defined and used in many disparate ways. Entman called framing "a scattered conceptualization" and "a fractured paradigm" that "is often defined casually, with much left to an assumed tacit understanding of the reader". In an

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emphasized the role of cultural context as a shaper of frames when he posited that the meaning of a frame has implicit cultural roots. This context dependency of media frames has been described as 'cultural resonance' or 'narrative fidelity'. As an example, most people might not notice the frame in

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Observers will read events seen as purely physical or within a frame of "nature" differently from those seen as occurring with social frames. But we do not look at an event and then "apply" a frame to it. Rather, individuals constantly project into the world around them the interpretive frames that

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According to Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor, human beings are by nature "cognitive misers", meaning they prefer to do as little thinking as possible. Frames provide people a quick and easy way to process information. Hence, people will use the previously mentioned mental filters (a series of

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The current tax code is full of inequities. Many single moms face higher marginal tax rates than the wealthy. Couples frequently face a higher tax burden after they marry. The majority of Americans cannot deduct their charitable donations. Family farms and businesses are sold to pay the death tax.

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Political communication scholars adopted framing tactics since political rhetoric was around. Advances in technology have shifted the communication channels they were delivered on. From oral communication, written material, radio, television, and most recently, social media have played a prominent

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is built. Decision-making processes are informed by a myriad of factors including values, beliefs, and normative behaviors. In the United States, individuals have been most effectively motivated to support climate change policies when a public health frame has been employed. This frame reduces the

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involves the "linkage of two or more ideologically congruent but structurally unconnected frames regarding a particular issue or problem" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 467). It involves the linkage of a movement to "unmobilized sentiment pools or public opinion preference clusters" (p. 467) of

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Tversky and Kahneman (1981) demonstrated systematic when the same problem is presented in different ways, for example in the Asian disease problem. Participants were asked to "imagine that the U.S. is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual Asian disease, which is expected to kill 600 people. Two

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In other words, while early research suggested that by highlighting particular aspects of issues, frames make certain considerations more accessible and therefore more likely to be used in the judgment process, more recent research suggests that frames work by making particular considerations more

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Visual framing refers to the process of using images to portray certain parts of reality. Visuals can be used to manifest meaning alongside textual framing. Text and visuals function best simultaneously. Advancement in print and screen-based technologies has resulted in merging of the two modes in

1585:. That word was "framing." Exactly what it means to "frame" issues seems to depend on which Democrat you are talking to, but everyone agrees that it has to do with choosing the language to define a debate and, more important, with fitting individual issues into the contexts of broader story lines. 571:

Programs A and C are identical, as are programs B and D. The change in the decision frame between the two groups of participants produced a preference reversal: when the programs were presented in terms of lives saved, the participants preferred the secure program, A (= C). When the programs were

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Scheufele, however, argues that, unlike agenda setting and priming, framing does not rely primarily on accessibility, making it inappropriate to combine framing with agenda setting and priming for the sake of parsimony. Empirical evidence seems to vindicate Scheufele's claim. For example, Nelson,

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There are a number of levels and types of framing effects that have been examined. For example, scholars have focused on attitudinal and behavioral changes, the degrees of perceived importance of the issue, voting decisions, and opinion formations. Others are interested in psychological processes

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Political leaders provide their personal photographers and videographers with access to private moments that are off-limits to journalists. The news media then faces an ethical dilemma of whether to republish freely available digital handouts that project the politician's desired frame but which

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Relevance of the frame to the realities of the participants; a frame must seem relevant to participants and must also inform them. Empirical credibility or testability can constrain relevancy: it relates to participant experience, and has narrative fidelity, meaning that it fits in with existing

759:. Goffman used the idea of frames to label "schemata of interpretation" that allow individuals or groups "to locate, perceive, identify, and label" events and occurrences, thus rendering meaning, organizing experiences, and guiding actions. Goffman's framing concept evolved out of his 1959 work, 406:

Images can be representative of ideologies by ascertaining underlying principles that constitute our basic attributes by combining symbols and stylistic features of an image into a process of coherent interpretation. One study indicates visual framing is prominent in news coverage, especially in

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When people are exposed to a novel news frame, they will accept the constructs made applicable to an issue, but they are significantly more likely to do so when they have existing mindset for those settings. This is called the applicability effect. That is, when new frames invite people to apply

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The press actively contested the framing of the War on Terror as early as eight weeks following 9/11. This finding stands apart from a collection of communication literature suggesting the press supported the President or was insufficiently critical of the President's efforts after 9/11. To the

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The four main tenets of motivation as elucidated by Positive Psychology are agency, compassion, resilience, and purpose. When applied to climate action, the 4th edition textbook Psychology for Sustainability, further expands upon these tenets as they relate to sustainability and as catalysts of

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When this happens, the securing of participants and support requires new values, new meanings and understandings. Goffman (1974, pp. 43–44) calls this "keying", where "activities, events, and biographies that are already meaningful from the standpoint of some primary framework, in terms of

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In 1988 Irwin Levin and Gary Gaeth did a study on the effects of framing attribute information on consumers before and after consuming a product (1988). In this study, they found that in a study on beef, people who ate beef labeled as 75% lean rated it more favorably than people whose beef was

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In recent decades, climate change has become deeply politicized and often, initiatives to address or conceptualize climate change are palatable to one contingency, while deeply contentious to the other. Thus, it is important to frame climate activism in a way that is tangible for the audience,

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Images are more preferable than text since they are less intrusive than words and require less cognitive load. From a psychological perspective, images activate nerve cells in the eyes in order to send information to the brain. Images can also generate a stronger emotional appeal and have high

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It's 2050, your electric vehicle is parked and ready to go next to your zero emission home, but you choose to take the extremely efficient, green, clean, rapid transit system that is accessible from most places in the United States and subsidized for low-income citizens. Maybe you live in the

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supports the notion that some individuals must rely on their presupposition of a just-world in order to substantiate beliefs. "Research on just-world theory has demonstrated that when individuals' need to believe in a just world is threatened, they commonly employ defensive responses, such as

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Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. In B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi, & S. Tarrow (Eds.), International social movement research. Vol. 1, From structure on action: Comparing social movement research across cultures (pp. 197–217).

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administration and the U.S. mainstream news media between 2001 and 2005. Kuypers looked for common themes between presidential speeches and press reporting of those speeches, and then determined how the president and the press had framed those themes. By using a rhetorical version of framing

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and his 2010 essay "Framing Analysis as a Rhetorical Process", Kuypers offers a detailed conception for doing framing analysis from a rhetorical perspective. According to Kuypers, "Framing is a process whereby communicators, consciously or unconsciously, act to construct a point of view that

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Research on frames in psychologically driven media research generally examines the effects of media frames on those who receive them. For example, Iyengar explored the impact of episodic and thematic news frames on viewers' attributions of responsibility for political issues including crime,

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McAdam, D., McCarthy, J., & Zald, M. (1996). Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes—Toward a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements. In D. McAdam, J. McCarthy & M. Zald (Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements; Political

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Studies indicate that consumers who exhibit a predisposition to environmentally conscious, "green" behaviors are perceived across the gender spectrum as being more feminine, enforcing a "Green Feminine" stereotype. Climate activism is viewed as an effeminate act, undermining hallmarks of

1222:" share the core values of security, purity, stability, tradition, social hierarchy, order, and individualism. Research finds that framing environmental protection as consistent with the more values of "purity" and sanctity can increase conservatives support for environmental protection. 810:"The robustness, completeness, and thoroughness of the framing effort". Snow and Benford (1988) identify three core framing-tasks, and state that the degree to which framers attend to these tasks will determine participant mobilization. They characterize the three tasks as the following: 210:, which simplify reality by focusing on a subset of relevant aspects of a situation or issue. In the case of "equivalence frames", the information being presented is based on the same facts, but the "frame" in which it is presented changes, thus creating a reference-dependent perception. 439:, under the umbrella of agenda setting as a complex model of media effects that links media production, content, and audience effects. Indeed, McCombs, Llamas, Lopez-Escobar, and Rey justified their attempt to combine framing and agenda-setting research on the assumption of parsimony. 247:

allow them to make sense of it; we only shift frames (or realize that we have habitually applied a frame) when incongruity calls for a frame-shift. In other words, we only become aware of the frames that we always already use when something forces us to replace one frame with another.

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Pan. Z. & Kosicki, G. M. (2001). Framing as a strategic action in public deliberation. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, Jr., & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world, (pp. 35–66). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

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Dorison, Charles A.; Lerner, Jennifer S.; Heller, Blake H.; Rothman, Alexander J.; Kawachi, Ichiro I.; Wang, Ke; Rees, Vaughan W.; Gill, Brian P.; Gibbs, Nancy; Ebersole, Charles R.; Vally, Zahir; Tajchman, Zuzanna; Zsido, Andras N.; Zrimsek, Mija; Chen, Zhang (September 1, 2022).

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This intergenerational, positive approach generates a sense of excitement about climate action in individuals and offers creative solutions that they may choose to take part in. For example, a public service announcement pertaining to climate change could be framed as follows:

334:

News media frame all news items by emphasizing specific values, facts, and other considerations, and endowing them with greater apparent applicability for making related judgments. News media promotes particular definitions, interpretations, evaluations and recommendations.

274:

discourse on the creation of rhetorical meaning relates directly to framing, although he references it little. To be specific, framing effects refer to behavioral or attitudinal strategies and/or outcomes that are due to how a given piece of information is being framed in

1124:

Climate activism manifests itself through a range of expressions. One aspect of climate change framing that is commonly observed is the frame of dire messaging that has been criticized as alarmist and pessimistic, resulting in a dismissal of evidence-based messages.

1804:

The "collective property" frame, which implies that property owned by individuals is really owned by a collective in which those individuals are members. This collective can be a territorial one, such as a nation, or an abstract one that does not map to a specific

1691:

And the owners of the most successful small businesses share nearly half of their income with the government. President Bush's tax cut will greatly reduce these inequities. It is a fair plan that is designed to provide tax relief to everyone who pays income taxes.

1149:"internally", but is rejected as an effective emotion in motivating people to mobilize. Research has shown that dire messaging reduces the efficacy of advocacy initiatives through demotivation of individuals, lower levels of concern, and decreased engagement. 1241:

they believe it helps them avert a loss, but when they face a gain, they opt for risk-averse strategies that maintain status quo". They will communicate it in a way that can convince themselves that they are not losing by agreeing with their ideology.

1048:

and Global Climate Strike have evolved into events attended by millions of activists and citizens around the world annually. Climate activism has been reinvigorated by an insurgence of young people on the frontlines of dialogue and advocacy.

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refers to "the clarification and invigoration of an interpretive frame that bears on a particular issue, problem, or set of events" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 469). This interpretive frame usually involves the invigorating of values or

362:

influence of "social norms and values, organizational pressures and constraints, pressures of interest groups, journalistic routines, and ideological or political orientations of journalists" on the existence of frames in media content.

5258:

Pan, Z. & Kosicki, G. M. (2005). Framing and the understanding of citizenship. In S. Dunwoody, L. B. Becker, D. McLeod, & G. M. Kosicki (Eds.), Evolution of key mass communication concepts, (pp. 165–204). New York: Hampton

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took office, the words "tax relief" started coming out of the White House." By refocusing the structure away from one frame ("tax burden" or "tax responsibilities"), individuals can set the agenda of the questions asked in the future.

1705:

patents, tax supports, the military protection of foreign investments, and much much more. American taxpayers support the infrastructure of wealth accumulation. It is only fair that those who benefit most should pay their fair share.

1267:

policies". This suggests that masculinity is often portrayed as the norm in many sectors and substantiates the link between women and a sustainability ethic that is critically missing from many male-dominated sectors and industries.

527:. The context or framing of problems adopted by decision-makers results in part from extrinsic manipulation of the decision-options offered, as well as from forces intrinsic to decision-makers, e.g., their norms, habits, and unique 243:" (they winked). The blink may be due to a speck of dust (resulting in an involuntary and not particularly meaningful reaction). The wink may imply a voluntary and meaningful action (to convey humor to an accomplice, for example). 1454:. After evaluating various levels of media coverage, based on both amount of airtime and pages devoted to similar events, Entman concluded that the frames the events were presented in by the media were drastically different: 1850:

is an ineffective framing due to its identification as a leftist advocacy issue. The organization has suggested to government officials and environmental groups that alternate formulations of the issues would be more

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Goffman offers the example of the woman bidding on a mirror at an auction who first examines the frame and surface for imperfections, and then "checks" herself in the mirror and adjusts her hat. See Goffman, Erving.

842:

Snow and Benford (1988) propose that once someone has constructed proper frames as described above, large-scale changes in society such as those necessary for social movement can be achieved through frame-alignment.

627:

Researchers have found that framing decision-problems in a positive light generally results in less-risky choices; with negative framing of problems, riskier choices tend to result. In a study by researchers at

426:

Because people tend to retrieve only a small portion of information from long-term memory when making judgments, they tend to retrieve the most accessible pieces of information to use for making those judgments.

1884:

which is called a schema) to make sense of incoming messages. This gives the sender and framer of the information enormous power to use these schemas to influence how the receivers will interpret the message.

1086:

sense of ambiguity and dissociation often elicited by talk of melting ice sheets and carbon emissions by placing climate issues in a local context for the individual, whether in their country, state, or city.

4134:

Kronsell, Annica; Smidfelt Rosqvist, Lena; Winslott Hiselius, Lena (September 13, 2016). "Achieving climate objectives in transport policy by including women and challenging gender norms: The Swedish case".

872:

represent a movement's effort to incorporate participants by extending the boundaries of the proposed frame to include or encompass the views, interests, or sentiments of targeted groups (Snow et al., 1986,

953:

is constantly shaped and reshaped by dialogue at the local, national, and international level pertaining to climate change as well as by evolving societal norms and values. Beginning with the 19th century

2980:

Wyer, R.S. Jr.; Srull, T.K. (1984). "Category Accessibility: Some theoretic and empirical issues concerning the processing of social stimulus information". In E.T. Higgins; N.A. Kuiper; M.P Zanna (eds.).

1262:

of the sector. This is evident throughout the study, which goes on to indicate that the "mobility patterns, behavior, and attitudes of women suggest norms that are more conducive to decarbonized and more

1762:

in 2007 implied that the United States deliberately increased the scope of conflict in a provocative manner and possibly implies that U.S. strategy entails a long-term military presence in Iraq, whereas

879:

becomes necessary when the proposed frames "may not resonate with, and on occasion may even appear antithetical to, conventional lifestyles or rituals and extant interpretive frames" (Snow et al., 1986,

658:

explains the framing-effect in functional terms, determined by preferences for differing perceived values, based on the assumption that people give a greater weighting to losses than to equivalent gains.

4781:"Lee, B., Mcleod, D. (2020). Reconceptualizing Cognitive Media Effects Theory and Research Under the Judged Usability Model. Review of Communication Research, 8, 17–50. doi: 10.12840/ISSN.2255-4165.022" 838:(Tarrow 1983a; 1983b); the point at which the frame emerges on the timeline of the current era and existing preoccupations with social change. Previous frames may affect efforts to impose a new frame. 235:

When we want to explain an event, our understanding is often based on our interpretation (frame). If someone rapidly closes and opens an eye, we react differently based on if we interpret this as a "

3957:

Hazboun, Shawn Olson; Briscoe, Michael; Givens, Jennifer; Krannich, Richard (2019). "Keep quiet on climate: Assessing public response to seven renewable energy frames in the Western United States".

4181:

Brough, Aaron R.; Wilkie, James E. B.; Ma, Jingjing; Isaac, Mathew S.; Gal, David (2016). "Is Eco-Friendly Unmanly? The Green-Feminine Stereotype and Its Effect on Sustainable Consumption".

705:(fMRI) to monitor brain-activity during a financial decision-making task, they observed greater activity in the OMPFC of those research subjects less susceptible to the framing effect. 668:

forces affecting individuals, such as fears and wishes—based on the notion that negative emotions evoked by potential losses usually out-weigh the emotions evoked by hypothetical gains.

6716: 6636: 4599: 615:, risk-averse choices predominate. A shift toward risk-seeking behavior occurs when a decision-maker frames decisions in negative terms, or adopts a negative framing effect. In 4850:

Aziz, S., Imtiaz, A., & Saeed, R. (2022). Framing COVID-19 in Pakistani mainstream media: An analysis of newspaper editorials. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 2043510.

1218:" share the core values of care, openness, egalitarianism, collective good, possess a tolerance for uncertainty or ambiguity, and an acceptance of change; while right-leaning " 5069:

Heal, J. (1996), "Simulation, Theory, and Content", in Theories of Theories of Mind, eds. P. Carruthers & P. Smith, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75–89.

4784: 1751:". The difference between these two framings is in the implied response. Crime connotes bringing criminals to justice, putting them on trial and sentencing them, whereas as 1280:

maintenance, "men's environmental choices can be influenced by gender cues, results showed that following a gender-identity (vs. age) threat, men were less likely to choose

806:

the transition from one frame to another (although not all framing efforts prove successful). The conditions that affect or constrain framing efforts include the following:

198:

One can view framing in communication as positive or negative – depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented. The framing may be in the form of

347:

first defined the concept of framing as "a spatial and temporal bounding of a set of interactive messages" (A Theory of Play and Fantasy, 1954, reproduced in his 1972 book

1862:

argues that the justification within liberal-democracies for war, and atrocities committed in the course of war, (referring specifically to the current war in Iraq and to

173:

sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. Participation in a language community necessarily influences an individual's

1628:

urged conservatives to restrict themselves to phrases from what he calls ... the "New American Lexicon." Thus, a smart Republican, in Luntz's view, never advocates "

5436:

Tarrow, S. (1983b). "Resource mobilization and cycles of protest: Theoretical reflections and comparative illustrations". Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the

1801:

and that taxpayers have a right to control public funds that are the shared property of all citizens and also privileges individual self-interest above group interest.

1778:

will solve a given problem; an opposing frame presents the same problem as systematic or structural to the institution itself—a source of infectious and spreading rot.

423:

People organize "referent bins" such that more frequently and recently used pieces of information are stored at the top of the bins and are therefore more accessible.

6741: 6577: 6572: 6567: 611:

People generally prefer the absolute certainty inherent in a positive framing-effect, which offers an assurance of gains. When decision-options appear framed as a

4475: 1722:. In addition to generating new frames, politically oriented framing research aims to increase public awareness of the connection between framing and reasoning. 5495: 652:, attempt to explain the framing-effect by determining the amount of cognitive processing effort devoted to determining the value of potential gains and losses. 6260: 1595:

to the Gulf War the conservatives were successful in making the debate whether to attack sooner or later, with no mention of the possibility of not attacking.

302:

Organizational (e.g., features of the media organization such as political orientation, professional routines, relationships with government and elites, etc.).

6033: 5433:(1983a). "Struggling to Reform: social Movements and policy change during cycles of protest". Western Societies Paper No. 15. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. 1870:) entails a framing of the (especially Muslim) 'other' as pre-modern/primitive and ultimately not human in the same way as citizens within the liberal order. 1026: 6902: 2518:

Husmann, M. A. (2015). Social Constructions of obesity target population: An empirical look at obesity policy narratives. Policy Sciences, 48(4), 415–442.

1686:". In this frame, use of the concept "relief" entails a concept of (without mentioning the benefits resulting from) taxes putting strain on the citizen: 540:

alternative programs to combat the disease have been proposed. Assume the exact scientific estimate of the consequences of the programs are as follows."

435:

as part of the second level of agenda setting. McCombs and other agenda-setting scholars generally agree that framing should be incorporated, along with

3329:

Malenka, David J.; Baron, John A.; Johansen, Sarah; Wahrenberger, Jon W.; Ross, Jonathan M. (1993). "The framing effect of relative and absolute risk".

6584: 4637: 4374:

Jim A. Kuypers, Stephen D. Cooper, Matthew T. Althouse, "George W. Bush, The American Press, and the Initial Framing of the War on Terror after 9/11",

4361:

Jim A. Kuypers, Stephen D. Cooper, Matthew T. Althouse, "George W. Bush, The American Press, and the Initial Framing of the War on Terror after 9/11",

1096:

by Ezra Markowitz and Azim Shariff emphasizes six psychological challenges, listed below, posed by climate change to the human moral judgement system:

4736:

Marland, Alex (2012). "Political photography, journalism and framing in the digital age: Management of visual media by the prime minister of Canada".

2825:

Rose, M., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2013). Framing the poor: Media coverage and u.s. poverty policy, 1960–2008. Policy Studies Journal, 41(1), 22–53.

6557: 6109: 512: 4970: 3641: 295:

Frame-building research has typically recognized at least three main sets of influences that may impact the way journalists frame a certain issue:

6452: 1632:"; he prefers "exploring for energy." He should never criticize the "government," which cleans our streets and pays our firemen; he should attack " 516: 236: 3164:

Cacciatore, Michael A.; Dietram A. Scheufele; Shanto Iyengar (2016). "The End of Framing as We Know It ... and the Future of Media Effects".

5075: 4669:

Bleich, Sara (2007). "Is It All in a Word? The Effect of Issue Framing on Public Support for U.S. Spending on HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries".

5373:

Snow, D. A.; Rochford, E. B.; Worden, S. K.; Benford, R. D. (1986). "Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation".

3503:

Snow, D. A.; Rochford, E. B.; Worden, S. K.; Benford, R. D. (1986). "Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation".

3735:

Feinberg, Matthew; Willer, Robb (2011). "Apocalypse Soon?: Dire Messages Reduce Belief in Global Warming by Contradicting Just-World Beliefs".

1030: 472:

Preference reversals and other associated phenomena are of wider relevance within behavioural economics, as they contradict the predictions of

240: 53: 4418:"In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries" 3053:

McCombs, M.F.; Llamas, J.P.; Lopez-Escobar, E.; Rey, F. (1997). "Candidate images in Spanish elections: Second-level agenda-setting effects".

6765: 6721: 6527: 6202: 2425:

Gamson, W. A.; Modigliani, A. (1987). "The changing culture of affirmative action". In Braungart, Richard G.; Braungart, Margaret M. (eds.).

110:

comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about

1808:

Program-names that may describe only the intended effects of a program but may also imply their effectiveness. These include the following:

7599: 6748: 4226:"Do Tax Expenditures Create Framing Effects – Volunteer Firefighters, Property Tax Exemptions, and the Paradox of Tax Expenditure Analysis" 4500: 4388:

Entman, R. M. (1991). "Symposium Framing U.S. Coverage of International News: Contrasts in Narratives of the KAL and Iran Air Incidents".

6790: 6731: 5269: 2744:

Scheufele, D.A. (2000). "Agenda-setting, priming, and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication".

6545: 6437: 6104: 4516: 1100:

Abstractness and cognitive complexity: the abstract nature of climate change makes it non-intuitive and cognitively effortful to grasp

6077: 1288:

and substantiate the cognitive association between women and green behavior include empathy and the capacity for self-transcendence.

1002:, published in 1962, revealed the environmental and human health harms of pesticides and successfully advocated for the cessation of 761: 4600:

Lakoff, G. (2006). "Simple framing: an introduction to framing and its uses in politics". Cognitive Policy Works/Rockridge Institute

1606:(unpopular in the United States) as "public protection attorneys". Though Americans have not generally adopted this suggestion, the 1009:

The concept of global climate change and subsequently the activism space pertaining to the climate took off in the 1970s. The first

395:

information dissemination. Since each mode has its limitations, they are best used together and are interlinked in forming meaning.

7894: 5658: 4225: 1640:," Luntz wrote, "because we will then be asked to defend or end the practice of allowing companies to ship American jobs overseas." 1574: 283:(i.e. how frames create societal discourse about an issue and how different frames are adopted by journalists) and latter concerns 4932:

Framing the Debate: Famous Presidential Speeches and How Progressives Can Use Them to Control the Conversation (and Win Elections)

2224:

van der Pas, D. (2014). "Making Hay While the Sun Shines: Do Parties Only Respond to Media Attention When The Framing is Right?".

1103:

The blamelessness of unintentional action: The human moral judgement system is finely tuned to react to intentional transgressions

1069:, the Global Youth Climate Action Declaration (GYCAD), ZeroHour, among others working at both the transnational and local levels. 885:

another framework" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 474) such that they are seen differently. Two types of frame transformation exist:

6994: 6758: 6589: 6552: 6150: 5090: 5072:

Johnson-Cartee, K. (2005). News narrative and news framing: Constructing political reality. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

1653:: by consistently invoking a particular frame, the framing party may effectively control discussion and perception of the issue. 1607: 1255: 476:, the basis of traditional economics. Framing biases affecting investing, lending, borrowing decisions make one of the themes of 9595: 6507: 6160: 3855: 6441: 5279: 4572: 4060: 3877: 3023:

McCombs, M.E.; Shaw, D.L. (1993). "The evolution of agenda-setting research: Twenty-five years in the marketplace of ideas".

2434: 2195: 1863: 1276:

and underscoring the gender gap in a care-based concern for the climate. Additionally, as a result of theories pertaining to

702: 2681:

Nelson, T.E.; Clawson, R.A.; Oxley, Z.M. (1997). "Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance".

8958: 8613: 4520: 2608: 1022: 1649:

From a political perspective, framing has widespread consequences. For example, the concept of framing links with that of

1229:

usage in the Western United States used seven varying frames in order to assess the efficacy of framing renewable energy.

7495: 6711: 6114: 5921: 5604:. "The framing of the issue as 'a fair, up-or-down vote,' Republican strategists believe, is the most advantageous one". 1718:

through which participants can comprehend and discuss an issue. They form a part not just of political discourse, but of

1137: 550:

Program B: "there is a 1/3 probability that 600 people will be saved, and a 2/3 probability that no people will be saved"

11132: 4949:

Ford, K.M. & Hayes, P.J. (eds.) (1991), Reasoning Agents in a Dynamic World: The Frame Problem, New York: JAI Press.

4611:

Zhang, Juyan (2007). "Beyond anti-terrorism: Metaphors as message strategy of post-September-11 U.S. public diplomacy".

2530:

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

2179:

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

1333:

analysis, Kuypers determined that the U.S. news media advanced frames counter to those used by the Bush administration:

11874: 6617: 6182: 5555: 1140:

embrace fear as a motivation, but "emphasize hope, reject guilt, and treat anger with caution". Interviewees from the

11884: 7525: 6399: 6012: 5534: 5437: 5330: 5087: 4914:

Cutting, Hunter and Makani Themba Nixon (2006). Talking the Walk: A Communications Guide for Racial Justice: AK Press

4875: 4086:"Deserving social benefits? Political framing and media framing of 'deservingness' in two welfare reforms in Denmark" 3613: 2368: 2288: 2267: 2205: 1219: 1057:

which now has active chapters in scores of countries around the world. Other active youth-led climate groups include

966:

detailing his experiences with the natural environment and augmented by the work of other transcendentalists such as

87: 17: 851:

Frame-alignment comes in four forms: frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension and frame transformation.

8550: 7592: 7490: 6952: 6297: 4652: 1560: 1556: 5284:

Russell, S. & Wefald, E. (1991), Do the Right Thing: Studies in Limited Rationality, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

5163:

Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings (pp. 1–20). New York: Cambridge University Press.

4943:

Fodor, J.A. (1987), "Modules, Frames, Fridgeons, Sleeping Dogs, and the Music of the Spheres", in Pylyshyn (1987).

11909: 10872: 8885: 8543: 8331: 6770: 6099: 6067: 5613: 5191:, in Machine Intelligence 4, ed. D.Michie and B.Meltzer, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 463–502. 1578: 1215: 1214:

finding means of communicating while minimizing provocation. In the context of the United States, left-leaning "

557:

The second group of participants was presented with the choice between the following: In a group of 600 people,

11904: 11894: 10095: 9791: 6780: 6753: 6690: 6209: 5627:'Framing effect' influences decisions: Emotions play a role in decision-making when information is too complex" 5601: 4888: 65: 5066:

Hayes, P.J. (1991), "Artificial Intelligence Meets David Hume: A Reply to Fetzer", in Ford & Hayes (1991).

974:, also from the late 19th century, advocated for the preservation of Earth for its own sake, establishing the 11665: 11454: 7151: 6887: 6631: 6512: 6318: 4296:"The effects of community pluralism on press coverage of health risks from local environmental contamination" 3642:"The norms associated with climate change: Understanding social norms through acts of interpersonal activism" 1867: 1732: 1054: 1700:

Alternative frames may emphasize the concept of taxes as a source of infrastructural support to businesses:

564:

Program D: "there is a 1/3 probability that nobody will die, and a 2/3 probability that 600 people will die"

8760: 6785: 6540: 6447: 5819: 5651: 4811:"How Consumers are Affected by the Framing of Attribute Information Before and After Consuming the Product" 1923: 1764: 1329: 5194:

McDermott, D. (1987), "We've Been Framed: Or Why AI Is Innocent of the Frame Problem", in Pylyshyn (1987).

892:

Global interpretive frame-transformation, where the scope of change seems quite radical—as in a change of

222:). In the context of politics or mass-media communication, a frame defines the packaging of an element of 10782: 9069: 8354: 7585: 7566: 6987: 6897: 6892: 6342: 6129: 6124: 5829: 5734: 4993: 3255: 1948: 1447: 605: 499: 349: 203: 119: 31: 4587: 4040: 3994:"Framing Political Risks: Individual Differences and Loss Aversion in Personal and Political Situations" 1180:

Compassion: Noticing, feeling, and responding to others' suffering arising from a sense of connectedness

543:

The first group of participants was presented with a choice between programs: In a group of 600 people,

11729: 11646: 9864: 9292: 9113: 6907: 6337: 5780: 5693: 4911:

Clark, A. (1997), Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

4867: 1736: 1663: 5347:

Models of Man, Social and Rational: Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behavior in a Social Setting

5027:

Haselager, W.F.G. (1997). Cognitive science and folk psychology: the right frame of mind. London: Sage

1165:

is most efficacious in moving people to act. Especially as it relates to climate change, the power of

1109:

Uncertainty breeds wishful thinking: The lack of definitive prognoses results in unreasonable optimism

431:

This argument has also been cited as support in the debate over whether framing should be subsumed by

11879: 10317: 9670: 9488: 9297: 8830: 7672: 6824: 6800: 5864: 2956:"Visual News Framing and Effects on Recipients' Attitudes Toward Athletes With Physical Disabilities" 2386:"Antecedents of strategic game and issue framing of local electoral campaigns in the Mexican context" 1979: 1078: 5265:(ed.) (1987), The Robot's Dilemma: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence, Norwood, NJ: Ablex. 5108:

Leites, N. & Wolf, C., Jr. (1970). Rebellion and authority. Chicago: Markham Publishing Company.

2628: 1774:

spoils the barrel". This frame implies that removing one underachieving or corrupt official from an

11899: 10020: 9941: 9871: 9312: 9225: 9040: 8998: 8951: 8606: 7850: 7845: 6912: 6726: 6594: 5723: 5293: 3596:

Armstrong, Anne K.; Krasny, Marianne E.; Schuldt, Jonathon P. (2019). "8. Framing Climate Change".

2544: 1998: 629: 299:

Systemic (e.g., characteristics of the media or political system in the specific setting of study).

69: 61: 1446:

In 1991 Robert M. Entman published findings surrounding the differences in media coverage between

11758: 11714: 11360: 10187: 10015: 9876: 8690: 8575: 8512: 8223: 8160: 8102: 8044: 8034: 7747: 7732: 7447: 7396: 7257: 7252: 6838: 6795: 6677: 6667: 6155: 6019: 5958: 5760: 5644: 3204:

Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1981). "The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice".

2545:"Navigating a diverse paradigm: A conceptual framework for experimental framing effects research" 889:

Domain-specific transformations, such as the attempt to alter the status of groups of people, and

589: 585: 5167:

McCarthy, John (1986). "Applications of circumscription to formalizing common-sense knowledge".

11889: 11801: 11459: 11142: 11006: 10263: 9991: 9931: 9901: 9610: 9478: 9471: 9466: 9002: 8875: 8845: 8795: 8720: 8633: 8228: 7924: 7108: 6980: 6535: 6497: 6462: 6187: 5928: 5844: 5583: 5360:

Snow, D. A.; Benford, R. D. (1988). "Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization".

4704: 4497: 2623: 150: 134:

consist of the communication of frames between different actors. Framing is a key component of

5446:"Sustainability and Modernity in the European Union: A Frame Theory Approach to Policy-Making" 5205:

Nelson, T. E.; Oxley, Z. M.; Clawson, R. A. (1997). "Toward a psychology of framing effects".

1186:

Resilience: Recovering from, coping with, or developing new strategies for resisting adversity

896:, total conversions of thought, or uprooting of everything familiar (for example: moving from 568:

In this decision frame, 78% preferred program D, with the remaining 22% opting for program C.

11709: 11533: 11350: 11063: 10521: 10377: 10050: 10045: 9734: 9643: 9560: 9543: 9523: 9374: 9232: 9210: 9012: 8870: 8835: 8785: 8765: 8622: 8495: 8447: 8427: 8346: 8336: 8120: 8004: 7457: 6880: 6685: 6474: 6270: 6192: 6177: 6072: 6004: 5996: 5933: 5889: 5859: 5824: 5750: 4564: 4557: 3111: 3094: 2098: 2052: 1679: 1650: 1582: 1264: 1045: 984: 770: 721: 672: 432: 251: 227:

political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand.

127: 2341: 11621: 11548: 10981: 10929: 10723: 10501: 10177: 10142: 9981: 9565: 9548: 9429: 9404: 9302: 9153: 9123: 9108: 8800: 8710: 8462: 8253: 8203: 7939: 7934: 7904: 7767: 7406: 6599: 6167: 5125: 4770:

Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill

4085: 3900: 3698: 3420: 3372:

Price, Vincent; Tewksbury, David; Powers, Elizabeth (1997). "Switching Trains of Thought".

3213: 2028: 2018: 2008: 1974: 1928: 1908: 1826: 1058: 993: 905: 554:

72 percent of participants preferred program A (the remainder, 28%, opting for program B).

202:, where two or more logically equivalent alternatives are portrayed in different ways (see 11330: 5323:

Solving the Frame Problem: A Mathematical Investigation of the Common Sense Law of Inertia

4248: 8: 11514: 11439: 11127: 10976: 10939: 10538: 10506: 10394: 10204: 10090: 9986: 9921: 9859: 9821: 9727: 9675: 9648: 9439: 9419: 9287: 9272: 9133: 9017: 8944: 8900: 8730: 8705: 8655: 8599: 8422: 8412: 8369: 8140: 7967: 7929: 7825: 7541: 7227: 7141: 6927: 6662: 6492: 6280: 6197: 6134: 5884: 5003:

Goodman, N. (1954), Fact, Fiction, and Forecast, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

4881: 4525: 3993: 3256:"Decision-Making Under Uncertainty – Advanced Topics: An Introduction to Prospect Theory" 2104: 1969: 1918: 1846:, a nonprofit environmental marketing and messaging firm, has advanced the position that 1786: 1611: 1451: 1166: 967: 959: 488: 179:

of the meanings attributed to words or phrases. Politically, the language communities of

162: 146: 7353: 5129: 3702: 3424: 3217: 2474: 1563:

political parties compete to successfully harness its power of persuasion. According to

420:

People store related pieces of information in "referent bins" in their long-term memory.

11825: 11724: 10877: 10750: 10658: 10579: 10199: 9961: 9946: 9508: 9493: 9414: 9399: 8860: 8855: 8840: 8665: 8533: 8296: 8195: 8185: 8135: 8054: 7835: 7830: 7722: 7608: 7520: 7462: 7386: 7298: 7288: 7211: 7125: 7103: 7017: 6368: 6358: 6172: 6026: 5899: 5874: 5713: 5572: 5526: 5518: 5465: 5398: 5390: 5310: 5306: 5222: 5146: 5113: 5055: 4838: 4830: 4753: 4709: 4686: 4480: 4450: 4401: 4331: 4311: 4276: 4264: 4206: 4160: 4113: 4066: 4021: 3974: 3936: 3814: 3768: 3664: 3619: 3528: 3520: 3441: 3408: 3389: 3354: 3306: 3281: 3237: 3181: 3146: 3070: 3036: 3009: 2936: 2872: 2761: 2706: 2698: 2641: 2637: 2572: 2494: 2490: 2407: 2241: 2159: 1565: 1515: 1342:

Table One: Comparison of President and News Media Themes and Frames 8 Weeks after 9/11

649: 477: 154: 1636:," with its ceaseless thirst for taxes and regulations. "We should never use the word 1112:

Moral tribalism: The politicization of climate change fosters ideological polarization

996:, calling for conservation and preservation of nature and wilderness. Rachel Carson's 11835: 11791: 11772: 11222: 11162: 10860: 10733: 10728: 10322: 10122: 10112: 10065: 9739: 9553: 9409: 9344: 9237: 9138: 9027: 9022: 9007: 8910: 8825: 8755: 8650: 8442: 8379: 8155: 8125: 8087: 8082: 8077: 7982: 7962: 7820: 7805: 7757: 7702: 7500: 7318: 7293: 7206: 7113: 7093: 7057: 7037: 7022: 6805: 6487: 5968: 5948: 5916: 5797: 5775: 5730: 5698: 5576: 5469: 5402: 5350: 5326: 5275: 5271:

Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World.

5180: 5151: 5105:& Johnson, M. (1980), Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5083: 5032: 5020: 4871: 4757: 4690: 4568: 4455: 4437: 4323: 4315: 4268: 4198: 4164: 4152: 4117: 4105: 4070: 4056: 4025: 4013: 3978: 3928: 3920: 3873: 3868: 3818: 3794: 3760: 3752: 3714: 3623: 3609: 3532: 3446: 3393: 3346: 3311: 3229: 3074: 2955: 2940: 2916: 2890: 2876: 2864: 2710: 2576: 2564: 2440: 2430: 2411: 2364: 2356: 2329: 2314: 2284: 2263: 2245: 2201: 2142:

Druckman, J.N. (2001). "The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence".

2087: 2077: 2062: 2003: 1964: 1903: 1822:" (which implies that the program can be relied on to provide security for a society) 1790: 1281: 1129: 1082: 955: 901: 694: 450: 166: 5636: 5314: 5226: 5059: 4842: 4810: 4280: 4210: 3940: 3772: 3668: 3660: 3185: 2765: 2645: 2498: 2163: 11743: 11523: 11397: 11297: 11277: 11172: 11152: 11117: 10411: 10329: 10170: 10147: 10085: 9891: 9886: 9849: 9600: 9533: 9498: 9444: 9327: 9277: 9205: 9143: 8925: 8880: 8740: 8675: 8660: 8580: 8404: 8384: 8286: 8248: 8233: 8024: 7999: 7873: 7855: 7815: 7712: 7627: 7546: 7515: 7468: 7411: 7376: 7348: 7323: 7267: 7201: 7047: 7032: 6087: 6062: 5911: 5879: 5804: 5564: 5530: 5510: 5457: 5419: 5382: 5342: 5302: 5243: 5234:

Pan, Z.; Kosicki, G. M. (1993). "Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse".

5214: 5176: 5141: 5133: 5047: 5016: 4985: 4900: 4822: 4745: 4678: 4620: 4445: 4429: 4397: 4335: 4307: 4260: 4190: 4144: 4097: 4048: 4005: 3966: 3912: 3863: 3806: 3744: 3706: 3689:

Markowitz, Ezra M.; Shariff, Azim F. (2012). "Climate change and moral judgement".

3656: 3601: 3512: 3436: 3428: 3381: 3358: 3338: 3301: 3293: 3241: 3221: 3173: 3150: 3138: 3106: 3062: 3032: 3005: 2928: 2860: 2856: 2753: 2690: 2633: 2556: 2486: 2397: 2337: 2310: 2233: 2151: 1984: 1748: 1740: 1668: 1633: 1299:

has shown that framing effects can explain some observed behaviors of legislators.

1226: 1062: 1013:

took place on April 22, 1970. The decades following witnessed the establishment of

950: 774: 276: 188: 7161: 5247: 4148: 3810: 3177: 2781:

The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left

11680: 11670: 11631: 11607: 11583: 11568: 11528: 11489: 11484: 11402: 11367: 11227: 10949: 10892: 10882: 10799: 10678: 10649: 10644: 10586: 10137: 10080: 10075: 10055: 10006: 9906: 9844: 9786: 9781: 9766: 9605: 9580: 9456: 9379: 9334: 9242: 8815: 8570: 8555: 8500: 8321: 8097: 7944: 7919: 7884: 7727: 7556: 7421: 7391: 7343: 7120: 6695: 6482: 6246: 6082: 5894: 5620:– "Fixing Price Tag Confusion" (interview), Sean Silverthorne (December 11, 2006) 5617: 5188: 4971:"The framing effect and risky decisions: Examining cognitive functions with fMRI" 4624: 4504: 2844: 2072: 2043: 2013: 1959: 1943: 1898: 1835: 1819: 1654: 1481: 1296: 1277: 1038: 859:

people who share similar views or grievances but who lack an organizational base.

786: 729: 655: 616: 524: 520: 508: 492: 473: 436: 410: 344: 9936: 2757: 2649: 2560: 2291:, p. 39. In each case, the mirror represents more than simply a physical object. 1815:" (which implies that spending money will aid foreigners, rather than harm them) 1161:—which offers tangible solutions, strategies, targets, and tactics—coupled with 187:, and mass media are highly contested, whereas framing in less-sharply defended 11840: 11768: 11655: 11573: 11464: 11307: 11242: 11207: 11197: 10787: 10555: 10248: 10238: 10025: 9996: 9951: 9590: 9518: 9483: 9307: 9220: 9148: 9128: 9118: 8805: 8715: 8700: 8645: 8452: 8316: 8301: 8263: 8243: 8180: 8019: 7994: 7899: 7782: 7762: 7717: 7695: 7381: 7363: 7328: 7283: 7262: 7146: 6775: 6657: 6285: 5938: 5718: 5708: 5671: 5667: 5262: 5007:

Hanks, S.; McDermott, D. (1987). "Nonmonotonic Logic and Temporal Projection".

4989: 4965:

Goffman, E. (1959). Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.

4952: 4917: 4433: 3970: 3385: 3142: 3066: 2996:

Kosicki, G.M. (1993). "Problems and opportunities in Agenda-setting research".

2915:

Powell, Thomas; Boomgaarden, Hajo; Swert, Knut; Vreese, Claes (November 2015).

2038: 1847: 1672: 1321: 1234: 1169:

is made evident when applied by activists and others generating interventions.

1089: 1050: 1034: 926: 922: 752: 748: 686: 593: 309: 103: 11377: 5568: 5423: 5410:

Sperber, D.; Wilson, D. (1996). "Fodor's Frame Problem and Relevance Theory".

5218: 5051: 4052: 4041:"Chapter Seven. Framing Theory, Welfare Attitudes, and the United States Case" 3605: 3297: 2155: 813:

diagnostic framing for the identification of a problem and assignment of blame

572:

presented in terms of expected deaths, participants chose the gamble D (= B).

11868: 11821: 11787: 11689: 11641: 11287: 11272: 11217: 11011: 10966: 10954: 10848: 10843: 10777: 10757: 10528: 10401: 10372: 10070: 10040: 9971: 9956: 9807: 9620: 9615: 9585: 9461: 9424: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9200: 9088: 9036: 8750: 8745: 8560: 8517: 8326: 8306: 8145: 7889: 7737: 7642: 7452: 7431: 7027: 7003: 6917: 6875: 6265: 5869: 5809: 5476: 5430: 5102: 4946:

Fodor, J.A. (2000), The Mind Doesn't Work That Way, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

4859: 4749: 4682: 4441: 4417: 4319: 4272: 4202: 4156: 4109: 4101: 4017: 3924: 3916: 3756: 3748: 3718: 3640:

Steentjes, Katharine; Kurz, Tim; Barreto, Manuela; Morton, Thomas A. (2017).

2868: 2568: 2543:

McLeod, D.M.; Choung, H.; Su, M.; Kim, S.; Tao, R.; Liu, J.; Lee, B. (2022).

2444: 2301:

Weaver, David H. (2007). "Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming".

2237: 1994: 1989: 1938: 1859: 1599: 1577:, a new political word had begun to take hold of the party, beginning on the 1540: 1325: 1230: 998: 918: 835: 825: 816:

prognostic framing to suggest solutions, strategies, and tactics to a problem

601: 263: 142: 5445: 5189:"Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence" 5137: 4904: 4884:(1956). The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Michigan University Press. 3432: 3225: 3163: 2917:"A Clearer Picture: The Contribution of Visuals and Text to Framing Effects" 2519: 2402: 2385: 1115:

Long time horizons and faraway places: Out-group victims fall by the wayside

600:) adopted by decision makers can occur through altering the presentation of 580:

Framing effects arise because one can often frame a decision using multiple

11782: 11738: 11598: 11563: 11519: 11504: 11355: 11167: 11157: 10823: 10626: 10606: 10496: 10476: 10182: 10107: 10102: 10060: 9926: 9803: 9638: 9384: 9247: 9163: 9083: 8989: 8920: 8890: 8850: 8735: 8565: 8485: 8480: 8364: 8208: 8150: 8130: 7637: 7561: 7551: 7333: 7242: 7232: 7098: 7072: 6517: 6411: 6303: 5963: 5155: 4493: 4459: 4295: 3932: 3764: 3450: 3315: 3052: 1658: 1629: 1603: 1233:

frameworks that are often echoed by conservatives, such as support for the

1141: 1018: 979: 504: 461: 271: 267: 5623: 4327: 4133: 3350: 3282:"Doctors and Patients' Susceptibility to Framing Bias: A Randomized Trial" 3233: 1758:

The term "escalation" to describe an increase in American troop-levels in

1747:. This framing was replaced within hours by a war metaphor, yielding the " 1547:

Framing a political issue, a political party or a political opponent is a

819:

motivational framing that serves as a call to arms or rationale for action

11796: 11777: 11704: 11675: 11603: 11593: 11543: 11420: 11292: 11262: 11212: 11137: 11091: 11071: 11025: 10971: 10803: 10794: 10688: 10550: 10491: 10486: 10423: 10357: 10339: 10258: 10253: 10211: 10035: 9911: 9746: 9538: 9317: 9215: 9098: 9064: 9032: 8915: 8865: 8780: 8770: 8725: 8680: 8457: 8417: 8268: 8175: 8170: 8039: 8029: 8014: 7840: 7810: 7792: 7657: 7426: 7247: 7184: 7156: 7077: 6810: 6290: 6275: 6119: 5834: 5785: 5755: 4937: 4194: 3710: 2115: 2092: 1953: 1933: 1839: 1812: 1775: 1637: 1625: 1610:

did rename themselves the "American Association of Justice", in what the

1273: 975: 528: 365: 180: 8591: 4969:

Gonzalez, Cleotilde; Dana, Jason; Koshino, Hideya; Just, Marcel (2005).

4962:

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1106:

Guilty bias: Anthropogenic climate change provokes self-defensive biases

11763: 11753: 11748: 11651: 11558: 11476: 11416: 11412: 11345: 11257: 11252: 11237: 11182: 11122: 11030: 10934: 10924: 10914: 10899: 10703: 10693: 10567: 10562: 10451: 10428: 10290: 10268: 10127: 9966: 9881: 9854: 9836: 9776: 9751: 9685: 9665: 9570: 9528: 9513: 9503: 9389: 9339: 9282: 8790: 8695: 8639: 8538: 8437: 8394: 8359: 8278: 8218: 8112: 8049: 7868: 7752: 7742: 7667: 7652: 7647: 7622: 7505: 7338: 7189: 7062: 7042: 6937: 6387: 6363: 6094: 5953: 5943: 5906: 5839: 5814: 5522: 5394: 5354: 4834: 4009: 3524: 3342: 2932: 2702: 2057: 1843: 1789:, which implies that individual taxpayers have a claim or right to set 1767:

framing implies a powerful but brief, transitory increase in intensity.

1755:

implies enemy territory, military action and war powers for government.

1285: 1014: 989: 893: 766: 725: 661: 619:, framing bias is best avoided by using absolute measures of efficacy. 175: 170: 158: 6423: 5610: 3573:. Paul D'Angelo and Jim A. Kuypers, eds. (New York: Routeledge, 2010). 1029:(UNFCCC). Landmark climate documents in the last 30 years include the 11811: 11734: 11685: 11538: 11499: 11407: 11302: 11282: 11247: 11202: 11177: 11147: 11112: 11081: 10986: 10919: 10828: 10808: 10772: 10762: 10718: 10611: 10516: 10456: 10442: 10437: 10389: 10384: 10362: 10352: 10300: 10295: 10233: 10157: 10132: 10117: 9916: 9451: 9434: 9267: 8967: 8258: 8238: 8213: 8092: 8064: 7977: 7914: 7800: 7662: 7632: 7577: 7485: 7194: 7067: 7052: 6932: 6922: 6641: 6332: 5854: 5770: 5745: 5740: 5553:

Wilkerson, W.S. (2001). "Simulation, Theory, and the Frame Problem".

5288: 2429:. Vol. 3. Greenwich, Conn.; London: JAI Press. pp. 137–77. 2067: 1782: 1719: 1177:

Agency: Choosing, planning, and executing situation-relevant behavior

1066: 1010: 971: 897: 597: 135: 115: 5386: 4365:, Robert E. Denton, ed. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012), 89–112. 4350:

Bush's War: Media Bias and Justifications for War in a Terrorist Age

3584:

Bush's War: Media Bias and Justifications for War in a Terrorist Age

3516: 3048: 3046: 2954:

Sikorski, Christian; Schierl, Thomas; Möller, Carsten (March 2012).

2826: 2694: 2193: 1318:

Bush's War: Media Bias and Justifications for War in a Terrorist Age

747:. Most commentators attribute the concept of framing to the work of 305:

Temporal-contextual (e.g., time elapsed after the triggering event).

11816: 11719: 11660: 11626: 11617: 11588: 11578: 11553: 11509: 11449: 11372: 11340: 11335: 11322: 11312: 11267: 11232: 11192: 11104: 11076: 11001: 10991: 10887: 10740: 10668: 10663: 10636: 10616: 10601: 10545: 10481: 10347: 10305: 10194: 10010: 10001: 9761: 9680: 9660: 9655: 9575: 9394: 9369: 9364: 9103: 9078: 9059: 8820: 8685: 8389: 8165: 7989: 7972: 7909: 7772: 7690: 7682: 7401: 6957: 6947: 6843: 6672: 5514: 5461: 4826: 4521:"Forget Cash – Lobbyists Should Set Support for Lawmakers in Stone" 2033: 1715: 1581:

and spreading like a virus all the way to the inner offices of the

1552: 1548: 1487: 917:

Although the idea of language-framing had been explored earlier by

744: 693:, and have identified another brain-region, the orbital and medial 690: 581: 369: 223: 192: 184: 30:"Framing effect" redirects here. For the psychological effect, see 4559:

Don't think of an elephant!: know your values and frame the debate

1254:

sustainability endeavors, while subsequently lowering the overall

1136:

In a 2017 study, it was found that activist interviewees from the

592:(ARR). Extrinsic control over the cognitive distinctions (between 451:

Equivalency versus emphasis: two types of frames in media research

11845: 11830: 11806: 11494: 11434: 11424: 11392: 11387: 11187: 11086: 10855: 10833: 10813: 10745: 10708: 10698: 10591: 10574: 10511: 10466: 10447: 10432: 10418: 10367: 10278: 10221: 10030: 9826: 9756: 9722: 9717: 9703: 9693: 9689: 9630: 9322: 9093: 9049: 8810: 8670: 8505: 8490: 8374: 8291: 8009: 7777: 7707: 7510: 7416: 7371: 6637:

Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

6502: 6373: 5792: 5765: 5703: 5114:"Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain" 4378:, Robert E. Denton, ed. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012), 105. 3409:"Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain" 3129:

Kahneman, D.; Tversky, A. (1984). "Choices, values, and frames".

3043: 2109: 2082: 1794: 1683: 740: 698: 665: 111: 6972: 3328: 1602:

work that attained some degree of fame was his advice to rename

720:

provide a broad theoretical approach that analysts have used in

676:

less cognitive effort than that required to select a risky gain.

447:

applicable and therefore more relevant to the judgment process.

376: 368:, in his analysis of how the news media trivialized the student 11699: 11694: 11612: 11444: 11429: 11016: 10944: 10818: 10767: 10683: 10673: 10533: 10461: 10273: 10243: 10228: 9976: 9816: 9798: 9707: 9698: 9158: 8993: 8905: 8432: 6942: 4653:"The Rumsfeld Dilemma: Demand an Exit Strategy, Not a Facelift" 3407:

De Martino, B.; Kumaran, D.; Seymour, B.; Dolan, R. J. (2006).

1829:" (which implies that a policy will have a stabilizing effect). 1798: 789:. Movements act as carriers of beliefs and ideologies (compare 356: 5291:; Dietram, A. (1999). "Framing as a theory of media effects". 5268:

Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy and August E. Grant. (2001).

2680: 11636: 11382: 10996: 10909: 10904: 10406: 10312: 10283: 10216: 10165: 9811: 8895: 8472: 8072: 6736: 5605: 3406: 2813:

Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues

2542: 1771: 1744: 785:

Sociologists have utilized framing to explain the process of

8936: 3992:

Osmundsen, Mathias; Petersen, Michael Bang (February 2020).

3956: 3569:

Kuypers, Jim A. "Framing Analysis as a Rhetorical Process",

2914: 2260:

Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology

1793:

based upon their payment of tax rather than their status as

1225:

A study examining various predictors of public approval for

11020: 10867: 10713: 10654: 10621: 10596: 10471: 9896: 9771: 9712: 9192: 9074: 9045: 7954: 5849: 4957:

Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience.

2023: 1913: 1759: 824:

The relationship between the proposed frame and the larger

790: 373:

both journalists for those of us who read their reports".

5111: 4414: 4294:

Griffin, R. J.; Dunwoody, S.; Gehrmann, C. (August 1995).

3639: 3478:

Frame Analysis: An essay on the organization of experience

2891:"Reading Images: A Grammar of Visual Design | Request PDF" 2843:

Rodriguez, Lulu; Dimitrova, Daniela V. (January 1, 2011).

2330:"The State of Framing Research: A Call for New Directions" 2281:

Frame Analysis: An essay on the organization of experience

921:(terministic screens), political communication researcher 757:

Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience

515:(i.e. the choices one makes), so much so that some of the 10961: 10838: 5630: 5372: 4940:(1983), The Modularity of Mind, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 3502: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2047: 1752: 1501: 1041:, Global Youth Climate Action Declaration, among others. 1003: 689:

have linked the framing effect to neural activity in the

4925:

The Art of Framing: Managing the Language of Leadership.

3549:, edited by J.A. Kuypers, Lexington Press, 2009. p. 181. 2194:

Bryant, J.; Thompson, S.; Finklea, B. W. (May 3, 2012).

1624:

In one recent memo, titled "The 14 Words Never to Use,"

640:

Researchers have proposed various models explaining the

338: 5112:

Martino, De; Kumaran, D; Seymour, B; Dolan, RJ (2006).

4968: 4376:

The George W. Bush Presidency: A Rhetorical Perspective

4363:

The George W. Bush Presidency: A Rhetorical Perspective

4293: 4249:"Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm" 2609:"Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm" 1463:

Differences in coverage amongst various media outlets:

1072: 3595: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3124: 3122: 2659: 1714:

Frames can limit debate by setting the vocabulary and

6034:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

5666: 5443: 5033:"Connectionism, Systematicity, and the Frame Problem" 3793:

Kleres, Jochen; Wettergren, Åsa (September 3, 2017).

3730: 3728: 2953: 2189: 2187: 2185: 1027:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

6903:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

6231: 5335:

Shanahan, Murray P. (2003), "The Frame Problem", in

5030: 3635: 3633: 3371: 3088: 3086: 3084: 411:

Clarifying and distinguishing a "fractured paradigm"

195:

time frames, with fewer overt modes of disputation.

27:

Effect of how information is presented on perception

4180: 4137:

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation

3480:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974, p. 21. 3192: 3128: 3119: 2355:Scheufele, Dietram A.; Tewksbury, David H. (2009). 2332:. In Kenski, Kate; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (eds.). 575: 257: 250:Though some consider framing to be synonymous with 130:, interpretations, and simplifications of reality. 6006:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 5204: 4556: 3795:"Fear, hope, anger, and guilt in climate activism" 3725: 3586:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2009. 2842: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2354: 2182: 1770:The "bad apple" frame, as in the proverb "one bad 511:have shown that framing can affect the outcome of 6558:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 6110:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 4084:Esmark, Anders; Schoop, Sarah R (December 2017). 3991: 3630: 3279: 3081: 3022: 2538: 2536: 2359:. In Bryant, Jennings; Oliver, Mary Beth (eds.). 1469:Amounts of media coverage dedicated to each event 329: 287:(i.e. how media framing influences an audience). 266:, framing defines how news media coverage shapes 11866: 6453:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 5287: 3899:Feinberg, Matthew; Willer, Robb (January 2013). 3792: 3688: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2424: 2327: 1053:, a young Swedish woman, founded the initiative 664:theories explain the framing-effect in terms of 584:, in which one may express benefits either as a 191:might evolve imperceptibly and organically over 5493: 5337:The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science 5031:Haselager, W.F.G.; Van Rappard, J.F.H. (1998). 4671:Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 4047:. Stanford University Press. pp. 193–221. 3203: 3016: 2783:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2451: 2328:Scheufele, Dietram A.; Iyengar, Shanto (2014). 2283:. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986. 5588:Liberalism and the Social Grounds of Knowledge 5496:"Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions" 5006: 4920:(1978), Brainstorms, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 4705:"Seeking to Save the Planet, With a Thesaurus" 4638:Lakoff, G. (2007). "It's Escalation, Stupid". 4471: 4469: 3898: 3734: 3157: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2533: 2361:Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research 2334:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 1682:point to an example of framing in the phrase " 1620:depicted similar intensity among Republicans: 1555:, particularly in the United States. Both the 945: 697:(OMPFC), that appears to moderate the role of 622: 483: 8952: 8607: 7593: 6988: 6766:Election denial movement in the United States 5652: 5409: 4923:Fairhurst, Gail T. and Sarr, Robert A. 1996. 4550: 4548: 4542:Putnam Publishing, New York, NY, 2002. p. 64. 3092: 3055:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 2966: 2732: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2219: 2217: 2175: 2173: 940: 534: 523:are not true. This led to the development of 377:Psychological roots of media framing research 50:The examples and perspective in this article 5486:Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1972). 5483:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 4083: 3901:"The Moral Roots of Environmental Attitudes" 3856:"Framing Effects in Political Communication" 3559:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action 3547:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action 3496: 3273: 2960:International Journal of Sport Communication 2838: 2836: 2834: 2336:(Online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2258:This example borrowed from Clifford Geertz: 1183:Purpose: Striving toward meaningful activity 934:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action 357:Sociological roots of media framing research 5986: 5359: 4466: 4352:(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 2989: 2787: 2717: 2223: 2128: 1324:examined the differences in framing of the 8959: 8945: 8614: 8600: 7600: 7586: 6995: 6981: 6438:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 5659: 5645: 5339:, ed. L.Nadel, Macmillan, pp. 144–50. 5233: 4887: 4808: 4545: 3093:Chong, Dennis; Druckman, James N. (2007). 2772: 2583: 2214: 2170: 912: 8621: 5590:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 199 5552: 5145: 4449: 3867: 3440: 3305: 3110: 2979: 2831: 2743: 2627: 2520:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-015-9229-6 2472: 2401: 2363:(3rd ed.). Erlbaum. pp. 17–33. 1614:called an effort to hide their identity. 970:, climate activism has taken many forms. 762:The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 6791:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 5494:Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1986). 5444:Triandafyllidou, A.; Fotiou, A. (1998). 5166: 4809:Levin, Irwin P.; Gaeth, Gary J. (1988). 4223: 3853: 3491:The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society 3112:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054 2141: 932:In his 2009 essay "Framing Analysis" in 487: 6590:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 5187:McCarthy, J. & Hayes, P.J. (1969), 4738:International Journal of Press/Politics 4735: 3841:Psychology for sustainability (4th ed.) 2995: 2983:Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium 2815:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2810: 2723: 1608:Association of Trial Lawyers of America 1284:". Attributes that are associated with 14: 11867: 7607: 6717:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 6508:Soviet influence on the peace movement 6105:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 5490:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 5362:International Social Movement Research 5274:Maywah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 4668: 4554: 4387: 4247:Entman, Robert M. (December 1, 1993). 4246: 4038: 3854:Lecheler, Sophie (February 27, 2019), 3545:Jim A. Kuypers, "Framing Analysis" in 3493:, University of Michigan Press, (1956) 2778: 2606: 2475:"Framing as a Theory of Media Effects" 2383: 2300: 1311: 728:(Johnson-Cartee, 1995), politics, and 11051: 9180: 8978: 8940: 8595: 7581: 6976: 6864: 6442:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 6230: 6143: 6051: 5985: 5682: 5640: 5479:, Tilly, L., & Tilly, R. (1975). 4610: 4588:The President's Agenda for Tax Relief 4176: 4174: 4129: 4127: 3952: 3950: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 2342:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.47 1373:Struggle of civilization v. barbarism 1204: 703:functional magnetic resonance imaging 635: 547:Program A: "200 people will be saved" 339:Foundations in communication research 4563:. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 4538:Rampton, Sheldon and Stauber, John. 3959:Energy Research & Social Science 3331:Journal of General Internal Medicine 2473:Scheufele, Dietram A. (March 1999). 2262:(1983), Basic Books 2000 paperback: 1073:Individual motivation and acceptance 1023:United Nations Environmental Program 36: 6712:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 5922:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 5440:, Detroit, August 31 – September 4. 4864:A cognitive theory of consciousness 1152: 992:" and has set the stage for modern 780: 24: 6183:Misinformation related to abortion 5602:"Frist chills talk of judges deal" 5307:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x 4853: 4402:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x 4312:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00337.x 4265:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x 4171: 4124: 3947: 3825: 3779: 3675: 3099:Annual Review of Political Science 3037:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01262.x 3010:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01265.x 2985:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 2638:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x 2491:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x 2357:"News framing theory and research" 800: 25: 11921: 8979: 7002: 6400:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 6013:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 5594: 5481:The rebellious century, 1830–1930 5438:American Sociological Association 5097:The Social Psychology of Protest. 4090:Journal of European Social Policy 3843:. New York, NY: Psychology Press. 3280:Perneger TV, Agoritsas T (2011). 2827:https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12001 2683:American Political Science Review 1119: 773:. These works arguably depend on 389: 290: 7491:Concentration of media ownership 6953:United States Information Agency 6232:Operations and events by country 4039:Brooks, Clem (August 29, 2012). 3465:The Social Psychology of Protest 2746:Mass Communication & Society 2549:Review of Communication Research 2485:(1). academic.oup.com: 103–122. 2315:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00333.x 1878: 648:cognitive theories, such as the 576:Absolute and relative influences 561:Program C: "400 people will die" 316: 258:Effect in communication research 41: 8244:Party platforms (or manifestos) 6553:Information war against Ukraine 6100:International Jewish conspiracy 6068:Congo Free State propaganda war 4773: 4764: 4729: 4716: 4703:Broder, John M. (May 1, 2009). 4697: 4662: 4646: 4631: 4604: 4593: 4581: 4532: 4510: 4487: 4408: 4381: 4368: 4355: 4342: 4287: 4240: 4217: 4077: 4032: 3985: 3892: 3847: 3661:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.008 3589: 3576: 3563: 3552: 3539: 3483: 3470: 3457: 3400: 3365: 3322: 3248: 2947: 2908: 2883: 2819: 2524: 2512: 2466: 2427:Research in Political Sociology 2418: 2377: 1248: 925:first published work advancing 708: 680: 6865: 6781:Information Operations Roadmap 6691:Psychological Warfare Division 6261:Chinese information operations 6210:Water fluoridation controversy 5201:, London: Thames & Hudson. 4978:Journal of Economic Psychology 4934:. Brooklyn, NY: Ig Publishing. 4891:(2003). "On Fodor's Problem". 3869:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0269 3166:Mass Communication and Society 2861:10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684 2845:"The levels of visual framing" 2348: 2321: 2294: 2272: 2252: 1539:Linguist and rhetoric scholar 1534: 982:'s 1949 collection of essays, 832:cultural myths and narrations. 330:In mass communication research 13: 1: 11455:Traditional African religions 8966: 6888:Active Measures Working Group 6546:during the Russo-Georgian War 6513:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 5412:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5248:10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963 4149:10.1080/15568318.2015.1129653 3811:10.1080/14742837.2017.1344546 3178:10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811 2728:. New York: Ballantine Books. 2197:Fundamentals of media effects 2122: 1737:assault of September 11, 2001 1725: 1404:Domestic/global/longstanding 467: 11052: 8886:Rally 'round the flag effect 8761:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 8332:Rally 'round the flag effect 6771:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 6448:Fake news in the Philippines 6052: 5820:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 5450:Sociological Research Online 5375:American Sociological Review 5325:, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 5321:Shanahan, Murray P. (1997), 5181:10.1016/0004-3702(86)90032-9 5021:10.1016/0004-3702(87)90043-9 4815:Journal of Consumer Research 4625:10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.11.006 4224:Zelinsky, Edward A. (2005). 4183:Journal of Consumer Research 3598:Communicating Climate Change 3505:American Sociological Review 1924:Code word (figure of speech) 1731:The initial response of the 755:and point to his 1974 book, 7: 10783:Food and drink prohibitions 9181: 6898:Counter Misinformation Team 6893:Counter disinformation unit 6343:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 5830:Forgery as covert operation 5082:, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005, 3862:, Oxford University Press, 3649:Global Environmental Change 3571:Doing News Framing Analysis 2758:10.1207/S15327825MCS0323_07 2726:Steps to an Ecology of Mind 2561:10.12840/ISSN.2255-4165.033 1949:Definition of the situation 1891: 1448:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 1384:Evil, implacable, murderers 1302: 946:History of climate activism 623:Frame-manipulation research 500:Framing effect (psychology) 484:In psychology and economics 350:Steps to an Ecology of Mind 230: 120:interpersonal communication 64:, discuss the issue on the 32:Framing effect (psychology) 10: 11926: 6908:The Disinformation Project 6338:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 5694:Algorithmic radicalization 5199:The Prehistory of the Mind 4990:10.1016/j.joep.2004.08.004 4930:Feldman, Jeffrey. (2007), 4868:Cambridge University Press 4434:10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3 3971:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101243 3467:. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 45 3386:10.1177/009365097024005002 3143:10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.341 3067:10.1177/107769909707400404 2849:Journal of Visual Literacy 1787:public or government funds 1785:money" frame, rather than 1598:One particular example of 941:In environmental discourse 735: 535:Experimental demonstration 497: 114:. Framing can manifest in 29: 11875:Framing (social sciences) 11473: 11321: 11100: 11062: 11058: 11047: 10635: 10338: 10156: 9835: 9671:Cross-cultural psychology 9629: 9489:Manipulation (psychology) 9355: 9191: 9187: 9176: 8985: 8974: 8629: 8526: 8471: 8403: 8345: 8277: 8194: 8111: 8063: 7953: 7864: 7791: 7681: 7673:Manipulation (psychology) 7615: 7534: 7478: 7440: 7362: 7311: 7276: 7220: 7177: 7170: 7134: 7086: 7010: 6871: 6860: 6831: 6825:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 6819: 6801:Tobacco industry playbook 6732:CIA Kennedy assassination 6704: 6650: 6624: 6612: 6526: 6473: 6461: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6351: 6325: 6313: 6253: 6241: 6237: 6226: 6058: 6047: 5992: 5981: 5865:Manipulation (psychology) 5689: 5683: 5678: 5569:10.1080/09515080120051535 5424:10.1017/S0140525X00082030 5095:Klandermans, Bert. 1997. 4053:10.1515/9780804783170-010 3606:10.7591/9781501730801-012 3298:10.1007/s11606-011-1810-x 2962:– via ResearchGate. 2943:– via ResearchGate. 2463:Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. 2226:Journal of Press/Politics 1980:Fallacy of many questions 1739:was to frame the acts of 1398:Domestic/global/enduring 1370:Civilization v. barbarism 1362:Struggle of good and evil 1291: 1077:Individual motivation to 11885:Knowledge representation 10021:Mass psychogenic illness 9872:Collective effervescence 9313:Self-fulfilling prophecy 8999:Collective consciousness 7851:Criticism of advertising 7567:Society of the Spectacle 6913:East StratCom Task Force 6727:9/11 conspiracy theories 5724:List of cognitive biases 5556:Philosophical Psychology 5349:, New York: John Wiley. 5294:Journal of Communication 4750:10.1177/1940161211433838 4683:10.1177/1081180X07299797 4540:Trust Us, We're Experts! 4390:Journal of Communication 4253:Journal of Communication 4102:10.1177/0958928716688262 4045:Contested Welfare States 3917:10.1177/0956797612449177 3749:10.1177/0956797610391911 3463:Bert Klandermans. 1997. 3025:Journal of Communication 2998:Journal of Communication 2921:Journal of Communication 2616:Journal of Communication 2479:Journal of Communication 2303:Journal of Communication 2238:10.1177/1940161213508207 1999:Arlie Russell Hochschild 1412:Similarity to prior wars 1081:is the bedrock on which 846: 743:has been a component of 630:Dartmouth Medical School 11361:Eastern Orthodox Church 9902:Culture-bound syndromes 9877:Collective intelligence 8691:Cartographic propaganda 8513:Promotional merchandise 8224:Character assassination 8161:Narcotizing dysfunction 8035:Photograph manipulation 7748:Guerrilla communication 7448:Influence of mass media 7253:Narcotizing dysfunction 6839:Public opinion brigades 6796:Niger uranium forgeries 6786:Litter boxes in schools 6156:COVID-19 misinformation 6078:Free energy suppression 5987:Books and documentaries 5761:Euphemistic misspeaking 5584:Willard, Charles Arthur 5503:The Journal of Business 5236:Political Communication 5219:10.1023/A:1024834831093 5169:Artificial Intelligence 5138:10.1126/science.1128356 5052:10.1023/A:1008281603611 5009:Artificial Intelligence 4959:London: Harper and Row. 4905:10.1111/1468-0017.00240 4613:Public Relations Review 4555:Lakoff, George (2004). 3839:Scott, Britain (2016). 3799:Social Movement Studies 3476:Erving Goffman (1974). 3433:10.1126/science.1128356 3226:10.1126/science.7455683 2403:10.32870/cys.v2020.7643 2390:Comunicación y Sociedad 2200:. Waveland Press, Inc. 2156:10.1023/A:1015006907312 1664:Trust Us, We're Experts 1387:Deadly, indiscriminant 1157:Research contends that 1039:Paris Climate Agreement 956:transcendental movement 913:As rhetorical criticism 617:medical decision making 590:absolute risk reduction 586:relative risk reduction 239:" (they blinked) or a " 132:Frames in communication 11910:Social constructionism 11802:Social constructionism 11460:Unitarian Universalism 10264:Observational learning 9992:In-group and out-group 9932:False consensus effect 9611:Suppression of dissent 9509:Moral entrepreneurship 9479:Ideological repression 9467:Historical revisionism 9003:Collective unconscious 8876:Propaganda of the deed 8846:New generation warfare 8796:Historical negationism 8634:Accusation in a mirror 8496:Product demonstrations 7925:Historical negationism 7109:Freedom of information 6585:2016 Brexit referendum 5934:Scientific fabrication 5845:Historical negationism 5080:Sociology In Our Times 4643:retrieved July 3, 2007 4590:retrieved 3 July 2007. 3374:Communication Research 2384:Rodelo, F. V. (2020). 1712: 1698: 1647: 1592: 1461: 1429:Some, but running out 1340: 1202: 1079:address climate change 765:, a commentary on the 495: 128:mental representations 11905:Psychological warfare 11895:Propaganda techniques 11351:Chinese folk religion 10051:Political correctness 10046:Pluralistic ignorance 9735:Identity (philosophy) 9561:Religious persecution 9544:Psychological warfare 9524:Political engineering 9375:Argumentum ad populum 9233:Collective narcissism 9211:Attitude polarization 8871:Psychological warfare 8836:Monumental propaganda 8786:Glittering generality 8766:Firehose of falsehood 8623:Propaganda techniques 8428:Reputation management 8347:Psychological warfare 8196:Political campaigning 8005:Firehose of falsehood 7496:Exploitation of women 6881:Fact-checking website 6686:Operation Mass Appeal 6668:Clockwork Orange plot 6178:Mental illness denial 6073:Climate change denial 5890:Psychological warfare 5860:Internet manipulation 5825:Firehose of falsehood 5751:Disinformation attack 5616:June 6, 2011, at the 4503:July 7, 2007, at the 3905:Psychological Science 3737:Psychological Science 3691:Nature Climate Change 3131:American Psychologist 2607:Entman, R.M. (1993). 2099:Thought Reform (book) 2053:Political correctness 1702: 1688: 1622: 1571: 1456: 1415:Different kind of war 1406:War or police action 1335: 1265:sustainable transport 1197: 1094:Nature Climate Change 1046:Peoples Climate March 985:A Sand County Almanac 777:'s concept of image. 722:communication studies 491: 433:agenda-setting theory 11715:Naturalism (Western) 11710:Naturalism (Chinese) 11622:Renaissance humanism 10178:Conceptual framework 10143:System justification 9982:Hysterical contagion 9566:Religious uniformity 9549:Religious conversion 9405:Cognitive dissonance 9303:Selective perception 9154:Theory of everything 9124:Primal world beliefs 9109:Philosophical theory 8711:Demonizing the enemy 8463:Corporate propaganda 6020:Who's Who in the CIA 5540:on November 26, 2019 5091:Google Print, p. 531 4882:Boulding, Kenneth E. 4655:by Bruce Budner, in 3998:Political Psychology 3711:10.1038/nclimate1378 2811:Iyengar, S. (1991). 2752:(2&3): 297–316. 2724:Bateson, G. (1972). 2029:Metaphorical Framing 2019:Language and thought 1975:Echo chamber (media) 1929:Communication theory 1909:Argumentation theory 1874:might be newsworthy. 1827:Stabilisation policy 1434:International effort 1389:Bush administration 1163:motivational framing 1059:Extinction Rebellion 994:environmental ethics 906:religious conversion 877:Frame transformation 701:on decisions. Using 189:language communities 70:create a new article 62:improve this article 52:may not represent a 11128:Christian democracy 10091:Social facilitation 9987:Information cascade 9922:Emotional contagion 9860:Collective behavior 9822:Symbolic boundaries 9676:Cultural psychology 9420:Cultural dissonance 9293:Observer-expectancy 9288:Observational error 9273:In-group favoritism 9018:Conventional wisdom 8901:Shooting and crying 8731:Emotive conjugation 8706:Cult of personality 8656:Atrocity propaganda 8551:Media concentration 8423:Non-apology apology 8413:Cult of personality 8141:Emotive conjugation 7895:Burying of scholars 7542:Advanced capitalism 7228:Cult of personality 7142:Advanced capitalism 6722:Conspiracy theories 6663:Double-Cross System 6632:Conspiracy theories 6493:Operation INFEKTION 6281:Internet Water Army 6135:Strategy of tension 6000:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 5885:Post-truth politics 5629:, Charles Q. Choi, 5488:Collective Behavior 5197:Mithen, S. (1987), 5130:2006Sci...313..684D 4722:Butler, J. (2009), 4657:The Huffington Post 4526:The Washington Post 4498:Overlawyered weblog 4230:Virginia Tax Review 3703:2012NatCC...2..243M 3425:2006Sci...313..684D 3218:1981Sci...211..453T 2779:Gitlin, T. (1980). 1970:Domain of discourse 1919:Choice architecture 1733:Bush administration 1680:Cognitive linguists 1612:Chamber of Commerce 1452:Iran Air Flight 655 1440:Minimally reported 1312:News media examples 1235:free market economy 1167:positive psychology 1044:Most recently, the 968:Ralph Waldo Emerson 960:Henry David Thoreau 863:Frame amplification 598:reward anticipation 163:social construction 11826:Post-structuralism 10580:natural philosophy 9962:Group polarization 9947:Group cohesiveness 9596:Social engineering 9494:Media manipulation 9415:Crowd manipulation 9400:Circular reporting 9318:Clever Hans effect 9298:Selective exposure 8861:Oversimplification 8841:Moralistic fallacy 8534:Influence-for-hire 8327:National mythology 8297:Crowd manipulation 8186:Tabloid journalism 8055:Video manipulation 8000:Fictitious entries 7723:Civil disobedience 7609:Media manipulation 7463:Semiotic democracy 7387:Civil disobedience 7299:Media manipulation 7289:Crowd manipulation 7212:Tabloid journalism 7126:Media transparency 7104:Media independence 7018:24-hour news cycle 6618:HIV/AIDS denialism 6595:Trolls from Olgino 6369:Paid news in India 6359:Fake news in India 6173:HIV/AIDS denialism 6027:Merchants of Doubt 5900:Military deception 5875:Media manipulation 5714:Circular reporting 5600:Curry, Tom. 2005. 5263:Pylyshyn, Zenon W. 5207:Political Behavior 5099:Oxford: Blackwell. 5040:Minds and Machines 4710:The New York Times 4659:September 15, 2006 4529:, January 17, 2007 4481:The New York Times 4476:"The Framing Wars" 4195:10.1093/jcr/ucw044 4010:10.1111/pops.12587 3600:. pp. 57–69. 3489:Kenneth Boulding: 3343:10.1007/bf02599636 2933:10.1111/jcom.12184 2144:Political Behavior 1997:in the thought of 1618:The New York Times 1566:The New York Times 1516:The New York Times 1205:Political ideology 1159:prognostic framing 1055:Fridays for Future 795:frame re-alignment 650:fuzzy-trace theory 636:Theoretical models 496: 478:behavioral finance 200:equivalence frames 153:, a collection of 11862: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11836:Transcendentalism 11792:Neo-scholasticism 11773:Neopythagoreanism 11223:Industrialisation 11163:Constitutionalism 11043: 11042: 11039: 11038: 10861:political freedom 10378:mind–body problem 10171:tacit assumptions 10123:Spontaneous order 10113:Social psychology 10066:Self-organization 9410:Critical thinking 9172: 9171: 9139:School of thought 9028:Cultural movement 9008:Conceptual system 8934: 8933: 8826:Managing the news 8651:Appeal to emotion 8589: 8588: 8355:Airborne leaflets 8234:Election promises 8088:Product placement 7963:Alternative facts 7703:Alternative media 7575: 7574: 7501:Freedom of speech 7319:Theodor W. Adorno 7307: 7306: 7294:Managing the news 7114:Freedom of speech 7094:Media development 7058:News broadcasting 7038:Independent media 7023:Alternative media 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6806:Operation Shocker 6608: 6607: 6488:K-1000 battleship 6319:Operation Neptune 6222: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6043: 6042: 5977: 5976: 5969:Yellow journalism 5917:counterpropaganda 5798:List of fallacies 5731:Conspiracy theory 5699:Alternative facts 5280:978-0-8058-3653-0 4999:on June 11, 2007. 4927:Jossey-Bass, Inc. 4893:Mind and Language 4574:978-1-931498-71-5 4422:Affective Science 4062:978-0-8047-8317-0 3879:978-0-19-975622-3 3860:Political Science 2655:on July 16, 2011. 2436:978-0-89232-752-2 2088:Spin (propaganda) 2078:Social heuristics 2063:Rhetorical device 2004:Freedom of speech 1965:committed suicide 1904:Alternative facts 1854:In her 2009 book 1791:government policy 1528: 1527: 1444: 1443: 1418:WWII or Vietnam? 1351:President's frame 1130:just-world theory 1083:collective action 988:, established a " 962:penned his novel 904:, or vice versa; 902:market capitalism 836:Cycles of protest 695:prefrontal cortex 272:Richard E. Vatz's 167:social phenomenon 124:Frames in thought 98: 97: 90: 72:, as appropriate. 18:Political framing 16:(Redirected from 11917: 11880:Cognitive biases 11524:New Confucianism 11398:Korean shamanism 11368:Ethnic religions 11298:Social democracy 11173:Environmentalism 11153:Communitarianism 11118:Authoritarianism 11060: 11059: 11049: 11048: 10679:Codes of conduct 10330:World disclosure 10318:consensus theory 10086:Social exclusion 9892:Crowd psychology 9887:Consensus theory 9850:Bandwagon effect 9787:Rites of passage 9601:Social influence 9534:Propaganda model 9499:Media regulation 9328:wishful thinking 9278:Magical thinking 9189: 9188: 9178: 9177: 9041:World folk-epics 8976: 8975: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8938: 8937: 8926:White propaganda 8881:Public relations 8856:Overcomplication 8741:False accusation 8676:Black propaganda 8666:Beautiful people 8661:Bandwagon effect 8616: 8609: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8581:Media proprietor 8405:Public relations 8385:Public diplomacy 8370:Information (IT) 8249:Name recognition 7874:Media regulation 7856:Annoyance factor 7713:Call-out culture 7628:Crowd psychology 7602: 7595: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7547:Culture industry 7516:Social influence 7469:The Lonely Crowd 7412:Political satire 7377:Call-out culture 7354:Jacques Rancière 7349:Marshall McLuhan 7324:Jean Baudrillard 7268:Viral phenomenon 7202:Public relations 7175: 7174: 7048:Mainstream media 7033:Electronic media 6997: 6990: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6862: 6861: 6681:MMR autism fraud 6564:On US elections 6498:Operation Toucan 6471: 6470: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6227: 6193:anti-vaccination 6141: 6140: 6088:Holocaust denial 6063:Bermuda Triangle 6049: 6048: 5983: 5982: 5912:black propaganda 5880:Potemkin village 5805:False accusation 5781:list of websites 5680: 5679: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5633:(August 3, 2006) 5626: 5580: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5539: 5533:. Archived from 5509:(4): S251–S278. 5500: 5473: 5427: 5406: 5369: 5318: 5251: 5230: 5184: 5159: 5149: 5124:(5787): 684–87. 5063: 5037: 5024: 5000: 4998: 4992:. Archived from 4975: 4908: 4846: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4787:on July 12, 2020 4783:. Archived from 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4733: 4727: 4726:, London: Verso. 4720: 4714: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4666: 4660: 4650: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4608: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4562: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4514: 4508: 4491: 4485: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4348:Jim A. Kuypers, 4346: 4340: 4339: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4036: 4030: 4029: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3871: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3823: 3822: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3593: 3587: 3582:Jim A. Kuypers, 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3419:(5787): 684–87. 3404: 3398: 3397: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3286:J Gen Intern Med 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3212:(4481): 453–58. 3201: 3190: 3189: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3095:"Framing Theory" 3090: 3079: 3078: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3020: 3014: 3013: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2840: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2741: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2678: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2648:. Archived from 2631: 2613: 2604: 2581: 2580: 2540: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2470: 2464: 2460: 2449: 2448: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2298: 2292: 2276: 2270: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2191: 2180: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2139: 1985:Figure of speech 1710: 1696: 1669:public-relations 1645: 1630:drilling for oil 1590: 1573:Even before the 1466: 1465: 1345: 1344: 1227:renewable energy 1153:Positive framing 1063:Sunrise Movement 1025:(UNEP), and the 951:Climate activism 870:Frame extensions 787:social movements 781:Social movements 775:Kenneth Boulding 730:social movements 277:public discourse 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 45: 44: 37: 21: 11925: 11924: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11900:Prospect theory 11865: 11864: 11863: 11850: 11681:Megarian school 11632:Illuminationism 11608:New historicism 11584:Foundationalism 11569:Eretrian school 11529:Critical theory 11490:Aristotelianism 11485:Agriculturalism 11475: 11469: 11403:Modern paganism 11317: 11228:Intellectualism 11102: 11096: 11054: 11035: 10883:Meaning of life 10788:unclean animals 10645:Aesthetic taste 10631: 10587:Problem of evil 10529:National mythoi 10334: 10152: 10148:Viral phenomena 10138:Swarm behaviour 10081:Social emotions 10076:Social behavior 10056:Pseudoconsensus 10007:Majoritarianism 9907:Deindividuation 9845:Abilene paradox 9831: 9767:Myth and ritual 9625: 9606:Social progress 9581:Self-censorship 9457:Excommunication 9380:Attitude change 9357: 9351: 9183: 9168: 9119:Presuppositions 8981: 8970: 8965: 8935: 8930: 8816:Loaded language 8625: 8620: 8590: 8585: 8576:Media influence 8571:Media franchise 8556:Media democracy 8522: 8467: 8399: 8341: 8322:Loaded language 8273: 8190: 8107: 8059: 7949: 7878: 7860: 7787: 7728:Culture jamming 7677: 7611: 7606: 7576: 7571: 7557:Media franchise 7530: 7474: 7436: 7392:Culture jamming 7358: 7344:Walter Lippmann 7303: 7272: 7216: 7166: 7130: 7121:Media pluralism 7082: 7006: 7001: 6971: 6962: 6867: 6848: 6827: 6815: 6700: 6696:Zinoviev letter 6646: 6620: 6604: 6528:Post-Soviet era 6522: 6483:Active Measures 6466: 6457: 6426: 6414: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6347: 6321: 6309: 6249: 6247:Jihadunspun.com 6233: 6214: 6139: 6115:New World Order 6083:Genocide denial 6054: 6039: 5988: 5973: 5895:Memetic warfare 5685: 5674: 5665: 5624: 5618:Wayback Machine 5597: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5498: 5387:10.2307/2095581 5035: 4996: 4973: 4953:Goffman, Erving 4856: 4854:Further reading 4800: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4702: 4698: 4667: 4663: 4651: 4647: 4636: 4632: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4515: 4511: 4507:, July 18, 2005 4505:Wayback Machine 4492: 4488: 4484:. 17 July 2005. 4474: 4467: 4413: 4409: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4292: 4288: 4245: 4241: 4222: 4218: 4179: 4172: 4132: 4125: 4082: 4078: 4063: 4037: 4033: 3990: 3986: 3955: 3948: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3852: 3848: 3837: 3826: 3791: 3780: 3733: 3726: 3687: 3676: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3616: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3517:10.2307/2095581 3501: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3405: 3401: 3370: 3366: 3337:(10): 543–548. 3327: 3323: 3292:(12): 1411–17. 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3202: 3193: 3162: 3158: 3127: 3120: 3091: 3082: 3051: 3044: 3021: 3017: 2994: 2990: 2978: 2967: 2952: 2948: 2927:(6): 997–1017. 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2841: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2809: 2788: 2777: 2773: 2742: 2733: 2722: 2718: 2695:10.2307/2952075 2679: 2660: 2652: 2629:10.1.1.495.2893 2611: 2605: 2584: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2452: 2437: 2423: 2419: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2353: 2349: 2326: 2322: 2299: 2295: 2277: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2222: 2215: 2208: 2192: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2073:Semantic domain 2014:Idea networking 1960:Died by suicide 1944:Decision making 1899:Anecdotal value 1894: 1881: 1836:opinion polling 1820:Social security 1728: 1711: 1709: 1697: 1695: 1667:illustrate how 1655:Sheldon Rampton 1646: 1644: 1591: 1589: 1537: 1381:Nature of enemy 1314: 1305: 1297:Edward Zelinsky 1294: 1278:gender-identity 1259: 1251: 1207: 1155: 1122: 1075: 1031:Rio Declaration 948: 943: 915: 849: 803: 801:Frame alignment 783: 738: 711: 687:neuroscientists 683: 656:prospect theory 638: 625: 578: 537: 525:prospect theory 521:rational choice 513:choice problems 509:Daniel Kahneman 502: 493:Daniel Kahneman 486: 474:rational choice 470: 453: 413: 392: 379: 359: 345:Gregory Bateson 343:Anthropologist 341: 332: 319: 293: 260: 233: 208:emphasis frames 145:, framing is a 126:consist of the 104:social sciences 94: 83: 77: 74: 59: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11923: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11841:Utilitarianism 11838: 11833: 11828: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11769:Pythagoreanism 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11656:Neo-Kantianism 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11615: 11610: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11574:Existentialism 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11481: 11479: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11465:Zoroastrianism 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11327: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11308:Utilitarianism 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11243:Libertarianism 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11208:Green politics 11205: 11200: 11198:Fundamentalism 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11068: 11066: 11056: 11055: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11014: 11012:Unspoken rules 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10797: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10743: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10731: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10652: 10647: 10641: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10404: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10344: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10249:Meta-knowledge 10246: 10241: 10239:Meaning-making 10236: 10231: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10214: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10180: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10026:Milieu control 10023: 10018: 10013: 10004: 9999: 9997:Invisible hand 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9952:Group dynamics 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9841: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9801: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9701: 9696: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9635: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9591:Social control 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9519:Polite fiction 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9484:Indoctrination 9481: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9361: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9337: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9323:placebo effect 9320: 9310: 9308:Self-deception 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9185: 9184: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9149:Social reality 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:Reality tunnel 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9043: 9037:National epics 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8996: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8972: 8971: 8964: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8941: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8806:Indoctrination 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8716:Disinformation 8713: 8708: 8703: 8701:Cherry picking 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8646:Appeal to fear 8643: 8636: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8536: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8477: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8453:Understatement 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8317:Indoctrination 8314: 8309: 8304: 8302:Disinformation 8299: 8294: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8264:Smear campaign 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8181:Sensationalism 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Agenda-setting 8117: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7995:False document 7992: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7900:Catch and kill 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7733:Demonstrations 7730: 7725: 7720: 7718:Cancel culture 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7605: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7582: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7382:Cancel culture 7379: 7374: 7368: 7366: 7364:Counterculture 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7329:Edward Bernays 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7284:Catch and kill 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7263:Sensationalism 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7152:Bipartisanship 7149: 7147:American Dream 7144: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7000: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6776:Habbush letter 6773: 6768: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6658:Bell Pottinger 6654: 6652: 6651:United Kingdom 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6532: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6314:Czechoslovakia 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6286:PLA Unit 61398 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6234: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6161:by governments 6153: 6147: 6145: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5998:Disinformation 5993: 5990: 5989: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5719:Cognitive bias 5716: 5711: 5709:Cherry picking 5706: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5672:misinformation 5668:Disinformation 5664: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5621: 5608: 5596: 5595:External links 5593: 5592: 5591: 5581: 5550: 5515:10.1086/296365 5491: 5484: 5474: 5462:10.5153/sro.99 5441: 5434: 5428: 5407: 5370: 5357: 5343:Simon, Herbert 5340: 5333: 5319: 5285: 5282: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5231: 5202: 5195: 5192: 5185: 5164: 5160: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5093: 5076:Kendall, Diana 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5028: 5025: 5015:(3): 379–412. 5004: 5001: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4889:Carruthers, P. 4885: 4879: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4827:10.1086/209174 4821:(3): 374–378. 4805: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4772: 4763: 4744:(2): 214–233. 4728: 4715: 4696: 4677:(2): 120–132. 4661: 4645: 4630: 4603: 4592: 4580: 4573: 4544: 4531: 4509: 4486: 4465: 4428:(3): 577–602. 4407: 4380: 4367: 4354: 4341: 4306:(4): 449–458. 4286: 4239: 4216: 4189:(4): 567–582. 4170: 4143:(8): 703–711. 4123: 4096:(5): 417–432. 4076: 4061: 4031: 3984: 3946: 3891: 3878: 3846: 3824: 3805:(5): 507–519. 3778: 3724: 3697:(4): 243–247. 3674: 3629: 3614: 3588: 3575: 3562: 3551: 3538: 3511:(4): 464–481. 3495: 3482: 3469: 3456: 3399: 3380:(5): 481–506. 3364: 3321: 3272: 3247: 3191: 3156: 3118: 3080: 3042: 3015: 2988: 2965: 2946: 2907: 2882: 2830: 2818: 2786: 2771: 2731: 2716: 2658: 2582: 2532: 2523: 2511: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2417: 2376: 2369: 2347: 2320: 2293: 2271: 2251: 2213: 2206: 2181: 2169: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2041: 2039:Overton window 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1868:Guantanamo Bay 1852: 1848:global warming 1832: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1806: 1802: 1779: 1768: 1756: 1727: 1724: 1707: 1693: 1673:George W. Bush 1651:agenda-setting 1642: 1587: 1536: 1533: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1376:Not mentioned 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1365:Not mentioned 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1322:Jim A. Kuypers 1313: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1293: 1290: 1282:green products 1257: 1250: 1247: 1206: 1203: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1154: 1151: 1121: 1120:Dire messaging 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1090:Climate change 1074: 1071: 1051:Greta Thunberg 1035:Kyoto Protocol 964:On Walden Pond 947: 944: 942: 939: 927:frame analysis 923:Jim A. Kuypers 914: 911: 910: 909: 890: 882: 881: 874: 867: 860: 856:Frame bridging 848: 845: 840: 839: 833: 829: 822: 821: 820: 817: 814: 802: 799: 782: 779: 753:frame analysis 749:Erving Goffman 741:Word-selection 737: 734: 718:frame analysis 714:Framing theory 710: 707: 682: 679: 678: 677: 669: 659: 653: 642:framing effect 637: 634: 624: 621: 602:relative risks 594:risk tolerance 577: 574: 566: 565: 562: 552: 551: 548: 536: 533: 517:classic axioms 498:Main article: 485: 482: 469: 466: 452: 449: 428: 427: 424: 421: 412: 409: 391: 390:Visual framing 388: 378: 375: 358: 355: 340: 337: 331: 328: 318: 315: 310:Erving Goffman 307: 306: 303: 300: 292: 291:Frame building 289: 281:frame building 259: 256: 252:agenda setting 237:physical frame 232: 229: 204:framing effect 151:interpretation 96: 95: 56:of the subject 54:worldwide view 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11922: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11890:Media studies 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11822:Structuralism 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11788:Scholasticism 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11730:Phenomenology 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11690:Postmodernism 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11642:Individualism 11640: 11638: 11637:ʿIlm al-Kalām 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11472: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11288:Republicanism 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11273:Progressivism 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11218:Individualism 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11099: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11046: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10967:Social stigma 10965: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10854: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10844:jurisprudence 10842: 10841: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10778:Family values 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10758:Entertainment 10756: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10627:Unobservables 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10539:philosophical 10537: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10402:Creation myth 10400: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10373:Consciousness 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10071:Social action 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10041:Peer pressure 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9972:Herd behavior 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9957:Group emotion 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9808:Social status 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9621:Woozle effect 9619: 9617: 9616:Systemic bias 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9586:Social change 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9462:Fearmongering 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9425:Deprogramming 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9354: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9263:Filter bubble 9261: 9259: 9258:Ethnocentrism 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9114:Point of view 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9089:Metanarrative 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8990:Basic beliefs 8988: 8987: 8984: 8980:Related terms 8977: 8973: 8969: 8962: 8957: 8955: 8950: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8751:False dilemma 8749: 8747: 8746:False balance 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Media ecology 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8544:United States 8542: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8518:Telemarketing 8516: 8514: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8307:Fearmongering 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8146:False balance 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8103:Word of mouth 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7890:Broadcast law 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7738:Deplatforming 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643:False balance 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7598: 7596: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Mediatization 7456: 7454: 7453:Media studies 7451: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7432:Strike action 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7397:Demonstration 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7162:Pensée unique 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Digital media 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7004:Media culture 6998: 6993: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6918:FactCheck.org 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6876:Fact-checking 6874: 6873: 6870: 6863: 6859: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705:United States 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:50 Cent Party 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6225: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5870:Media culture 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5810:False dilemma 5808: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5563:(2): 141–53. 5562: 5558: 5557: 5551: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5418:(3): 530–32. 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5381:(4): 464–81. 5380: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5331:0-262-19384-1 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5301:(1): 103–22. 5300: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5289:Scheufele, DA 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213:(3): 221–46. 5212: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5175:(1): 89–116. 5174: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088:0-534-64629-8 5085: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5046:(2): 161–79. 5045: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899:(5): 502–23. 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4876:0-521-30133-5 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4724:Frames of War 4719: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4560: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4300:Risk Analysis 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3881: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3615:9781501730801 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3137:(4): 341–50. 3136: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061:(4): 703–17. 3060: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3004:(2): 100–27. 3003: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2900:September 28, 2896: 2892: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689:(3): 567–83. 2688: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2370:9780203877111 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2289:0-930350-91-X 2286: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2268:0-465-04162-0 2265: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2207:9781478608196 2203: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150:(3): 225–56. 2149: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995:Framing rules 1993: 1991: 1990:Filter bubble 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1939:Cultural bias 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1885: 1879:Effectiveness 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Judith Butler 1857: 1856:Frames of War 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749:War on Terror 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:trial lawyers 1601: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1541:George Lakoff 1532: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426:Not mentioned 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1395:Nature of war 1394: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326:war on terror 1323: 1319: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1220:conservatives 1217: 1211: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 1000: 999:Silent Spring 995: 991: 987: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 938: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 919:Kenneth Burke 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 888: 887: 886: 880:p. 473). 878: 875: 873:p. 472). 871: 868: 864: 861: 857: 854: 853: 852: 844: 837: 834: 830: 827: 826:belief-system 823: 818: 815: 812: 811: 809: 808: 807: 798: 796: 792: 788: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 674: 670: 667: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 647: 646: 645: 643: 633: 631: 620: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 588:(RRR), or as 587: 583: 573: 569: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 494: 490: 481: 479: 475: 465: 463: 457: 448: 444: 440: 438: 434: 425: 422: 419: 418: 417: 408: 404: 400: 396: 387: 383: 374: 371: 367: 363: 354: 352: 351: 346: 336: 327: 323: 317:Frame setting 314: 311: 304: 301: 298: 297: 296: 288: 286: 285:frame setting 282: 278: 273: 269: 265: 264:communication 255: 253: 248: 244: 242: 238: 228: 225: 221: 218:vs. the word 217: 211: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143:social theory 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 92: 89: 81: 71: 67: 63: 57: 55: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 11783:Reductionism 11759:Pre-Socratic 11739:Neoplatonism 11599:Hermeneutics 11564:Epicureanism 11520:Confucianism 11515:Collectivism 11505:Cartesianism 11356:Christianity 11168:Distributism 11158:Conservatism 11133:Collectivism 11101:Economic and 11026:Works of art 10982:Sublime, The 10873:Magnificence 10824:Human rights 10551:Origin myths 10497:Intelligence 10477:Idios kosmos 10212:Explanations 10183:Epistemology 10108:Social proof 10103:Social group 10061:Scapegoating 9942:Group action 9937:Folie à deux 9927:Entitativity 9804:Social class 9747:Institutions 9639:Anthropology 9504:Missionaries 9430:Echo chamber 9385:Brainwashing 9340:Stereotyping 9248:Cryptomnesia 9238:Confirmation 9164:Value system 9084:Mental model 9054: 8921:Whataboutism 8891:Scapegoating 8851:Obscurantism 8831:Minimisation 8775: 8736:Exaggeration 8638: 8566:Media ethics 8486:Door-to-door 8481:Cold calling 8458:Weasel words 8365:Fifth column 8311: 8259:Push polling 8209:Astroturfing 8171:Pseudo-event 8151:Infotainment 8126:Broadcasting 8045:Urban legend 7968:April Fools' 7841:Testimonials 7811:Infomercials 7638:Dumbing down 7562:Post-Fordism 7552:Mass society 7521:Transparency 7467: 7334:Noam Chomsky 7312:Philosophers 7258:Recuperation 7243:Media circus 7237: 7233:Dumbing down 7099:Media policy 7073:Social media 6678: 6613:South Africa 6600:Web brigades 6536:Cyberwarfare 6518:Useful idiot 6467:Soviet Union 6412:Fintas Group 6304:Global Times 6302: 6271:cyberwarfare 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5964:Whataboutism 5959:Urban legend 5929:Quote mining 5587: 5560: 5554: 5542:. 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