Pitch-accent language

5980:

this question is divided. Thomson (1890: 59) and Kettunen (1925: 4) thought that Livonian had borrowed the stød from Latvian, whereas Posti (1942: 325) thought that Latvian got it from Livonian. My conclusion that the Livonian stød is a tonal feature is more consonant with the former view. Livonian is the only Finno-Ugric language known to have a tonal or pitch accent, while it is a feature of several branches of Indo-European, including Balto-Slavic in particular. On the hypothesis that Livonian got its stød under the influence of Latvian, we account for the Livonian stød by language contact, and for the Latvian stød as a Baltic inheritance.

4557:(thréátening), o-H-H (abóut-túrn), o-H-o (esséntial), o-o-H (recomménd). Toneless syllables receive other pitch assignments depending on their positions: word-initial toneless syllables are M(id)-toned, utterance-final toneless syllables are Low, and word-medial toneless syllables vary across two major sub-dialects in the community surfacing as either H or M. Because lexical stipulation of Hong Kong English tones are {H, o} privative, one is easily misled into thinking of Hong Kong English as a pitch-accented language. It is, however, probably more accurate to think of Hong Kong English as a language with lexical tones. 4636:"Welsh"), and is usually on a low pitch followed by a rising pitch. "In Welsh, the stressed syllable is associated with lower pitch than less stressed or unstressed syllables ... However, the post-stress syllable in Welsh is typically produced on a higher pitch." It is believed that this came about because late Brythonic (the ancestor of Welsh) had a penultimate accent that was pronounced with a high pitch. When the final vowels of words were lost, the high pitch remained on what was now the final syllable, but the stress moved to the new penultimate. Thus LHL changed to LH, with the stress on the low syllable. 2455:(clitics that latch on to a following word), on the other hand, can "steal" a falling tone (but not a rising tone) from the following monosyllabic or disyllabic words (as seen in the examples /vîdiːm/→/ně‿vidiːm/, /ʒěliːm/→/ne‿ʒěliːm/). The stolen accent is always short and may end up being either falling or rising on the proclitic. That phenomenon is obligatory in Neoštokavian idiom and therefore in all three standard languages, but it is often lost in spoken dialects because of the influence of other dialects (such as in 2099:, which means "the duck" when using tone 1 and "the spirit" when using tone 2. In some dialects of Swedish, including those spoken in Finland, the distinction is absent. There are significant variations in the realization of pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects), accent 1 is falling, and accent 2 is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around the syllable boundary. 382:

of tone system properties (or both a tone system, usually still non-prototypical, and a stress system simultaneously). Since all pitch-accent languages can be analysed just as well in purely tonal terms, in Hyman's view, the term "pitch-accent" should be superseded by a wider understanding of what qualifies as a tone system - thus, all "pitch-accent" languages are tone languages, and there is simply more variety within tone systems than has historically been admitted.

3502: 2228:, accent 1 rises then falls, and with accent 2 there is a fall and then a rise and another fall. The three types are known as Rule A, Rule B and Rule 0, respectively. Although traditionally accent 2 has been analysed as the marked variant, in certain Rule A areas (especially Cologne, where accent 2's realization is nigh-indistinguishable from an unpitched long vowel) accent 1 is thought of as the marked variant. Grammars of the 2119: 2158:). No distinction of tones is made in stressed syllables containing a short vowel only. Although the accentual system resembles that of Swedish, the two are thought to have arisen independently. Unlike Swedish, where the distinction in tones is not made in monosyllables (except for in northern and western dialects), in the Franconian dialects it very frequently occurs in monosyllables, e.g., ( 36: 2655:

practice, however, even the stress-based accentual system is just an abstract ideal, and speakers generally retain their own dialect even when they try to speak Standard Slovenian. For example, speakers of urban dialects in the west of Slovenia without distinctive length fail to introduce a quantitative opposition when they speak the standard language.

751:, the accent is signalled by an upstep before the accented syllable. The high pitch continues after the accent, declining slightly, until the next accented syllable. Thus it is the opposite of Japanese, where the accent is preceded by high pitch, and its position is signalled by a downstep after the accented syllable. 1460: 4556:

are assigned at least one H (high) tone. Disyllabic words may have the tone pattern H-o (clóckwise), H-H (sómetímes), o-H (creáte), where "o" stands for tonelessness. Trisyllabic words receive any one of seven possible tone assignments H-H-H (kángároo), H-H-o (hándwríting), H-o-H (róundabóut), H-o-o

2758:

of northeastern Spain and southwestern France has a number of different dialects and a number of accentual patterns. Only western varieties seem to have a tonal accent, and eastern varieties have a stress accent (the stress-accent dialects also differ one from another). According to an analysis first

381:

Larry Hyman argues that tone is made up of a variety of different typological features, which can be mixed and matched with some independence from each other. Hyman claims that there can be no coherent definition of pitch-accent, as the term describes languages that have non-prototypical combinations

336:

Scholars give various definitions of a pitch-accent language. A typical definition is as follows: "Pitch-accent systems systems in which one syllable is more prominent than the other syllables in the same word, a prominence that is achieved by means of pitch" (Zanten and Dol (2010)). That is to say,

5979:

and the identical or at least very similar "Stosston" intonation of the coterritorial Latvian language? Almost certainly one of them got it from the other. The languages have influenced each other in many ways, in both directions. But which way did the influence go in this case? Scholarly opinion on

2448:

Thus, monosyllables generally have falling tone, and polysyllabic words generally have falling or rising tone on the first syllable and rising in all the other syllables except the last. The tonal opposition rising vs. falling is generally possible only in the first accented syllable of polysyllabic

1777:

In the tree diagram on the right, as adopted from Poljakov, names for (original) Baltic tones have been equated with those of modern Standard Lithuanian and the falling tone in Latvian is depicted as derived from a Baltic rising tone. According to some it was Lithuanian that "switched the places" of

1286:

daughter languages, it is generally believed that the accented syllable was higher in pitch than the surrounding syllables. Among daughter languages, a pitch-accent system is found in Vedic Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, the Baltic languages and some South Slavic languages, although none of them preserves

1097:

has also been called a pitch-accent language in recent studies, although the high tone of the accent is also accompanied by stress; and as with Turkish, in some circumstances the accent can be neutralised and disappear. Because the accent is both stressed and high-pitched, Persian can be considered

4212:

The situation with verbs is more complicated, however, since some of the verbal roots have their own inherent word-accent, but also, the prefixes added to the verb also often have an accent. Also, some tenses (such as negative tenses and relative clause tenses) add an accent on the final syllable.

2346:

The Neoštokavian dialect used for the basis of standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian distinguishes four types of pitch accents: short falling (ȅ), short rising (è), long falling (ȇ), and long rising (é). There are also unaccented vowels: long (ē) and short (e). The accent is said to be relatively

1949:

Latvian and other more westward varieties differentiate only between level and broken pitches with the falling pitch being merged with the broken one. Thus the Standard Latvian "minimal triplet" or "minimal set" of (hall), (grass) and (medicine) in Rīga Latvian would be reduced to "hall" (level

337:

in a pitch-accent language, in order to indicate how a word is pronounced it is necessary, as with a stress-accent language, to mark only one syllable in a word as accented, not specify the tone of every syllable. This feature of having only one prominent syllable in a word or morpheme is known as

1517:

In addition to the two accents mentioned above (the acute and the circumflex), Ancient Greek also had a grave accent. It was used only on the last syllable of words, as an alternative to an acute. The acute was used when the word was cited in isolation or came before a pause, such as a comma or a

2153:

In these dialects there is a distinction between two different tonal contours, known as "tonal accent 1" and "tonal accent 2". As with Lithuanian, the distinction is made only in stressed syllables and, for the most part, only when the syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong or vowel that is

4531:

Those and other processes cause most verb tenses to have only one or two high tones, which are at the beginning, the penultimate or the final of the verb stem or at a prefix or sometimes even both. That gives the impression that the tones in the resultant words have a clearly-accentual quality.

3237:

words used to be always referred to as "stress" but is recognised as a pitch accent in recent works. Acoustic studies show that accented syllables have some of the characteristics of stressed syllables in stress-accent languages (slightly more intensity, more length, more open vowels), but that

1996:

unrelated (being from different language families) both have influenced each other heavily in terms of phonology. Whether Livonian acquired this feature from Latvian or vice versa is debated; however, as Livonian is the only Finno-Ugric language to have this feature, the majority of researchers

879:

is often considered a typical pitch-accent language, since the pronunciation of any word can be specified by marking just one syllable as accented, and in every word the accent is realised by a fall in pitch immediately after the accented syllable. In the examples below the accented syllable is

2654:

In Slovenian, there are two concurrent standard accentual systems: the older, tonal, with three "pitch accents", and the younger, dynamic (i.e., stress-based), with louder and longer syllables. The stress-based system was introduced because two thirds of Slovenia has lost its tonal accent. In

1525:

By comparing the position of the Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit accents, the accent of the ancestor language Proto-Indo-European can often be reconstructed. For example, in the declension of the word for "father" in these two languages, the position of the accent in some cases is identical:

377:

Often, however, the difference between a pitch-accent language, a stress-accent language, and tonal language is not clear. "It is, in fact, often not straightforward to decide whether a particular pitch system is best described as tonal or accentual. ... Since raised pitch, especially when it

517:

A phenomenon observed in a number of languages, both fully tonal ones and those with pitch-accent systems, is peak delay. In this, the high point (peak) of a high tone does not synchronise exactly with the syllable itself, but is reached at the beginning of the following syllable, giving the

1356:

In the later stages of Sanskrit, the pitch accent was lost and a stress accent remained. The stress in Sanskrit, however, was weaker than that in English and not free but predictable. The stress was heard on the penultimate syllable of the word if it was heavy, on the antepenultimate if the

1076:

language has a system very similar to Japanese. In some Basque dialects, as in Tokyo Japanese, there are accented and unaccented words; in other dialects all major words have an accent. As with Japanese, the accent in Basque consists of a high pitch followed by a fall on the next syllable.

4441:

The verbal system is complicated by the fact that overlying the tones of the verb and suffixes is a series of tonal patterns that changes by tense. There are at least eight patterns for affirmative tenses and other different patterns for relative clause verbs and negative verbs.

3940:

Another process that makes for culminativity in some Bantu languages is the interaction between stress and tone. The penultimate syllable of a word is stressed in many Bantu languages, and some of them have a tendency for high tones to be on the penultimate. For example, in

5911:). They are fully differentiated in stressed syllables only: unstressed syllables have an opposition of glottalised and non-glottalised long vocalic segments. Segments with 'even' pitch are ultra long. Neither Lithuanian nor Latvian mark pitch in their standard orthography. 424:, the difference between a "rising" and a "falling" accent is observed only in the pitch of the syllable following the accent: the accent is said to be "rising" if the following syllable is as high as or higher than the accented syllable, but "falling" if it is lower (see 1458: 367:, that is, that every major word has to have an accent. This is not always true of pitch-accent languages, some of which, like Japanese and Northern Bizkaian Basque, have accentless words. But there are also some pitch-accent languages in which every word has an accent. 1248:"they will see", where the automatic default tone does not follow the accent immediately but after an interval of two or three syllables. In such words it is therefore necessary to specify not only which syllable has the accent, but where the default tone begins. 2919:

Intonation studies show that when an accentless word is spoken either in isolation or before a verb, it acquires an accent on its last syllable (or, in Ondarroa, on its penultimate syllable). However, that is an intonational accent, rather than a lexical accent:

378:

coincides with vowel length, makes a syllable perceptually more prominent, it can often require detailed phonetic and phonological analysis to disentangle whether pitch is playing a more stress-like or a more tone-like role in a particular language" (Downing).

2255:

Since the contour of the accent changes in different contexts, from declarative to interrogative, those dialects apparently contradict Hayes's proposed criterion for a pitch-accent language of the contour of a pitch-accent remaining stable in every context.

3011:, near the border with France in the towns of Goizueta and Leitza. There is a strong stress accent there on the second or the first syllable of every word, like with central dialects of Basque, but there is also a pitch contrast superimposed on the stress: 2251:

It has recently been observed that in interrogative sentences, however, all three types have nearly identical intonations. In all dialects in accent 1, there is then a rise and then a fall. In accent 2, there is then a fall, a rise and then another fall.

3181:"it is beautiful"). The accented syllable is slightly higher in pitch than the following syllable. All other words, when pronounced in isolation, either have a slightly raised pitch on the final syllable or are pronounced with all the syllables level. 360:(i.e., pitch) to mark the accented syllable, whereas stress languages may also use duration and intensity (Beckman). However, other scholars disagree, and find that intensity and duration can also play a part in the accent of pitch-accent languages. 1308:, is believed to have had a pitch accent that was very similar to that of ancestor language Proto-Indo-European. Most words had exactly one accented syllable, but there were some unaccented words, such as finite verbs of main clauses, non-initial 5907:'hang:irr.3'. In standard Latvian (and some of the dialects), long vocalic sequences (of the same type as in Lithuanian) distinguish three varieties of pitch: 'even', 'falling', and 'broken' ('broken pitch' being a falling pitch with superadded 5929:В латышском языке имеется слоговая интонация, которая может быть протяжной (~), прерывистой (^) и нисходящей (\). В некоторых случаях интонация имеет смыслоразличительное значение, например: за~ле ("зал"), за^ле ("трава"), za\les ("лекарство") 933:

In Japanese there are also other high-toned syllables, which are added to the word automatically, but these do not count as accents, since they are not followed by a low syllable. As can be seen, some of the words in Japanese have no accent.

469:, in most words the accent is realised as a low tone on the penultimate syllable (which is also stressed) followed by a high tone on the final; but in some dialects this LH contour may take place entirely within the penultimate syllable. 187:, in which practically every syllable can have an independent tone. Some scholars have claimed that the term "pitch accent" is not coherently defined and that pitch-accent languages are just a sub-category of tonal languages in general. 1169:

In more complex types of pitch-accent languages, although there is still only one accent per word, there is a systematic contrast of more than one pitch-contour on the accented syllable, for example, H vs. HL in the Colombian language

1278:, the putative ancestor of most European, Iranian and North Indian languages, is usually reconstructed to have been a free pitch-accent system. ("Free" here refers to the position of the accent since its position was unpredictable by 348:

on accented syllables ... This is not so for pure stress languages, where the tonal contours of stressed syllables can vary freely" (Hayes (1995)). Although this is true of many pitch-accent languages, there are others, such as the

4751:

In a certain kind of reduplication, the accent moves to the first mora, and the next consonant is then usually doubled. At the same time, since a long vowel cannot follow the accent, the vowel after the accent is also shortened:

1691:

In later stages of Greek, the accent changed from a pitch accent to a stress accent, but remained largely on the same syllable as in Ancient Greek. The change is thought to have taken place by the 4th century AD. Thus, the word

4780:

To an English-speaker, the first high tone in Yaqui "sounds very much like a stress". However, acoustic studies show that the amplitude of the accented syllable is not really greater than the other syllables in the word are.

1997:

believe it was a product of Latvian influence on Livonian and not the other way around. It is possible that "Livonian stød" would be classified as a pitch accent only by Latvian classification just like the identical Latvian

1459: 5898:

Both Latvian and Lithuanian are pitch languages. In Lithuanian, stressed long vocalic segments (long vowels, diphthongs, and sequences of vowel plus sonorant) show a distinctive opposition of rising and falling pitch, cf.

2041:

are stress-accent languages, but in addition to the stress, two-syllable words with the stress on the first syllable in most dialects also have differences in tone. There are two kinds of tonal accent, referred to as the

1778:

the Baltic tones. This might explain why most languages call a rising tone "acute" while in Baltic terminology a falling tone is "acute." Some controversy surrounds Poljakov's model, and it has been harshly criticized by

1704:) ("man, person"), which is believed to have been pronounced in ancient times with the first syllable always higher than the other two, is now pronounced with the first syllable either higher or lower than the other two. 2983:

When an accented word is focused, the pitch of the accented syllable is raised, but if the word is accentless, there is no rise in pitch on that word but only on the accented word. In the following phrase, only the word

5049: 2347:

free, as it can be manifested on any syllable except the last. The long accents are realized by pitch change within the long vowel; the short ones are realized by the pitch difference from the subsequent syllable.

395:

When one particular tone is marked in a language in contrast to unmarked syllables, it is usual for it to be a high tone. There are, however, a few languages in which the marked tone is a low tone, for example the

2311:

As opposed to other Slavic dialect subgroups, West South Slavic dialects have largely retained the Proto-Slavic system of free and mobile tonal accent (including the dialect used for basis of Modern Standard

2283:

The late Proto-Slavic accentual system was based on a fundamental opposition of a short/long circumflex (falling) tone, and an acute (rising) tone, the position of the accent being free as was inherited from

1904:

has been described by several authors. At least in Danish phonology, stød (unlike Norwegian and Swedish pitch accents) is not considered a pitch accent distinction but, rather, variously described as either

1522:. Otherwise, a grave was written. The exact interpretation of the grave is disputed: it may have indicated that the accent was completely suppressed or that it was partly suppressed but not entirely absent. 3210:

A controversy exists over whether Turkish has accentless words, like Japanese and Basque. Some scholars, such as Levi (2005) and Özçelik (2016), see the final raised pitch sometimes heard in words such as

4333:

However, many number of nouns have no high tone but are accentless. Unlike the accentless words in Luganda, however, they do not acquire any default tones but are pronounced with all the syllables low:

3505:

Map of Japanese pitch-accent types. Red: Tone plus variable downstep. Green: Variable downstep in accented words. Lavender: Fixed downstep in accented words. Yellow: Variable pitches but no distinction.

592:) "at home" on the second half. An alternative analysis is to see Luganda and Ancient Greek as belonging to the type of languages where there is a choice of different contours on an accented syllable. 4216:

When two or three accents come in a row in a verb, H-H becomes H-L, and H-H-H becomes H-L-L. However, the default tones are not added on the syllables with deleted accents, which leads to forms like

4174:

In some contexts such as affirmative verb + location, or phrases with "of"), the high tone of an accent (or of a default tone) can continue in a plateau all the way until the next accented syllable:

3967:, are two Bantu languages that are interesting for their "tone reversal". Low tone is phonologically active in places that other languages of the same family have a high tone. Thus, in a word like * 4379:

Most verbal roots in Chichewa are accentless. However, a few verbs also have lexical accents, but they are not inherited from Proto-Bantu. When there is an accent, it is always heard on the final

1032:

If there are multiple accented morphemes, the accent is determined by specific morphophonological principles. Below is a comparison of Vedic, Tokyo Japanese and Cupeño regarding accent placement:

4620:(see below). An important factor in the realisation of stress in both Welsh and Welsh English is the length of the post-stress consonant, which tends to be longer than the stressed vowel itself. 6036: 3898:

is believed to have had two tones: H and L. However, it does not appear to have had a pitch-accent system, as defined above, since words with such forms as HL, HH, LH, and LL were all found: *

4674:

of the word. A long vowel has two moras in Yaqui, and a short vowel or diphthong has one mora. After the accent, the high tone continues with a very slight decline until the end of the word.

2248:"she," "they" are transcribed (zeiː) and (zei) respectively. (The differing transcriptions of the vowel are due to the pronunciation being different in Cologne than the surrounding dialects) 759:

In other languages the high pitch of an accent, instead of dropping to a low on the following syllable, in some circumstances can continue in a plateau to the next accented syllable, as in

4012:, has some words with apparent tonal accents. They can be either high or falling (rising tones do not occur in Luganda). Falling tones are found on bimoraic syllables or word-finally: 3624:. To give a full description of the accent of a word, therefore, it is necessary to specify not only the position of the accent (downstep) but also the height of the first syllable. 839:

and Luganda, the default high tones automatically added to accentless words can spread in a continuous plateau through the phrase as far as the first accent, for example, in Basque

6249: 4118:

Default tones are also heard on the end of accented words if there is a gap of at least one mora after the accent (the default tones are lower in pitch than the preceding accent):

3041:

Although the Turkish accent is traditionally referred to as "stress", recent studies have pointed out that the main correlate of lexical accent is actually pitch. In a word like

1334:). In some cases, language change merged an accented syllable with a following svarita syllable, and the two were combined in a single syllable, known as "independent svarita". 3184:

Turkish also has a phrase-accent and focus-accent. An accent on the first word of a phrase usually causes an accent in the following words or suffixes to be neutralised, e.g.,

2224:, on the other hand, accent 1 rises slightly or remains level, while it is accent 2 that falls sharply, that is, more or less the reverse of the Cologne pattern. In Hasselt in 2767:

singular form, but they have a default high tone (shown by underlining below), which continues throughout the word except for the first syllable. These examples come from the

2350:

Accent alternations are very frequent in inflectional paradigms by both types of accent and placement in the word (the so-called "mobile paradigms", which were present in the

5115:

Zanten, Ellen van & Philomena Dol (2010). "Word stress and pitch accent in Papuan languages. In: Hulst, Harry van der, Rob Goedemans & Ellen van Zanten (eds) (2010).

6529: 5599: 5552: 5445: 4449:-, the subjunctive has a tone on the final syllable and the potential is toneless. The tones apply, with minor variations, to all verbs, whether the stem is long or short: 2373:

Restrictions on the distribution of the accent depend on the position of the syllable but also on its quality, as not every kind of accent is manifested in every syllable.

3659:, any syllable and the initial two syllables may have a pitch accent in the form of a high tone. For example, in trisyllabic words, there are four possible tone patterns: 3925:, by which sequences such as HHH became HLL, LHL, or LLH, tended to eliminate all but one tone in a word in many Bantu languages, making them more accent-like. Thus in 3219:("he came") as a mere phrasal tone or boundary tone. Others, such as Kabak (2016), prefer the traditional view that the final accent in such words is a kind of stress. 2449:

words, but the opposition by length, long vs. short, is possible even in the nonaccented syllable and the post-accented syllable (but not in the preaccented position).

344:

Another property suggested for pitch-accent languages to distinguish them from stress languages is that "Pitch accent languages must satisfy the criterion of having

261:

Pitch-accent languages tend to fall into two categories: those with a single pitch-contour (for example, high, or high–low) on the accented syllable, such as Tokyo

3526:

rather than as pitch accent. The pitch of a word rises until it reaches a downstep and then drops abruptly. In a two-syllable word, a contrast thus occurs between

1255:, argue that the category "pitch-accent language" can have no coherent definition, and that all such languages should simply be referred to as "tonal languages". 1222:

the accented syllable is usually followed immediately after the HL of the accent by an automatic default tone, slightly lower than the tone of the accent, e.g.,

1900:

not just two. Broken pitch is, in turn, a falling pitch with superadded glottalization. And, indeed, the similarity between the Latvian broken pitch and Danish

6654: 6118: 3780:

and only then. Thus, the only tonal distinction is after voiceless consonants and in vowel-initial syllables, and there is only a two-way distinction between

1110:, the accent on a long vowel or diphthong could be on either half of the vowel, making a contrast possible between a rising accent and a falling one; compare 4493:

When a verb has a penultimate accent, most other tones tend to be suppressed. For example, in the negative future, both the tone of the future-tense marker,

6268: 3145:"only"). It is also caused by certain suffixes, some of which are "pre-accenting" and so cause an accent on the syllable preceding them, such as negative 2939:

When an accentless word in those dialects of Basque is followed by an accented word, the automatic high tones continue in a plateau as far as the accent:

2670:'master, lord'). There are three kinds of accents: short falling (è), long falling (ȇ) and long rising (é). Non-final syllables always have long accents: 450:, the difference between accent 1 and accent 2 can only be heard in words of two or more syllables, since the tones take two syllables to be realised. In 2965:

That also applies if the accent is intonational. In the following sentence, all words are unaccented apart from the intonational accent before the verb:

518:

impression that the high tone has spread over two syllables. The Vedic Sanskrit accent described above has been interpreted as an example of peak delay.

6314: 2066:. Over 150 two-syllable word pairs are differentiated only by their use of the accent. Tone 1 is used generally for words whose second syllable is the 135: 1747:

Baltic F R / \/ \ / /\ \ / / \ \ / / F \ / / |\ \ / / | \ \ F R L B F Lith. Latvian

2812:

There are, however, a few nouns (often borrowings) with a lexical accent. As in Japanese, the accent consists of a high tone, followed by a low one:

82: 4149:

The default tones are not always heard but disappear in certain contexts, such as if a noun is the subject of a sentence or used before a numeral:

420:

One difference between a pitch accent and a stress accent is that it is not uncommon for a pitch accent to be realised over two syllables. Thus in

4643:

Welsh found that in that dialect at least the peak of the tone was actually in the penultimate syllable, thus the last two syllables were L+H* L.

3522:

are described as having a pitch accent, which differs significantly among dialects. In Standard Japanese, the "accent" may be characterized as a

443:) on the following syllable; but occasionally, when two syllables had merged, the high tone and the falling tone were combined on one syllable. 5941: 5322: 3238:

effect is much less than would normally be expected in stress-accent languages. The main difference is one of pitch, with a contour of (L)+H*.

4345:

A few nouns (often but not always compounds) have two high tones. If they are separated by only one syllable, they usually join in a plateau:

4291:, is tonal but has accentual properties. Most Chichewa simple nouns have only one high tone, usually on one of the last three syllables. (See 1474:

The Ancient Greek accent was melodic, as is suggested by descriptions by ancient grammarians but also by fragments of Greek music such as the

1213:, it is necessary to specify not only which syllable of a word is accented, but also whether the initial syllable of the word is high or low. 4445:

For example, the present habitual tense has tones on the first and penultimate syllables, the recent past has a tone after the tense-marker -

4077:

However, accentless words are not always without tones but usually receive a default tone on all syllables except the first one or the first

6777: 5277: 2354:

itself but became much more widespread in Proto-Balto-Slavic). Different inflected forms of the same lexeme can exhibit all four accents:

5539: 2195: 2177: 6770: 6350:

Abolhasanizadeh, Vahideh; Bijankhan, Mahmood; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2012). "The Persian pitch accent and its retention after the focus".

6173: 5663:

Abolhasanizadeh, Vahideh; Bijankhan, Mahmood; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2012). "The Persian pitch accent and its retention after the focus".

5420: 5165: 4726:

In some words with a long first vowel, the accent moves to the second syllable, and the vowel of the first syllable then becomes short:

6608: 6565: 2288:. Common Slavic accentual innovations significantly reworked the original system primarily with respect to the position of the accent ( 6295: 6227: 2837:

In addition, some suffixes (including all plural suffixes) are preaccenting and so cause an accent on the syllable before the suffix:

6808: 6404:

Jun, Jongho; Kim, Jungsun; Lee, Hayoung; Jun, Sun-Ah (2006). "The Prosodic Structure and Pitch Accent of Northern Kyungsang Korean".

5166:"Optimizing the relation between tone and prominence: Evidence from Franconian, Scandinavian, and Serbo-Croatian tone accent systems" 2106:(except for some southern dialects), the pitch accent of Swedish and Norwegian corresponds to the glottalization phenomenon known as 605:

In some pitch-accent languages, the high pitch of the accent can be anticipated in the preceding syllable or syllables, for example,

5993: 1330:), and it appears that it was followed in the following syllable by a downwards glide, which the grammarians refer to as "sounded" ( 3616:) (marked red on the map to the right) differs from the Tokyo accent in that in some words, the first syllable of the word (always 558:"Buganda (region)" it occurs on the second half (with spreading back to the first half). In Ancient Greek, similarly, in the word 6512: 5256: 4592:

in the word-initial syllable often carries a low or low rising tone. In rapid speech, that can be the only trace of the deleted

4104:

A double consonant at the beginning of a word counts as a mora. In such words, the first syllable also can have a default tone:

4246:

Another rule is that if two accents in the same verb are not next to each other, they form a plateau. Thus, the negative tense

6334: 6200:

Hualde, J.I. "Historical Convergence and Divergence in Basque Accentuation"; in Riad, Tomas; Gussenhoven, Carlos (eds) (2007)

2240:(accent 1). Adam Wrede's influential dictionary of the Cologne dialect also treats accent 2 as indistinct; the above examples 1790:

in Balto-Slavic not preserved in Aukštaitian (Standard Lithuanian) or Slavic languages and not a recent development of acute.

6100: 5736: 5495:

64.227–248, pp. 230–1, quoted in Hyman, L.M. (2007) "Tone: Is it different?". UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007).

2102:

The word accents give Norwegian and Swedish a "singing" quality that makes them easy to distinguish from other languages. In

1950:

pitch) and "grass" (broken pitch) and "medicine" would be pronounced with a broken pitch just like "grass." Speakers around

307:

The term "pitch accent" is also used to denote a different feature, namely the use of pitch when speaking to give selective

6679: 6452: 5881: 2216:, accent 1 has a sharp fall near the beginning of the syllable, and accent 2 remains level for a while before falling. In 288:

Some of the languages considered pitch-accent languages, in addition to accented words, also have accentless words (e.g.,

4632:

a stress accent usually comes on the penultimate syllable (with a few exceptions accented on the final, such as the word

5891: 5834: 5346: 6639: 6498:

Downing, Laura (2010). "Accent in African languages". In Harry van der Hulst, Rob Goedemans, Ellen van Zanten (eds.)

6130: 5844: 5216:

Downing, Laura (2010). "Accent in African languages". In Harry van der Hulst, Rob Goedemans, Ellen van Zanten (eds.)

5131:

Downing, Laura (2010). "Accent in African languages". In Harry van der Hulst, Rob Goedemans, Ellen van Zanten (eds.)

1349:, a collection of hymns, the highest point of the accent appears not to have been reached until the beginning of the 6315:"The Foot is not an obligatory constituent of the Prosodic Hierarchy: “stress” in Turkish, French and child English" 3791:

In a polysyllabic word, the tone of the first syllable determines the tone of the entire word. If the first tone is

476:

language of Malawi a tone on a final syllable often spreads backwards to the penultimate syllable, so that the word

6115: 3964: 1478:, in which most words are set to music that coincides with the accent. For example, the first syllable of the word 977:) and inherently unaccented morphemes. The examples below demonstrate the formation of such words using morphemes: 374:: prominence peaks tend to occur at or near morpheme edges (word/stem initial, word/stem penult, word/stem final). 1804:

Long segments in Lithuanian can take one of two accents: rising or falling. "Long segments" are defined as either

1732:, died out in the 18th century.) Both languages have a tonal accent that is believed to derive from the ancestral 3673: 3049:"with a word", the accented second syllable is thus higher than the other two but has less intensity (loudness). 1881: 117: 6092:

Lexical, Pragmatic, and Positional Effects on Prosody in Two Dialects of Croatian and Serbian: An Acoustic Study

425: 6049:

Germanic tone accents: proceedings of the First International Workshop on Franconian Tone Accents, Leiden, 2003

6019:

Germanic tone accents: proceedings of the First International Workshop on Franconian Tone Accents, Leiden, 2003

5194:

Hyman, L.M. (2012). "Do all languages have word-accent?" UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2012), p. 35.

4616:

is the rising pitch on the last syllable of major words, imitating the rising pitch of word-final syllables in

6116:

Lexical, Pragmatic, and Positional Effects on Prosody in Two Dialects of Croatian and Serbian, Rajka Smiljanic

5095: 2992:"grandmother" is thus accented, whether the focus is on "John", "friend", or "grandmother", or none of these: 2412:

A rising tone generally occurs in any syllable of a word except the ultimate and never in monosyllabic words (

2005: 2001:, otherwise it would be considered a pitch register, glottalization or similar categories as discussed above. 6801: 3244:

Persian nouns and adjectives are always accented on the final syllable. Certain suffixes, such as the plural

1974:

identified a characteristic in the speech of a Livonian sailor that to him seemed very similar to the Danish

1282:

and so could be on any syllable of a word, regardless of its structure.) From comparisons with the surviving

1279: 6337:. Second Conference on Central Asian Languages and Linguistics (ConCALL52). October 2016 Indiana University. 3493:

However, other researchers claim that the pitch of post-focus words is reduced but sometimes still audible.

1251:

Because of the number of ways languages can use tone some linguists, such as the tonal languages specialist

1203:

Other languages deviate from a simple pitch accent in more complicated ways. For example, in describing the

720:"to make one another laugh". Sometimes the sequence HHHH then becomes LLLH, so that in the related language 5621: 5509:"Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De Compositione Verborum XI: Reconstructing the Phonetics of the Greek Accent" 5230: 4639:

Although it is usually said that the high pitch is in the final syllable of the word, an acoustic study of

2351: 1733: 1275: 939: 462:, accent 1 is an LHL contour and accent 2 is an HLHL contour, with the second peak in the second syllable. 4593: 4589: 4570: 3725: 3712: 3699: 3686: 3577: 3566: 3555: 2630: 2620: 2605: 2595: 2582: 2572: 2559: 2549: 2541: 2520: 2510: 2498: 2488: 2401:). The only exception to this rule are the interjections, i.e., words uttered in the state of excitement ( 131: 127: 7045: 5815: 2285: 2089:(beans or prayers). Differences in spelling occasionally let readers distinguish written words, but most 5392:

Cf. Hyman, L.M. (2007) "Tone: Is it different?". UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007), p. 500.

2293: 1269: 5280:(Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics 18, 535–555. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Michigan Slavic Publications.) 2029: 1754:

Baltic tones are often classified as either "acute" or "circumflex." However, these labels indicate a

6439: 5863: 5319: 4677:

About two thirds of words have an accent on the first mora, and all tones of the word are then high:

4574: 3772:. The tones have a contour in isolation, but for the following purposes, it can be ignored. However, 3652: 1970:

language rather than Baltic but was influenced by Latvian. In the late 19th century, Danish linguist

689: 24: 5524:

Hyman, L.M. (2007) "Tone: Is it different?". UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007), p. 498.

4946: 2885:

When a preaccenting suffix is added to an already-accented word, only the first accent is retained:

526:

Conversely, a pitch accent in some languages can target just part of a syllable, if the syllable is

6988: 6794: 6153: 5701: 4966: 4576: 3470:

When a word is focussed, the pitch is raised, and the words that follow usually lose their accent:

1394:

are thought to have been bimoraic and, if the accent falls on the first mora, were marked with the

1375:, one of the final three syllables of a word carried an accent. Each syllable contained one or two 1172: 350: 301: 61: 4588:), but at least as often, it is pronounced even if it seems to be deleted. The vowel that follows 3314:

In verbs, the personal endings in the past tense are clitic but are accented in the future tense:

2122:

Extent (orange) of pitch usage in Benelux, Germany and France at the beginning of the 20th century

1089:). In some circumstances, for example in the second half of a compound, the accent can disappear. 3228: 3036: 2341: 2317: 1981: 1799: 1774:. The "circumflex" is rising in Lithuanian but falling in Latvian, Prussian and Classical Greek. 1717: 1283: 1190: 1086: 6590:

Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999b). "Non-Etymological High Tones in the Chichewa Verb",

2025: 1928: 6489:, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, p. 123. 3241:

Normally, the pitch falls again at the end of the syllable (if final) or on the next syllable.

2143: 1357:

antepenultimate was heavy and the penultimate light, and otherwise on the pre-antepenultimate.

1312:, and certain pronouns and particles. Occasionally, a compound word occurred with two accents: 308: 113: 78: 5466:, ed. Natasha Abner and Jason Bishop, 123-131. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. 5096:"Disentangling stress and pitch accent: A typology of prominence at different prosodic levels" 2332:), though the discrepancy between the codified norm and actual speech may vary significantly. 1836:'hang:irr.3' (rising and falling tone indicated by a tilde and an acute accent respectively.) 6980: 6141: 6090: 4566: 3953:, the high tone is attracted to the antepenultimate although the penultimate being stressed. 3641: 3510: 1383: 1166:"Baganda (people)". However, such contrasts are not common or systematic in these languages. 458:

accent 1 and 2 can be heard in monosyllabic words however. In the central Swedish dialect of

273:; and those in which more than one pitch-contour can occur on the accented syllable, such as 6214: 3975:"tail", most other Bantu languages have a high tone on the second syllable, but Chiluba has 7004: 6919: 6874: 5638: 5424: 4983:

Demers, Richard; Escalante, Fernando; Jelinik, Eloise (1999). "Prominence in Yaqui Words".

4790: 4664: 3523: 2904:

is similar but the accent of the word, if any, always appears on the penultimate syllable:

1923: 1817: 1398:. Long vowels and diphthongs that were accented on the first mora had a high–low (falling) 1366: 353:, in which the contours vary, for example between declarative and interrogative sentences. 164: 6468:

Hyman, L.M & Al Mtenje (1999), "Non-etymological high tones in the Chichewa verb". In

2300:

etc.), and further developments yielded some new accents, such as the so-called neoacute (

1980:. The feature was later the subject of research by several Finno-Ugricists. Although the ( 1783: 363:

A feature considered characteristic of stress-accent languages is that a stress-accent is

8: 5704:

Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Tokyo, p.22f for a review of the literature; also p.35.

5099: 3956: 3811:. Thus, a mark for the high tone is all that is needed to note the tone in Shanghainese: 2301: 2147: 1759: 1758:

correspondence rather than a phonetic one. For example, the "acute" accent is falling in

1721: 1382:, but only one can be accented, and accented morae were pronounced at a higher pitch. In 953:

in most respects, specifying pronunciation through inherently accented morphemes such as

405: 176: 5959: 6947: 6937: 6856: 6836: 6421: 6279: 5997: 5935: 5077: 5008: 5000: 4795: 4671: 4078: 3922: 3894:

are a large group of some 550 languages, spread over most of south and central Africa.

2377:

A falling tone generally occurs in monosyllabic words or the first syllable of a word (

2159: 2139: 2135: 2034: 1897: 1885: 1848:, long segments (the same criteria as in Lithuanian) can take on one of three pitches ( 1779: 1379: 1184: 527: 316: 297: 227: 190:

Languages that have been described as pitch-accent languages include: most dialects of

160: 87: 6782:

The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume II: Suprasegmental and Prosodic Phonology

6620:

Wee, Lian-Hee (2016) Tone assignment in Hong Kong English. Language vol. 92.2:e112-132

6142:

A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, Wayles Brown and Theresa Alt, SEELRC 2004

950: 7009: 6635: 6126: 6096: 5887: 5840: 5081: 5069: 5012: 4553: 4544:. However, there are some dialects in which tone can play a part in the word accent. 3519: 3515: 2460: 2325: 2206: 2173:

The tonal accents are referred to under a variety of names. Tonal accent 1 is called

1989: 1963: 1921:. Some authors point out that the so-called broken pitch is not a pitch accent but a 1402:

and, if accented on the second mora, may have had a low–high (rising) pitch contour:

1209: 874: 606: 544:"Baganda people" the accent is considered to occur on the first mora of the syllable 289: 262: 255: 219: 6425: 5460: 4398:

Some accents are added by prefixes and suffixes. For example, the infinitive prefix

6927: 6742: 6724: 6482: 6413: 6359: 5672: 5504: 5061: 4992: 3942: 3777: 3443:

construction, the first noun is optionally accented but generally loses its pitch:

3234: 2760: 2329: 2321: 2313: 2297: 2273: 2265: 2212:

The two accents have different realisations in different dialects. For example, in

2067: 2038: 1985: 1967: 1910: 1845: 1763: 1725: 1713: 1475: 1196: 1178: 1146:, in bimoraic syllables a contrast is possible between a level and falling accent: 1093: 1081: 688:

Forwards spreading of a tone is also common in some languages. For example, in the

654: 638: 447: 278: 274: 270: 231: 215: 211: 199: 195: 184: 168: 5992:

Fournier, Rachel; Gussenhoven, Carlos; Peters, Jörg; Swerts, Marc; Verhoeven, Jo.

1941:(Standard Latvian), the three-way system has been simplified, in Eastern Latvian ( 6970: 6932: 6846: 6363: 6122: 6048: 6018: 5676: 5326: 5273: 4918:

For example the accentual systems of the spoken dialects of the Croatian capital

4243:) "they will see". There, not one but two low-toned syllables follow the accent. 3891: 3750: 3637: 2764: 2755: 2229: 2225: 2103: 1971: 1892:.) Some authors note that the level pitch is realized simply as "ultra long" (or 1889: 1771: 1326:

The ancient Indian grammarians describe the accented syllable as being "raised" (

1071: 836: 622: 502:, with a rising tone on the penultimate syllable. Sentence-finally it can become 397: 370:

One feature shared between pitch-accent languages and stress-accent languages is

293: 285:. In this latter kind, the accented syllable is also often stressed another way. 266: 247: 239: 172: 3945:, every phonological phrase is accented with a falling tone on the penultimate: 1502:) is higher in pitch than the other two syllables, and the circumflex accent of 799:, where in some circumstances a sequence of HLH can change to HHH. For example, 6894: 5908: 4629: 4617: 4292: 4279: 3960: 3950: 3926: 3613: 2269: 1906: 1893: 1412: 1301: 945: 796: 473: 466: 432: 421: 409: 401: 282: 243: 207: 191: 20: 6417: 5065: 7039: 7019: 6994: 6899: 6841: 5073: 4613: 4541: 4000: 3645: 2289: 2090: 1399: 1372: 1309: 721: 435:, the ancient Indian grammarians described the accent as being a high pitch ( 203: 180: 156: 51: 6302: 6257: 6234: 4402:

is postaccenting, adding a tone on the following syllable, while the suffix

6965: 6869: 6864: 6729: 5595: 5441: 4670:

Yaqui has a tonal accent in which the accent is on the first or the second

3757: 3742: 2205:

in German, apparently referring to the double peak it has in areas such as

2083:(farmers) is pronounced with tone 1, while tone 2 is used when pronouncing 2047: 2043: 1993: 1914: 1877: 1821: 1787: 1767: 1729: 1387: 1296: 1098:

intermediate between a pitch-accent language and a stress-accent language.

251: 71: 2305: 6999: 6909: 6904: 6487:

Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics

5290: 4926:

are stress-based and do not use distinctive vowel length or pitch accent.

3895: 3656: 3501: 2316:

and the Neoštokavian dialect used for the basis of standard varieties of

2127: 1825: 1353:

syllable. In other words, it was an example of "peak delay" (see above).

1252: 6630:

Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),

6322: 6186:

Topic and Focus: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Meaning and Intonation

2682:'brother'. Three-way opposition among accents can only then be present: 2008:

uses an apostrophe after a vowel to indicate broken pitch, for example,

1820:

position. Pitch can serve as the only distinguishing characteristic for

451: 6960: 6699: 6283: 5491:

Inkelas, Sharon & Draga Zec (1988). "Serbo-Croatian pitch accent".

5004: 3746: 2545: 2537: 2277: 2131: 1951: 1873: 1805: 1395: 223: 6544: 5714: 5508: 4581:) is often deleted, such as in word-initial stressed syllables (as in 4046:

Some words, however, have two accents, which are joined in a plateau:

1337:

The precise descriptions of ancient Indian grammarians imply that the

696:

spreads forward to all the syllables in the word except the last two:

6889: 6823: 6746: 4813:

The corresponding terms for Rhinelandic tone accents are as follows:

2452: 2213: 2071: 1918: 1896:.) Endzelīns (1897) identifies "level diphthongs" as consisting of 3 1809: 1755: 1699: 1669: 1641: 1611: 1581: 1552: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1391: 1132: 1117: 584: 565: 459: 7014: 6955: 6879: 6831: 6765:(MA General Linguistics Thesis), Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam 6349: 5662: 5464:

Proceedings of the 27th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics

4996: 4777:

At the end of a phrase, the pitch drops, with a low boundary tone.

4640: 4284: 2901: 2694:'lady'. Accent can be mobile throughout the inflectional paradigm: 2678:'sinew'. The short falling accent is always in the final syllable: 2634: 2398: 1813: 1305: 509:

with a rising tone on the penultimate and a low tone on the final.

455: 312: 152: 148: 123: 6786: 6715:

Hualde, José Ignacio (2006), "Remarks on Word-Prosodic Typology",

3609: 3349:

When prefixes are added, the accent shifts to the first syllable:

1085:

is another language often considered a pitch-accent language (see

6500:

A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World

6202:

Tones and Tunes: Typological Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody

5622:"How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent" 5542:. Friends of Uto-Aztecan, October 3, 2008, University of Arizona. 5231:"How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent" 5218:

A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World

5133:

A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World

5117:

A survey of word accentual patterns in the languages of the world

4660: 4005: 3425:

However, in compound nouns, the accent is on the second element:

3008: 2768: 2221: 2217: 2118: 1945:) only broken and falling pitches are distinguished. Speakers of 1942: 1938: 1750:

F – falling (acute) R – rising (circumflex) L – level B – broken

1346: 1218: 1142: 760: 531: 2107: 1976: 1946: 1901: 1490:) is set to three notes rising in pitch, the middle syllable of 873:

According to the first two criteria above, the Tokyo dialect of

6884: 6771:"Positional Prominence vs. Word Accent: Is there a difference?" 6154:"A theory of pitch-accent, with particular attention to Basque" 5816:"Über Herkunft und Entwicklung der Silbenakzente im Lettischen" 5702:"The Phonology and Phonetics of Prosodic Prominence in Persian" 4923: 4919: 4656: 4288: 4009: 3668: 3286: 3052:

Turkish word-accent is found especially in geographical names (

2456: 1519: 1194:, and a choice between level (neutral), rising, and falling in 320: 235: 6698:

Richard Demers, Fernando Escalante and Eloise Jelinek (1999).

6686:, Routledge Language Family Descriptions, 2nd ed. (1993), p. 6 5507:

line 4. See also: Devine, A.M.; Stephens, Laurence D. (1991).

19:"Pitch accent" redirects here. For pitch accent in music, see 7024: 5975:(..)what is the historical relationship between the Livonian 4652: 3760:), a monosyllabic Shanghainese may carry one of three tones: 3633: 1869: 1693: 1663: 1635: 1605: 1575: 1546: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1376: 1204: 1126: 1111: 748: 669: 578: 559: 6483:"On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka" 6184:

Lee, Chungmin; Gordon, Matthew, Büring, Daniel (eds) (2007)

5777:

A New Short Guide the Accentuation of Ancient Greek", p. 17.

5429:

Proceedings of the 26th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference

5127: 5125: 3918:

could have two high tones, and others had one tone or none.

3538:, but the pitch of following enclitics differentiates them. 326: 5991: 1514:) has two notes, the first a third higher than the second. 573:) "houses" the accent is on the first half of the syllable 155:

that are prominent, as indicated by a distinct contrasting

5864:"The rise and fall of glottalization in Baltic and Slavic" 4663:. About 17,000 people are said to speak Yaqui, which is a 3933:) now has HL tones, exactly like the word for "charcoal" ( 6335:"Refin(d)ing Turkish stress as a multifaceted phenomenon" 5122: 4596:. Potentially minimal tonal pairs are thus created, like 6579:

Pang'onopang'ono ndi Mtolo: Chichewa: A Practical Course

6250:"The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish" 3007:

Another pitch accent area in Basque is found in western

744:

with an accent shifted to the antepenultimate syllable.

6763:

Tone and intonation in the Lemiers dialect of Ripuarian

3949:"we are cooking porridge". In other languages, such as 3410:

In compound verbs, the accent is on the first element:

3281:

Other suffixes, such as possessives and the indefinite

6534:. Foreign Service Institute, Washington; introduction. 6037:"Towards an Explanation of the Franconian Tone Accents 4982: 1345:

by falling pitch. In the tradition represented by the

1235:"we are going"; however, there are some words such as 709: 697: 356:

According to another proposal, pitch-accent languages

6457:

UC Berkeley Phonetics and Phonology Lab Annual Report

5557:. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, pp. 105, 29. 5513:

Transactions of the American Philological Association

2093:

are written alike. An example in Swedish is the word

1782:. Kortlandt contends that broken tone in Latvian and 147:

is a type of language that, when spoken, has certain

6388: 5735:

harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFFortson_IV2004 (

5278:"Interaction of Tone and Stress in Standard Serbian" 3122:"capital city"), some words referring to relatives ( 2308:

dialects (the so-called "Neoštokavian retraction").

1018: 1007: 993: 982: 962: 954: 122:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 6267:Inkelas, Sharon; & Orgun, Cemil Orhan. (2003). 5578: 5576: 5474: 5472: 5421:"The Phonetics of the Independent Svarita in Vedic" 5146:

Metrical stress theory: Principles and case studies

792:is unaccented apart from automatic default tones). 404:, and certain Bantu languages of the Congo such as 6717:Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 6296:"Acoustic correlates of lexical accent in Turkish" 6228:"Acoustic correlates of lexical accent in Turkish" 5604:. Foreign Service Institute, Washington; p. xviii. 5427:, H. Craig Melchert, and Brent Vine (eds.). 2016. 5345:Cooper, S.E. (2015). Bangor University PhD thesis. 5050:"Acoustic correlates of lexical accent in Turkish" 3921:However, in the course of time, processes such as 3756:Not counting closed syllables (those with a final 2146:). They are sometimes collectively referred to as 2077:For example, in most Norwegian dialects, the word 1868:("falling") indicated by Latvian linguists with a 171:. Pitch-accent languages also contrast with fully 6682:. In: Ball, Martin J., and Nicole Müller (eds.), 6543:Hyman, Larry M. & Francis X. Katamba (1993). 6299:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 6231:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 5836:The Circum-Baltic Languages: Grammar and typology 5713:Hyman, Larry M. & Francis X. Katamba (1993). 5054:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 4967:"Tone and Stress in Basque: A Preliminary Survey" 1888:because the former is already reserved to denote 949:, the system is comparable to Tokyo Japanese and 296:); in others all major words are accented (e.g., 77:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 7037: 6215:"Stress and Islands in Northern Bizkaian Basque" 5573: 5469: 3407:"if", the accent is also on the first syllable. 868: 385: 136:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 6088: 5922: 5104:Word Stress: Theoretical and Typological Issues 2084: 2078: 1106:In some simple pitch-accent languages, such as 6773:UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2015) 5360: 4953:(2006), 23: 225-257 Cambridge University Press 4655:are a native American people living mostly in 2874:Other suffixes do not cause any extra accent: 2658:The older accentual system is tonal and free ( 2259: 924: 912: 900: 888: 818: 809: 800: 609: 477: 6802: 6736: 6704:International Journal of American Linguistics 6592:Malilime: The Malawian Journal of Linguistics 6376: 6244: 6242: 6082: 5813: 5689: 5637:Jesse Lundquist & Anthony Yates, (2015). 5459:Dutcher, Katharine & Mary Paster (2008), 5027:Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese Dialects 4985:International Journal of American Linguistics 2154:followed in the same syllable by a sonorant ( 2094: 1236: 1223: 1157: 1147: 1101: 853: 779: 763: 657: 641: 549: 535: 6694: 6692: 6655:"The Realisation of Stress in Welsh English" 6403: 6389:Pierrehumbert, Janet; Beckman, Mary (1988), 6168: 6166: 6058: 6056: 5925:Valsts valoda - Курс лекций латышского языка 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5333:(STUF), Berlin 59 (2006) 1, 36–55; pp. 38–9. 5246:Hyman, L. (2000), "Privative Tone in Bantu". 3795:, the following syllables are mid. If it is 2185: 2004:The Livonian-Estonian-Latvian dictionary at 840: 692:of Zimbabwe, the tonal accent on the prefix 625: 6634:, Cambridge University Press, p. 122, 6196: 6194: 5953: 5951: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 4540:Most dialects of English are classified as 3644:. However, several other dialects retain a 2272:(Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian) and 2193: 2175: 1304:, the earliest form of the Indian language 16:Language that uses pitch changes for accent 6809: 6795: 6239: 6031: 6029: 6027: 5940:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5839:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 736. 5730: 5415: 5413: 5411: 4961: 4959: 3753:, with characteristics of a pitch accent. 3620:in Tokyo Japanese unless accented) can be 3392:"madam") and sometimes elsewhere, such as 1341:was characterised by rising pitch and the 754: 735: 725: 6728: 6689: 6528:Kamoga, F.K. & Stevick, Earl (1968). 6470:Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics 6163: 6109: 6053: 5607: 5527: 5379:Downing, L.M. & Mtenje, A.D. (2017), 5341: 5339: 4773:"in the process of laying something down" 3207:"they telephoned", with only one accent. 2191:in German, while tonal accent 2 is named 2126:A pitch accent is found in the following 2030:Swedish phonology § Stress and pitch 327:Characteristics of pitch-accent languages 6760: 6706:, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jan., 1999), pp. 40-55 6191: 5948: 5879: 5868: 5721:. 69. 1. pp. 33–67; see pp. 36, 45. 5641:, University of California, Los Angeles. 5566:Downing, L.J. & Mtenje, A.D. (2017) 5551:Kamoga, F.K. & Earl Stevick (1968). 5151: 4560: 3914:"mud". In other words, some words like * 3845:Shanghai resident (Shanghainese person) 3500: 2730:). The distinction is made between open 2117: 2070:and for words that were monosyllabic in 2019: 1456: 6345: 6343: 6039:, (Leiden University Repository), p. 2. 6024: 5883:The Languages and Linguistics of Europe 5858: 5856: 5639:"The Morphology of Proto-Indo-European" 5408: 5375: 5373: 4956: 4509:(both normally high), are neutralised: 4501:, and the tone of the negative marker, 2953:"I have seen the friend's grandmother ( 2113: 1812:or a sequence of a vowel followed by a 1766:and is presumed to have been rising in 1451:long vowel accented on the second mora 1386:, accented vowels were marked with the 852:"John's friend's grandmother", Luganda 7038: 6714: 6519:Volume 23, Number 3,1992-1994; p. 226. 6174:"Basque Word Accents in the Sentence". 6158:Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo 5923:Masļanska, Olga; Rubīna, Aina (1992). 5751:The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit 5650: 5582: 5540:"An Acoustic Analysis of Yaqui Stress" 5461:"Contour Tone Distribution in Luganda" 5336: 5106:, pp. 83-118. Oxford University Press. 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 4971:Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo 4329:, with rising tone on the penultimate) 2915:"from Bilbao" (Ondarroa pronunciation) 1884:, however, the tilde is replaced by a 1438:long vowel accented on the first mora 1263: 390: 6790: 6135: 5148:. University of Chicago Press; p. 50. 1411: 884:indicates that the word is subject): 683: 426:Serbo-Croatian phonology#Pitch accent 415: 23:. For intonational pitch accent, see 6629: 6603:Downing, L.J. and Al Mtenje (2017), 6560:Downing, L.J. and Al Mtenje (2017), 6340: 5957: 5853: 5832: 5370: 5203:Downing, L.R.; Mtenje, A.D. (2017), 5119:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, p. 120. 5047: 4547: 3229:Persian phonology § Word accent 3037:Turkish phonology § Word-accent 653:"you would not get angry", Belgrade 126:. For the distinction between , 29: 6816: 6739:The intonational grammar of Persian 6545:"A new approach to tone in Luganda" 6248:Kabak, Barış; Vogel, Irene (2001). 6089:Rajka Smiljanic (31 October 2013). 5715:"A new approach to tone in Luganda" 5032: 3019:(rise-dip-rise) "the mountain" vs. 2763:has most nouns accentless in their 1707: 724:, the equivalent of these words is 595: 521: 13: 6754: 4257:"he does not buy" is pronounced '' 3885: 3807:, and any following syllables are 3248:, shift the accent to themselves: 3099:"restaurant"), some proper names ( 2738:(either long or short) and closed 1954:tend to have just levelled pitch. 167:, as in some other languages like 67:for transliterated languages, and 47:of its non-English content, using 14: 7057: 6440:"The Tonal System of Proto-Bantu" 6406:Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6066:, J.P. Bachem Verlag, p. 266-269. 5367:. UNISA Press, vol. 3, p. 22, 60. 2335: 2026:Norwegian phonology § Accent 1786:is a reflex of a now disappeared 1290: 6672: 6513:"Underlying Low Tones in Ruwund" 5886:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 6. 5289:Whitney, William Dwight (1879), 5257:"Underlying Low Tones in Ruwund" 4607: 4600:(neutral or high falling ) vs. 3965:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3489:'s letter that was on the table" 3129:"mother"), and certain adverbs ( 2979:"the friend's daughter has come" 2881:"of the dog" (genitive singular) 1360: 34: 6659: 6647: 6623: 6614: 6597: 6584: 6571: 6554: 6537: 6522: 6505: 6492: 6475: 6462: 6445: 6432: 6397: 6382: 6370: 6327: 6307: 6288: 6261: 6220: 6207: 6178: 6146: 6069: 6042: 6012: 5985: 5916: 5826: 5807: 5794: 5781: 5769: 5756: 5743: 5724: 5707: 5694: 5683: 5656: 5644: 5631: 5588: 5560: 5545: 5518: 5515:. 121: 229–286; pages 272, 283. 5498: 5485: 5453: 5434: 5395: 5386: 5352: 5312: 5299: 5283: 5266: 5249: 5240: 5223: 5210: 5197: 5188: 5175: 5048:Levi, Susannah V. (June 2005). 4912: 4807: 3736: 3518:and certain other varieties of 2201:("slurring tone") in Dutch and 2183:("thrusting tone") in Dutch or 1932:register of Northern Vietnamese 1274:The theoretical proto-language 600: 118:International Phonetic Alphabet 6517:Studies in African Linguistics 5365:: Chichewa: A Practical Course 5347:"Intonation in Anglesey Welsh" 5320:"Scandinavian accent typology" 5263:Volume 23, Number 3,1992-1994. 5261:Studies in African Linguistics 5138: 5109: 5088: 5019: 4976: 4939: 4406:"again/also" is preaccenting: 4325:"cassava" (usually pronounced 4287:, a language widely spoken in 3867:No voiced initial (high tone) 439:) followed by a falling tone ( 402:the Kansai dialect of Japanese 331: 83:multilingual support templates 1: 6301:, vol. 35.1, pp. 73-97. DOI: 6233:, vol. 35.1, pp. 73-97. DOI: 6077:Neuer kölnischer Sprachschatz 4932: 4908:are misnomers for Colognian. 3850:No voiced initial (mid tone) 3027:(rise-fall) "the mountains". 3003:"John's friend's grandmother" 2304:), or the new rising tone in 1793: 1188:, rising vs. falling tone in 1087:Turkish phonology#Word-accent 880:marked in bold (the particle 869:Simple pitch-accent languages 788:"it is in Bunyoro", in which 778:"it is in Buganda" (contrast 512: 386:Characteristics of the accent 6776:van der Hulst, Harry (2011) 6737:Sadat-Tehrani, Nima (2007). 6481:* Downing, Laura J. (2012). 6364:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.06.002 5700:Hosseini, Seyed Ayat (2014) 5677:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.06.002 5183:Stress and Non-stress Accent 4066:Other words are accentless: 3534:. Accentless words are also 2649: 2459:because of the influence of 1734:Proto-Indo-European language 1728:. (Another Baltic language, 1287:the original system intact. 1258: 1024:"heard (of), famous" (Vedic 795:Plateauing is also found in 637:"the friend's grandmother", 7: 6700:"Prominence in Yaqui Words" 6269:"Turkish stress: A review". 6095:. Routledge. pp. 22–. 5766:(3rd edition), pp. 116–120. 4784: 4273: 3991:, with a low-toned accent. 3496: 2857:"of dogs" (genitive plural) 2690: 'goods, ware' : 2260:West South Slavic languages 2050:, but they are also called 1957: 1927:distinction similar to the 1176:, accent 1 vs. accent 2 in 10: 7062: 6393:, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA 6294:Levi, Susannah V. (2005). 6226:Levi, Susannah V. (2005). 6204:, pp. 291–322; cf. p. 300. 5775:Probert, Philomen, (2003) 5362:Pang'onopang'ono ndi Mtolo 5331:Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch. 4535: 4277: 4100:"Bunyoro" (name of region) 3998: 3994: 3508: 3226: 3222: 3034: 3030: 2759:suggested by J.R. Hualde, 2339: 2232:will treat the pitches as 2023: 1839: 1797: 1694: 1664: 1636: 1606: 1576: 1547: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1464:recording of γάλα, γῆ, ἐγώ 1364: 1294: 1270:Proto-Indo-European accent 1267: 1127: 1112: 1102:More complex pitch accents 1019: 1008: 994: 983: 963: 955: 579: 560: 18: 6979: 6946: 6918: 6855: 6822: 6761:Bodelier, Jorina (2011), 6605:The Phonology of Chichewa 6562:The Phonology of Chichewa 6418:10.1007/s10831-006-9000-2 6379:, pages 3, 22, 46-47, 51. 6062:Herrwegen, Alice (2002). 5568:The Phonology of Chichewa 5381:The Phonology of Chichewa 5305:Allen, W. Sidney (1987), 5205:The Phonology of Chichewa 5066:10.1017/S0025100305001921 4875: 4863:ungeschärft (−geschärft) 4846: 4612:A distinctive feature of 3776:tone always occurs after 3627: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3549: 3546: 3543: 2749: 2531: 2482: 2475: 2470: 1762:but a high level tone in 1455: 1140:) "houses". Similarly in 690:Northern Ndebele language 25:Pitch accent (intonation) 6632:Language in South Africa 6551:. 69. 1. pp. 33–67. 6256:18 (2001) 315–360. DOI: 5880:Kortmann, Bernd (2011). 5800:Allen, W. Sidney (1987) 5787:Allen, W. Sidney (1987) 5762:Allen, W. Sidney (1987) 5620:Hyman, Larry M. (2009). 5164:Köhnlein, Björn (2013), 5094:Gordon, Matthew (2014). 4973:XX-3, 1986, pp. 867-896. 4947:"Word-Prosodic Typology" 4801: 4747:"snake (object of verb)" 4712:represents a long vowel) 4646: 4623: 4474:"I explained (just now)" 4195:"in the south of Uganda" 2358:'pot' (nominative sg.), 1156:"Buganda (region)", vs. 668:"pepper", Ancient Greek 400:of northwestern Canada, 346:invariant tonal contours 6577:Louw, Johan K. (1987). 6438:Greenberg, J.H. (1948) 6391:Japanese Tone Structure 6213:Arregi, Karlos (2004). 6160:(ASJU) XXII-3, 915-919. 5538:Hagberg, Larry (2008). 5431:. Bremen: Hempen. 1–12. 5358:Louw, Johan K. (1987). 5181:Beckman, Mary, (1986). 4604:(low or low rising ). 4542:stress-accent languages 3929:, the word for "fish" ( 3803:the second syllable is 3289:and so are unaccented: 3083:), foreign borrowings ( 2342:Shtokavian accentuation 2276:, spoken in the former 2130:languages or dialects: 1800:Lithuanian accentuation 817:"with a bicycle" makes 755:Plateau between accents 670: 495:with two mid-tones, or 485:is actually pronounced 114:phonetic transcriptions 6778:"Pitch Accent systems" 6730:10.3765/bls.v32i1.3452 6680:"Old and Middle Welsh" 6667:The Phonology of Welsh 6313:Özçelik, Öner (2016). 6121:18 August 2007 at the 5994:"The tones of Limburg" 5814:Oleg Poljakov (1997). 5804:(3rd edition), p. 130. 5791:(3rd edition), p. 117. 5361: 5309:(3rd edition), p. 121. 4860:geschärft (+geschärft) 4852:Schärfung (+Schärfung) 3547:Accent on second mora 3506: 2194: 2186: 2176: 2123: 2095: 2085: 2079: 1741:Possible relationships 1720:family survive today: 1465: 1237: 1224: 1158: 1148: 925: 913: 901: 889: 865:"people in the city". 854: 841: 819: 810: 801: 780: 764: 736: 726: 710: 698: 658: 642: 626: 610: 550: 536: 478: 246:, certain dialects of 111:This article contains 6665:Hannahs, S.J. (2013) 6453:"Bantu Tone Overview" 6442:. WORD, 4:3, 196-208. 6319:The Linguistic Review 6152:Hualde, J.I. (1987). 5965:. Stanford University 5419:Beguš, Gašper (2016) 5325:8 August 2017 at the 4965:Hualde, J.I. (1986), 4567:South African English 4561:South African English 4464:"I (usually) explain" 3648:pitch-accent system. 3544:Accent on first mora 3511:Japanese pitch accent 3504: 3227:Further information: 2121: 2020:Norwegian and Swedish 1852:or more specifically 1712:Two languages of the 1463: 1425:short accented vowel 1384:polytonic orthography 145:pitch-accent language 6684:The Celtic languages 6653:Webb, Kelly (2011). 6531:Luganda Basic Course 6451:Hyman, L.M. (2017). 6333:Kabak, Barış (2016) 6075:Wrede, Adam (1958). 5927:. Rīga. p. 11. 5862:Frederik Kortlandt, 5833:Dahl, Östen (2001). 5601:Luganda Basic Course 5554:Luganda Basic Course 5447:Luganda Basic Course 5425:Stephanie W. Jamison 5144:Hayes, Bruce (1995) 5029:, CUP, 2000, p. 223. 4791:Stress (linguistics) 4665:Uto-Aztecan language 4527:"I will not explain" 4413:"explain" (toneless) 3640:uses pitch only for 3466:"the people of Iran" 3199:"also from Ankara", 3149:, question particle 2771:(Guernica) dialect: 2114:Rhinelandic dialects 1743:between Baltic tones 1367:Ancient Greek accent 943:and its descendant, 45:specify the language 43:This article should 6769:Hyman, L.M. (2015) 6511:Nash, J.A. (1994), 6236:; cf. fig 8, p. 85. 6000:on 26 February 2012 5594:Kamoga, F.K. & 5478:Smyth, H.W. (1920) 5440:Kamoga, F.K. & 5255:Nash, J.A. (1994), 5237:(2009), 31: 213-238 5185:. Dordrecht: Foris. 5100:Harry van der Hulst 4394:"give thanks (pl.)" 4160:"Mbarara is a city" 3664: 3165:"he did not come", 3114:), compound words ( 2148:West Central German 1937:Outside of Central 1824:that are otherwise 1276:Proto-Indo-European 1264:Proto-Indo-European 940:Proto-Indo-European 929:"fish" (unaccented) 391:High vs. low accent 351:Franconian dialects 7046:Tone (linguistics) 6377:Sadat-Tehrani 2007 5903:'time:gen.pl' vs. 5690:Sadat-Tehrani 2007 5401:Yip, Moira (2002) 4796:Tone (linguistics) 4483:"I should explain" 4437:"to explain again" 4270:, with a plateau. 4208:"he is in Buganda" 3662: 3655:, in southeastern 3651:In the dialect of 3507: 3192:"shepherd salad", 2521:/u‿nemɔɡǔːtɕnɔsti/ 2366:(nominative pl.), 2294:Illič-Svityč's law 2286:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2140:Moselle Franconian 2124: 1854:zilbes intonācijas 1832:'time:gen.pl' vs. 1780:Frederik Kortlandt 1466: 1390:. Long vowels and 1280:phonological rules 684:Forwards spreading 416:Disyllabic accents 165:loudness or length 7033: 7032: 6358:(13): 1380–1394. 6172:Elordieta, Gorka 6102:978-1-135-46464-6 6064:De kölsche Sproch 5671:(13): 1380–1394. 5626:Language Sciences 5235:Language Sciences 5025:Matthew Y. Chen, 4896: 4895: 4554:Hong Kong English 4552:Lexical words in 4548:Hong Kong English 4489:"I could explain" 4114:"Toro" (a region) 3947:ti-ku-phika sî:ma 3883: 3882: 3876:high–mid–mid–mid 3859:mid–high–mid–mid 3778:voiced consonants 3734: 3733: 3606: 3605: 3516:Standard Japanese 3384:In the vocative ( 2761:Northern Bizkaian 2647: 2646: 2643:(becomes rising) 2526:not being able to 2461:Kajkavian dialect 2432:'female orphan', 2150:tonal languages. 2010:Mi’nnõn u’m vajāg 1999:lauztā intonācija 1964:Livonian language 1880:respectively (in 1828:identical, e.g., 1816:if they are in a 1689: 1688: 1518:full stop, or an 1472: 1471: 1461: 999:"shining" (Vedic 472:Similarly in the 163:) rather than by 105: 104: 85:may also be used. 7053: 6928:Secondary stress 6811: 6804: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6766: 6750: 6733: 6732: 6707: 6696: 6687: 6676: 6670: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6601: 6595: 6588: 6582: 6575: 6569: 6558: 6552: 6541: 6535: 6526: 6520: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6449: 6443: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6347: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6265: 6259: 6246: 6237: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6198: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6161: 6150: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6086: 6080: 6079:. Greven Verlag. 6073: 6067: 6060: 6051: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5996:. Archived from 5989: 5983: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5958:Kiparsky, Paul. 5955: 5946: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5877: 5866: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5811: 5805: 5798: 5792: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5731:Fortson IV (2004 5728: 5722: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5618: 5605: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5549: 5543: 5536: 5525: 5522: 5516: 5505:Seikilos epitaph 5502: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5467: 5457: 5451: 5438: 5432: 5417: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5377: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5343: 5334: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5292:Sanskrit Grammar 5287: 5281: 5270: 5264: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5162: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5045: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4980: 4974: 4963: 4954: 4943: 4927: 4922:and the city of 4916: 4910: 4900:The Dutch terms 4817: 4816: 4811: 4595: 4591: 4580: 4572: 4008:, a language of 3814: 3813: 3743:Shanghai dialect 3727: 3714: 3701: 3691:daughter-in-law 3688: 3665: 3661: 3653:North Gyeongsang 3579: 3568: 3557: 3541: 3540: 3370:"I did not take" 3173:"did he come?", 2997:Jonén lágúnén ám 2900:The accent from 2632: 2622: 2614:(stays falling) 2607: 2597: 2584: 2574: 2561: 2551: 2543: 2522: 2512: 2511:/nemɔɡǔːtɕnɔːst/ 2500: 2490: 2466: 2465: 2370:(genitive pl.). 2362:(genitive sg.), 2266:Slavic languages 2199: 2189: 2181: 2098: 2088: 2082: 2068:definite article 2012:instead of just 1994:phylogenetically 1911:laryngealization 1890:nasalized vowels 1826:orthographically 1708:Baltic languages 1703: 1697: 1696: 1677: 1667: 1666: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1619: 1609: 1608: 1589: 1579: 1578: 1560: 1550: 1549: 1529: 1528: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1476:Seikilos epitaph 1462: 1419: 1405: 1404: 1323:"to take away". 1247: 1234: 1165: 1155: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1125:) "at home" vs. 1124: 1115: 1114: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1014: 997: 996: 990: 989: 968: 967: 960: 959: 928: 920: 908: 896: 864: 851: 832:with a plateau. 831: 816: 807: 787: 777: 743: 733: 719: 707: 679: 667: 652: 636: 620: 596:High tone spread 591: 582: 581: 572: 563: 562: 557: 543: 522:One-mora accents 484: 448:Standard Swedish 200:Baltic languages 185:Standard Chinese 133: 129: 100: 97: 91: 76: 70: 66: 60: 56: 50: 38: 37: 30: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7029: 6975: 6971:Extra-shortness 6942: 6933:Vowel reduction 6914: 6851: 6847:Vowel reduction 6818: 6817:Suprasegmentals 6815: 6757: 6755:Further reading 6711: 6710: 6697: 6690: 6677: 6673: 6669:, (OUP), p. 42. 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6559: 6555: 6542: 6538: 6527: 6523: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6480: 6476: 6467: 6463: 6450: 6446: 6437: 6433: 6402: 6398: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6293: 6289: 6266: 6262: 6247: 6240: 6225: 6221: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6192: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6164: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6123:Wayback Machine 6114: 6110: 6103: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6070: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6003: 6001: 5990: 5986: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5960:"Livonian stød" 5956: 5949: 5933: 5932: 5921: 5917: 5894: 5878: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5812: 5808: 5799: 5795: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5761: 5757: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5684: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5636: 5632: 5619: 5608: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5561: 5550: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5490: 5486: 5477: 5470: 5458: 5454: 5439: 5435: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5371: 5357: 5353: 5344: 5337: 5327:Wayback Machine 5317: 5313: 5304: 5300: 5288: 5284: 5272:Zec, D., & 5271: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5180: 5176: 5172:131 (2013) 1-28 5163: 5152: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5123: 5114: 5110: 5093: 5089: 5046: 5033: 5024: 5020: 4981: 4977: 4964: 4957: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4917: 4913: 4877: 4848: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4787: 4649: 4626: 4610: 4563: 4550: 4538: 4282: 4276: 4003: 3997: 3923:Meeussen's Rule 3892:Bantu languages 3888: 3886:Bantu languages 3833:Voiced initial 3739: 3717:native speaker 3630: 3513: 3499: 3380:"I should take" 3231: 3225: 3039: 3033: 2870:"from Guernica" 2756:Basque language 2752: 2746:(always long). 2686:'board' : 2652: 2397:'small house', 2344: 2338: 2264:The West South 2262: 2236:(accent 2) and 2230:Cologne dialect 2226:Belgian Limburg 2116: 2032: 2024:Main articles: 2022: 2014:Minnõn um vajāg 2006:www.murre.ut.ee 1984:) Latvian and ( 1972:Vilhelm Thomsen 1960: 1842: 1802: 1796: 1772:Classical Greek 1752: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1710: 1538:Vedic Sanskrit 1457: 1369: 1363: 1299: 1293: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1104: 1055:"if (he) reads" 871: 757: 686: 603: 598: 524: 515: 418: 398:Dogrib language 393: 388: 372:demarcativeness 358:can only use F0 334: 329: 173:tonal languages 161:linguistic tone 141: 140: 139: 101: 95: 92: 86: 74: 68: 64: 62:transliteration 58: 54: 48: 39: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7059: 7049: 7048: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6895:Tone terracing 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6774: 6767: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6734: 6709: 6708: 6688: 6678:David Willis, 6671: 6658: 6646: 6640: 6622: 6613: 6596: 6583: 6581:. UNISA Press. 6570: 6553: 6536: 6521: 6504: 6491: 6474: 6461: 6444: 6431: 6396: 6381: 6369: 6339: 6326: 6306: 6287: 6278:(1), 139-161. 6260: 6238: 6219: 6206: 6190: 6177: 6162: 6145: 6134: 6108: 6101: 6081: 6068: 6052: 6041: 6023: 6011: 5984: 5947: 5915: 5909:glottalisation 5893:978-3110220254 5892: 5867: 5852: 5845: 5825: 5806: 5793: 5780: 5768: 5755: 5749:Ruppell, A.M. 5742: 5723: 5706: 5693: 5682: 5655: 5643: 5630: 5606: 5587: 5572: 5559: 5544: 5526: 5517: 5497: 5484: 5468: 5452: 5433: 5407: 5394: 5385: 5369: 5351: 5335: 5311: 5298: 5282: 5265: 5248: 5239: 5222: 5209: 5196: 5187: 5174: 5150: 5137: 5121: 5108: 5087: 5031: 5018: 4997:10.1086/466375 4975: 4955: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4911: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4825:Accent 2 (T2) 4823: 4820: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4783: 4775: 4774: 4764: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4699: 4689: 4648: 4645: 4625: 4622: 4609: 4606: 4573:(phonetically 4562: 4559: 4549: 4546: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4491: 4490: 4487:ndingafotokoze 4484: 4475: 4465: 4439: 4438: 4424: 4414: 4396: 4395: 4377: 4376: 4360: 4343: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4317: 4307: 4293:Chichewa tones 4280:Chichewa tones 4278:Main article: 4275: 4272: 4210: 4209: 4196: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4147: 4146: 4133: 4116: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4092: 4075: 4074: 4064: 4063: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4023: 3999:Main article: 3996: 3993: 3983:and Ruund has 3887: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825:Pitch pattern 3823: 3820: 3817: 3749:is marginally 3738: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730:elder brother 3728: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3629: 3626: 3614:Kansai dialect 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3509:Main article: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3483:-am bud ru miz 3468: 3467: 3437: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3361: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3335:"I have taken" 3326: 3312: 3311: 3301: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3233:The accent of 3224: 3221: 3215:("friend") or 3035:Main article: 3032: 3029: 3005: 3004: 2981: 2980: 2963: 2962: 2937: 2936: 2917: 2916: 2898: 2897: 2883: 2882: 2872: 2871: 2858: 2848: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2810: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2751: 2748: 2662:'strawberry', 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2552: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477:with proclitic 2474: 2469: 2446: 2445: 2444:'liberation'). 2410: 2393:'river ship'; 2337: 2336:Serbo-Croatian 2334: 2318:Serbo-Croatian 2270:Serbo-Croatian 2261: 2258: 2115: 2112: 2021: 2018: 1959: 1956: 1924:pitch register 1907:glottalization 1864:("broken") or 1841: 1838: 1798:Main article: 1795: 1792: 1749: 1746: 1738: 1716:branch of the 1709: 1706: 1687: 1686: 1685:su (locative) 1679: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1603: 1602:Accusative sg. 1599: 1598: 1591: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1544: 1543:Nominative sg. 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1409: 1365:Main article: 1362: 1359: 1302:Vedic Sanskrit 1295:Main article: 1292: 1291:Vedic Sanskrit 1289: 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1191:Serbo-Croatian 1103: 1100: 1068: 1067: 1056: 1045: 1044:"with the cow" 1030: 1029: 1004: 946:Vedic Sanskrit 931: 930: 922: 910: 898: 870: 867: 756: 753: 685: 682: 680:"it demands". 602: 599: 597: 594: 534:, in the word 523: 520: 514: 511: 433:Vedic Sanskrit 422:Serbo-Croatian 417: 414: 392: 389: 387: 384: 333: 330: 328: 325: 311:(accent) to a 283:Serbo-Croatian 208:Vedic Sanskrit 192:Serbo-Croatian 134:⟩, see 110: 109: 108: 103: 102: 81:. Knowledge's 42: 40: 33: 21:Accent (music) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7058: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7020:Prosodic unit 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995:Pitch contour 6993: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6900:Floating tone 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6842:Metrical foot 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6807: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6643: 6641:9780521791052 6637: 6633: 6626: 6617: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6580: 6574: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6131:0-415-97117-9 6128: 6125:, Routledge, 6124: 6120: 6117: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6085: 6078: 6072: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6020: 6015: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5978: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5846:9781588110428 5842: 5838: 5837: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5738: 5732: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5653:, p. 159 5652: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5585:, p. 161 5584: 5579: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5521: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5480:Greek Grammar 5475: 5473: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5366: 5363: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5243: 5236: 5232: 5229:Larry Hyman, 5226: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4945:Larry Hyman, 4942: 4938: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4855:(−Schärfung) 4854: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822:Accent 1 (T1) 4821: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4708:"sky" (where 4707: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614:Welsh English 4608:Welsh English 4605: 4603: 4599: 4587: 4585: 4578: 4568: 4558: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4533: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4383:of the verb: 4382: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4001:Luganda tones 3992: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3902:"charcoal", * 3901: 3897: 3893: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3870:kónkonchitso 3869: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3842:low–high–mid 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3646:Middle Korean 3643: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3345:"I will take" 3344: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2931:"the friend ( 2930: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2896:"from Bilbao" 2895: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2674:'crustacea', 2673: 2669: 2666:'raspberry', 2665: 2661: 2656: 2642: 2641:in the forest 2639: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566:in the winter 2564: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2436:'beginning'; 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389:'old woman', 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298:Meillet's law 2295: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:"ungeschärft" 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:r, l, m, n, ŋ 2151: 2149: 2145: 2144:Luxembourgish 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2091:minimal pairs 2087: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:grave accents 2045: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:Indo-European 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:minimal pairs 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:Indo-European 1715: 1705: 1702: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535:Ancient Greek 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1477: 1468: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1400:pitch contour 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373:Ancient Greek 1368: 1361:Ancient Greek 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1284:Indo-European 1281: 1277: 1271: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1123: 1121: 1109: 1108:Ancient Greek 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1012: 1005: 1002: 998: 987: 986:h₂erǵ-ró-(o)s 980: 979: 978: 976: 972: 966: 958: 952: 948: 947: 942: 941: 935: 927: 923: 919: 917: 911: 907: 905: 899: 895: 893: 887: 886: 885: 883: 878: 877: 866: 863: 861: 860: 850: 848: 847: 844:én lágúnén ám 838: 833: 830: 829: 828: 824: 815: 814: 806: 805: 798: 793: 791: 786: 785:ri mu Bunyóró 784: 776: 774: 773: 769: 762: 752: 750: 745: 742: 740: 732: 730: 723: 718: 716: 714: 706: 704: 702: 695: 691: 681: 678: 676: 675: 666: 664: 663: 656: 651: 649: 647: 640: 635: 633: 632: 624: 619: 617: 616: 608: 593: 590: 588: 576: 571: 569: 556: 554: 547: 542: 540: 533: 529: 519: 510: 508: 507: 501: 500: 494: 493: 492: 483: 482: 475: 470: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 383: 379: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 352: 347: 342: 340: 339:culminativity 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204:Ancient Greek 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 137: 125: 121: 119: 115: 107: 99: 89: 84: 80: 73: 63: 53: 46: 41: 32: 31: 26: 22: 6966:Vowel length 6870:Pitch accent 6865:Tone contour 6781: 6762: 6738: 6720: 6716: 6703: 6683: 6674: 6666: 6661: 6649: 6631: 6625: 6616: 6604: 6599: 6591: 6586: 6578: 6573: 6561: 6556: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6507: 6499: 6494: 6486: 6477: 6472:, pp. 121–2. 6469: 6464: 6456: 6447: 6434: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6390: 6384: 6372: 6355: 6351: 6329: 6318: 6309: 6298: 6290: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6253: 6230: 6222: 6209: 6201: 6185: 6180: 6157: 6148: 6137: 6111: 6091: 6084: 6076: 6071: 6063: 6044: 6035:de Vaan, M. 6014: 6002:. Retrieved 5998:the original 5987: 5976: 5974: 5967:. Retrieved 5928: 5924: 5918: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5882: 5835: 5828: 5819: 5809: 5801: 5796: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5763: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5726: 5718: 5709: 5696: 5685: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5646: 5633: 5628:31, 213–238. 5625: 5600: 5590: 5567: 5562: 5553: 5547: 5520: 5512: 5500: 5492: 5487: 5479: 5463: 5455: 5450:., pp. ix–x. 5446: 5436: 5428: 5402: 5397: 5388: 5380: 5359: 5354: 5330: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5291: 5285: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5234: 5225: 5217: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5190: 5182: 5177: 5169: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5116: 5111: 5103: 5090: 5060:(1): 73–97. 5057: 5053: 5026: 5021: 4991:(1): 40–55. 4988: 4984: 4978: 4970: 4950: 4941: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4839: 4833: 4809: 4779: 4776: 4768: 4766: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4659:but also in 4650: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4611: 4601: 4597: 4583: 4582: 4564: 4551: 4539: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4423:"to explain" 4418: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4311: 4309: 4301: 4299: 4283: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4163: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4037: 4035: 4027: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4004: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3955: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3910:"horn" and * 3907: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758:glottal stop 3755: 3740: 3737:Shanghainese 3650: 3631: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3601:low–mid–high 3600: 3596:low–high–low 3595: 3591:high–low–low 3590: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3514: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3461: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3363: 3360:"I'm taking" 3355: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3305: 3303: 3295: 3293: 3282: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3197:nkara'dan da 3194: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3153:, or copula 3150: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3022: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3006: 2998: 2996: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2956: 2954: 2951:ma ikusi dot 2947: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2828: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2724:vóda — vodọ̑ 2723: 2720:kráva — krȃv 2719: 2715: 2712:bràt — bráta 2711: 2707: 2704:góra — gorẹ́ 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2640: 2625: 2611: 2600: 2587: 2577: 2565: 2554: 2532: 2525: 2515: 2504:I don't want 2503: 2493: 2483: 2476: 2472:in isolation 2471: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2440:'wormhole', 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2310: 2306:Neoštokavian 2282: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2244:"sieve" and 2241: 2237: 2233: 2211: 2202: 2192: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2166:"sieve" vs. 2163: 2155: 2152: 2125: 2101: 2076: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2033: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1975: 1962:The extinct 1961: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915:creaky voice 1878:grave accent 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1833: 1829: 1803: 1788:glottal stop 1776: 1768:Old Prussian 1753: 1740: 1739: 1730:Old Prussian 1711: 1700: 1690: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1572:Vocative sg. 1565: 1555: 1553: 1524: 1516: 1510: 1498: 1486: 1473: 1414: 1388:acute accent 1370: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1300: 1297:Vedic accent 1273: 1250: 1243: 1239: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1215: 1208: 1202: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1160: 1150: 1141: 1134: 1133: 1119: 1118: 1107: 1105: 1092: 1091: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1069: 1066:"(he) wants" 1063: 1059: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1017: 1011:ḱlew-tó-(o)s 1010: 1000: 992: 985: 974: 970: 964: 956: 944: 938: 936: 932: 915: 903: 891: 881: 875: 872: 858: 856: 845: 843: 834: 826: 822: 821: 812: 803: 794: 789: 782: 771: 767: 766: 758: 746: 738: 728: 712: 711: 708:"to laugh"; 700: 699: 693: 687: 673: 671: 661: 659: 650:meyecektiniz 645: 643: 630: 628: 614: 612: 604: 601:Anticipation 586: 585: 574: 567: 566: 552: 545: 538: 525: 516: 505: 503: 498: 496: 490: 488: 486: 480: 471: 464: 445: 440: 436: 430: 419: 394: 380: 376: 371: 369: 364: 362: 357: 355: 345: 343: 338: 335: 306: 292:and Western 287: 260: 252:Shanghainese 189: 151:in words or 144: 142: 130:and ⟨ 112: 106: 93: 79:ISO 639 code 75:}} 69:{{ 65:}} 59:{{ 55:}} 49:{{ 44: 7000:Pitch reset 6910:Tone letter 6905:Tone sandhi 6321:2016. DOI: 6021:, pp. 37–8. 6004:26 February 5753:, pp. 25–6. 5651:Hualde 2006 5583:Hualde 2006 5318:Tomas Riad 4871:Schleifton 4375:"chameleon" 4170:"ten books" 4154:Mbarara kib 3896:Proto-Bantu 3836:zaunheinin 3657:South Korea 3550:Accentless 3485:"it was my 3460:mardom-e Ir 3300:"your book" 2935:) has come" 2612:to the city 2588:I can't see 2583:/ně‿vidiːm/ 2499:/ne‿ʒěliːm/ 2442:oslobođénje 2420:'harbour'; 2302:Ivšić's law 2238:"geschärft" 2142:(excluding 2128:Rhinelandic 1860:("level"), 1850:intonācijas 1806:long vowels 1253:Larry Hyman 1207:dialect of 857:ántú mú kíb 835:In Western 454:as well as 332:Definitions 6989:Intonation 6961:Gemination 6741:(Thesis). 6723:(1): 157, 6412:(4): 289. 5969:6 December 5820:Baltistica 5802:Vox Graeca 5789:Vox Graeca 5764:Vox Graeca 5405:, pp. 8–9. 5307:Vox Graeca 4933:References 4884:sleeptoon 4763:"lay down" 4722:"lay down" 4478:ndifotokoz 4341:"hospital" 4164:ebitabo kk 4145:"hospital" 4042:"hospital" 3943:Chitumbuka 3862:Australia 3747:Wu Chinese 3687:mjə́.nɯ.ɾi 3632:Standard ( 3585:persimmon 3435:"bookcase" 3421:"I worked" 3368:-gereft-am 3190:n salatası 3075:"Greece", 2972:únén álábí 2781:"Guernica" 2765:absolutive 2453:Proclitics 2438:crvotòčina 2424:'meadow', 2340:See also: 2290:Dybo's law 2278:Yugoslavia 2203:Schleifton 2132:Limburgish 1874:circumflex 1810:diphthongs 1794:Lithuanian 1760:Lithuanian 1756:diachronic 1722:Lithuanian 1660:Dative pl. 1632:Dative sg. 1396:circumflex 1392:diphthongs 1047:Japanese / 530:. Thus in 513:Peak delay 365:obligatory 309:prominence 265:, Western 238:, Western 224:Limburgish 177:Vietnamese 6890:Downdrift 6747:1993/2839 6609:Chapter 7 6566:Chapter 6 6502:, p. 416. 6272:Phonology 6254:Phonology 5936:cite book 5570:, p. 122. 5383:, p. 119. 5349:, p. 165. 5296:, §§81–3. 5274:Zsiga, E. 5220:, p. 382. 5207:, p. 133. 5135:, p. 411. 5082:145460722 5074:1475-3502 5013:144693748 4951:Phonology 4902:hoge toon 4889:hoge toon 4881:stoottoon 4565:In Broad 4339:chipatala 4327:chinăngwā 4201:í mú Búgá 4184:réngétá g 4062:"Kampala" 4022:"country" 3963:, in the 3906:"fish", * 3853:aodaliya 3784:tone and 3713:wə.nə.mín 3663:Examples 3430:ketâb-xân 3419:r kard-am 3400:"yes" or 3277:"bookish" 3205:n ettiler 3157:"it is" ( 3147:-me-/-ma- 3091:"salad", 2977:etorri da 2929:etorri da 2879:txakúrrén 2650:Slovenian 2606:/û‿ɡraːd/ 2560:/û‿ziːmu/ 2516:inability 2416:'water', 2274:Slovenian 2196:sleeptoon 2187:Schärfung 2178:stoottoon 2162:dialect) 2160:Ripuarian 2136:Ripuarian 2072:Old Norse 2035:Norwegian 1919:vocal fry 1856:) either 1784:Žemaitian 1701:ánthrōpos 1310:vocatives 1259:Languages 1185:Norwegian 995:*h₂r̥ǵrós 926:sakáná gá 770:rí mú Búg 577:, but in 548:, but in 528:bi-moraic 460:Stockholm 319:within a 298:Blackfoot 228:Norwegian 153:morphemes 149:syllables 7040:Category 7015:Loudness 6956:Chroneme 6880:Downstep 6875:Register 6832:Syllable 6549:Language 6426:18992886 6324:, p. 10. 6304:; p. 90. 6119:Archived 5719:Language 5598:(1968). 5493:Language 5444:(1968). 5323:Archived 5276:(2010). 4892:valtoon 4785:See also 4641:Anglesey 4411:fotokoza 4320:chinangw 4285:Chichewa 4274:Chichewa 3927:Chichewa 3828:English 3819:Romanzi 3700:ə.mə́.ni 3678:English 3612:accent ( 3567:/kakiꜜo/ 3556:/kaꜜkio/ 3536:low–high 3532:low–high 3528:high–low 3524:downstep 3520:Japanese 3497:Japanese 3475:nâme-ye 3343:m gereft 3325:"I took" 3310:"a book" 3069:Yunanist 2902:Ondarroa 2833:"supper" 2823:"Bilbao" 2808:"kidney" 2799:"potato" 2790:"forest" 2728:na vọ̑do 2668:gospodár 2631:/ǔ‿ʃumi/ 2573:/vîdiːm/ 2489:/ʒěliːm/ 2428:'slam'; 2399:Kȃrlovac 2385:'horn'; 2381:'belt', 2326:Croatian 2268:include 2056:accent 2 2052:accent 1 1990:Livonian 1958:Livonian 1894:overlong 1818:stressed 1814:sonorant 1695:ἄνθρωπος 1520:enclitic 1317:pa-bhart 1306:Sanskrit 1210:Japanese 1173:Barasana 1058:Cupeño / 1053:yón-dara 1049:yón-dára 897:"pillow" 876:Japanese 797:Chichewa 621:"head", 607:Japanese 474:Chichewa 456:Norrland 452:Värmland 313:syllable 302:Barasana 290:Japanese 263:Japanese 256:Livonian 220:Japanese 128:/ / 124:Help:IPA 96:May 2019 6991:(pitch) 6981:Prosody 6607:(OUP), 6564:(OUP), 6284:4420243 6188:, p. 5. 5596:Stevick 5482:, §169. 5442:Stevick 5102:(ed.), 5005:1265972 4969:(PDF). 4906:valtoon 4868:Stoßton 4836:'sieve' 4737:"snake" 4698:"woman" 4688:"house" 4661:Arizona 4634:Cymraeg 4536:English 4458:mafotok 4359:"habit" 4306:"maize" 4132:"south" 4071:ekitabo 4006:Luganda 3995:Luganda 3726:ó.ɾá.bi 3704:mother 3642:prosody 3578:/kakio/ 3563:oyster 3439:In the 3378:-gir-am 3358:-gir-am 3268:"books" 3263:ketâb-h 3235:Persian 3223:Persian 3213:arkadaş 3137:"now", 3031:Turkish 3009:Navarre 2946:únén ám 2847:"women" 2769:Gernika 2716:o brȃtu 2596:/ɡrâːd/ 2550:/zîːmu/ 2542:/zǐːma/ 2533:falling 2434:počétak 2426:lúpānje 2330:Serbian 2322:Bosnian 2314:Slovene 2222:Koblenz 2220:, near 2218:Arzbach 2214:Cologne 2207:Limburg 2170:"she". 2039:Swedish 1943:Latgale 1939:Vidzeme 1866:krītoša 1858:stiepta 1846:Latvian 1840:Latvian 1764:Latvian 1726:Latvian 1665:πατράσι 1487:phaínou 1435:"earth" 1417:la] 1377:vocalic 1351:svarita 1347:Rigveda 1343:svarita 1332:svarita 1219:Luganda 1197:Punjabi 1179:Swedish 1143:Luganda 1094:Persian 1082:Turkish 1064:ʔáyu-qa 1062:/ > 1060:ʔáyu-qá 1051:/ > 1040:/ > 1036:Vedic / 1020:*ḱlutós 969:(Vedic 894:kura ga 790:Bunyóró 761:Luganda 737:ukuhlek 715:kúhlékí 655:Serbian 639:Turkish 629:únén am 532:Luganda 497:Chichěw 479:Chichew 441:svarita 279:Swedish 275:Punjabi 271:Persian 232:Swedish 216:Turkish 212:Tlingit 196:Slovene 169:English 116:in the 88:See why 7010:Rhythm 7005:Stress 6948:Length 6938:Accent 6920:Stress 6885:Upstep 6824:Timing 6780:, in: 6638: 6459:(2017) 6424: 6352:Lingua 6282: 6129: 6099: 5901:kar̃tų 5890: 5843: 5665:Lingua 5170:Lingua 5080: 5072: 5011: 5003: 4924:Rijeka 4920:Zagreb 4878:terms 4849:terms 4847:German 4842:'she' 4657:Mexico 4472:tokoza 4468:ndinaf 4421:tokoza 4388:thokoz 4316:"love" 4289:Malawi 4227:(from 4179:mu mas 4091:"book" 4073:"book" 4032:"city" 4010:Uganda 3957:Ciluba 3931:nsómba 3908:nyangá 3822:Hanzi 3788:tone. 3669:Hangul 3638:Korean 3628:Korean 3574:fence 3452:m-e Ir 3329:gereft 3298:b-etun 3287:clitic 3285:, are 3272:ketâb- 3259:"book" 3104:rdoğan 2933:laguna 2894:lbotik 2805:úrrúné 2750:Basque 2688:blagọ̑ 2676:tetíva 2672:rakîta 2664:malína 2660:jágoda 2626:forest 2621:/ʃûma/ 2594:N, A: 2555:winter 2494:I want 2484:rising 2457:Zagreb 2430:siròta 2422:lìvada 2395:kȕćica 2368:lȍnācā 2104:Danish 2086:bønner 2080:bønder 2064:tone 2 2060:tone 1 2028:, and 1986:Uralic 1968:Finnic 1886:macron 1862:lauzta 1830:kar̃tų 1714:Baltic 1607:πατέρα 1499:olígon 1493:ὀλίγον 1481:φαίνου 1422:"milk" 1413:[ɡ 1339:udātta 1328:udātta 1073:Basque 1038:gáv-ā́ 1026:śrutás 1001:r̥jrás 951:Cupeño 921:"head" 837:Basque 644:sínírl 623:Basque 437:udātta 406:Ciluba 321:phrase 294:Basque 267:Basque 254:, and 248:Korean 240:Basque 236:Sweden 132: 7025:Pausa 6594:no.1. 6547:, in 6422:S2CID 6280:JSTOR 5963:(PDF) 5905:kártų 5822:: 64. 5717:, in 5423:. in 5294:ch. 2 5098:. 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