1291:
1305:
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coordination and non-reactive strategic long-term thinking and management are needed. In that sense, "reactive sequencing" refers to "the notion that early events in a sequence set in motion a chain of causally linked reactions and counter-reactions which trigger subsequent development". This is a concept separate to policy sequencing in that the latter may require actions from a multitude of parties at different stages for progress of the sequence, rather than an initial "shock", force-exertion or catalysis of chains of events.
1867:
2714:; Bathan, Glynda; Bose-O'Reilly, Stephan; Brauer, Michael; Caravanos, Jack; Chiles, Tom; Cohen, Aaron; Corra, Lilian; Cropper, Maureen; Ferraro, Greg; Hanna, Jill; Hanrahan, David; Hu, Howard; Hunter, David; Janata, Gloria; Kupka, Rachael; Lanphear, Bruce; Lichtveld, Maureen; Martin, Keith; Mustapha, Adetoun; Sánchez-Triana, Ernesto; Sandilya, Karti; Schaefli, Laura; Shaw, Joseph; Seddon, Jessica; Suk, William; Téllez-Rojo, Martha María; Yan, Chonghuai (June 2022).
603:
1067:
724:
specific policy in comparison to the effects of at least one alternative policy. Second, the specific policy is supported by this evidence according to at least one of the individual's or organization's preferences in the given policy area. Third, the individual or organization can provide a sound account for this support by explaining the evidence and preferences that lay the foundation for the claim.
869:
899:'s popular model of the policy cycle divided the process into seven distinct stages, asking questions of both how and why public policies should be made. With the stages ranging from (1) intelligence, (2) promotion, (3) prescription, (4) invocation, (5) application, (6) termination and (7) appraisal, this process inherently attempts to combine policy implementation to formulated policy goals.
1575:
in various ways. Alternative options as well as organisations and decision-makers that would be responsible for enacting these policies – or explaining their rejection – can be identified. "Policy sequencing" is a concept that integrates mixes of existing or hypothetical policies and arranges them in
1599:
world, polycentric governance has become ever more important – such "requires a complex combination of multiple levels and diverse types of organizations drawn from the public, private, and voluntary sectors that have overlapping realms of responsibility and functional capacities". Key components of
1591:
may depend on exogenously-driven shocks that "undermine institutionally entrenched policy equilibria" and may not always be functional in terms of sufficiently preventing and solving problems, especially when unpopular policies, regulation of influential entities with vested interests, international
1131:
through official written documents. Policy documents often come with the endorsement or signature of the executive powers within an organization to legitimize the policy and demonstrate that it is considered in force. Such documents often have standard formats that are particular to the organization
1281:
Redistributive policies involve the transfer of resources or benefits from one group to another, typically from the wealthy or privileged to the less advantaged. These policies seek to reduce economic or social inequality by taking from those with more and providing for those with less. Progressive
1263:
Regulatory policies aim to control or regulate the behavior and practices of individuals, organizations, or industries. These policies are intended to address issues related to public safety, consumer protection, and environmental conservation. Regulatory policies involve government intervention in
1254:
Distributive policies involve government allocation of resources, services, or benefits to specific groups or individuals in society. The primary characteristic of distributive policies is that they aim to provide goods or services to a targeted group without significantly reducing the availability
1272:
Constituent policies are less concerned with the allocation of resources or regulation of behavior, and more focused on representing the preferences and values of the public. These policies involve addressing public concerns and issues that may not have direct economic or regulatory implications.
1166:
section, indicating which parties and organizations are responsible for carrying out individual policy statements. Many policies may require the establishment of some ongoing function or action. For example, a purchasing policy might specify that a purchasing office be created to process purchase
1147:
statement, describing who the policy affects and which actions are impacted by the policy. The applicability and scope may expressly exclude certain people, organizations, or actions from the policy requirements. Applicability and scope is used to focus the policy on only the desired targets, and
810:
provide an example of how organizations attempt to avoid negative effects. Many large companies have policies that all purchases above a certain value must be performed through a purchasing process. By requiring this standard purchasing process through policy, the organization can limit waste and
1959:
Hoffman, Steven J.; Baral, Prativa; Rogers Van Katwyk, Susan; Sritharan, Lathika; Hughsam, Matthew; Randhawa, Harkanwal; Lin, Gigi; Campbell, Sophie; Campus, Brooke; Dantas, Maria; Foroughian, Neda; Groux, Gaëlle; Gunn, Elliot; Guyatt, Gordon; Habibi, Roojin; Karabit, Mina; Karir, Aneesh; Kruja,
753:
over policy, while in other situations it is caused by lack of policy implementation and enforcement. Implementing policy may have unexpected results, stemming from a policy whose reach extends further than the problem it was originally crafted to address. Additionally, unpredictable results may
723:
It has been argued that policies ought to be evidence-based. An individual or organization is justified in claiming that a specific policy is evidence-based if, and only if, three conditions are met. First, the individual or organization possesses comparative evidence about the effects of the
1273:
They often reflect the broader values and beliefs of the society. Constituent policies can include symbolic gestures, such as resolutions recognizing historical events or designating official state symbols. Constituent policies also deal with fiscal policy in some circumstances.
707:
may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political,
727:
Policies are dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Policy blueprints have to be implemented, often with unexpected results. Social policies are what happens 'on the ground' when they are implemented, as well as what happens at the decision making or
939:
Anderson's version of the stages model is the most common and widely recognized out of the models. However, it could also be seen as flawed. According to Paul A. Sabatier, the model has "outlived its usefulness" and should be replaced. The model's issues have led to a
767:
The intended effects of a policy vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted to avoid some negative effect that has been noticed in the organization, or to seek some positive benefit.
1236:
of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Policy is intended to affect the "real" world, by guiding the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies.
884:
is a tool commonly used for analyzing the development of a policy. It can also be referred to as a "stages model" or "stages heuristic". It is thus a rule of thumb rather than the actual reality of how policy is created, but has been influential in how
1264:
the form of laws, regulations, and oversight. Examples include environmental regulations, labor laws, and safety standards for food and drugs. Another example of a fairly successful public regulatory policy is that of a highway speed limit.
944:
situation in which current research and updated versions of the model continue to rely on the framework created by
Anderson. But the very concept of the stages model has been discredited, which attacks the cycle's status as a heuristic.
851:
results. For example, a government may make a policy decision to raise taxes, in hopes of increasing overall tax revenue. Depending on the size of the tax increase, this may have the overall effect of reducing tax revenue by causing
670:
policy. Moreover, governments and other institutions have policies in the form of laws, regulations, procedures, administrative actions, incentives and voluntary practices. Frequently, resource allocations mirror policy decisions.
1181:
indicating the specific regulations, requirements, or modifications to organizational behavior that the policy is creating. Policy statements are extremely diverse depending on the organization and intent, and may take almost any
859:
The policy formulation process theoretically includes an attempt to assess as many areas of potential policy impact as possible, to lessen the chances that a given policy will have unexpected or unintended consequences.
666:. Policies used in subjective decision-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result, are often hard to test objectively, e.g.
830:
lanes to drivers of hybrid vehicles. In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created an effect (increased ownership and use of hybrid vehicles) through policy (tax breaks, highway lanes).
1964:; Lee, Olivia; Li, Binxi; Nagi, Ranjana; Naicker, Kiyuri; Røttingen, John-Arne; Sahar, Nicola; Srivastava, Archita; Tejpar, Ali; Tran, Maxwell; Zhang, Yu-qing; Zhou, Qi; Poirier, Mathieu J. P. (9 August 2022).
1197:. This information is often quite valuable when policies must be evaluated or used in ambiguous situations, just as the intent of a law can be useful to a court when deciding a case that involves that law.
2501:
Pahle, Michael; Burtraw, Dallas; Flachsland, Christian; Kelsey, Nina; Biber, Eric; Meckling, Jonas; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Zysman, John (October 2018). "Sequencing to ratchet up climate policy stringency".
1255:
or benefits for other groups. These policies are often designed to promote economic or social equity. Examples include subsidies for farmers, social welfare programs, and funding for public education.
700:. While the law can compel or prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income), policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve the desired outcome.
1029:
academics challenge cyclical models as unresponsive and unrealistic, preferring systemic and more complex models. They consider a broader range of actors involved in the policy space that includes
948:
Due to these problems, alternative and newer versions of the model have aimed to create a more comprehensive view of the policy cycle. An eight step policy cycle is developed in detail in
916:
Policy formulation – Involves exploring a variation of options or alternative courses of action available for addressing the problem. (appraisal, dialogue, formulation, and consolidation)
919:
Decision-making – Government decides on an ultimate course of action, whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or alter it. (Decision could be 'positive', 'negative', or 'no-action')
3162:
1240:
Policies may be classified in many different ways. The following is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their effect on members of the organization.
1025:. Policy cycles are typically characterized as adopting a classical approach, and tend to describe processes from the perspective of policy decision makers. Accordingly, some
745:
A company or organization's policy on a particular topic. For example, the equal opportunity policy of a company shows that the company aims to treat all its staff equally.
1568:). Broadly, considerations include political competition with other parties and social stability as well as national interests within the framework of global dynamics.
651:
to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a
1232:
in his article "Four
Systems of Policy, Politics and Choice" and in "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory". Policy addresses the
1371:
2924:
Lowi, Theodore J.; Bauer, Raymond A.; De Sola Pool, Ithiel; Dexter, Lewis A. (1964). "American
Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory".
893:'s work. It is called the policy cycle as the final stage (evaluation) often leads back to the first stage (problem definition), thus restarting the cycle.
1376:
677:
In contrast, policies to assist in objective decision-making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested, e.g. password policy.
3121:
Hicks, Daniel L.; Hicks, Joan Hamory; Maldonado, Beatriz (January 2016). "Women as policy makers and donors: female legislators and foreign aid".
716:
is a policy for a firm/company or an industry that is considered to have a notably high subjective element, and that has a material impact on the
1366:
2857:
Heckathorn, Douglas D.; Maser, Steven M. (1990). "The
Contractual Architecture of Public Policy: A Critical Reconstruction of Lowi's Typology".
1631:
intervention, influence research, and guide funding". Broadly, science–policy interfaces include both science in policy and science for policy.
1193:, indicating any reasons, history, ethical background statements, and/or intent that led to the creation of the policy, which may be listed as
1933:
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requests, and that this office would be responsible for ongoing actions. Responsibilities often include identification of any relevant
749:
The actions an organization actually takes may often vary significantly from its stated policy. This difference is sometimes caused by
631:
1316:
1294:
2275:
2162:
Deleon, Peter; Steelman, Toddi A. (2001). "Making public policy programs effective and relevant: The role of the policy sciences".
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issuing the policy. While such formats differ in form, policy documents usually contain certain standard components including:
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3123:
2327:
2285:
1641:
2820:
Greenberg, George D.; et al. (December 1977). "Developing Public Policy Theory: Perspectives from
Empirical Research".
1619:, suggests that successful control of conjoined threats such as pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss requires a
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a sequential order. The use of such frameworks may make complex polycentric governance for the achievement of goals such as
1351:
913:
setting (Problem identification) – The recognition of certain subject as a problem demanding further government attention.
1282:
taxation, welfare programs, and financial assistance to low-income households are examples of redistributive policies.
1140:, outlining why the organization is issuing the policy, and what its desired effect or outcome of the policy should be.
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2129:
1560:), contemporary economics (such as what is beneficial or a burden in the long- and near-term within it) and a general
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1561:
1114:
499:
34:
1838:"When is it justified to claim that a practice or policy is evidence-based? Reflections on evidence and preferences"
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105:
1612:
1552:, policy mixes are usually introduced depending on factors that include popularity in the public (influenced via
1326:
681:
2583:
Howlett, Michael (December 2009). "Process
Sequencing Policy Dynamics: Beyond Homeostasis and Path Dependency".
2557:"Timing is everything: Researchers reveal why the right sequence of policies is essential to slow deforestation"
2305:
1321:
1308:
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attempt to determine whether the course of action is a success or failure by examining its impact and outcomes.
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494:
272:
120:
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Meckling, Jonas; Sterner, Thomas; Wagner, Gernot (December 2017). "Policy sequencing toward decarbonization".
1361:
509:
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policies include command-and-control measures, enabling measures, monitoring, incentives and disincentives.
712:, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals. In public corporate finance, a
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258:
90:
61:
2903:
Kellow, Aynsley (Summer 1988). "Promoting
Elegance in Policy Theory: Simplifying Lowi's Arenas of Power".
2626:
Daugbjerg, Carsten (1 April 2009). "Sequencing in public policy: the evolution of the CAP over a decade".
2091:
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Official government policy (legislation or guidelines that govern how laws should be put into operation)
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95:
66:
3016:
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1401:
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222:
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1501:
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337:
227:
1203:, providing clear and unambiguous definitions for terms and concepts found in the policy document.
931:– Assesses the effectiveness of a public policy in terms of its perceived intentions and results.
680:
The term may apply to government, public sector organizations and groups, as well as individuals,
3014:
Nakamura, Robert T. (September 1987). "The textbook policy process and implementation research".
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1425:
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1088:
1081:
840:
267:
20:
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more easily achievable or more effective, fair, efficient, legitimate and rapidly implemented.
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or by creating a rate so high that citizens are deterred from earning the money that is taxed.
795:, and sometimes may have led to unintended harmful or net negative effects. The study suggests
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Policy is a blueprint of the organizational activities which are repetitive/routine in nature.
504:
446:
392:
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2320:
An
Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making
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305:
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125:
1871:
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8:
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Spitzer, Robert J. (June 1987). "Promoting Policy Theory: Revising the Arenas of Power".
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1304:
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717:
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100:
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2092:"Policy implications of incorporating hybrid vehicles into high-occupancy vehicle lanes"
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2008:
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843:. Because the environments that policies seek to influence or manipulate are typically
807:
584:
177:
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2013:
1995:
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Policies or policy-elements can be designed and proposed by a multitude of actors or
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886:
877:
784:
579:
253:
115:
110:
71:
44:
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2217:
Howlett, M. (2011) Designing public policies: principles and instruments. Routledge.
1347:
Heinz
College of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University
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2414:
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2003:
1985:
1907:
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1213:
1030:
910:
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826:
that provided USD $ 1,500 in tax credits (since phased out) and enabled the use of
529:
285:
139:
2763:
3198:
3157:
2031:
1731:
1726:
1681:
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1516:
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1450:
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981:
963:
896:
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are the "only modifiable treaty design choice" with the potential to improve the
663:
607:
589:
414:
399:
847:(e.g. governments, societies, large companies), making a policy change can have
2068:
1898:
Lowi, Theodore J. (July 1972). "Four
Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice".
1736:
1691:
1666:
1526:
1511:
1470:
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1430:
1050:
1026:
988:
922:
853:
822:
in California has increased dramatically, in part because of policy changes in
818:
provides an example of benefit-seeking policy. In recent years, the numbers of
776:
689:
685:
485:
404:
358:
300:
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2523:
2471:
2360:
3192:
3152:
2696:
2647:
2604:
2531:
2479:
2428:
2368:
2183:
1999:
1966:"International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects"
1711:
1596:
1581:
1521:
1481:
1460:
1435:
1356:
1346:
1038:
800:
772:
750:
409:
387:
362:
192:
2996:
Lowi, Theodore J. (1985). "The State in Politics". In Noll, Roger G. (ed.).
1990:
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2017:
1767:
1549:
1536:
1128:
792:
704:
172:
2055:
Herbert, Peter (1984). "The financial implications of purchasing policy".
1741:
1565:
1381:
1298:
1042:
823:
819:
729:
693:
476:
441:
344:
332:
197:
2671:"Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons"
2419:
2394:
2096:
Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology
1766:
For more information on the effect of tax policy on state revenues, see
1548:
In contemporary systems of market-oriented economics and of homogeneous
1327:
Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California Berkeley
602:
2945:
2878:
2841:
2027:"Do international treaties actually work? Study says they mostly don't"
1961:
1746:
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1034:
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652:
566:
556:
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290:
152:
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1958:
1919:
16:
Principle or protocol to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes
2176:
10.1002/1520-6688(200124)20:1<163::aid-pam2011>3.0.co;2-w
2130:"Capital Tax Competition in the Presence of Rent-Shifting Incentives"
1646:
1608:
1005:
1001:
648:
451:
349:
232:
187:
167:
2937:
2870:
2833:
2208:
Laswell, H(1971). A Pre-View of Policy Sciences. New York, Elsevier.
1066:
3048:"Typologies, Taxonomies, and the Benefits of Policy Classification"
2980:
2244:
1934:"Most international treaties are ineffective, Canadian study finds"
1911:
1616:
574:
534:
217:
202:
182:
51:
2792:
2709:
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Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods
941:
489:
147:
3104:
Policy Practice for Social Workers: New Strategies for a New Era
1607:, may have also become more important. A review about worldwide
3171:
1819:"Government's Role in Coordination of Decision- Making Process"
1475:
1233:
925:– The ultimate decision made earlier will be put into practice.
889:
looked at policy in general. It was developed as a theory from
539:
481:
27:
868:
754:
arise from selective or idiosyncratic enforcement of policy.
3000:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 67–110.
2500:
1603:
Science-based policy, related to the more narrow concept of
2923:
2896:
Policy Analysis: A Political and Organizational Perspective
1496:
956:: (now with Catherine Althaus in its 4th and 5th editions)
788:
742:
Broad ideas and goals in political manifestos and pamphlets
3177:
2856:
1186:
Some policies may contain additional sections, including:
2793:
Althaus, Catherine; Bridgman, Peter; Davis, Glyn (2007).
1870: This article incorporates text available under the
1823:
Revista de Științe Politics. Journal of Political Science
827:
697:
655:
body within an organization. Policies can assist in both
1342:
The University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy
2388:
2386:
1372:
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
2449:
2090:
Nesamani, K.S.; Lianyu, C.H.U.; Recker, Will (2010).
762:
2395:"Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation"
2393:
Furumo, Paul R.; Lambin, Eric F. (27 October 2021).
2190:
2089:
1377:
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
735:
When the term policy is used, it may also refer to:
3120:
2383:
2806:. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Press.
1155:which indicates when the policy comes into force.
3004:
3190:
2274:Fischer, Frank; Miller, Gerald J. (2006-12-21).
692:are all examples of policy. Policy differs from
2302:Helping researchers become policy entrepreneurs
1970:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1367:Norman Paterson School of International Affairs
1362:Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy
2963:"Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice"
2229:"Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process"
2161:
2668:
2273:
1148:avoid unintended consequences where possible.
625:
2392:
3039:Analyzing National and International Policy
2669:Carlisle, Keith; Gruby, Rebecca L. (2019).
1095:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1000:The Althaus, Bridgman & Davis model is
3101:
2797:(4th ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
632:
618:
3063:
2998:Regulatory Policy and the social Sciences
2819:
2801:
2731:
2716:"Pollution and health: a progress update"
2686:
2625:
2418:
2164:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
2007:
1989:
1849:
1317:Balsillie School of International Affairs
1295:Balsillie School of International Affairs
1115:Learn how and when to remove this message
902:One version by James E. Anderson, in his
839:Policies frequently have side effects or
3161:) is being considered for deletion. See
3036:
3013:
2551:
2549:
2342:
2317:
2226:
2196:
1543:
1303:
1289:
867:
811:standardize the way purchasing is done.
3072:
2893:
2582:
2054:
3191:
2902:
2710:Fuller, Richard; Landrigan, Philip J;
1816:
1587:Contemporary ways of policy-making or
1216:proposed four types of policy, namely
33:For policies regarding Knowledge, see
3124:European Journal of Political Economy
3045:
2546:
1642:Artificial intelligence in government
3005:Müller, Pierre; Surel, Yves (1998).
2995:
2960:
2300:Young, John and Enrique Mendizabal.
1897:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1835:
1352:Harvard Kennedy School of Government
1093:adding citations to reliable sources
1060:
977:Building coordination and coalitions
971:(which permeates the entire process)
872:Example of the policy cycle concept.
787:have mostly failed to produce their
2810:
2764:"Science-Policy Interface Platform"
2318:Birkland, Thomas A. (2 July 2019).
2127:
13:
3095:
3087:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1987.tb00753.x
3065:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02153.x
3030:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1987.tb00034.x
3009:(in French). Paris: Montchrestien.
3007:L'analyse des politiques publiques
2917:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00680.x
2768:Major Group for Children and Youth
2233:PS: Political Science and Politics
1790:
1562:state of international competition
1285:
763:Intended effects and policy-design
14:
3220:
3165:to help reach a consensus. ›
3144:
2822:American Political Science Review
2628:Journal of European Public Policy
1878:
1550:voting of delegates and decisions
1276:
1212:The American political scientist
906:(1974) has the following stages:
500:Biology and political orientation
35:Knowledge:Policies and guidelines
1865:
1851:10.1332/174426421X16905606522863
1065:
601:
2785:
2756:
2703:
2662:
2619:
2576:
2494:
2443:
2345:"Network-centric policy design"
2336:
2311:
2294:
2267:
2227:Sabatier, Paul A. (June 1991).
2220:
2211:
2202:
2155:
2121:
1243:
3137:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.007
2815:. University of Alabama Press.
2804:Social Policy: an Introduction
2795:The Australian Policy Handbook
2343:Taeihagh, Araz (1 June 2017).
2306:Overseas Development Institute
2137:經濟研究 (Taipei Economic Inquiry)
2083:
2048:
1952:
1926:
1829:
1810:
1784:
1760:
1322:Blavatnik School of Government
1309:Blavatnik School of Government
1267:
950:The Australian Policy Handbook
495:Theories of political behavior
121:Political history of the world
1:
3178:"Policy Studies Organization"
3150:
2733:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0
2108:10.1016/S1570-6672(09)60031-3
2057:Journal of General Management
1777:
1627:–policy interface", e.g. to "
1258:
974:Policy instrument development
834:
682:Presidential executive orders
510:Critique of political economy
2968:Public Administration Review
1900:Public Administration Review
1573:collaborating actor-networks
1556:and education as well as by
91:Outline of political science
7:
2898:. London: Martin Robertson.
2720:The Lancet Planetary Health
1634:
1407:
1357:Hertie School of Governance
1159:are rare, but can be found.
1031:civil society organizations
10:
3225:
3102:K. Cummins, Linda (2011).
2961:Lowi, Theodore J. (1972).
2308:, London, September 2009.
2069:10.1177/030630708400900403
2024:University press release:
1332:London School of Economics
1247:
1056:
757:
714:critical accounting policy
686:corporate privacy policies
647:is a deliberate system of
96:Index of politics articles
32:
25:
18:
3017:Review of Policy Research
2894:Jenkins, William (1978).
2640:10.1080/13501760802662698
2597:10.1017/S0143814X09990158
2524:10.1038/s41558-018-0287-6
2472:10.1038/s41560-017-0025-8
2361:10.1007/s11077-016-9270-0
2322:(5 ed.). Routledge.
1817:Voican, Mădălina (2008).
1578:climate change mitigation
1402:Paris Nanterre University
3163:templates for discussion
3037:Paquette, Laure (2002).
2585:Journal of Public Policy
1836:Gade, Christian (2023).
1753:
1615:– where it found little
1207:
863:
845:complex adaptive systems
26:Not to be confused with
2859:The Journal of Politics
2811:Dye, Thomas R. (1976).
2802:Blakemore, Ken (1998).
1991:10.1073/pnas.2122854119
1426:Human resource policies
1387:University of Cambridge
1145:applicability and scope
1127:Policies are typically
841:unintended consequences
505:Political organisations
268:International relations
106:Politics by subdivision
21:Policy (disambiguation)
3075:Policy Studies Journal
3052:Policy Studies Journal
2905:Policy Studies Journal
2675:Policy Studies Journal
1791:Office, Publications.
1312:
1301:
952:by Peter Bridgman and
873:
828:high-occupancy vehicle
797:enforcement mechanisms
781:international treaties
3046:Smith, K. B. (2002).
3041:. Rowman Littlefield.
2712:Balakrishnan, Kalpana
2504:Nature Climate Change
2399:Global Sustainability
2128:Lai, Yu-Bong (2006).
1842:Evidence & Policy
1722:Public policy schools
1707:Public administration
1652:Distributive tendency
1605:evidence-based policy
1597:highly interconnected
1544:Induction of policies
1397:University of Warwick
1392:University of Glasgow
1337:King's College London
1307:
1293:
1250:Distributive tendency
871:
585:Political campaigning
325:Public administration
158:Collective leadership
1613:major cause of death
1564:(often the focus of
1507:Public policy in law
1487:Macroeconomic policy
1466:Environmental policy
1157:Retroactive policies
1089:improve this section
1015:and not meant to be
960:Issue identification
904:Public Policy-Making
887:political scientists
751:political compromise
718:financial statements
688:, and parliamentary
435:Separation of powers
306:Political psychology
281:Comparative politics
259:political scientists
246:Academic disciplines
126:Political philosophy
19:For other uses, see
2562:Stanford University
2516:2018NatCC...8..861P
2464:2017NatEn...2..918M
2420:10.1017/sus.2021.21
2411:2021GlSus...4E..24F
1982:2022PNAS..11922854H
1976:(32): e2122854119.
1717:Public policy (law)
1419:Communications and
1047:research institutes
808:purchasing policies
783:that aim to foster
608:Politics portal
457:Election commission
428:Government branches
311:Political sociology
163:Confessional system
101:Politics by country
1702:Program evaluation
1662:Mandate (politics)
1421:information policy
1313:
1302:
1195:motivating factors
874:
785:global cooperation
291:Political analysis
223:Semi-parliamentary
3204:Politics by issue
3168:Policy institutes
2688:10.1111/psj.12212
2329:978-1-351-02394-8
2287:978-1-4200-1700-7
1697:Political science
1687:Policy Governance
1677:Policy alienation
1558:cultural identity
1502:Population policy
1382:Sciences Po Paris
1179:Policy statements
1138:purpose statement
1125:
1124:
1117:
878:political science
793:global challenges
668:work–life balance
642:
641:
590:Political parties
530:Electoral systems
254:Political science
228:Semi-presidential
140:Political systems
116:Political history
111:Political economy
3216:
3185:
3140:
3117:
3090:
3069:
3067:
3042:
3033:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2957:
2920:
2899:
2890:
2865:(4): 1101–1123.
2853:
2828:(4): 1532–1543.
2816:
2807:
2798:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2735:
2726:(6): e535–e547.
2707:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2666:
2660:
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2580:
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2134:
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2118:
2116:
2114:
2087:
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2080:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2021:
2011:
1993:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1793:"What is policy"
1788:
1771:
1764:
1672:Pattern language
1580:and stoppage of
1532:Transport policy
1456:Education policy
1214:Theodore J. Lowi
1164:responsibilities
1120:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1069:
1061:
1049:, corporations,
1020:
1014:
980:Program Design:
849:counterintuitive
789:intended effects
634:
627:
620:
606:
605:
396:
341:
296:Political theory
286:Election science
276:
262:
40:
39:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3209:Decision-making
3189:
3188:
3176:
3166:
3147:
3114:
3098:
3096:Further reading
3093:
2938:10.2307/2009452
2871:10.2307/2131684
2834:10.2307/1961494
2813:Policy Analysis
2788:
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2567:
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2555:
2554:
2547:
2510:(10): 861–867.
2499:
2495:
2458:(12): 918–922.
2448:
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2349:Policy Sciences
2341:
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2110:
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2032:York University
2025:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1940:. 3 August 2022
1932:
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1732:Social contract
1727:Public services
1682:Policy analysis
1637:
1589:decision-making
1546:
1541:
1517:Security policy
1492:Monetary policy
1451:Economic policy
1446:Domestic policy
1410:
1288:
1286:Notable schools
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1246:
1210:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1086:
1070:
1059:
1027:post-positivist
1016:
1009:
964:Policy analysis
897:Harold Lasswell
891:Harold Lasswell
866:
837:
779:concluded that
765:
760:
664:decision making
638:
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415:Public interest
400:Domestic policy
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45:Politics series
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3145:External links
3143:
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3112:
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3081:(4): 675–689.
3070:
3058:(3): 379–395.
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3024:(1): 142–154.
3011:
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2993:
2981:10.2307/974990
2975:(4): 298–310.
2958:
2932:(4): 687–713.
2926:World Politics
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1962:Lavis, John N.
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1912:10.2307/974990
1906:(4): 298–310.
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2568:23 November
1742:Social work
1566:geopolitics
1299:CIGI Campus
1268:Constituent
1230:constituent
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1175:structures.
1129:promulgated
1043:think tanks
942:paradoxical
824:Federal law
820:hybrid cars
730:legislative
477:Sovereignty
442:Legislature
345:Technocracy
333:Bureaucracy
198:Meritocracy
178:Directorial
3193:Categories
1778:References
1747:Think tank
1623:, "formal
1259:Regulatory
1248:See also:
1226:regulatory
1191:Background
1173:governance
1045:or policy
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929:Evaluation
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816:California
806:Corporate
710:managerial
703:Policy or
657:subjective
653:governance
649:guidelines
567:Governance
557:Government
552:Federalism
153:City-state
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1105:June 2023
1076:does not
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1006:iterative
1002:heuristic
661:objective
547:Unitarism
535:Elections
523:Subseries
452:Judiciary
447:Executive
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233:Theocracy
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168:Democracy
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1874:license.
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