Cataract - Knowledge

360: 712:(HBOT) is the administration of 100% oxygen at pressures greater than one-atmosphere absolute pressure (1 ATA) for a therapeutic purpose. HBOT can have several side effects, including the long-term development of cataracts. This is rare and generally associated with multiple HBOT exposures over a long period. As it does not usually become symptomatic during HBOT, it may often go unrecognised and is probably under-reported. Evidence is emerging that lifetime dosage of oxygen may be a precipitating factor in the development of age-related cataracts. Nuclear cataracts have been hypothesized to be the end stage of the far better known phenomenon of hyperbaric myopic shift. 1212: 1323: 1106: 336: 3953: 1407: 345: 1094: 1058: 1312: 1082: 948: 1118: 1010: 516: 1070: 41: 1130: 1046: 1034: 1022: 922: 1204: 459: 1763: 1387:

so-called 'posterior lens capsule opacification'. Growth of natural lens cells remaining after the natural lens was removed may be the cause, and the younger the patient, the greater the chance of this occurring. Management involves cutting a small, circular area in the posterior capsule with targeted beams of energy from a laser, called

956: 1234:

Several recent evaluations found that cataract surgery can meet expectations only when significant functional impairment due to cataracts exists before surgery. Visual function estimates such as VF-14 have been found to give more realistic estimates than visual acuity testing alone. In some developed

994:

Cataracts can be classified by using the lens opacities classification system LOCS III. In this system, cataracts are classified based on type as nuclear, cortical, or posterior. The cataracts are further classified based on severity on a scale from 1 to 5. The LOCS III system is highly reproducible.

466:

Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of the lens fibers. While the swelling normally resolves with time, the white color may remain. In severe blunt trauma, or in injuries that penetrate the eye, the capsule in which the lens sits can be damaged. This damage allows fluid from other

1512:

In many countries, surgical services are inadequate, and cataracts remain the leading cause of blindness. Even where surgical services are available, low vision associated with cataracts may still be prevalent as a result of long waits for, and barriers to, surgery, such as cost, lack of information

1386:

Posterior capsular opacification, also known as after-cataract, is a condition in which months or years after successful cataract surgery, vision deteriorates or problems with glare and light scattering recur, usually due to thickening of the back or posterior capsule surrounding the implanted lens,

1280:

found little to no difference in visual acuity as a function of the size of incisions made for phacoemulsification in the range from ≤ 1.5 mm to 3.0 mm. Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) consists of removing the lens manually, but leaving the majority of the capsule intact. The lens

990:

An immature cataract has some transparent protein, but with a mature cataract, all the lens protein is opaque. In a hypermature or Morgagnian cataract, the lens proteins have become liquid. Congenital cataract, which may be detected in adulthood, has a different classification and includes lamellar,

975:

cataract. In early stages, an increase in sclerosis may cause an increase in refractive index of the lens. This causes a myopic shift (lenticular shift) that decreases hyperopia and enables presbyopic patients to see at near without reading glasses. This is only temporary and is called second sight.

1378:

and cystoid macular edema are less serious but more common, and occur because of persistent swelling at the front of the eye in corneal edema or back of the eye in cystoid macular edema. They are normally the result of excessive inflammation following surgery, and in both cases, patients may notice

974:

Nuclear sclerosis is the most common type of cataract, and involves the central or 'nuclear' part of the lens. This eventually becomes hard, or 'sclerotic', due to condensation on the lens nucleus and the deposition of brown pigment within the lens. In its advanced stages, it is called a brunescent

1367:

The risk of retinal detachment was estimated as about 0.4% within 5.5 years, corresponding to a 2.3-fold risk increase compared to naturally expected incidence, with older studies reporting a substantially higher risk. The incidence is increasing over time in a somewhat linear manner, and the risk

1271:

Lens insertion – A plastic, foldable lens is inserted into the capsular bag that formerly contained the natural lens. Some surgeons also inject an antibiotic into the eye to reduce the risk of infection. The final step is to inject salt water into the corneal wounds to cause the area to swell and

1516:

In the United States, age-related lens changes have been reported in 42% between the ages of 52 and 64, 60% between the ages 65 and 74, and 91% between the ages of 75 and 85. Cataracts affect nearly 22 million Americans age 40 and older. By age 80, more than half of all Americans have cataracts.

1391:

capsulotomy, after the type of laser used. The laser can be aimed very accurately, and the small part of the capsule which is cut falls harmlessly to the bottom of the inside of the eye. This procedure leaves sufficient capsule to hold the lens in place, but removes enough to allow light to pass

1392:

directly through to the retina. Serious side effects are rare. Posterior capsular opacification is common and occurs following up to one in four operations, but these rates are decreasing following the introduction of modern intraocular lenses together with a better understanding of the causes.

1330:

The postoperative recovery period (after removing the cataract) is usually short. The patient is usually ambulatory on the day of surgery, but is advised to move cautiously and avoid straining or heavy lifting for about a month. The eye is usually patched on the day of surgery and use of an eye

1285:

at the end of surgery. ECCE is less frequently performed than phacoemulsification, but can be useful when dealing with very hard cataracts or other situations where emulsification is problematic. Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) has evolved from ECCE. In MSICS, the lens is removed

696:

which helps neutralize oxidative damage to the lens and because conventional vitreous substitutes do not contain ascorbic acid. Accordingly, for phakic patients requiring a vitrectomy it is becoming increasingly common for ophthalmologists to offer the vitrectomy combined with prophylactic

1735:

surgery, and has been introduced to cataract surgery. The incision at the junction of the sclera and cornea and the hole in capsule during capsulorhexis, traditionally made with a handheld blade, needle, and forceps, are dependent on skill and experience of the surgeon. Sophisticated

1338:, which stays in the eye permanently. Intraocular lenses are usually monofocal, correcting for either distance or near vision. Multifocal lenses may be implanted to improve near and distance vision simultaneously, but these lenses may increase the chance of unsatisfactory vision. 309:

About 20 million people worldwide are blind due to cataracts. It is the cause of approximately 5% of blindness in the United States and nearly 60% of blindness in parts of Africa and South America. Blindness from cataracts occurs in about 10 to 40 per 100,000 children in the

1368:

increase lasts for at least 20 years after the procedure. Particular risk factors are younger age, male sex, longer axial length, and complications during surgery. In the highest risk group of patients, the incidence of pseudophakic retinal detachment may be as high as 20%.

1290:

which, ideally, is watertight and does not require suturing. Although "small", the incision is still markedly larger than the portal in phacoemulsification. This surgery is increasingly popular in the developing world where access to phacoemulsification is still limited.

1267:

Irrigation and aspiration – The cortex, which is the soft outer layer of the cataract, is aspirated or sucked away. Fluid removed is continually replaced with a saline solution to prevent collapse of the structure of the anterior chamber (the front part of the

962: 961: 958: 957: 523:

The genetic component is strong in the development of cataracts, most commonly through mechanisms that protect and maintain the lens. The presence of cataracts in childhood or early life can occasionally be due to a particular syndrome. Examples of

986:

Posterior subcapsular cataracts are cloudy at the back of the lens adjacent to the capsule (or bag) in which the lens sits. Because light becomes more focused toward the back of the lens, they can cause disproportionate symptoms for their size.

963: 1508:

Age-related cataracts are responsible for 51% of world blindness, about 20 million people. Globally, cataracts cause moderate to severe disability in 53.8 million (2004), 52.2 million of whom are in low and middle income countries.

1520:

In the eastern Mediterranean region, cataracts are responsible for over 51% of blindness. Access to eye care in many countries in this region is limited. Childhood-related cataracts are responsible for 5–20% of world childhood blindness.

507:), or by damaging lens cells via thermoelastic expansion. The protein coagulation caused by electric and heat injuries whitens the lens. This same process is what makes the clear albumen of an egg become white and opaque during cooking. 1750:

in twelve children under the age of two with cataracts present at birth. The children were followed for six months, so it is unknown what the long-term results have been, and it is unknown if this procedure would work in adults.

2198:

Try wearing sunglasses or a hat with a brim. Researchers also believe that good nutrition can help reduce the risk of age-related cataract. They recommend eating plenty of green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts and other healthy

1222:

The appropriateness of surgery depends on a person's particular functional and visual needs and other risk factors. Cataract removal can be performed at any stage and no longer requires ripening of the lens. Surgery is usually

631:

has been shown to increase the risk of age-related cataract and nuclear cataract. Evidence is conflicting over the effect of alcohol. Some surveys have shown a link, but others which followed people over longer terms have not.

4363:"A review and clinical evaluation of per-operative and post-operative complications in case of manual small incision cataract surgery and extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intra-ocular lens implantation" 960: 1524:

Vision loss due to cataracts increases the risk of dementia in the elderly population, increases the likelihood of falls and road traffic accidents, and by detrimental effects on the quality of life increases mortality.

978:

Cortical cataracts are due to the lens cortex (outer layer) becoming opaque. They occur when changes in the fluid contained in the periphery of the lens cause fissuring. When these cataracts are viewed through an

5324: 5297: 1207:

Cataract surgery, using a temporal-approach phacoemulsification probe (in right hand) and "chopper" (in left hand) being done under operating microscope at the U.S. Navy Medical Center in Portsmouth, Virginia

467:

parts of the eye to rapidly enter the lens leading to swelling and then whitening, obstructing light from reaching the retina at the back of the eye. Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following

302:

is the only effective treatment. Cataract surgery is not readily available in many countries, and surgery is needed only if the cataracts are causing problems and generally results in an improved

2026:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 971:

Cataracts may be partial or complete, stationary or progressive, hard or soft. Histologically, the main types of age-related cataracts are nuclear sclerosis, cortical, and posterior subcapsular.

2991:

Weatherall M, Clay J, James K, Perrin K, Shirtcliffe P, Beasley R (September 2009). "Dose-response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids and cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

294:

and a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables and fruits, and avoiding smoking may reduce the risk of developing cataracts, or slow the process. Early on, the symptoms may be improved with

1241:

is the most widely used cataract surgery in the developed world. This procedure uses ultrasonic energy to emulsify the cataract lens. Phacoemulsification typically comprises six steps:

5158: 1694:" and the name possibly passed through French to form the English meaning "eye disease" (early 15th century), on the notion of "obstruction". Early Persian physicians called the term 5253: 1686:, "to strike, dash"). As rapidly running water turns white, so the term may have been used metaphorically to describe the similar appearance of mature ocular opacities. In Latin, 1294:

Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) is rarely performed. The lens and surrounding capsule are removed in one piece through a large incision while pressure is applied to the

4819: 1379:

blurred, foggy vision. They normally improve with time and with application of anti-inflammatory drops. The risk of either occurring is around one in 100. It is unclear whether

3804:

Ma L, Hao ZX, Liu RR, Yu RB, Shi Q, Pan JP (January 2014). "A dose-response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract".

1105: 4844: 432:

have cumulative effects which are worsened by the loss of protective and restorative mechanisms due to alterations in gene expression and chemical processes within the eye.

4925: 2303: 322:. In the United States, cataracts occur in 68% of those over the age of 80 years. Additionally they are more common in women, and less common in Hispanic and Black people. 4347: 959: 1360:. In both cases, patients notice a sudden decrease in vision. In endophthalmitis, patients often describe pain. Retinal detachment frequently presents with unilateral 3148: 1057: 4504:

Kahn HA, Leibowitz HM, Ganley JP, Kini MM, Colton T, Nickerson RS, et al. (July 1977). "The Framingham Eye Study. I. Outline and major prevalence findings".

3571:

Spencer RW, Andelman SY (July 1965). "Steroid cataracts. Posterior subcapsular cataract formation in rheumatoid arthritis patients on long term steroid therapy".

1264:– A handheld ultrasonic probe is used to break up and emulsify the lens into liquid using the energy of ultrasound waves. The resulting 'emulsion' is sucked away. 1725:

crosslinking. Some benefit has been shown in small manufacturer-sponsored randomized controlled trials but further independent corroboration is still required.

1594:, performed an operation similar to modern cataract surgery. Using a needle-shaped instrument, Galen attempted to remove the cataract-affected lens of the eye. 688:

after the operation. This may be because the native vitreous humor is different from the solutions used to replace the vitreous (vitreous substitutes), such as

5134: 983:, or other magnification system, the appearance is similar to white spokes of a wheel. Symptoms often include problems with glare and light scatter at night. 382:. Nuclear cataracts typically cause greater impairment of distance vision than of near vision. Those with posterior subcapsular cataracts usually complain of 4362: 4230:

Behndig A, Montan P, Stenevi U, Kugelberg M, Lundström M (August 2011). "One million cataract surgeries: Swedish National Cataract Register 1992–2009".

4992:

Williams DL, Munday P (2006). "The effect of a topical antioxidant formulation including N-acetyl carnosine on canine cataract: a preliminary study".

3847:

Hayashi R (2014-11-01). "The Effects of Lutein in Preventing Cataract Progression". In Babizhayev MA, Li DW, Kasus-Jacobi A, Žorić L, Alió JL (eds.).

4539: 6415: 4975: 2841: 2784: 1148:

Risk factors such as UVB exposure and smoking can be addressed. Although no means of preventing cataracts has been scientifically proven, wearing

644:

intake and serum levels have been associated with greater cataract rates. However, use of supplements of vitamin C has not demonstrated benefit.

5812: 487:, has also been shown to cause cataracts, and some evidence indicates sunglasses worn at an early age can slow its development in later life. 1093: 1009: 224:. This may result in trouble driving, reading, or recognizing faces. Poor vision caused by cataracts may also result in an increased risk of 5154: 1698:, or "descent of the water"—vulgarised into waterfall disease or cataract—believing such blindness to be caused by an outpouring of corrupt 6484: 6410: 3177:

Almony A, Holekamp NM, Bai F, Shui YB, Beebe D (March 2012). "Small-gauge vitrectomy does not protect against nuclear sclerotic cataract".

3806:

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie

4420: 2165: 1955: 1081: 2798:

Beltrán-Zambrano E, García-Lozada D, Ibáñez-Pinilla E. (2019). "Risk of cataract in smokers: A meta-analysis of observational studies".

1117: 4894: 4829: 2093: 1172:

have shown no benefit from supplements, although the evidence is mixed, but weakly positive, for a potential protective effect of the

4854: 5097:

Friedman NJ, Palanker DV, Schuele G, Andersen D, Marcellino G, Seibel BS, et al. (July 2011). "Femtosecond laser capsulotomy".

1849: 4394: 1557:. Most of the methods mentioned focus on hygiene. Follow-up treatments include bandaging of the eye and covering the eye with warm 4935: 656:, may increase the risk of cataract development. Corticosteroids most commonly cause posterior subcapsular cataracts. People with 5424: 3606:

Greiner JV, Chylack LT (January 1979). "Posterior subcapsular cataracts: histopathologic study of steroid-associated cataracts".

1924: 4292:"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus corticosteroids for controlling inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery" 1218:

photo of posterior capsular opacification visible a few months after implantation of intraocular lens, seen on retroillumination

6432: 6427: 6252: 4339: 2749:

Ye J, He J, Wang C, Wu H, Shi X, Zhang H, Xie J, Lee SY. (2012). "Smoking and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis".

4802: 4686: 4567: 4450: 4274: 4171: 4147: 4123: 4049: 4025: 3892: 3864: 3650: 3550: 3314:"The gel state of the vitreous and ascorbate-dependent oxygen consumption: relationship to the etiology of nuclear cataracts" 2734: 2710: 2419: 2087: 1021: 689: 6292: 4949: 4734: 4626:"Global, regional, national burden and gender disparity of cataract: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019" 613: 1069: 216:

of the eye. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colours, blurry or

6405: 3156: 1380: 6965: 6400: 6287: 5854: 3761:

Barker FM (August 2010). "Dietary supplementation: effects on visual performance and occurrence of AMD and cataracts".

1981:

Chan WH, Biswas S, Ashworth JL, Lloyd IC (April 2012). "Congenital and infantile cataract: aetiology and management".

1326:

A South African woman experiences newfound eyesight after a patch was removed after surgery to remove an eye cataract.

1252:

Corneal incision – Two cuts are made at the margin of the clear cornea to allow insertion of instruments into the eye.

6155: 6015: 1129: 359: 5131: 1318:

photo of anterior capsular opacification visible a few months after implantation of intraocular lens, magnified view

1033: 6120: 1045: 660:

often have risk factors for lens opacities (such as diabetes, hypertension, and poor nutrition). Second-generation

6695: 6213: 6125: 1597: 741: 577: 5270: 2332: 2211:

Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D (January 2011). "The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life".

600:

The skin and the lens have the same embryological origin and so can be affected by similar diseases. Those with

6115: 5844: 1410: 442:

is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in

1713:

drops have been investigated as a medical treatment for cataracts. The drops are believed to work by reducing

6208: 6099: 5965: 4369: 817: 5258: 1258:– A needle or small pair of forceps is used to create a circular hole in the capsule in which the lens sits. 6606: 6297: 6282: 1334:

In all types of surgery, the cataractous lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens, known as an

370:

Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type of cataract, though considerable overlap occurs. People with

4546: 4469:

Sperduto RD, Seigel D (July 1980). "Senile lens and senile macular changes in a population-based sample".

5494: 5452: 5417: 4954: 4848: 4823: 3530: 925:

Sunflower cataract of a forty-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease

446:

capacity in the lens. An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove

417: 364: 4972: 2944:"Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract" 1235:

countries, a trend to overuse cataract surgery has been noted, which may lead to disappointing results.

1211: 6980: 6422: 6218: 6192: 6150: 6145: 6010: 5883: 5871: 5827: 891: 736: 585: 389:

The severity of cataract formation, assuming no other eye disease is present, is judged primarily by a

4340:"Posterior capsule opacification – why laser treatment is sometimes needed following cataract surgery" 6601: 6489: 6395: 6242: 6087: 5888: 5834: 4402: 2623:

Lipman RM, Tripathi BJ, Tripathi RC (1988). "Cataracts induced by microwave and ionizing radiation".

709: 393:

test. Other symptoms include frequent changes of glasses and colored halos due to hydration of lens.

20: 3952: 2442:"The Pathomechanism, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Eye Diseases" 1746:

have been used in a clinical trial, with results submitted in 2014 and published in March 2016, for

81:

Faded colors, blurry vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, trouble seeing at night

6140: 6111: 5735: 5700: 5339: 557: 529: 1322: 6611: 6365: 6165: 5685: 5678: 4794: 1395: 1347: 447: 86: 2354:

Mohammadpour M, Shaabani A, Sahraian A, Momenaei B, Tayebi F, Bayat R, et al. (June 2019).

479:

Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation. X-rays, one form of

6990: 6880: 6850: 6785: 6780: 6507: 5785: 5650: 5410: 4428: 2156: 1959: 1570: 496: 5390: 4676: 2331:. Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology of Columbia University. 2003. 612:

is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cuneiform cataracts and nuclear sclerosis.

6975: 6823: 6499: 3220:

Kokavec J, Min SH, Tan MH, Gilhotra JS, Newland HS, Durkin SR, et al. (September 2016).

3121:

van den Brûle J, Degueldre F, Galand A (December 1998). "" [Drug-induced cataracts].

2835: 2778: 2182: 2077: 1776: 1731:, used during cataract surgery, was originally used to cut accurate and predictable flaps in 795: 760: 573: 492: 6467: 5141:

The authors declare a financial interest in a company producing femtosecond laser equipment.

4902: 1736:

three-dimensional images of the eyes can be used to guide lasers to make these incisions. A

6596: 6182: 6177: 6135: 5950: 5866: 3483:

Bollinger KE, Langston RH (March 2008). "What can patients expect from cataract surgery?".

1534: 947: 911: 569: 565: 553: 549: 533: 525: 3312:

Shui YB, Holekamp NM, Kramer BC, Crowley JR, Wilkins MA, Chu F, et al. (April 2009).

3261:

Donati S, Caprani SM, Airaghi G, Vinciguerra R, Bartalena L, Testa F, et al. (2014).

3050: 1874:

Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA (January 2011). "Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery".

1231:. About 9 of 10 patients can achieve a corrected vision of 20/40 or better after surgery. 8: 6901: 6775: 6575: 6458: 6450: 6238: 6202: 6187: 6042: 5822: 5602: 5328: 3619: 3584: 1261: 1249:) or topical anesthetic eye drops. The former also provides paralysis of the eye muscles. 1238: 812: 807: 800: 770: 541: 504: 396: 252: 6531: 3733: 3716: 2748: 1845: 335: 6970: 6512: 6262: 6170: 6094: 6047: 5859: 5795: 5780: 5640: 5589: 5218: 5185: 5122: 5079: 4929: 4774: 4749: 4652: 4625: 4606: 4517: 4316: 4291: 4212: 4162:

Naumann GO, Holbach LM, Kruse FE, eds. (2008), "Complications After Cataract Surgery",

4091: 4066: 3998: 3936: 3909: 3829: 3786: 3697: 3684: 3667: 3542: 3508: 3387: 3362: 3338: 3313: 3289: 3262: 3202: 3098: 3089: 3073: 3016: 2968: 2943: 2921: 2823: 2683: 2567: 2519: 2492: 2468: 2441: 2382: 2355: 2282: 2236: 2133: 2108: 2050: 2025: 2006: 1920: 1899: 1406: 1353: 1224: 906: 780: 775: 751: 581: 488: 439: 311: 225: 125: 91: 76: 4594: 4482: 3851:. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. pp. 317–326. 3361:

Jalil A, Steeples L, Subramani S, Bindra MS, Dhawahir-Scala F, Patton N (April 2014).

2868: 2797: 2041: 1245:

Anaesthetic – The eye is numbed with either a subtenon injection around the eye (see:

6855: 6752: 6517: 6377: 6160: 5817: 5723: 5350: 5223: 5205: 5114: 5071: 5067: 5036: 5009: 5005: 4798: 4682: 4657: 4610: 4598: 4521: 4486: 4446: 4321: 4270: 4247: 4216: 4204: 4167: 4143: 4119: 4096: 4045: 4021: 3990: 3941: 3888: 3860: 3821: 3790: 3778: 3738: 3689: 3646: 3623: 3588: 3546: 3500: 3453: 3419: 3392: 3343: 3294: 3243: 3194: 3130: 3103: 3054: 3037:

Hodge WG, Whitcher JP, Satariano W (1995). "Risk factors for age-related cataracts".

3008: 3004: 2973: 2913: 2872: 2827: 2815: 2766: 2730: 2706: 2675: 2640: 2636: 2602: 2559: 2524: 2473: 2415: 2387: 2286: 2274: 2228: 2138: 2083: 2055: 2010: 1998: 1903: 1891: 1747: 1635: 1517:

Direct medical costs for cataract treatment are estimated at $ 6.8 billion annually.

1295: 1246: 967:

Ultrasound scan of a unilateral cataract seen in a fetus at twenty weeks of pregnancy

827: 746: 726: 685: 601: 561: 468: 429: 421: 256: 248: 237: 229: 213: 154: 138: 121: 95: 60: 5333: 5083: 4959: 4002: 3966:

Black N, Browne J, van der Meulen J, Jamieson L, Copley L, Lewsey J (January 2009).

3833: 3701: 3512: 3329: 3206: 3020: 2925: 2571: 2493:"Lipid peroxidation: pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye" 2240: 2024:

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (October 2016).

6643: 6633: 6479: 6454: 6387: 6353: 6272: 5903: 5893: 5790: 5645: 5532: 5522: 5213: 5197: 5126: 5106: 5063: 5001: 4769: 4761: 4647: 4637: 4590: 4513: 4478: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4239: 4196: 4086: 4082: 4078: 3982: 3931: 3921: 3852: 3813: 3770: 3728: 3679: 3615: 3580: 3538: 3492: 3382: 3374: 3333: 3325: 3284: 3274: 3233: 3186: 3093: 3085: 3046: 3000: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2903: 2864: 2807: 2758: 2687: 2667: 2632: 2594: 2551: 2514: 2504: 2463: 2453: 2377: 2367: 2266: 2220: 2128: 2120: 2045: 2037: 1990: 1883: 1785: 1623: 1600: 1549: 1335: 1228: 1198: 851: 698: 435: 344: 299: 184: 4563: 2542:

Reddy SC (1999). "Electric cataract: a case report and review of the literature".

1311: 6995: 6710: 6674: 6638: 6257: 6082: 6069: 6003: 5960: 5878: 5690: 5622: 5542: 5527: 5344: 5274: 5248: 5138: 4979: 4707: 3856: 3774: 3190: 2892:"Association of vitamin C with the risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis" 2270: 2224: 1887: 1768: 1710: 1631: 1357: 1282: 1277: 628: 315: 303: 284: 264: 159: 142: 49: 4726: 3411: 2811: 6940: 6792: 6737: 6580: 6348: 6277: 6059: 6029: 5975: 5929: 5800: 5673: 5607: 5597: 5110: 4642: 4243: 3445: 2555: 2372: 1169: 980: 871: 846: 785: 765: 653: 383: 272: 260: 205: 5355: 5318: 5209: 4765: 3817: 1994: 1371:

The risk of endophthalmitis occurring after surgery is less than one in 1000.

471:. Blunt trauma can also result in star- (stellate) or petal-shaped cataracts. 279:

or yellow-brown pigment in the lens that reduces transmission of light to the

6959: 6860: 6715: 6655: 6372: 6320: 6267: 6197: 6106: 5993: 5970: 5898: 5807: 5612: 5517: 5243: 4868: 2585:

Ram J, Gupta R (May 2016). "Images in Clinical Medicine. Petaloid Cataract".

2509: 2124: 2082:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 20. 1658: 1554: 1255: 876: 861: 841: 790: 732: 693: 661: 657: 589: 537: 390: 217: 65: 5402: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5054:

Toh T, Morton J, Coxon J, Elder MJ (2007). "Medical treatment of cataract".

3986: 3926: 6985: 6725: 6553: 5934: 5849: 5757: 5635: 5630: 5575: 5570: 5227: 5118: 5075: 5040: 5013: 4711: 4661: 4602: 4581:

Liu YC, Wilkins M, Kim T, Malyugin B, Mehta JS (August 2017). "Cataracts".

4325: 4251: 4208: 4200: 4100: 4067:"Different-sized incisions for phacoemulsification in age-related cataract" 3994: 3967: 3945: 3825: 3782: 3693: 3592: 3504: 3457: 3423: 3396: 3347: 3298: 3247: 3198: 3107: 3012: 2977: 2917: 2876: 2819: 2770: 2606: 2598: 2563: 2528: 2477: 2391: 2278: 2257:

Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A (January 2011). "The global burden of cataract".

2232: 2142: 2059: 2002: 1895: 1737: 1728: 1562: 1388: 1361: 756: 480: 425: 420:

and degrade over time, and this process is accelerated by diseases such as

5201: 4490: 4065:

Jin C, Chen X, Law A, Kang Y, Wang X, Xu W, et al. (September 2017).

3742: 3496: 3279: 3134: 3058: 2679: 2644: 255:, or occur following eye surgery for other problems. Risk factors include 6924: 6875: 6818: 6813: 6770: 6748: 6659: 6650: 6570: 6548: 6360: 6332: 6130: 5998: 5839: 5660: 5537: 5489: 5436: 5385: 4525: 3627: 3378: 2762: 2458: 1591: 1153: 1063:

Posterior subcapsular cataract of a 16-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes

684:—without ever having had cataract surgery—will experience progression of 515: 443: 379: 133: 3363:"Microincision cataract surgery combined with vitrectomy: a case series" 1383:

or corticosteroids are superior at reducing postoperative inflammation.

300:

surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens

40: 6845: 6808: 6732: 6720: 6664: 6625: 6446: 6336: 5695: 5560: 2671: 1743: 1722: 1691: 1616: 1573:. Archaeological evidence of eye surgery in the Roman era also exists. 1181: 1173: 1149: 681: 669: 609: 545: 291: 244: 221: 169: 117: 5289: 5186:"Molecular Processes Implicated in Human Age-Related Nuclear Cataract" 4791:

Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function

3749:

Five-Year Agenda for the National Eye Health Education Program (NEHEP)

3238: 3221: 2908: 2891: 1544: 1111:

Nuclear sclerosis and posterior polar cataract of a 60-year-old female

6896: 6870: 6744: 6690: 6678: 6563: 6558: 6543: 6539: 6077: 5775: 5752: 5565: 5512: 5507: 5484: 5361: 5267: 4566:. World Health Organization – Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office. 3910:"Focussing both eyes on health outcomes: revisiting cataract surgery" 3908:

Davis JC, McNeill H, Wasdell M, Chunick S, Bryan S (September 2012).

2324: 1718: 1714: 1583: 1315: 1215: 1165: 1161: 1157: 921: 881: 641: 617: 400: 233: 99: 69: 53: 4445:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2008. p. 35. 3751:, p. B-2; National Eye Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health 3444:

Aliancy JF, Mamalis N (1995), Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R (eds.),

2353: 2079:

Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management

1156:

light may slow their development. While adequate intake of vitamins

483:, may damage the DNA of lens cells. Ultraviolet light, specifically 6935: 6700: 6234: 5668: 3452:, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 2175: 1699: 1540: 1331:

shield at night is often suggested for several days after surgery.

1203: 896: 500: 458: 268: 146: 5366: 4624:

Fang R, Yu YF, Li EJ, Lv NX, Liu ZC, Zhou HG, et al. (2022).

4395:"Death and DALY estimates for 2004 by cause for WHO Member States" 2701:

Hejtmancik JF, Smaoui N (2003), "Molecular Genetics of Cataract",

1364:

defects, blurring of vision, flashes of light, or floating spots.

1281:

is expressed through a 10- to 12-mm incision which is closed with

6762: 6705: 6247: 6054: 5985: 5955: 5945: 5552: 3965: 1612: 1587: 1398:

is a possible complication of intracapsular cataract extraction.

901: 866: 822: 665: 295: 276: 180: 6865: 5767: 5744: 5464: 5301: 5262: 5096: 3260: 1740:

can also then break up the cataract as in phacoemulsification.

1627: 1580: 1558: 1287: 1177: 692:. This may also be because the native vitreous humour contains 605: 319: 280: 1788: – Lens implanted in the eye to treat cataracts or myopia 664:

medications are unlikely to contribute to cataract formation.

275:. The underlying mechanism involves accumulation of clumps of 6837: 4229: 2855:

Wang S, Wang JJ, Wong TY (2008). "Alcohol and eye diseases".

2491:

Njie-Mbye YF, Chitnis M, Opere C, Ohia S (January 18, 2013).

2440:

Hsueh YJ, Chen YN, Tsao YT, Cheng CM, Wu WC, Chen HC (2022).

1732: 1668: 1661: 1647: 1576: 1375: 3360: 3120: 2658:

Sliney DH (1994). "UV radiation ocular exposure dosimetry".

951:

Cross-sectional view, showing the position of the human lens

5917: 5479: 5155:"Stem cells used to repair children's eyes after cataracts" 3450:

Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System

3074:"Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: a brief overview" 2210: 3968:"Is there overutilisation of cataract surgery in England?" 3907: 428:. Environmental factors, including toxins, radiation, and 4114:

Henderson B (2007), "Extracapsular Cataract Extraction",

3666:

Neale RE, Purdie JL, Hirst LW, Green AC (November 2003).

3645:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Mosby. p. 412. 3311: 2990: 2490: 1015:

Posterior polar cataract of an 8-year-old boy in left eye

495:, may cause harm by denaturing protective enzymes (e.g., 484: 416:

Age is the most common cause of cataracts. Lens proteins

353:

An example of normal vision versus vision with cataracts.

209: 3717:"Blindness due to cataract: epidemiology and prevention" 2705:, Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, p. 77, 652:

Some medications, such as systemic, topical, or inhaled

16:

Clouding of the lens inside the eye, causing poor vision

4503: 3403: 2075: 1980: 4289: 3036: 2622: 220:, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and 4861: 4580: 4186: 3882: 3665: 3219: 3176: 462:

Post traumatic rosette cataract of a 60-year-old male

5279: 3668:"Sun exposure as a risk factor for nuclear cataract" 2660:

Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology

1781:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1758: 1413:

for cataracts per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:

6466: 5053: 4161: 3531:"Posterior Subcapsular and Anterior Polar Cataract" 3222:"Biochemical analysis of the living human vitreous" 2941: 2023: 1286:through a self-sealing scleral tunnel wound in the 1099:

Posterior subcapsular cataract by retroillumination

4887: 4750:"Galen: On Anatomical Procedures: the Later Books" 4187:Herrmann W, Helbig H, Heimann H (March 2011). "". 3263:"Vitreous substitutes: the present and the future" 2942:Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM (June 2012). 2439: 1921:"Visual impairment and blindness Fact Sheet N°282" 1352:Serious complications of cataract surgery include 6411:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION) 5183: 4973:Mistaken Science – Topic Powered by eve community 3524: 3522: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 1873: 1561:. References to cataracts and their treatment in 1123:Dense white mature cataract of a 60-year-old male 6957: 5190:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 4290:Juthani VV, Clearfield E, Chuck RS (July 2017). 4166:, Springer Science & Business, p. 247, 2700: 1298:. The surgery has a high rate of complications. 1087:Anterior subcapsular cataract having back shadow 1027:Nuclear sclerosis cataract of a 70-year-old male 4617: 4443:The global burden of disease : 2004 update 3570: 1615:and the technique of cataract extraction while 564:on one or both sides may be noted. Examples of 4991: 4574: 4468: 4164:Applied Pathology for Ophthalmic Microsurgeons 4064: 3714: 3605: 3529:Joo CK, Choi JC, Kwan HG, Kim H (2010-01-01), 3528: 3519: 3469: 3443: 3155:. National Library of Medicine. Archived from 2937: 2935: 2356:"Updates on managements of pediatric cataract" 2256: 1579:of Pergamon (ca. 2nd century CE), a prominent 519:Christmas tree cataract (diffuse illumination) 5432: 5418: 4701: 4425:Prevention of Blindness and Visual Impairment 4180: 3409: 2889: 2618: 2616: 2106: 608:occasionally develop shield ulcer cataracts. 6485:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia 3885:Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology 3537:, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 476–479, 2883: 2854: 2840:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2783:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2435: 2433: 2431: 2076:Wilson Jr ME, Trivedi RH, Pandey SK (2005). 1539:Cataract surgery was first described by the 704: 5813:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy 5472: 5184:Truscott RJ, Friedrich MG (December 2019). 4464: 4462: 4427:. World Health Organization. Archived from 4296:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4264: 4071:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4042:Essential Principles of Phacoemulsification 4015: 3840: 3640: 2948:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2932: 2724: 2446:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2409: 1651: 1168:may protect against the risk of cataracts, 450:can lead to the lens becoming more opaque. 283:at the back of the eye. Diagnosis is by an 5425: 5411: 5149: 5147: 5099:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 4623: 4232:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 4189:Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 3959: 3901: 3878: 3876: 3803: 3634: 3071: 3032: 3030: 2613: 2298: 2296: 2252: 2250: 2149: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1721:damage in the lens, particularly reducing 1075:Intumescent cataract of a 55-year-old male 39: 5217: 5056:Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 4901:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 4773: 4651: 4641: 4315: 4269:, Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 221, 4113: 4090: 3935: 3925: 3797: 3732: 3683: 3659: 3386: 3337: 3288: 3278: 3237: 3226:Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 3097: 2967: 2907: 2729:, Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 507, 2518: 2508: 2467: 2457: 2428: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2381: 2371: 2132: 2100: 2049: 2017: 1915: 1913: 1869: 1867: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1634:, famously removed the cataracts of King 314:, and 1 to 4 per 100,000 children in the 5268:Pictures of different types of cataracts 5252:) is being considered for deletion. See 4982:, Wordcraft Forums, wordcraft.infopop.cc 4842: 4817: 4459: 4360: 3410:Bennett MH, Cooper JS (10 August 2022). 2890:Wei L, Liang G, Cai C, Lv J (May 2016). 2584: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1405: 1321: 1310: 1210: 1202: 954: 946: 920: 514: 457: 363:Bilateral cataracts in an infant due to 358: 5144: 4788: 4737:from the original on February 18, 2008. 4724: 4283: 3873: 3846: 3564: 3027: 2414:. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby/Elsevier. 2347: 2293: 2247: 1039:Cortical cataract of a 60-year-old male 635: 6958: 5026: 4923: 4415: 4413: 4039: 3887:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. 3760: 2657: 2398: 2158:Global Data on Visual Impairments 2010 1910: 1864: 1799: 1569:, the work of the Latin encyclopedist 1135:Cortical cataract of a melanoderm male 1051:Retroillumination of cortical cataract 623: 232:. Cataracts cause 51% of all cases of 6922: 6318: 5721: 5450: 5406: 4747: 4727:"The Romans carried out cataract ops" 3883:Cunningham ET, Riordan-Eva P (2011). 3051:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036197 2541: 1939: 1611:1000 CE, wrote of his invention of a 1348:Cataract surgery § Complications 1306: 325: 48:Magnified view of a cataract seen on 6293:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 4674: 4137: 3975:The British Journal of Ophthalmology 3763:Current Medical Research and Opinion 3620:10.1001/archopht.1979.01020010069017 3585:10.1001/archopht.1965.00970040040009 3485:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2071: 2069: 1657:, meaning "waterfall", and from the 1415: 720: 680:Nearly every person who undergoes a 6416:non-arteritic anterior (NAION) 6253:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 4681:. JP Medical Limited. p. 371. 4540:"Eye Health Statistics at a Glance" 4410: 4058: 3734:10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.001111 3715:Javitt JC, Wang F, West SK (1996). 2587:The New England Journal of Medicine 2109:"Cataract and surgery for cataract" 1674:), "down-rushing", from καταράσσω ( 1605:The Book of Choice in Ophthalmology 403:if not treated in a timely manner. 375: 371: 243:Cataracts are most commonly due to 13: 6288:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis 5177: 5161:from the original on 11 March 2016 4938:on 2012-04-04 – via Perseus. 4857:on 2012-04-04 – via Perseus. 4832:on 2012-04-05 – via Perseus. 4518:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112428 3685:10.1097/01.ede.0000086881.84657.98 3543:10.1016/b978-0-12-374203-2.00040-3 3090:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00154.x 3072:Uçok A, Gaebel W (February 2008). 2335:from the original on 27 March 2013 2329:Digital Reference of Ophthalmology 528:associated with cataracts include 14: 7007: 6016:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 5256:to help reach a consensus. › 5235: 4471:American Journal of Ophthalmology 4421:"Priority eye diseases: Cataract" 2869:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.003 2544:European Journal of Ophthalmology 2107:Allen D, Vasavada A (July 2006). 2066: 942: 888:Secondary to other eye diseases: 715: 675: 6121:Central retinal artery occlusion 5068:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01559.x 5006:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00492.x 4570:from the original on 2013-09-27. 4506:American Journal of Epidemiology 4350:from the original on 2009-09-17. 4016:Kim E, Yoon SY, Shin YJ (2014), 3951: 3005:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01589.x 2360:Journal of Current Ophthalmology 2325:"Posterior Supcapsular Cataract" 2259:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2213:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2171:from the original on 2015-03-31. 2096:from the original on 2015-05-24. 1927:from the original on 12 May 2015 1876:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1852:from the original on 24 May 2015 1761: 1630:physician and astrologer of the 1341: 1128: 1116: 1104: 1092: 1080: 1068: 1056: 1044: 1032: 1020: 1008: 595: 343: 334: 128:, following eye surgery, genetic 6126:Branch retinal artery occlusion 5855:Terrien's marginal degeneration 5090: 5047: 5020: 4985: 4966: 4942: 4917: 4836: 4811: 4782: 4741: 4718: 4695: 4668: 4556: 4532: 4497: 4435: 4387: 4354: 4332: 4258: 4223: 4155: 4131: 4107: 4033: 4009: 3754: 3708: 3599: 3446:"Crystalline Lens and Cataract" 3437: 3354: 3330:10.1001/archophthalmol.2008.621 3305: 3254: 3213: 3170: 3141: 3114: 3065: 2984: 2848: 2800:Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 2791: 2742: 2718: 2694: 2651: 2578: 2535: 2484: 2317: 2204: 1678:) meaning "to dash down" (from 1646:"Cataract" is derived from the 1535:Cataract surgery § History 1401: 742:Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis 701:to prevent cataract formation. 578:cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis 318:. Cataracts become more common 6923: 6156:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy 6116:Central retinal vein occlusion 5845:Pellucid marginal degeneration 5027:Guo Y, Yan H (June 2006). "". 4725:Elliott J (February 9, 2008). 4702:Celsus AC, Collier GF (1831). 4308:10.1002/14651858.CD010516.pub2 4267:Ophthalmology Secrets in Color 4116:Essentials of Cataract Surgery 4083:10.1002/14651858.CD010510.pub2 4018:Studies on the Cornea and Lens 3849:Studies on the Cornea and Lens 3721:Annual Review of Public Health 2960:10.1002/14651858.CD004567.pub2 2304:"Cataract Data and Statistics" 1983:European Journal of Pediatrics 1974: 1729:Femtosecond laser mode-locking 1411:Disability-adjusted life years 1227:" and usually performed using 991:polar, and sutural cataracts. 647: 1: 6209:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 6100:Posterior vitreous detachment 5966:Persistent pupillary membrane 5241: 4595:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30544-5 4483:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75081-0 3418:. StatPearls Publishing LLC. 3267:BioMed Research International 2042:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1792: 1690:had the alternative meaning " 1513:and transportation problems. 1143: 818:Cytomegalic inclusion disease 6696:Leber's congenital amaurosis 6607:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 6319: 6298:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 6283:Persistent fetal vasculature 6214:Leber's congenital amaurosis 5029:Yan Ke Xue Bao = Eye Science 3857:10.1007/978-1-4939-1935-2_17 3775:10.1185/03007995.2010.494549 3191:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31822529cf 2637:10.1016/0039-6257(88)90088-4 2271:10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 2225:10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414284 1888:10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d 1669: 1641: 1301: 1187: 1000:Different types of cataracts 937: 474: 7: 5495:Meibomian gland dysfunction 4955:Online Etymology Dictionary 4142:, JP Medical, p. 367, 3641:Yanoff M, Duker JS (2008). 2812:10.1016/j.oftal.2018.10.020 2725:Yanoff M, Duker JS (2009), 2410:Duker JS, Yanoff M (2009). 1754: 1705: 1565:are also found in 29 AD in 1547:(about 5th century BCE) in 1192: 620:have similar associations. 510: 365:congenital rubella syndrome 10: 7012: 6219:Birdshot chorioretinopathy 6193:Central serous retinopathy 6011:Focal choroidal excavation 5884:Corneal neovascularization 5701:Subconjunctival hemorrhage 5451: 5111:10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.04.022 4643:10.1186/s12889-022-14491-0 4265:Gault J, Vander J (2015), 4244:10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.05.021 2556:10.1177/112067219900900211 2373:10.1016/j.joco.2018.11.005 1662: 1638:, restoring his eyesight. 1532: 1528: 1345: 1196: 892:Retinopathy of prematurity 586:oculocerebrorenal syndrome 251:or radiation exposure, be 247:but may also occur due to 222:difficulty seeing at night 172:, proper diet, not smoking 18: 6966:Aging-associated diseases 6931: 6918: 6889: 6836: 6801: 6761: 6686: 6673: 6624: 6602:Convergence insufficiency 6589: 6530: 6498: 6475: 6445: 6386: 6344: 6331: 6327: 6314: 6243:Primary juvenile glaucoma 6227: 6088:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 6068: 6028: 5984: 5925: 5916: 5766: 5743: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5717: 5659: 5621: 5588: 5551: 5503: 5463: 5459: 5446: 5437:Diseases of the human eye 5376: 5283: 4766:10.1017/s002572730002799x 4564:"Health Topics: Cataract" 4403:World Health Organization 3818:10.1007/s00417-013-2492-3 3608:Archives of Ophthalmology 3573:Archives of Ophthalmology 3318:Archives of Ophthalmology 2751:Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2703:Genetics in Ophthalmology 1995:10.1007/s00431-012-1700-1 1779: – medical condition 729:and nutritional diseases 710:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 705:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 453: 406: 378:cataracts often notice a 298:. If this does not help, 190: 176: 165: 153: 132: 113: 105: 85: 75: 59: 47: 38: 33: 21:Cataract (disambiguation) 6112:Ocular ischemic syndrome 5254:templates for discussion 4994:Veterinary Ophthalmology 2510:10.3389/fphys.2013.00366 2306:. National Eye Institute 2164:. WHO. 2012. p. 6. 2125:10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128 558:neurofibromatosis type 2 530:1q21.1 deletion syndrome 526:chromosome abnormalities 386:as their major symptom. 267:, prolonged exposure to 204:is a cloudy area in the 145:, prolonged exposure to 6612:One and a half syndrome 6366:Foster Kennedy syndrome 5157:. NHS. March 10, 2016. 4850:A Greek-English Lexicon 4825:A Greek-English Lexicon 4795:Oxford University Press 4020:, Springer, p. 4, 3987:10.1136/bjo.2007.136150 3927:10.1186/1471-2318-12-50 3535:Encyclopedia of the Eye 3123:Revue Médicale de Liège 2857:Survey of Ophthalmology 2625:Survey of Ophthalmology 2497:Frontiers in Physiology 2183:"Recognizing Cataracts" 1956:"Priority eye diseases" 1396:Vitreous touch syndrome 672:may increase the risk. 448:reactive oxygen species 6851:Argyll Robertson pupil 5651:Periorbital cellulitis 4201:10.1055/s-0029-1246116 4118:, Slack, p. 187, 4044:, JP Medical Limited, 3491:(3): 193–96, 199–200. 3412:"Hyperbaric Cataracts" 2599:10.1056/NEJMicm1507349 1846:"Facts About Cataract" 1652: 1619:with it on a patient. 1598:Muslim ophthalmologist 1571:Aulus Cornelius Celsus 1505: 1327: 1319: 1219: 1208: 968: 952: 926: 520: 497:glutathione peroxidase 463: 411: 367: 259:, longstanding use of 6824:Scintillating scotoma 6490:Kearns–Sayre syndrome 6433:Toxic and nutritional 6406:posterior (PION) 5889:Kayser–Fleischer ring 5202:10.1167/iovs.19-27535 4875:. Dictionary.com, LLC 4843:Liddell HG, Scott R. 4818:Liddell HG, Scott R. 3533:, in Dartt DA (ed.), 3497:10.3949/ccjm.75.3.193 3039:Epidemiologic Reviews 1777:Galactosemic cataract 1409: 1325: 1314: 1214: 1206: 966: 950: 924: 796:Mucopolysaccharidoses 761:galactosemic cataract 556:, and in the case of 518: 493:nonionizing radiation 461: 362: 6597:Conjugate gaze palsy 6468:Paralytic strabismus 6401:anterior (AION) 6183:Retinitis pigmentosa 6178:Macular degeneration 5951:Intermediate uveitis 5867:Keratoconjunctivitis 3416:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3379:10.1038/eye.2013.300 2896:Acta Ophthalmologica 2763:10.1167/iovs.12-9820 2459:10.3390/ijms23031255 2036:(10053): 1545–1602. 912:Retinitis pigmentosa 636:Inadequate vitamin C 566:single-gene disorder 534:cri-du-chat syndrome 397:Congenital cataracts 19:For other uses, see 6902:Childhood blindness 6881:Parinaud's syndrome 6451:Extraocular muscles 6239:Ocular hypertension 6203:Epiretinal membrane 6188:Retinal haemorrhage 6043:Congenital cataract 4924:Lewis CT, Short C. 4899:Oxford Dictionaries 4361:Banerjee K (2006). 3280:10.1155/2014/351804 1541:Ayurvedic physician 1262:Phacoemulsification 1239:Phacoemulsification 813:Congenital syphilis 771:Hyperparathyroidism 624:Smoking and alcohol 505:protein aggregation 469:electrical injuries 380:reduction of vision 6428:Leber's hereditary 6095:Retinal detachment 6048:Childhood cataract 5860:Post-LASIK ectasia 5641:Orbital cellulitis 5590:Lacrimal apparatus 5377:External resources 5273:2013-03-27 at the 5137:2012-09-14 at the 4978:2008-06-22 at the 4931:A Latin Dictionary 4789:Stanley F (1994). 4678:The Eye in History 4589:(10094): 600–612. 4552:on March 17, 2015. 4140:The Eye in History 2672:10.1007/bf01203678 2187:NIH News in Health 1848:. September 2009. 1506: 1354:retinal detachment 1328: 1320: 1307:Postoperative care 1272:seal the incision. 1220: 1209: 969: 953: 927: 907:Retinal detachment 838:Genetic syndromes 781:Hypervitaminosis D 776:Hypoparathyroidism 582:myotonic dystrophy 574:Conradi's syndrome 521: 481:ionizing radiation 464: 440:lipid peroxidation 368: 326:Signs and symptoms 253:present from birth 214:decrease in vision 126:radiation exposure 6981:Disorders of lens 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6856:Marcus Gunn pupil 6832: 6831: 6753:Visual impairment 6620: 6619: 6526: 6525: 6513:Fourth-nerve (IV) 6441: 6440: 6378:Optic disc drusen 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6024: 6023: 5912: 5911: 5818:Corneal dystrophy 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5584: 5583: 5400: 5399: 5196:(15): 5007–5021. 4905:on 8 October 2012 4804:978-0-19-514694-3 4748:Keele KD (1963). 4688:978-93-5090-274-5 4630:BMC Public Health 4452:978-92-4-156371-0 4276:978-0-323-37802-4 4173:978-3-540-68366-7 4149:978-93-5090-274-5 4125:978-1-55642-802-9 4051:978-9962-678-61-8 4040:Pascal H (2013), 4027:978-1-4939-1935-2 3894:978-0-07-163420-5 3866:978-1-4939-1934-5 3652:978-0-323-05751-6 3552:978-0-12-374203-2 3239:10.1111/ceo.12732 2909:10.1111/aos.12688 2736:978-0-323-04332-8 2712:978-3-8055-7578-2 2421:978-0-323-04332-8 2119:(7559): 128–132. 2089:978-0-7817-4307-5 1748:lens regeneration 1711:N-Acetylcarnosine 1636:John II of Aragon 1503: 1502: 1296:vitreous membrane 1247:retrobulbar block 964: 934: 933: 828:Cockayne syndrome 747:Diabetes mellitus 686:nuclear sclerosis 629:Cigarette smoking 602:atopic dermatitis 570:Alport's syndrome 562:juvenile cataract 554:Turner's syndrome 550:Edward's syndrome 430:ultraviolet light 422:diabetes mellitus 372:nuclear sclerotic 238:visual impairment 198: 197: 194:60 million (2015) 155:Diagnostic method 28:Medical condition 7003: 6920: 6919: 6684: 6683: 6675:Vision disorders 6634:Refractive error 6576:Brown's syndrome 6532:Other strabismus 6518:Sixth-nerve (VI) 6508:Oculomotor (III) 6480:Ophthalmoparesis 6473: 6472: 6464: 6463: 6455:Binocular vision 6388:Optic neuropathy 6354:optic papillitis 6342: 6341: 6329: 6328: 6316: 6315: 6205:(Macular pucker) 5923: 5922: 5904:Band keratopathy 5741: 5740: 5732: 5731: 5719: 5718: 5646:Orbital lymphoma 5533:Blepharophimosis 5523:Blepharochalasis 5470: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5448: 5447: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5281: 5280: 5231: 5221: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5151: 5142: 5130: 5105:(7): 1189–1198. 5094: 5088: 5087: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4989: 4983: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4958:. Archived from 4946: 4940: 4939: 4934:. Archived from 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4853:. Archived from 4840: 4834: 4833: 4828:. Archived from 4815: 4809: 4808: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4675:Goes FJ (2013). 4672: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4645: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4545:. Archived from 4544: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4406:. who.int. 2004. 4399: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4374: 4368:. Archived from 4367: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4319: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4238:(8): 1539–1545. 4227: 4221: 4220: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3939: 3929: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3769:(8): 2011–2023. 3758: 3752: 3746: 3736: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3687: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3480: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3292: 3282: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3078:World Psychiatry 3069: 3063: 3062: 3034: 3025: 3024: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2971: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2911: 2902:(3): e170–e176. 2887: 2881: 2880: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2774: 2757:(7): 3885–3895. 2746: 2740: 2739: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2666:(3–4): 243–254. 2655: 2649: 2648: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2512: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2471: 2461: 2437: 2426: 2425: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2385: 2375: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2254: 2245: 2244: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2163: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2136: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2053: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1958:. Archived from 1952: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1917: 1908: 1907: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1842: 1786:Intraocular lens 1782: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1672: 1665: 1664: 1655: 1624:Abiathar Crescas 1601:Ammar Al-Mawsili 1550:Sushruta Samhita 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1336:intraocular lens 1229:local anesthesia 1199:Cataract surgery 1132: 1120: 1108: 1096: 1084: 1072: 1060: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1012: 965: 852:Edwards syndrome 801:Wilson's disease 721: 699:cataract surgery 614:Basal-cell nevus 542:Patau's syndrome 503:groups (causing 499:), by oxidizing 438:associated with 436:Oxidative stress 347: 338: 312:developing world 212:that leads to a 185:cataract surgery 43: 31: 30: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6945: 6927: 6906: 6885: 6828: 6797: 6757: 6711:Color blindness 6677: 6669: 6616: 6590:Other binocular 6585: 6522: 6494: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6437: 6382: 6335: 6323: 6302: 6258:Ocular hypotony 6223: 6083:Chorioretinitis 6064: 6020: 6004:Chorioretinitis 5980: 5961:Rubeosis iridis 5939: 5908: 5879:Corneal opacity 5835:Corneal ectasia 5762: 5726: 5705: 5691:Pseudopterygium 5655: 5617: 5580: 5547: 5543:Ankyloblepharon 5499: 5455: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5372: 5371: 5292: 5275:Wayback Machine 5257: 5238: 5180: 5178:Further reading 5175: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5139:Wayback Machine 5095: 5091: 5052: 5048: 5025: 5021: 4990: 4986: 4980:Wayback Machine 4971: 4967: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4841: 4837: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4787: 4783: 4746: 4742: 4723: 4719: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4622: 4618: 4579: 4575: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4502: 4498: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4302:(7): CD010516. 4288: 4284: 4277: 4263: 4259: 4228: 4224: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4138:Goes F (2013), 4136: 4132: 4126: 4112: 4108: 4077:(9): CD010510. 4063: 4059: 4052: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4014: 4010: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3845: 3841: 3802: 3798: 3759: 3755: 3713: 3709: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3639: 3635: 3604: 3600: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3527: 3520: 3481: 3470: 3462: 3460: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3408: 3404: 3359: 3355: 3310: 3306: 3259: 3255: 3218: 3214: 3175: 3171: 3162: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3129:(12): 766–769. 3119: 3115: 3070: 3066: 3035: 3028: 2989: 2985: 2954:(6): CD004567. 2940: 2933: 2888: 2884: 2853: 2849: 2833: 2832: 2796: 2792: 2776: 2775: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2699: 2695: 2656: 2652: 2621: 2614: 2583: 2579: 2540: 2536: 2489: 2485: 2438: 2429: 2422: 2408: 2399: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2255: 2248: 2209: 2205: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2105: 2101: 2090: 2074: 2067: 2022: 2018: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1923:. August 2014. 1919: 1918: 1911: 1872: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1800: 1795: 1780: 1769:Medicine portal 1767: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1708: 1644: 1632:Crown of Aragon 1537: 1531: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1404: 1358:endophthalmitis 1350: 1344: 1309: 1304: 1278:Cochrane review 1201: 1195: 1190: 1170:clinical trials 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1124: 1121: 1112: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1052: 1049: 1040: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1016: 1013: 1002: 1001: 955: 945: 940: 935: 752:Fabry's disease 737:Lowe's syndrome 718: 707: 678: 654:corticosteroids 650: 638: 626: 598: 513: 477: 456: 414: 409: 357: 356: 355: 354: 350: 349: 348: 340: 339: 328: 316:developed world 304:quality of life 285:eye examination 265:smoking tobacco 160:Eye examination 143:smoking tobacco 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7009: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6941:Onchocerciasis 6938: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6793:Quadrantanopia 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6767: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6738:Oguchi disease 6730: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6581:Duane syndrome 6578: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6551: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6461: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6349:Optic neuritis 6345: 6339: 6325: 6324: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Phthisis bulbi 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Coats' disease 6158: 6153: 6151:of prematurity 6148: 6143: 6138: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6060:Ectopia lentis 6057: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5918:Vascular tunic 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5801:Photokeratitis 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5728: 5727: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5674:Conjunctivitis 5671: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5608:Dacryocystitis 5605: 5600: 5598:Dacryoadenitis 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5467: 5457: 5456: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5358: 5347: 5336: 5321: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284:Classification 5278: 5277: 5265: 5237: 5236:External links 5234: 5233: 5232: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5143: 5089: 5062:(7): 664–671. 5046: 5019: 5000:(5): 311–316. 4984: 4965: 4962:on 2007-10-14. 4941: 4916: 4886: 4873:Dictionary.com 4860: 4835: 4810: 4803: 4797:. p. 70. 4781: 4740: 4717: 4694: 4687: 4667: 4636:(2068): 2068. 4616: 4573: 4555: 4531: 4496: 4458: 4451: 4434: 4431:on 2015-05-24. 4409: 4386: 4375:on 5 June 2014 4353: 4346:. 2014-02-19. 4331: 4282: 4275: 4257: 4222: 4195:(3): 195–200. 4179: 4172: 4154: 4148: 4130: 4124: 4106: 4057: 4050: 4032: 4026: 4008: 3958: 3914:BMC Geriatrics 3900: 3893: 3872: 3865: 3839: 3796: 3753: 3707: 3678:(6): 707–712. 3658: 3651: 3633: 3614:(1): 135–144. 3598: 3563: 3551: 3518: 3468: 3436: 3402: 3373:(4): 386–389. 3353: 3324:(4): 475–482. 3304: 3253: 3232:(7): 597–609. 3212: 3185:(3): 499–505. 3169: 3140: 3113: 3064: 3045:(2): 336–346. 3026: 2999:(7): 983–990. 2983: 2931: 2882: 2863:(5): 512–525. 2847: 2790: 2741: 2735: 2717: 2711: 2693: 2650: 2631:(3): 200–210. 2612: 2577: 2550:(2): 134–138. 2534: 2483: 2427: 2420: 2397: 2366:(2): 118–126. 2346: 2316: 2292: 2246: 2203: 2174: 2148: 2099: 2088: 2065: 2016: 1989:(4): 625–630. 1973: 1962:on 24 May 2015 1938: 1909: 1863: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1773: 1772: 1756: 1753: 1707: 1704: 1702:into the eye. 1643: 1640: 1530: 1527: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1414: 1403: 1400: 1346:Main article: 1343: 1340: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1197:Main article: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 997: 981:ophthalmoscope 944: 943:Classification 941: 939: 936: 932: 931: 918: 917: 916: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 886: 885: 884: 879: 874: 872:Onchocerciasis 869: 864: 856: 855: 854: 849: 847:Patau syndrome 844: 834: 833: 832: 831: 830: 825: 820: 815: 805: 804: 803: 798: 793: 788: 786:Hypothyroidism 783: 778: 773: 768: 766:Homocystinuria 763: 754: 749: 744: 739: 719: 717: 716:Other diseases 714: 706: 703: 677: 676:Post-operative 674: 649: 646: 637: 634: 625: 622: 597: 594: 512: 509: 476: 473: 455: 452: 413: 410: 408: 405: 399:can result in 352: 351: 342: 341: 333: 332: 331: 330: 329: 327: 324: 261:corticosteroid 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 178: 174: 173: 167: 163: 162: 157: 151: 150: 136: 130: 129: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 89: 83: 82: 79: 73: 72: 63: 57: 56: 45: 44: 36: 35: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7008: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:Ophthalmology 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861:Adie syndrome 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6716:Achromatopsia 6714: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656:Anisometropia 6654: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Accommodation 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Optic atrophy 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:Keratomycosis 6271: 6269: 6268:Globe rupture 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6198:Macular edema 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107:Retinoschisis 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:Choroideremia 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Iridodialysis 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5899:Arcus senilis 5897: 5895: 5894:Haab's striae 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808:Corneal ulcer 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:acanthamoebic 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:Fibrous tunic 5733: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5613:Xerophthalmia 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518:Lagophthalmos 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4820:"καταρράκτης" 4814: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4463: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4390: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3643:Ophthalmology 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3159:on 2015-12-22 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125:(in French). 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2727:Ophthalmology 2721: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2412:Ophthalmology 2406: 2404: 2402: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2167: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2072: 2070: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1660: 1659:Ancient Greek 1656: 1654: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1617:experimenting 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:ancient India 1552: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1497: >990 1491: 900–990 1485: 810–900 1479: 720–810 1473: 630–720 1467: 540–630 1462: 1459: 450–540 1453: 360–450 1447: 270–360 1441: 180–270 1423: no data 1418: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1342:Complications 1339: 1337: 1332: 1324: 1317: 1313: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256:Capsulorhexis 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1200: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1102: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1006: 1005: 996: 992: 988: 984: 982: 976: 972: 949: 930: 923: 919: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 887: 883: 880: 878: 877:Toxoplasmosis 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 862:Cysticercosis 860: 859: 857: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 842:Down syndrome 840: 839: 837: 836: 835: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 806: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 791:Hypocalcaemia 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 734: 733:Aminoaciduria 731: 730: 728: 725: 724: 723: 722: 713: 711: 702: 700: 695: 694:ascorbic acid 691: 687: 683: 673: 671: 667: 663: 662:antipsychotic 659: 658:schizophrenia 655: 645: 643: 633: 630: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 596:Skin diseases 593: 591: 590:Lowe syndrome 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:Down syndrome 535: 531: 527: 517: 508: 506: 502: 501:protein thiol 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 472: 470: 460: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 404: 402: 398: 394: 392: 391:visual acuity 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 366: 361: 346: 337: 323: 321: 317: 313: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218:double vision 215: 211: 207: 203: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 161: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 101: 97: 93: 90: 88: 87:Complications 84: 80: 78: 74: 71: 67: 66:Ophthalmology 64: 62: 58: 55: 51: 46: 42: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6976:Eye diseases 6751: / 6747: / 6726:Monochromacy 6658: / 6554:Heterophoria 6542: / 6241: / 6237: / 6141:hypertensive 6114: / 6037: 5935:Ciliary body 5850:Keratoglobus 5758:Episcleritis 5636:Enophthalmos 5631:Exophthalmos 5576:Trichomegaly 5571:Distichiasis 5473:Inflammation 5384: 5360: 5349: 5338: 5323: 5296: 5247: 5193: 5189: 5163:. Retrieved 5102: 5098: 5092: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5035:(2): 85–88. 5032: 5028: 5022: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4968: 4960:the original 4953: 4944: 4936:the original 4930: 4919: 4907:. Retrieved 4903:the original 4898: 4889: 4877:. Retrieved 4872: 4863: 4855:the original 4849: 4838: 4830:the original 4824: 4813: 4790: 4784: 4760:(1): 85–87. 4757: 4753: 4743: 4730: 4720: 4704:De Medicinae 4703: 4697: 4677: 4670: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4558: 4547:the original 4534: 4512:(1): 17–32. 4509: 4505: 4499: 4477:(1): 86–91. 4474: 4470: 4442: 4437: 4429:the original 4424: 4401: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4370:the original 4356: 4343: 4334: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4163: 4157: 4139: 4133: 4115: 4109: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4041: 4035: 4017: 4011: 3981:(1): 13–17. 3978: 3974: 3961: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3884: 3848: 3842: 3812:(1): 63–70. 3809: 3805: 3799: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3748: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3675: 3672:Epidemiology 3671: 3661: 3642: 3636: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3556:, retrieved 3534: 3488: 3484: 3461:, retrieved 3449: 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3415: 3405: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3161:. Retrieved 3157:the original 3152: 3149:"Triperanol" 3143: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3084:(1): 58–62. 3081: 3077: 3067: 3042: 3038: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2951: 2947: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2836:cite journal 2806:(2): 60–74. 2803: 2799: 2793: 2779:cite journal 2754: 2750: 2744: 2726: 2720: 2702: 2696: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2628: 2624: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2449: 2445: 2411: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2337:. Retrieved 2328: 2319: 2308:. Retrieved 2262: 2258: 2219:(1): 19–27. 2216: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191:. Retrieved 2189:. 2017-05-30 2186: 2177: 2157: 2151: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2078: 2033: 2029: 2019: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1964:. Retrieved 1960:the original 1929:. Retrieved 1882:(1): 28–30. 1879: 1875: 1854:. Retrieved 1742: 1738:Nd:YAG laser 1727: 1709: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670:katarrhaktēs 1667: 1650: 1645: 1621: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1575: 1567:De Medicinae 1566: 1563:Ancient Rome 1548: 1538: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1435: 90–180 1429: <90 1402:Epidemiology 1394: 1389:Nd:YAG laser 1385: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362:visual field 1351: 1333: 1329: 1293: 1275: 1237: 1233: 1221: 1147: 993: 989: 985: 977: 973: 970: 928: 858:Infections: 757:Galactosemia 708: 679: 651: 639: 627: 599: 522: 491:, a type of 478: 465: 434: 426:hypertension 415: 395: 388: 369: 308: 289: 263:medication, 242: 201: 199: 134:Risk factors 25: 6876:Cycloplegia 6819:Photophobia 6814:Hemeralopia 6771:Hemianopsia 6749:Vision loss 6660:Aniseikonia 6651:Astigmatism 6571:Cyclotropia 6549:Hypertropia 6361:Papilledema 6333:Optic nerve 6166:Sickle cell 6146:Purtscher's 6131:Retinopathy 5999:Choroiditis 5840:Keratoconus 5661:Conjunctiva 5538:Xanthelasma 5490:Blepharitis 5386:MedlinePlus 5242:‹ The 4926:"cataracta" 4845:"καταράσσω" 4344:rnib.org.uk 3727:: 159–177. 3429:27 February 2993:Respirology 2593:(18): e22. 2452:(3): 1255. 1682:-, "down"; 1663:καταρράκτης 1592:philosopher 1174:carotenoids 1154:ultraviolet 1152:that block 648:Medications 444:antioxidant 240:worldwide. 236:and 33% of 106:Usual onset 50:examination 6960:Categories 6925:Infections 6846:Anisocoria 6809:Asthenopia 6802:subjective 6786:homonymous 6781:bitemporal 6733:Nyctalopia 6721:Dichromacy 6665:Presbyopia 6626:Refraction 6447:Strabismus 6337:Optic disc 5696:Pinguecula 5561:Trichiasis 5351:DiseasesDB 5210:1141250841 4950:"cataract" 4895:"cataract" 4869:"cataract" 3558:2024-02-20 3463:2023-04-24 3273:: 351804. 3163:2013-02-06 2310:2019-11-18 2265:(1): 4–9. 2193:2020-02-02 1793:References 1744:Stem cells 1723:crystallin 1696:nazul-i-ah 1692:portcullis 1607:, written 1533:See also: 1225:outpatient 1182:zeaxanthin 1150:sunglasses 1144:Prevention 808:Congenital 682:vitrectomy 670:triparanol 610:Ichthyosis 546:trisomy 18 489:Microwaves 376:brunescent 292:sunglasses 230:depression 170:Sunglasses 166:Prevention 96:depression 6971:Blindness 6897:Nystagmus 6871:Mydriasis 6745:Blindness 6691:Amblyopia 6679:Blindness 6639:Hyperopia 6564:Exophoria 6559:Esophoria 6544:Exotropia 6540:Esotropia 6078:Retinitis 5776:Keratitis 5753:Scleritis 5686:Pterygium 5566:Madarosis 5513:Ectropion 5508:Entropion 5485:Chalazion 5367:128306009 5362:SNOMED CT 4611:208790600 4217:260192934 3791:206965363 3747:Cited in 3579:: 38–41. 2828:155984835 2287:205670997 2011:195680440 1904:205670956 1719:glycation 1715:oxidation 1688:cataracta 1676:katarassō 1653:cataracta 1642:Etymology 1603:, in his 1584:physician 1316:Slit lamp 1302:Prognosis 1216:Slit lamp 1188:Treatment 938:Diagnosis 882:Varicella 727:Metabolic 642:vitamin C 618:pemphigus 475:Radiation 401:amblyopia 234:blindness 191:Frequency 177:Treatment 149:, alcohol 100:blindness 70:Optometry 61:Specialty 54:slit lamp 6936:Trachoma 6701:Diplopia 6396:Ischemic 6321:Pathways 6235:Glaucoma 6136:diabetic 6038:Cataract 5976:Synechia 5828:Meesmann 5796:Exposure 5781:herpetic 5679:allergic 5669:Chemosis 5603:Epiphora 5271:Archived 5259:Cataract 5244:template 5228:31791064 5165:11 March 5159:Archived 5135:Archived 5119:21700099 5084:43125880 5076:17894689 5041:17162883 5014:16939459 4976:Archived 4754:Med Hist 4735:Archived 4731:BBC News 4712:5225311W 4662:36369026 4603:28242111 4568:Archived 4348:Archived 4326:28670710 4252:21782099 4209:21374539 4101:28931202 4003:37414146 3995:19098042 3946:22943071 3834:13634941 3826:24150707 3783:20590393 3702:40041207 3694:14569187 3593:14303339 3513:27022598 3505:18383928 3458:29356473 3424:29261974 3397:24406418 3348:19365028 3299:24877085 3248:26891415 3207:31308270 3199:22392091 3108:18458771 3021:43843511 3013:19740259 2978:22696344 2926:42785248 2918:25735187 2877:18929762 2820:30528895 2771:22599585 2607:27144871 2572:45814684 2564:10435427 2529:24379787 2478:35163178 2392:31317088 2333:Archived 2279:21107260 2241:22760161 2233:21088580 2166:Archived 2143:16840470 2094:Archived 2060:27733282 2003:22383071 1925:Archived 1896:21076306 1850:Archived 1755:See also 1706:Research 1684:arassein 1622:In 1468 1374:Corneal 1193:Surgical 897:Aniridia 690:BSS Plus 568:include 511:Genetics 418:denature 320:with age 290:Wearing 269:sunlight 257:diabetes 202:cataract 147:sunlight 139:Diabetes 77:Symptoms 34:Cataract 6776:binasal 6763:Anopsia 6706:Scotoma 6500:palsies 6263:Red eye 6248:Floater 6055:Aphakia 5986:Choroid 5956:Hyphema 5946:Uveitis 5553:Eyelash 5345:D002386 5246:below ( 5219:7043214 5127:3860204 4909:1 April 4879:1 April 4775:1034789 4653:9652134 4491:7395962 4317:5580934 4092:5665700 3937:3497611 3743:8724222 3388:3983625 3339:2683478 3290:4024399 3135:9927876 3099:2327229 3059:8654515 2969:4410744 2688:8242055 2680:7634993 2645:3068822 2520:3863722 2503:: 366. 2469:8835903 2383:6611931 2339:2 April 2134:1502210 2051:5055577 1613:syringe 1588:surgeon 1545:Suśruta 1529:History 1283:sutures 902:Uveitis 867:Leprosy 823:Rubella 666:Miotics 552:), and 296:glasses 277:protein 273:alcohol 226:falling 208:of the 181:Glasses 109:Gradual 92:Falling 52:with a 6996:Vision 6866:Miosis 6644:Myopia 6423:Kjer's 6171:photic 6070:Retina 5823:Fuchs' 5791:fungal 5768:Cornea 5745:Sclera 5528:Ptosis 5465:Eyelid 5453:Adnexa 5391:001001 5263:Curlie 5249:Curlie 5226: 5216: 5208: 5132:as PDF 5125: 5117: 5082: 5074: 5039: 5012: 4801: 4772: 4710: 4685: 4660: 4650: 4609: 4601: 4583:Lancet 4526:879158 4524: 4489: 4449: 4379:1 June 4324: 4314: 4273: 4250: 4215: 4207: 4170: 4146: 4122: 4099: 4089: 4048: 4024: 4001: 3993: 3944: 3934: 3920:: 50. 3891: 3863: 3832: 3824: 3789: 3781: 3741: 3700: 3692: 3649: 3628:758890 3626: 3591: 3549: 3511: 3503: 3456: 3422: 3395: 3385: 3346: 3336: 3297: 3287: 3246: 3205: 3197: 3179:Retina 3133: 3106: 3096: 3057: 3019: 3011: 2976: 2966: 2924: 2916: 2875: 2826: 2818: 2769: 2733: 2709: 2686: 2678: 2643: 2605: 2570: 2562: 2527: 2517: 2476: 2466: 2418: 2390: 2380: 2285: 2277: 2239: 2231: 2199:foods. 2141: 2131: 2086: 2058: 2048: 2030:Lancet 2009: 2001: 1966:24 May 1931:23 May 1902: 1894: 1856:24 May 1700:humour 1628:Jewish 1559:butter 1499: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1381:NSAIDs 1288:sclera 1178:lutein 1164:, and 929: 606:eczema 584:, and 454:Trauma 407:Causes 281:retina 271:, and 249:trauma 122:trauma 114:Causes 6890:Other 6838:Pupil 6228:Other 5872:sicca 5724:Globe 5623:Orbit 5319:Q12.0 5123:S2CID 5080:S2CID 4607:S2CID 4550:(PDF) 4543:(PDF) 4398:(xls) 4373:(PDF) 4366:(PDF) 4213:S2CID 3999:S2CID 3971:(PDF) 3830:S2CID 3787:S2CID 3698:S2CID 3509:S2CID 3203:S2CID 3017:S2CID 2922:S2CID 2824:S2CID 2684:S2CID 2568:S2CID 2283:S2CID 2237:S2CID 2169:(PDF) 2162:(PDF) 2007:S2CID 1900:S2CID 1733:LASIK 1648:Latin 1609:circa 1581:Greek 1577:Galen 1376:edema 1268:eye). 384:glare 245:aging 118:Aging 6030:Lens 5930:Iris 5480:Stye 5356:2179 5340:MeSH 5329:9-CM 5224:PMID 5206:OCLC 5167:2016 5115:PMID 5072:PMID 5037:PMID 5010:PMID 4911:2020 4881:2020 4799:ISBN 4683:ISBN 4658:PMID 4599:PMID 4522:PMID 4487:PMID 4447:ISBN 4381:2014 4322:PMID 4300:2017 4271:ISBN 4248:PMID 4205:PMID 4168:ISBN 4144:ISBN 4120:ISBN 4097:PMID 4075:2017 4046:ISBN 4022:ISBN 3991:PMID 3942:PMID 3889:ISBN 3861:ISBN 3822:PMID 3779:PMID 3739:PMID 3690:PMID 3647:ISBN 3624:PMID 3589:PMID 3547:ISBN 3501:PMID 3454:PMID 3431:2023 3420:PMID 3393:PMID 3344:PMID 3295:PMID 3271:2014 3244:PMID 3195:PMID 3153:MeSH 3131:PMID 3104:PMID 3055:PMID 3009:PMID 2974:PMID 2952:2012 2914:PMID 2873:PMID 2842:link 2816:PMID 2785:link 2767:PMID 2731:ISBN 2707:ISBN 2676:PMID 2641:PMID 2603:PMID 2560:PMID 2525:PMID 2474:PMID 2416:ISBN 2388:PMID 2341:2013 2275:PMID 2229:PMID 2139:PMID 2084:ISBN 2056:PMID 1999:PMID 1968:2015 1933:2015 1892:PMID 1858:2015 1717:and 1680:kata 1626:, a 1590:and 1356:and 1180:and 668:and 640:Low 616:and 604:and 424:and 228:and 206:lens 6986:Eye 5334:366 5325:ICD 5315:H28 5311:H26 5307:H25 5298:ICD 5261:at 5214:PMC 5198:doi 5107:doi 5064:doi 5002:doi 4770:PMC 4762:doi 4648:PMC 4638:doi 4591:doi 4587:390 4514:doi 4510:106 4479:doi 4312:PMC 4304:doi 4240:doi 4197:doi 4193:228 4087:PMC 4079:doi 3983:doi 3932:PMC 3922:doi 3853:doi 3814:doi 3810:252 3771:doi 3729:doi 3680:doi 3616:doi 3581:doi 3539:doi 3493:doi 3383:PMC 3375:doi 3367:Eye 3334:PMC 3326:doi 3322:127 3285:PMC 3275:doi 3234:doi 3187:doi 3094:PMC 3086:doi 3047:doi 3001:doi 2964:PMC 2956:doi 2904:doi 2865:doi 2808:doi 2759:doi 2668:doi 2633:doi 2595:doi 2591:374 2552:doi 2515:PMC 2505:doi 2464:PMC 2454:doi 2378:PMC 2368:doi 2267:doi 2221:doi 2129:PMC 2121:doi 2117:333 2113:BMJ 2046:PMC 2038:doi 2034:388 1991:doi 1987:171 1884:doi 1553:in 735:or 588:or 485:UVB 412:Age 374:or 210:eye 6962:: 5389:: 5365:: 5354:: 5343:: 5332:: 5317:, 5313:, 5305:: 5302:10 5222:. 5212:. 5204:. 5194:60 5192:. 5188:. 5146:^ 5121:. 5113:. 5103:37 5101:. 5078:. 5070:. 5060:35 5058:. 5033:22 5031:. 5008:. 4996:. 4952:. 4928:. 4897:. 4871:. 4847:. 4822:. 4793:. 4768:. 4756:. 4752:. 4733:. 4729:. 4708:OL 4706:. 4656:. 4646:. 4634:22 4632:. 4628:. 4605:. 4597:. 4585:. 4520:. 4508:. 4485:. 4475:90 4473:. 4461:^ 4423:. 4412:^ 4400:. 4342:. 4320:. 4310:. 4298:. 4294:. 4246:. 4236:37 4234:. 4211:. 4203:. 4191:. 4095:. 4085:. 4073:. 4069:. 3997:. 3989:. 3979:93 3977:. 3973:. 3940:. 3930:. 3918:12 3916:. 3912:. 3875:^ 3859:. 3828:. 3820:. 3808:. 3785:. 3777:. 3767:26 3765:. 3737:. 3725:17 3723:. 3719:. 3696:. 3688:. 3676:14 3674:. 3670:. 3622:. 3612:97 3610:. 3587:. 3577:74 3575:. 3545:, 3521:^ 3507:. 3499:. 3489:75 3487:. 3471:^ 3448:, 3414:. 3391:. 3381:. 3371:28 3369:. 3365:. 3342:. 3332:. 3320:. 3316:. 3293:. 3283:. 3269:. 3265:. 3242:. 3230:44 3228:. 3224:. 3201:. 3193:. 3183:32 3181:. 3151:. 3127:53 3102:. 3092:. 3080:. 3076:. 3053:. 3043:17 3041:. 3029:^ 3015:. 3007:. 2997:14 2995:. 2972:. 2962:. 2950:. 2946:. 2934:^ 2920:. 2912:. 2900:94 2898:. 2894:. 2871:. 2861:53 2859:. 2838:}} 2834:{{ 2822:. 2814:. 2804:94 2802:. 2781:}} 2777:{{ 2765:. 2755:53 2753:. 2682:. 2674:. 2664:88 2662:. 2639:. 2629:33 2627:. 2615:^ 2601:. 2589:. 2566:. 2558:. 2546:. 2523:. 2513:. 2499:. 2495:. 2472:. 2462:. 2450:23 2448:. 2444:. 2430:^ 2400:^ 2386:. 2376:. 2364:31 2362:. 2358:. 2327:. 2295:^ 2281:. 2273:. 2263:22 2261:. 2249:^ 2235:. 2227:. 2217:22 2215:. 2196:. 2185:. 2137:. 2127:. 2115:. 2111:. 2092:. 2068:^ 2054:. 2044:. 2032:. 2028:. 2005:. 1997:. 1985:. 1941:^ 1912:^ 1898:. 1890:. 1880:22 1878:. 1866:^ 1801:^ 1586:, 1543:, 1276:A 1184:. 1176:, 1160:, 759:/ 592:. 580:, 576:, 572:, 560:, 544:, 540:, 536:, 532:, 306:. 287:. 200:A 183:, 141:, 124:, 120:, 98:, 94:, 68:, 5426:e 5419:t 5412:v 5327:- 5309:- 5300:- 5290:D 5230:. 5200:: 5169:. 5129:. 5109:: 5086:. 5066:: 5043:. 5016:. 5004:: 4998:9 4913:. 4883:. 4807:. 4778:. 4764:: 4758:7 4714:. 4691:. 4664:. 4640:: 4613:. 4593:: 4528:. 4516:: 4493:. 4481:: 4455:. 4383:. 4328:. 4306:: 4280:. 4254:. 4242:: 4219:. 4199:: 4177:. 4103:. 4081:: 4055:. 4005:. 3985:: 3948:. 3924:: 3897:. 3869:. 3855:: 3836:. 3816:: 3793:. 3773:: 3745:. 3731:: 3704:. 3682:: 3655:. 3630:. 3618:: 3595:. 3583:: 3541:: 3515:. 3495:: 3433:. 3399:. 3377:: 3350:. 3328:: 3301:. 3277:: 3250:. 3236:: 3209:. 3189:: 3166:. 3137:. 3110:. 3088:: 3082:7 3061:. 3049:: 3023:. 3003:: 2980:. 2958:: 2928:. 2906:: 2879:. 2867:: 2844:) 2830:. 2810:: 2787:) 2773:. 2761:: 2690:. 2670:: 2647:. 2635:: 2609:. 2597:: 2574:. 2554:: 2548:9 2531:. 2507:: 2501:4 2480:. 2456:: 2424:. 2394:. 2370:: 2343:. 2313:. 2289:. 2269:: 2243:. 2223:: 2145:. 2123:: 2062:. 2040:: 2013:. 1993:: 1970:. 1935:. 1906:. 1886:: 1860:. 1666:( 1223:" 1166:E 1162:C 1158:A 548:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index