618:
Photophobia may preclude or limit a person from working in places where lighting is used, unless the person is able to obtain a reasonable accommodation like being allowed to wear tinted glasses. Some people with photophobia may thereby be better able to work at night or be more easily accommodated
575:
People with photophobia may feel eye pain from even moderate levels of artificial light and avert their eyes from artificial light sources. Ambient levels of artificial light may also be intolerable to persons afflicted with photophobia such that they dim or remove the light source, or go into a
595:
Other strategies for relieving photophobia include the use of tinted contact lenses and/or the use of prescription eye drops that constrict the pupil, thus reducing the amount of light entering the eye. Such strategies may be limited by the amount of light needed for proper vision under given
566:
Treatment for light sensitivity addresses the underlying cause, whether it be an eye, nervous system or other cause. If the triggering factor or underlying cause can be identified and treated, photophobia may disappear. Tinted glasses are sometimes used.
596:
conditions, however. Dilating drops may also help relieve eye pain from muscle spasms or seizures triggered by lighting/migraine, allowing a person to "ride out the migraine" in a dark or dim room. A paper by
Stringham and Hammond, published in the
684:
1953:
1938:
75:, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical sensitivity of the eyes, though the term is sometimes additionally applied to abnormal or irrational
622:
Outdoor night lighting may be equally offensive for persons with photophobia, however, given the wide variety of bright lighting used for illuminating residential, commercial and industrial areas, such as
1218:
Cooper AD, Josephs, KA (2009). "Photophobia, visual hallucinations, and REM sleep behavior disorder in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration: a prospective study".
1414:
Pelissolo A, Bisserbe JC (March–April 1994). "Dépendance aux benzodiazépines. Aspects cliniques et biologiques" [Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects].
592:. Some types of photophobia may be helped with the use of precision tinted lenses which block the green-to-blue end of the light spectrum without blurring or impeding vision.
147:, the lack of pigment in the colored part of the eyes (irises) makes them somewhat translucent. This means that the irises cannot completely block light from entering the eye.
194:
777:
Hazin R, Abuzetun JY, Daoud YJ, Abu-Khalaf MM (July 2009). "Ocular complications of cancer therapy: a primer for the ophthalmologist treating cancer patients".
1560:
Durlach, Jean; Morii, Hirotoshi; Nishizawa, Yoshiki (March 6, 2007). "10: Clinical forms of
Magnesium Depletion by Photosensitization and Treatment with
3033:
921:
1074:
Fan X, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G (November 2009). "Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders".
2430:
1023:
Fraunfelder, F. T.; Fraunfelder, F. W.; Edwards, R. (September 1, 2001). "Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage".
3102:
3028:
3593:
1693:
1601:
1315:
1286:
1261:
917:
1754:"FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm"
1121:
2042:
760:
744:
3050:
3045:
2870:
1684:
1585:
1349:
1002:
977:
898:
2910:
1146:
3023:
1117:
3018:
2905:
2472:
1492:
Gauthier-Smith, P. C. (December 22, 2004). "Neurological complications of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)".
554:
2773:
2633:
2738:
1569:
3583:
3313:
2831:
2743:
529:
576:
dimmer lit room, such a one lit by refraction of light from outside the room. Alternatively, they may wear dark
2733:
2462:
1900:
820:
439:
2826:
2717:
2583:
3224:
2915:
2900:
1538:
1142:
19:
This article is about the human medical symptom. For the biological or botanical behavioral property, see
2112:
2070:
2035:
1801:
Katz, Bradley J.; Digre, Kathleen B. (2016). "Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of photophobia".
1635:
Drummond PD (October 1986). "A quantitative assessment of photophobia in migraine and tension headache".
360:
3040:
2836:
2810:
2768:
2763:
2628:
2501:
2489:
2445:
653:
514:
3219:
3107:
3013:
2860:
2705:
2506:
2452:
419:
113:
Patients may develop photophobia as a result of several different medical conditions, related to the
2758:
2729:
2353:
2318:
1968:
519:
445:
436:(hence, multiple other associated hypersensitivities). Causes can be bad bite, infected tooth, etc.
3229:
2983:
2783:
2303:
2296:
1503:
598:
454:
132:
Too much light entering the eye. Too much light can enter the eye if it is damaged, such as with
1876:
638:" has prompted more frequent reports of photophobia among motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians.
3498:
3468:
3403:
3398:
3125:
2403:
2268:
2028:
474:
330:
167:
2008:
1727:
1307:
724:
701:
672:
124:
Photophobia may manifest itself in an increased response to light starting at any step in the
3441:
3117:
433:
232:
136:
and retinal damage, or if its pupil is unable to normally constrict (seen with damage to the
20:
3085:
3214:
2800:
2795:
2753:
2568:
2484:
925:
647:
624:
1648:
8:
3519:
3393:
3193:
3076:
3068:
2856:
2820:
2805:
2660:
2440:
2220:
1957:
1679:
1605:
1282:
549:
405:
267:
3149:
186:
3130:
2880:
2788:
2712:
2665:
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2413:
2398:
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1962:
1905:
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1391:
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1056:
802:
371:
365:
294:
151:
28:
1814:
1036:
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3135:
2995:
2778:
2435:
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1979:
1859:
1854:
1837:
1818:
1783:
1697:
1652:
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1581:
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1396:
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1231:
1200:
1091:
1048:
1040:
894:
806:
794:
581:
534:
283:
174:
47:
1664:
1103:
1060:
998:
973:
630:
The increasing popularity of "overpoweringly intense" LED headlights being used on "
3588:
3261:
3251:
3097:
3072:
3005:
2971:
2890:
2521:
2511:
2408:
2263:
2150:
2140:
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1810:
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1378:
1227:
1190:
1180:
1083:
1032:
786:
278:
202:
137:
133:
685:
Miller-Keane
Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health
3328:
3292:
3256:
2875:
2700:
2687:
2621:
2578:
2496:
2308:
2240:
2160:
2145:
1973:
1769:
1577:
1494:
947:
890:
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509:
489:
484:
399:
312:
228:
1677:
1600:
3558:
3410:
3355:
3198:
2966:
2895:
2677:
2647:
2593:
2547:
2418:
2291:
2225:
2215:
1984:
1341:
355:
335:
307:
262:
118:
88:
1947:
1253:
1087:
3577:
3478:
3333:
3273:
2990:
2938:
2885:
2815:
2724:
2611:
2588:
2516:
2425:
2230:
2135:
1511:
1382:
1044:
589:
288:
218:
125:
52:
2020:
1534:
1459:
3343:
3171:
2552:
2467:
2375:
2253:
2248:
2193:
2188:
1863:
1822:
1787:
1561:
1478:
1441:
Mahesh, G.; Giridhar, A.; Shedbele, A.; Kumar, R.; Saikumar, S. J. (2009).
1400:
1239:
1204:
1095:
1052:
798:
631:
494:
415:
349:
322:
298:
1701:
1656:
1621:
1519:
1427:
885:
Day, Susan (January 15, 1997). "P9: Photophobia". In Taylor, David (ed.).
3542:
3493:
3431:
3388:
3366:
3277:
3268:
3188:
3166:
2978:
2950:
2748:
2616:
2457:
2278:
2155:
2107:
2054:
2003:
499:
459:
442:, where photophobia can sometimes precede the clinical diagnosis by years
326:
247:
242:
161:
80:
24:
3463:
3426:
3350:
3338:
3282:
3243:
3064:
2954:
2313:
2178:
1185:
733:
Millodot: Dictionary of
Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009
690:
Millodot: Dictionary of
Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009
607:
577:
504:
429:
424:
190:
1930:
1838:"The influence of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance"
3514:
3488:
3362:
3308:
3296:
3181:
3176:
3161:
3157:
2695:
2393:
2370:
2183:
2130:
2125:
2102:
1678:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (October 28, 1994).
610:
on visual performance, and notes a decrease in sensitivity to glare.
524:
318:
302:
252:
114:
650:, a medical condition by which people exposed to bright light sneeze
3553:
3318:
2852:
2655:
2286:
539:
479:
410:
339:
257:
223:
213:
Causes of photophobia relating directly to the eye itself include:
182:
144:
3380:
3323:
2865:
2672:
2603:
2573:
2563:
2170:
585:
382:
273:
237:
198:
64:
3483:
2385:
2362:
2082:
1942:
635:
603:
544:
344:
155:
72:
3455:
1714:
1167:
Romero-Reyes, Marcela; Uyanik, James M. (February 21, 2014).
1022:
450:
68:
1901:"Blinded by Brighter Headlights? It’s Not Your Imagination."
1888:
1336:
Harris, Robert S.; Thimann, Kenneth V. (February 11, 1943).
776:
71:. As a medical symptom, photophobia is not a morbid fear or
2535:
2097:
1440:
376:
317:
Eye trauma caused by disease, injury, or infection such as
76:
1835:
1443:"A case of bilateral presumed chikungunya neuroretinitis"
178:
1606:"Elemental mercury poisoning in a household—Ohio, 1989"
1364:
730:
The
American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
713:
McGraw-Hill
Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002
681:
The
American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
678:
Dorland's
Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007
1836:
Stringham JM, Bovier ER, Wong JC, Hammond BR (2010).
1559:
584:
light, precision tinted glasses, and/or wide-brimmed
1920:
1073:
3084:
1751:
1367:"Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm"
1371:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1166:
16:Abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light
3029:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
1413:
1169:"Orofacial pain management: current perspectives"
3575:
1365:Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004).
922:Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired
67:of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of
1217:
1491:
231:drugs may cause photophobia by paralyzing the
2050:
2036:
1879:, axonoptics.com. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
1335:
1076:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
710:Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
707:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008
394:Neurological causes for photophobia include:
3103:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1891:, lightmare.org. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
2431:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
2090:
1610:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2043:
2029:
1694:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1602:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1316:United States National Library of Medicine
1287:United States National Library of Medicine
1262:United States National Library of Medicine
602:, reviews studies of effects of consuming
1853:
1800:
1777:
1752:Blackburn Marcus K.; et al. (2009).
1468:
1458:
1390:
1194:
1184:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
389:
1909:, June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
1634:
1122:Royal National Institute of Blind People
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
1553:
912:
910:
3576:
1877:Guide to Photophobia/Light Sensitivity
1566:New Perspectives in Magnesium Research
763:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
747:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
3540:
2936:
2339:
2068:
2024:
1685:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1649:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2609465.x
1003:Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
978:Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
835:
173:Common causes of photophobia include
2911:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1220:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
1147:University of Virginia Health System
952:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
907:
352:has been associated with photophobia
23:. For the morbid fear of light, see
3034:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2871:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
884:
570:
297:, such as that caused by a corneal
160:Excessive electric impulses to the
13:
2906:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1725:
1535:"Influenza Virus (Orthomyxovirus)"
555:Superior canal dehiscence syndrome
14:
3605:
3594:Visual disturbances and blindness
2634:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1916:
1815:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.02.001
1728:"Photophobia (Light Sensitivity)"
1312:MedicinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1118:"Light sensitivity – photophobia"
1025:American Journal of Ophthalmology
725:thefreedictionary.com/photophobia
702:thefreedictionary.com/photophobia
673:thefreedictionary.com/photophobia
368:(naturally or chemically induced)
205:. A more extensive list follows:
2739:Central retinal artery occlusion
1855:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01447.x
1532:
1232:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.011
779:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
580:, sunglasses designed to filter
2744:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2473:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1894:
1882:
1870:
1829:
1794:
1745:
1719:
1708:
1671:
1628:
1594:
1526:
1485:
1447:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
1434:
1407:
1358:
1329:
1300:
1275:
1246:
1211:
1160:
1135:
1110:
1067:
1016:
991:
966:
940:
467:
189:, mild traumatic brain injury (
3541:
2774:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2734:Central retinal vein occlusion
2463:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1254:"Photophobia – Glossary Entry"
813:
770:
754:
738:
718:
695:
666:
440:Progressive supranuclear palsy
208:
1:
2827:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2718:Posterior vitreous detachment
2584:Persistent pupillary membrane
1037:10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01024-8
659:
613:
3314:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3225:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2937:
2916:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2901:Persistent fetal vasculature
2832:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1770:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.031
1680:"Human Rabies – Miami, 1994"
1578:10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_10
1539:University of South Carolina
791:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832c9007
561:
121:, genetic, or other causes.
7:
2113:Meibomian gland dysfunction
641:
619:in the workplace at night.
361:Pigment dispersion syndrome
10:
3610:
2837:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2811:Central serous retinopathy
2629:Focal choroidal excavation
2502:Corneal neovascularization
2319:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
2069:
1143:"Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"
654:Photosensitivity in humans
625:LED (light-emitting diode)
166:Excessive response in the
98: 'light' and
18:
3549:
3536:
3507:
3454:
3419:
3379:
3304:
3291:
3242:
3220:Convergence insufficiency
3207:
3148:
3116:
3093:
3063:
3004:
2962:
2949:
2945:
2932:
2861:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2845:
2706:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2686:
2646:
2602:
2543:
2534:
2384:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2277:
2239:
2206:
2169:
2121:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2055:Diseases of the human eye
1994:
1924:
1088:10.1007/s10803-009-0767-7
823:. Scottish Sensory Centre
420:myalgic encephalomyelitis
108:
46:
41:
27:. For the 2023 film, see
2730:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1383:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869
1283:"Ankylosing spondylitis"
1173:Journal of Pain Research
887:Paediatric Ophthalmology
520:Infectious mononucleosis
462:along with many symptoms
446:Subarachnoid haemorrhage
268:Congenital abnormalities
3230:One and a half syndrome
2984:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1842:Journal of Food Science
1803:Survey of Ophthalmology
1504:Oxford University Press
1460:10.4103/0301-4738.45508
1338:Vitamins & Hormones
1258:Genetics Home Reference
765:A Greek-English Lexicon
749:A Greek-English Lexicon
687:, Seventh Edition. 2003
599:Journal of Food Science
455:posterior cranial fossa
379:of the cornea or sclera
195:ophthalmologic diseases
150:Overstimulation of the
3584:Neurological disorders
3469:Argyll Robertson pupil
2269:Periorbital cellulitis
1512:10.1093/brain/88.2.323
893:. pp. 1034–1036.
515:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
475:Ankylosing spondylitis
390:Nervous-system-related
331:optic nerve hypoplasia
168:central nervous system
3442:Scintillating scotoma
3108:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
3051:Toxic and nutritional
3024:posterior (PION)
2507:Kayser–Fleischer ring
928:on September 29, 2009
434:central sensitization
233:iris sphincter muscle
21:Photophobia (biology)
3215:Conjugate gaze palsy
3086:Paralytic strabismus
3019:anterior (AION)
2801:Retinitis pigmentosa
2796:Macular degeneration
2569:Intermediate uveitis
2485:Keratoconjunctivitis
1572:. pp. 117–126.
954:. September 28, 2020
648:Photic sneeze reflex
530:Magnesium deficiency
274:Viral conjunctivitis
3520:Childhood blindness
3499:Parinaud's syndrome
3069:Extraocular muscles
2857:Ocular hypertension
2821:Epiretinal membrane
2806:Retinal haemorrhage
2661:Congenital cataract
1604:(CDC) (June 1990).
550:Tyrosinemia type II
432:disturbance causes
406:Chiari malformation
3046:Leber's hereditary
2713:Retinal detachment
2666:Childhood cataract
2478:Post-LASIK ectasia
2259:Orbital cellulitis
2208:Lacrimal apparatus
1995:External resources
1906:The New York Times
1726:Bailey, Gretchyn.
1541:School of Medicine
1186:10.2147/JPR.S37593
372:Retinal detachment
366:Pupillary dilation
295:corneal epithelium
293:Disruption of the
175:migraine headaches
79:of light, such as
29:Photophobia (film)
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3474:Marcus Gunn pupil
3450:
3449:
3371:Visual impairment
3238:
3237:
3144:
3143:
3131:Fourth-nerve (IV)
3059:
3058:
2996:Optic disc drusen
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2642:
2641:
2530:
2529:
2436:Corneal dystrophy
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2202:
2201:
2018:
2017:
1587:978-1-84628-388-8
1351:978-0-12-709801-2
1082:(11): 1499–1508.
900:978-0-86542-831-7
535:Mercury poisoning
284:Corneal dystrophy
58:
57:
36:Medical condition
3601:
3538:
3537:
3302:
3301:
3293:Vision disorders
3252:Refractive error
3194:Brown's syndrome
3150:Other strabismus
3136:Sixth-nerve (VI)
3126:Oculomotor (III)
3098:Ophthalmoparesis
3091:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3073:Binocular vision
3006:Optic neuropathy
2972:optic papillitis
2960:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2823:(Macular pucker)
2541:
2540:
2522:Band keratopathy
2359:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2264:Orbital lymphoma
2151:Blepharophimosis
2141:Blepharochalasis
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2021:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1732:All About Vision
1723:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1533:Hunt, Margaret.
1530:
1524:
1523:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
974:"Conjunctivitis"
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
924:. Archived from
914:
905:
904:
889:(2nd ed.).
882:
833:
832:
830:
828:
817:
811:
810:
774:
768:
758:
752:
742:
736:
722:
716:
699:
693:
670:
571:Artificial light
338:, or congenital
279:Corneal abrasion
203:corneal abrasion
187:Sjögren syndrome
138:oculomotor nerve
134:corneal abrasion
39:
38:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3563:
3545:
3524:
3503:
3446:
3415:
3375:
3329:Color blindness
3295:
3287:
3234:
3208:Other binocular
3203:
3140:
3112:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3055:
3000:
2953:
2941:
2920:
2876:Ocular hypotony
2841:
2701:Chorioretinitis
2682:
2638:
2622:Chorioretinitis
2598:
2579:Rubeosis iridis
2557:
2526:
2497:Corneal opacity
2453:Corneal ectasia
2380:
2344:
2323:
2309:Pseudopterygium
2273:
2235:
2198:
2165:
2161:Ankyloblepharon
2117:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2019:
2014:
2013:
1990:
1989:
1933:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1834:
1830:
1799:
1795:
1764:(5): 997–1001.
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1676:
1672:
1633:
1629:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1570:Springer London
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1490:
1486:
1439:
1435:
1412:
1408:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1340:. Vol. 1.
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1216:
1212:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1072:
1068:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
999:"Corneal ulcer"
997:
996:
992:
982:
980:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
916:
915:
908:
901:
891:Wiley-Blackwell
883:
836:
826:
824:
821:"Achromotopsoa"
819:
818:
814:
775:
771:
759:
755:
743:
739:
723:
719:
700:
696:
671:
667:
662:
644:
616:
573:
564:
559:
510:Drug withdrawal
490:Benzodiazepines
485:Ariboflavinosis
470:
465:
400:Autism spectrum
392:
387:
313:Endophthalmitis
229:Anticholinergic
211:
111:
87:comes from
37:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3559:Onchocerciasis
3556:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3411:Quadrantanopia
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3356:Oguchi disease
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3199:Duane syndrome
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2967:Optic neuritis
2963:
2957:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Phthisis bulbi
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Coats' disease
2776:
2771:
2769:of prematurity
2766:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2678:Ectopia lentis
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2536:Vascular tunic
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:Photokeratitis
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2292:Conjunctivitis
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:Dacryocystitis
2223:
2218:
2216:Dacryoadenitis
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1965:
1950:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:Classification
1918:
1917:External links
1915:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1828:
1809:(4): 466–477.
1793:
1744:
1718:
1707:
1670:
1643:(9): 465–469.
1627:
1593:
1586:
1552:
1525:
1484:
1453:(2): 148–150.
1433:
1422:(2): 147–157.
1406:
1377:(3): 506–507.
1357:
1350:
1344:. p. 88.
1342:Academic Press
1328:
1299:
1274:
1245:
1210:
1159:
1134:
1109:
1066:
1031:(3): 299–305.
1015:
990:
965:
939:
906:
899:
834:
812:
785:(4): 308–317.
769:
753:
737:
735:
734:
731:
717:
715:
714:
711:
708:
694:
692:
691:
688:
682:
679:
664:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
651:
643:
640:
615:
612:
572:
569:
563:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:
457:
448:
443:
437:
427:
422:
413:
408:
403:
396:
391:
388:
386:
385:
380:
374:
369:
363:
358:
356:Optic neuritis
353:
347:
342:
336:Hydrophthalmos
333:
315:
310:
308:Ectopia lentis
305:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
265:
263:Cone dystrophy
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
226:
221:
215:
210:
207:
171:
170:
164:
158:
152:photoreceptors
148:
141:
119:nervous system
110:
107:
105: 'fear'.
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3606:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Adie syndrome
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Achromatopsia
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:Anisometropia
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Accommodation
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Optic atrophy
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Keratomycosis
2889:
2887:
2886:Globe rupture
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Macular edema
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Retinoschisis
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Choroideremia
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Iridodialysis
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Arcus senilis
2515:
2513:
2512:Haab's striae
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Corneal ulcer
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:acanthamoebic
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Fibrous tunic
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2231:Xerophthalmia
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Lagophthalmos
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:Ophthalmology
1755:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1616:(25): 424–5.
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:(in French).
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
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948:"Blepharitis"
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63:is a medical
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53:Ophthalmology
51:
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34:
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26:
22:
3436:
3369: /
3365: /
3344:Monochromacy
3276: /
3172:Heterophoria
3160: /
2859: /
2855: /
2759:hypertensive
2732: /
2553:Ciliary body
2468:Keratoglobus
2376:Episcleritis
2254:Enophthalmos
2249:Exophthalmos
2194:Trichomegaly
2189:Distichiasis
2091:Inflammation
2002:
1978:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1904:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1848:(1): R24–9.
1845:
1841:
1831:
1806:
1802:
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1757:
1747:
1737:November 13,
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1721:
1715:SCDS Society
1710:
1689:
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1673:
1640:
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1630:
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1562:Scototherapy
1555:
1545:December 11,
1543:. Retrieved
1528:
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1331:
1321:December 11,
1319:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1292:December 11,
1290:. Retrieved
1277:
1267:December 11,
1265:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1226:(1): 59–61.
1223:
1219:
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1152:December 11,
1150:. Retrieved
1137:
1127:December 11,
1125:. Retrieved
1112:
1079:
1075:
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1024:
1018:
1008:December 11,
1006:. Retrieved
993:
983:December 11,
981:. Retrieved
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956:. Retrieved
951:
942:
932:December 11,
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
886:
827:December 11,
825:. Retrieved
815:
782:
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767:, on Perseus
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751:, on Perseus
748:
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629:
621:
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495:Chemotherapy
468:Other causes
418:, including
416:Encephalitis
393:
350:Isotretinoin
323:episcleritis
299:foreign body
212:
172:
123:
112:
102:
99:
95:
92:
84:
60:
59:
33:
3494:Cycloplegia
3437:Photophobia
3432:Hemeralopia
3389:Hemianopsia
3367:Vision loss
3278:Aniseikonia
3269:Astigmatism
3189:Cyclotropia
3167:Hypertropia
2979:Papilledema
2951:Optic nerve
2784:Sickle cell
2764:Purtscher's
2749:Retinopathy
2617:Choroiditis
2458:Keratoconus
2279:Conjunctiva
2156:Xanthelasma
2108:Blepharitis
2004:MedlinePlus
1506:: 323–334.
500:Chikungunya
460:Visual snow
327:keratoconus
248:Buphthalmos
243:Blepharitis
209:Eye-related
162:optic nerve
128:, such as:
85:photophobia
83:. The term
81:heliophobia
61:Photophobia
42:Photophobia
25:Heliophobia
3578:Categories
3543:Infections
3464:Anisocoria
3427:Asthenopia
3420:subjective
3404:homonymous
3399:bitemporal
3351:Nyctalopia
3339:Dichromacy
3283:Presbyopia
3244:Refraction
3065:Strabismus
2955:Optic disc
2314:Pinguecula
2179:Trichiasis
1980:DiseasesDB
1308:"Albinism"
1179:: 99–115.
660:References
614:Disability
608:Zeaxanthin
582:peripheral
578:sunglasses
505:Cystinosis
430:Trigeminal
425:Meningitis
270:of the eye
3515:Nystagmus
3489:Mydriasis
3363:Blindness
3309:Amblyopia
3297:Blindness
3257:Hyperopia
3182:Exophoria
3177:Esophoria
3162:Exotropia
3158:Esotropia
2696:Retinitis
2394:Keratitis
2371:Scleritis
2304:Pterygium
2184:Madarosis
2131:Ectropion
2126:Entropion
2103:Chalazion
1889:Lightmare
1696:: 773–5.
1416:Encephale
1045:0002-9394
807:205670593
562:Treatment
525:Influenza
402:disorders
319:chalazion
303:keratitis
253:Cataracts
183:cataracts
48:Specialty
3554:Trachoma
3319:Diplopia
3014:Ischemic
2939:Pathways
2853:Glaucoma
2754:diabetic
2656:Cataract
2594:Synechia
2446:Meesmann
2414:Exposure
2399:herpetic
2297:allergic
2287:Chemosis
2221:Epiphora
1864:20492192
1823:26875996
1788:19410958
1665:10230356
1637:Headache
1479:19237792
1401:14966178
1240:18328771
1205:24591846
1104:32110116
1096:19499319
1061:37897437
1053:11530040
799:19491683
727:citing:
704:citing:
675:citing:
642:See also
586:sun hats
540:Migraine
480:Albinism
411:Dyslexia
377:Scarring
340:glaucoma
258:Coloboma
224:Aniridia
197:such as
145:albinism
103:(phĂłbos)
3589:Phobias
3394:binasal
3381:Anopsia
3324:Scotoma
3118:palsies
2881:Red eye
2866:Floater
2673:Aphakia
2604:Choroid
2574:Hyphema
2564:Uveitis
2171:Eyelash
1974:D020795
1779:2701948
1702:7935313
1657:3781834
1622:2113168
1520:5828906
1470:2684432
1428:7914165
1392:1738986
1196:3937250
958:July 5,
636:S.U.V.s
632:pickups
627:lamps.
453:of the
383:Uveitis
238:Aphakia
199:uveitis
154:in the
143:Due to
65:symptom
3484:Miosis
3262:Myopia
3041:Kjer's
2789:photic
2688:Retina
2441:Fuchs'
2409:fungal
2386:Cornea
2363:Sclera
2146:Ptosis
2083:Eyelid
2071:Adnexa
2009:003041
1963:368.13
1862:
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1692:(42).
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604:Lutein
545:Rabies
345:Iritis
156:retina
117:, the
109:Causes
96:(phĹŤs)
73:phobia
3508:Other
3456:Pupil
2846:Other
2490:sicca
2342:Globe
2241:Orbit
1985:24599
1948:H53.1
1661:S2CID
1502:(2).
1495:Brain
1100:S2CID
1057:S2CID
803:S2CID
761:φόβος
451:Tumor
329:, or
101:φόβος
91:
89:Greek
69:light
2648:Lens
2548:Iris
2098:Stye
1969:MeSH
1958:9-CM
1860:PMID
1819:PMID
1784:PMID
1739:2012
1698:PMID
1653:PMID
1618:PMID
1582:ISBN
1547:2009
1516:PMID
1475:PMID
1424:PMID
1397:PMID
1346:ISBN
1323:2009
1294:2009
1269:2009
1236:PMID
1201:PMID
1154:2009
1129:2009
1092:PMID
1049:PMID
1041:ISSN
1010:2009
985:2009
960:2021
934:2009
895:ISBN
829:2009
795:PMID
634:and
606:and
191:MTBI
77:fear
1954:ICD
1939:ICD
1850:doi
1811:doi
1774:PMC
1766:doi
1762:116
1645:doi
1574:doi
1564:".
1508:doi
1465:PMC
1455:doi
1387:PMC
1379:doi
1228:doi
1191:PMC
1181:doi
1084:doi
1033:doi
1029:132
787:doi
745:φῶς
588:or
301:or
201:or
179:TMJ
115:eye
94:φῶς
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