Philosophy of religion

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to past experience in support of some principle thought to be a law of nature." For it is a common occurrence that currently accepted ideas of natural laws are revised due to an observed exception but Hume's argument would lead one to conclude that these exceptions do not occur. Rowe adds that "It remains true, however, that a reasonable person will require quite strong evidence before believing that a law of nature has been violated. It is easy to believe the person who claimed to see water run downhill, but quite difficult to believe that someone saw water run uphill."

3396:, who has developed a pluralistic view which synthesizes components of various religious traditions. Hick promotes an idea of a noumenal sacred reality which different religions provide us access to. Hick defines his view as "the great world faiths embody different perceptions and conceptions of, and correspondingly different responses to, the Real or the Ultimate." For Hick, all religions are true because they all allow us to encounter the divine reality, even if they have different deities and conceptions of it. Rowe notes that a similar idea is proposed by 3369:

Christianity and Islam, though liberal and modernist trends within them might differ. William L Rowe outlines two problems with this view. The first problem is that it is easy to see that if this is true, a large portion of humanity is excluded from salvation and it is hard to see how a loving god would desire this. The second problem is that once we become acquainted with the saintly figures and virtuous people in other religions, it can be difficult to see how we could say they are excluded from salvation just because they are not part of our religion.

2203: 1751: 2036: 14400: 12295: 7310: 2563: 3744: 12305: 7300: 1966: 2702: 3710:, which rests on an interpretation of a passage from Wittgenstein's "Culture and Value". This interpretation was first labeled, "Wittgensteinian Fideism", by Kai Nielsen but those who consider themselves Wittgensteinians in the Swansea tradition have relentlessly and repeatedly rejected this construal as a caricature of Wittgenstein's considered position; this is especially true of D. Z. Phillips. Responding to this interpretation, 5773: 2307:" argues for a pragmatic conception of religious belief. For James, religious belief is justified if one is presented with a question which is rationally undecidable and if one is presented with genuine and live options which are relevant for the individual. For James, religious belief is defensible because of the pragmatic value it can bring to one's life, even if there is no rational evidence for it. 3332: 2297:. This is qualified by the proviso that they can be defended against objections (this differentiates this view from fideism). A properly basic belief is a belief that one can reasonably hold without evidence, such as a memory, a basic sensation or a perception. Plantinga's argument is that belief in God is of this type because within every human mind there is a natural awareness of divinity. 14387: 3730: 3575:

to talk in this manner. However, as Patrick Sherry notes, the fact that this sort of language may make sense does not mean that one is warranted in ascribing these terms to God, for there must be some connection between the relevant criteria we use in ascribing these terms to conventional objects or subjects and to God. As Chad Meister notes though, for Wittgenstein, a religion's

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for collective action. All the evidence goes to show that what we regard as our mental life is bound up with brain structure and organized bodily energy. Therefore it is rational to suppose that mental life ceases when bodily life ceases. The argument is only one of probability, but it is as strong as those upon which most scientific conclusions are based.

2644:, neurological anomalies ("it's all in the head") as well as the socio-political power that having such experiences might grant to a mystic have been put forward. More recently, some argued that religious experiences are caused by cognitive misattributions akin to hallucinations, although this was denied by others. A contrary position was taken by 3099:(1748). For Hume, the probability that a miracle has not occurred is always greater than the probability that it has because "as a firm and unalterable experience has established these laws , the proof against a miracle, from the very nature of the fact, is as entire as any argument from experience can possibly be imagined" ( 4013:, Oxford Handbooks Online, 2004, p. 3. "The expression "philosophy of religion" did not come into general use until the nineteenth century, when it was employed to refer to the articulation and criticism of humanity's religious consciousness and its cultural expressions in thought, language, feeling, and practice." 1782:, the interplay between science and religion, the nature and scope of good and evil, and religious treatments of birth, history, and death. The field also includes the ethical implications of religious commitments, the relation between faith, reason, experience and tradition, concepts of the miraculous, the sacred 1875:, who, like the object of desire, or of thought, inspires motion without itself being moved. Today, however, philosophers have adopted the term "philosophy of religion" for the subject, and typically it is regarded as a separate field of specialization, although it is also still treated by some, particularly 3106:

According to Rowe, there are two weaknesses with Hume's argument. First, there could be other forms of indirect evidence for the occurrence of a miracle that does not include testimony of someone's direct experience of it. Secondly, Rowe argues that Hume overestimates "the weight that should be given

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William James meanwhile takes a middle course between accepting mystical experiences as veridical or seeing them as delusional. He argues that for the individual who experiences them, they are authoritative and they break down the authority of the rational mind. Not only that, but according to James,

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The hidden assumption in Russell's argument is that bodily and mental states that interfere with reliable perceptions of the physical world also interfere with reliable perceptions of a spiritual world beyond the physical, if there is such a spiritual world to be perceived. Perhaps this assumption is

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Some work in recent epistemology of religion goes beyond debates over evidentialism, fideism, and reformed epistemology to consider contemporary issues deriving from new ideas about knowledge-how and practical skill; how practical factors can affect whether one could know whether theism is true; from

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also shows how one can use analogical religious language to describe God or religious truths, even if the words one is using do not in this case refer to their everyday sense, i.e. when we say God is wise, we do not mean he is wise in the same sense that a person is wise, yet it can still make sense

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A different view is inclusivism, which is the idea that "one's own tradition alone has the whole truth but that this truth is nevertheless partially reflected in other traditions." An inclusivist might maintain that their religion is privileged, they can also hold that other religious adherents have

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Perhaps at the moment of each man's death, God removes his corpse and replaces it with a simulacrum which is what is burned or rots. Or perhaps God is not quite so wholesale as this: perhaps He removes for "safekeeping" only the "core person"—the brain and central nervous system—or even some special

3269:. In this view, what is resurrected is that first person perspective, or both the person's body and that perspective. An objection to this view is that it seems difficult to differentiate one person's first person perspective from another person's without reference to temporal and spatial relations. 3264:

has generally been seen as hostile to notions of an afterlife, this need not be the case. Abrahamic religions like Christianity have traditionally held that life after death will include the element of bodily resurrection. One objection to this view is that it seems difficult to account for personal

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are examples of philosophers who argue that religious beliefs are "properly basic beliefs" and that it is not irrational to hold them even though they are not supported by any evidence. The rationale here is that some beliefs we hold must be foundational and not be based on further rational beliefs.

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argues that people have no scientific proof that the mind is dependent on the body in this particular way. As Rowe notes, the fact that the mind depends on the functions of the body while one is alive is not necessarily proof that the mind will cease functioning after death just as a person trapped

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meanwhile have argued against the common core thesis, and for either the view that every mystical experience contains at least some concepts (soft constructivism) or that they are strongly shaped and determined by one's religious ideas and culture (hard constructivism). In this view, the conceptual

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and their potential for providing knowledge. Religious experiences have been recorded throughout all cultures and are widely diverse. These personal experiences tend to be highly important to individuals who undergo them. Discussions about religious experiences can be said to be informed in part by

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agree that belief in God is rational only if there is sufficient evidence, but disagree on whether such evidence exists. These arguments often stipulate that subjective religious experiences are not reasonable evidence and thus religious truths must be argued based on non-religious evidence. One of

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or the natural theistic project. This strand of natural theology attempts to justify belief in God by independent grounds. Perhaps most of the philosophy of religion is predicated on natural theology's assumption that the existence of God can be justified or warranted on rational grounds. There has

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which states that the truth of a religious worldview is relative to each community of adherents. Thus while religions have incompatible views, each one is individually valid as they emerge from individual experiences of a plurality of phenomenal divine realities. According to Runzo, this view does

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Persons are part of the everyday world with which science is concerned, and the conditions which determine their existence are discoverable...we know that the brain is not immortal, and that the organized energy of a living body becomes, as it were, demobilized at death and therefore not available

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Against this view, realists respond that non-realism subverts religious belief and the intelligibility of religious practice. It is hard to see for example, how one can pray to a God without believing that they really exist. Realists also argue that non-realism provides no normative way to choose

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common objections against the veridical force of religious experiences include the fact that experience is frequently deceptive and that people who claim an experience of a god may be "mistakenly identifying an object of their experience", or be insane or hallucinating. However, he argues that we

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For example, an important topic in the epistemology of religion is that of religious disagreement, and the issue of what it means for intelligent individuals of the same epistemic parity to disagree about religious issues. Religious disagreement has been seen as possibly posing first-order or

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is the claim that only one religion is true and that others are wrong. To say that a religion is exclusivistic can also mean that salvation or human freedom is only attainable by the followers of one's religion. This view tends to be the orthodox view of most monotheistic religions, such as

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as a way to solve the problem of evil. Alston, grappling with the consequences of analytic philosophy of language, worked on the nature of religious language. Adams worked on the relationship of faith and morality. Analytic epistemology and metaphysics has formed the basis for a number of

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analytic philosophy has been a very heterogeneous 'movement'.... some forms of analytic philosophy have proven very sympathetic to the philosophy of religion and have actually provided a philosophical mechanism for responding to other more radical and hostile forms of analytic philosophy.

2765:. According to Schleiermacher, the distinguishing feature of a religious experience is that "one is overcome by the feeling of absolute dependence." Otto meanwhile, argued that while this was an important element, the most basic feature of religious experiences is that it is 2724:

Just like there are different religions, there are different forms of religious experience. One could have "subject/content" experiences (such as a euphoric meditative state) and "subject/consciousness/object" experiences (such as the perception of having seen a god, i.e.

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by pointing out that, for theology, "its critical reflections are based on religious convictions". Also, "theology is responsible to an authority that initiates its thinking, speaking, and witnessing ... philosophy bases its arguments on the ground of timeless evidence."

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continuity, at best, a resurrected body is a replica of the resurrected person not the same person. One response is the constitution view of persons, which says persons are constituted by their bodies and by a "first-person perspective", the capacity to think of oneself

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notes, the Jains ultimately held the thesis that Jainism is the final truth, while other religions only contain partial truths. Other scholars such as Kristin Beise Kiblinger have also argued that some of the Buddhist traditions include inclusivist ideas and attitudes.

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of a drunk person: "From a scientific point of view, we can make no distinction between the man who eats little and sees heaven and the man who drinks much and sees snakes. Each is in an abnormal physical condition, and therefore has abnormal perceptions." However, as

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One could interpret these experiences either veridically, neutrally or as delusions. Both monotheistic and non-monotheistic religious thinkers and mystics have appealed to religious experiences as evidence for their claims about ultimate reality. Philosophers such as

3103:. X. p. 173). Hume does not argue that a miracle is impossible, only that it is unreasonable to believe in any testimony of a miracle's occurrence, for evidence for the regularity of natural laws is much stronger than human testimony (which is often in error). 1801:

did not come into general use in the West until the nineteenth century, and most pre-modern and early modern philosophical works included a mixture of religious themes and non-religious philosophical questions. In Asia, examples include texts such as the Hindu

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writes: "miracles are only intelligible as in relation to human opinions, and merely mean events of which the natural cause cannot be explained by a reference to any ordinary occurrence, either by us, or at any rate, by the writer and narrator of the miracle"

2005:, while Semitic monotheism believes the world was created by a God at a particular point in time and that this God acts in the world. Indian monotheism teaches that the world is beginningless, but that there is God's act of creation which sustains the world. 2749:

also contain theophanic events. The diversity (sometimes to the point of contradiction) of religious experiences has also been used as an argument against their veridical nature, and as evidence that they are a purely subjective psychological phenomenon.

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Morality and religion are opposed to each other. In this view, belief in a God would mean one would do whatever that God commands, even if it goes against morality. The view that religion and morality are often opposed has been espoused by atheists like

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According to C. B. Martin, "there are no tests agreed upon to establish genuine experience of God and distinguish it decisively from the ungenuine", and therefore all that religious experiences can establish is the reality of these psychological states.

2323:. Higher order discussions focus on whether religious disagreement with epistemic peers (someone whose epistemic ability is equal to our own) demands us to adopt a skeptical or agnostic stance or whether to reduce or change our religious beliefs. 2433:

as being incommensurate with scientific and metaphysical language games, and that they are autonomous and thus may only be judged on their own standards. The obvious criticism to this is that many religions clearly put forth metaphysical claims.

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is one example of someone who, while disbelieving in the metaphysical and cosmological claims of his religion, holds that one can practice it with a "non-realist" perspective which sees religious claims as human inventions and myths to live by.

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As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of philosophy of religion, largely dismissing (as per the logical positivists view) the subject as part of metaphysics and therefore meaningless. The collapse of

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The field also draws the scientific study of religion, particularly by psychologists and sociologists as well as cognitive scientists. Various theories about religion have arisen from these various disciplines. One example is the various

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who denied that positive statements about God were helpful and wrote: "you will come nearer to the knowledge and comprehension of God by the negative attributes." Similar approaches based on negation can be seen in the Hindu doctrine of

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mistaken, hallucinations or distorted to the conclusion that all religious experiences are mistaken etc. Indeed, a drunken or hallucinating person could still perceive things correctly, therefore these objections cannot be said to

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and morality is a means to achieve this, while for monotheistic traditions, God is the source or ground of all morality and heaven in the highest human good. The world religions also offer different conceptions of the source of

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Brian Davies notes that even if we can establish that a miracle has occurred, it is hard to see what this is supposed to prove. For it is possible that they arise due to agencies which are unusual and powerful, but not divine.

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characterized the philosophy of religion as: "the critical examination of basic religious beliefs and concepts." Philosophy of religion covers alternative beliefs about God, gods, demons, spirits or all, the varieties of

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all cultures share mystical experiences of oneness with the external world, as well as introverted "Pure Conscious Events" which is empty of all concepts, thoughts, qualities, etc. except pure consciousness. Similarly

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venture model where faith is seen as a commitment to believe in the trustworthiness of a religious truth or in God. In other words, to trust in God presupposes belief, thus faith must include elements of belief and

3512:, where he famously wrote that any work which did not include either (1) abstract reasoning on quantity or number or (2) reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence was "nothing but sophistry and illusion". 2402:. According to this view, reason establishes certain religious truths and faith (guided by reason) gives us access to truths about the divine which, according to Aquinas, "exceed all the ability of human reason." 1911:' are concepts which point to concerns about the ultimate or highest truth which most religious philosophies deal with in some way. One of the main differences among religions is whether the ultimate reality is a 2874:

argued that monistic experiences were universal. Perennialists tend to distinguish between the experience itself, and its post experience interpretation to make sense of the different views in world religions.

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is an international journal for the philosophy of religion. It is available online and in print and has a fully searchable online archive dating back to Issue 1 in 1965. It currently publishes four issues per

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as a criterion for meaning are no longer as widely held. The main problem with verificationism is that it seems to be self refuting, for it is a claim which does not seem to be supported by its own criterion.

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p. 84). Similarly, R.F. Holland has defined miracle in a naturalistic way in a widely cited paper. For Holland, a miracle need only be an extraordinary and beneficial coincidence interpreted religiously.

2771:. He described this as "non-rational, non-sensory experience or feeling whose primary and immediate object is outside the self" as well as having the qualities of being a mystery, terrifying and fascinating. 2187:

Traditionally, Jains and Buddhists did not rule out the existence of limited deities or divine beings, they only rejected the idea of a single all-powerful creator God or First cause posited by monotheists.

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higher-order problems for religious belief. A first order problem refers to whether that evidence directly applies to the truth of any religious proposition, while a higher order problem instead applies to

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Rowe meanwhile defined a religious experience as "an experience in which one senses the immediate presence of the divine." According to Rowe, religious experiences can be divided in the following manner:

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in that it aims to examine religious concepts from an objective philosophical perspective rather than from the perspective of a specific religious tradition. The philosophy of religion also differs from

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is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions". Philosophical discussions on such topics date from ancient times, and appear in the earliest known

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This view shows how some positions on the nature of the afterlife are closely tied to and sometimes completely depend upon theistic positions. This close connection between the two views was made by

3523:, that is, religious claims do not seem to allow any counter evidence to count against them and thus they seem to be lacking in content. While such arguments were popular in the 1950s and 60s, the 2452:. According to Barth, human reason is corrupt and God is utterly different from his creatures, thus we can only rely on God's own revelation for religious knowledge. Barth's view has been termed 2241:

who wrote: "It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence". His view of evidentialism is usually read in tandem with William James's article

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is that there is a single or core truth or experience which is shared by all religions even while they use different terms and language to express it. This view is espoused by the likes of

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famously argued, the mere existence of a soul does not prove its immortality, for one could conceive that a soul, even if it is totally simple, could still fade away or lose its intensity.

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would hold) but is useful simply because its ability to "reflect the practices and forms of life of the various religious adherents." Following Wittgenstein, philosophers of religion like

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is the position that may be characterized as "a belief is rationally justified only if there is sufficient evidence for it". Many theists and non-theists are evidentialists, for example,

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Shults, F. LeRon, 2019, "Computer Modeling in Philosophy of Religion", Open Philosophy, (special issue on computer modeling in philosophy) 2(1): 108–125. doi:10.1515/opphil-2019-0011.

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scheme of any mystic strongly shapes their experiences and because mystics from different religions have very different schemas, there cannot be any universal mystical experiences.

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has also been instrumental in representing a more diverse understanding of religion and religious pluralism. Smart's view is that there are genuine differences between religions.

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writers which are hostile to religion hold a related view that says that religious claims and scientific claims are opposed to each other and that therefore religions are false.

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All religious traditions make knowledge claims which they argue are central to religious practice and to the ultimate solution to the main problem of human life. These include

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Pluralism is the view that all religions are equally valid responses to the divine and that they are all valid paths to personal transformation. This approach is taken by

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Shokhin, Vladimir K., "The Pioneering Appearances of Philosophy of Religion in Europe: François Para du Phanjas on the Nature of Religion", Open Theology 2015, 1: 97-106.

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There are also different positions on how faith relates to reason. One example is the belief that faith and reason are compatible and work together, which is the view of

3500:. Their view was that religious language, such as any talk of God cannot be verified empirically and thus was ultimately meaningless. This position has also been termed 4053: 2600:

and have a perceptual object, and thus religious experiences could logically be veridical unless we have a good reason to disbelieve them. Other philosophers such as

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The issue of how one is to understand religious diversity and the plurality of religious views and beliefs has been a central concern of the philosophy of religion.

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A general question which philosophy of religion asks is what is the relationship, if any, between morality and religion. Brian Davies outlines four possible theses:

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While religions resort to rational arguments to attempt to establish their views, they also claim that religious belief is at least partially to be accepted through

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Van Eyghen, Hans; Peels, Rik; Van den Brink, Gijsbert, "New Developments in the Cognitive Science of Religion: The Rationality of Religious Belief", Springer, 2018.

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events and hinge on whether naturalistic explanations for these phenomena is enough to explain them or not. Such discussions are associated with philosophers like

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The question of religious language and in what sense it can be said to be meaningful has been a central issue of the philosophy of religion since the work of the

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the mystic is justified in this. But when it comes to the non-mystic, the outside observer, they have no reason to regard them as either veridical nor delusive.

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There are various philosophical positions regarding how one is to make sense of religious diversity, including exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism, relativism,

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is closely tied to one's physical body, it seems difficult to make sense of a human being existing apart from their body. A further issue is with continuity of

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formal epistemology's use of probability theory; or from social epistemology (particularly the epistemology of testimony, or the epistemology of disagreement).

3377:('many-sidedness') has been interpreted by some as a tolerant view which is an inclusive acceptance of the partial truth value of non-Jain religious ideas. As 3439:

not reduce the incompatible ideas and experiences of different religions to mere interpretations of the Real and thus preserves their individual dignity.

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been considerable philosophical and theological debate about the kinds of proofs, justifications and arguments that are appropriate for this discourse.

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in that it seeks to discuss questions regarding the nature of religion as a whole, rather than examining the problems brought forth by a particular

11248: 6226: 5874: 4650: 586: 11097: 3967: 12154: 4106: 3466:(1930). According to Freud, "Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires." 4249: 2933:

in the world, that is, what is wrong with human life and how to solve and free ourselves from these dilemmas. For example, for Christianity,

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events or occurrences is common among world religions. A miracle is an event which cannot be explained by rational or scientific means. The

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Regenerative experiences, in which an individual feels reborn, transformed or changed radically, usually resulting in religious conversion.

2489:. This field draws the historical study of their interactions and conflicts, such as the debates in the United States over the teaching of 1662: 2043:

argued against Hindu creator god views and for an impersonal conception of absolute reality that has been described as a form of Idealism.

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Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Fallacies of the Atheists ! Who is the Architect of this Universe ? (February 19, 2024). Available at SSRN:

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have argued that instead of seeing religious language as referring to some objective reality, we should instead see it as referring to

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and Matthew Benton argue for an interpersonal epistemology on which one can experience and know God in a relational or personal sense.

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are also evidentialists in that they hold they can demonstrate there is evidence for the belief in God. Another move is to argue in a

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Eastern religions have included both theistic and other alternative positions about the ultimate nature of reality. One such view is

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Naturalistic explanations for religious experiences are often seen as undermining their epistemic value. Explanations such as the

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argues that God is not intelligible through reason or evidence because God is not an empirical object or a 'being among beings'.

2409:, the view that faith is "in some sense independent of, if not outright adversarial toward, reason." Modern philosophers such as 1655: 2896: 2448:(1886–1968) argued that religious believers have no need to prove their beliefs through reason and thus rejected the project of 6267: 5705: 5694: 3785: 3647:, Richard Swinburne, and Antony Flew not only to introduce new problems, but to re-open classical topics such as the nature of 2464: 1738:

in that it seeks to evaluate the truth of religious worldviews. It can be carried out dispassionately by those who identify as

657: 17: 14099: 9027: 2979: 11253: 5684: 5446: 5289: 5019: 4933: 4460: 4344: 4050: 3934: 3286:, who argued that one can infer an afterlife from belief in a just God who rewards persons for their adherence to moral law. 3239:

in a room while depending on the windows to see the outside world might continue to see even after the room ceases to exist.

2956:'s idea that morality should lead us to believe in a moral law, and thus to believe in an upholder of that law, that is, God. 2858: 2571: 11718: 8737: 5867: 4824:"Overlapping Mental Magisteria: Implications of Experimental Psychology for a Theory of Religious Belief as Misattribution" 3706:, Peter Winch and D. Z. Phillips, among others. The name "contemplative philosophy" was first coined by D. Z. Phillips in 2959:

Morality is somehow included in religion, "The basic idea here is that being moral is part of what being religious means."

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which see the phenomenon as either adaptive or a by-product. Another can be seen in the various theories put forth by the

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is one modern philosopher who has speculated at length about what it would be like to be a disembodied soul after death.

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All religions argue for certain values and ideas of the moral Good. Non-monotheistic Indian traditions like Buddhism and

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the question: "what sort of information about what there is might religious experience provide, and how could one tell?"

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Charismatic experiences, in which special gifts, abilities, or blessings are manifested (such as healing, visions, etc.)

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as the ultimate source of things, instead arguing that the ultimate nature of the Tao is "spontaneous self-production" (

2100:(mental phenomena). In Indian philosophical discourses, monotheism was defended by Hindu philosophers (particularly the 12668: 12046: 11776: 11658: 11112: 9697: 7631: 6159: 6142: 5536: 4502: 433: 411: 13725: 13750: 12096: 10922: 8152: 6686: 4749: 4729: 4680:

Wilkins, John; Griffiths, Paul, "Evolutionary debunking arguments in three domains: Fact, value, and religion", 2013.

4470: 4415: 3977: 3196:. This view then must show not only that dualism is true and that souls exist, but also that souls survive death. As 1039: 3702:, a Wittgensteinian school of thought rooted in the "Swansea tradition" and which includes Wittgensteinians such as 3442:

Another response to the diversity and plurality of religious beliefs and deities throughout human history is one of

3122:. This view rejects that a miracle is a transgression of natural laws, but is simply a transgression of our current 2463:

As Brian Davies points out, the problem with positions like Barth's is that they do not help us in deciding between

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conceptions of the Ultimate. Theistic vs non-theistic is a common way of sorting the different types of religions.

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Monotheistic religions who seek to explain morality and its relationship to God must deal with what is termed the

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The extrovertive way looks outward through the senses into the world around us and finds the divine reality there.

2674:" or at least appear to be mentally and physically abnormal in order to perceive the supranormal spiritual world. 2061:), without depending on a supreme deity for their existence. There are also different Buddhist views, such as the 14425: 14312: 12334: 12111: 12006: 11132: 11127: 11083: 10713: 9557: 8801: 7786: 7313: 6971: 6884: 5860: 5627:(2e): "My ideal is a certain coolness. A temple providing a setting for the passions without meddling with them." 4405: 3249:), denies the existence of individual souls and instead affirms a deflationary view of personal identity, termed 2521:

Dialogue model, some overlap between the fields, they remain separate but share some concepts and presuppositions

2497:. There are different models of interaction that have been discussed in the philosophical literature, including: 1312: 1237: 45: 13920: 6083: 2335:, confidence or trust in one's religious belief. There are different conceptions or models of faith, including: 714: 505: 14445: 14338: 13498: 11966: 11791: 11064: 10083: 10024: 9911: 9790: 9722: 8130: 7768: 7687: 4008: 3778: 3128: 10203: 10078: 3006:

because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" Those who hold that what is moral is so

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have conceived of different ways of describing the ultimate nature of things. For example, while the Taoist

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Anne Lockyer Jordan; Anne Lockyer Jordan Neil Lockyer Edwin Tate; Neil Lockyer; Edwin Tate (25 June 2004).

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Theology; Relationship of theology to the history of religions and philosophy; Relationship to philosophy.

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Clifford, William Kingdon (2011), "The Ethics of Belief", in Stephen, Leslie; Pollock, Frederick (eds.),

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Yandell, Keith E. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION A contemporary introduction, Routledge, 2002, Part II in general

3215:, that is, it is not easy to account for the claim that the person that exists after bodily death is the 2052: 405: 394: 233: 196: 10218: 10208: 4642: 2387:). In this view, one need not believe in literal religious claims about reality to have religious faith. 2210:

is a parable widely used in Buddhism and Jainism to illustrate the dangers of dogmatic religious belief.

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Another debate on this topic is whether all religious cultures share common core mystical experiences (

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and thus possibly contradicting with human free will. There are different positions on this including

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While one can be skeptical towards the claims of religion, one need not be hostile towards religion.

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and different kinds of postmortem existence. This is often tied to belief in an immortal individual

3089:, who defined a miracle as "a violation of the laws of nature", famously argued against miracles in 2779:

Religious experiences in which one senses the presence of the divine as being distinct from oneself.

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In Western thought, religious experience (mainly a theistic one) has been described by the likes of

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offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:

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Yandell, Keith E. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION A contemporary introduction, Routledge, 2002, page 86-89.

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Non-monotheistic religions meanwhile also report different experiences from theophany, such as

2788:

The introvertive way turns inward and finds the divine reality in the deepest part of the self.

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The belief model of faith as the theoretical conviction that a certain religious claim is true.

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which sees them as being in constant conflict, such as during the reception of the theory of

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view, which holds that the only ultimately existing things are transitory phenomenal events (

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Morality is pointless without religion, for one would have no reason to be moral without it.

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and in what way is also another important topic in the philosophy of religion as well as in

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Another typology, offered by Chad Meister, differentiates between three major experiences:

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are described in ancient Mediterranean religious works and myths and include the story of

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has also been a feature of the philosophy of religion. Key thinkers in this field include

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way for the probability of a religious truth like God, not for total conclusive evidence.

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Barbato, Melanie. Jain Approaches to Plurality: Identity as Dialogue. BRILL 2017, p. 124.

4800:. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 3673: 3608: 3326: 3029:. God's omniscience could presumably include perfect knowledge of the future, leading to 3018: 2934: 2891: 2429:

to bridge the gulf between man and God. Wittgensteinian fideism meanwhile sees religious

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The special knowledge model of faith as revealing specific religious truths (defended by

2340: 2304: 1990: 1899:, its source or ground (or lack thereof) and also about what is the "Maximal Greatness". 1831: 1827: 1614: 1297: 1179: 1052: 840: 746: 719: 689: 677: 647: 520: 453: 443: 382: 80: 13115: 4619:

Davies, Brian. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion 2nd Edition, 1993, p. 9-14.

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religion, a thinking which can be carried on by both religious and nonreligious persons.

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became two of the most prominent philosophers on Wittgenstein's philosophy of religion.

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towards the supernatural can be found in early philosophical traditions like the Indian

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concerning philosophy. The field involves many other branches of philosophy, including

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Yandell, Keith E. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION A contemporary introduction, Routledge, 2002.

5561:

articles involving the Christian doctrine of creation and the rise of modern science).

4857:

Bertrand Russell "Mysticism" From Religion and Science (Oxford University Press, 1961)

3539:, when talking about God and religious truths, religious traditions tend to resort to 3450:), seeing them as illusions or human creations which serve human psychological needs. 2257:

view that in the absence of evidence for X, belief in X is not justified. Many modern

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Davies, Brian. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion 2nd Edition, 1993, p. 2.

5285: 5015: 4929: 4921: 4823: 4745: 4725: 4466: 4411: 4354: 4340: 3973: 3930: 3846: 3834: 3805: 3735: 3660: 3270: 3212: 3189: 3185: 2991: 2987: 2589: 2151: 2070: 2002: 1927: 1919: 1735: 1527: 1512: 1189: 1136: 1116: 1026: 867: 537: 483: 295: 226: 176: 9767: 9365: 9015: 8759: 6806: 5784: 5702: 2857:) or whether these experiences are in some way socially and culturally constructed ( 2202: 2057: 1159: 14343: 14277: 14267: 13968: 13915: 13865: 13845: 13806: 13801: 13642: 13570: 13288: 13199: 13090: 13062: 13047: 13010: 12716: 12696: 12663: 12568: 12530: 12257: 12139: 12036: 11648: 11608: 11556: 11551: 11468: 11438: 11348: 11238: 11102: 11054: 11049: 10613: 10578: 10551: 10309: 10294: 10169: 10093: 9943: 9921: 9829: 9690: 9469: 9432: 9288: 9273: 9221: 9005: 8985: 8953: 8948: 8919: 8914: 8838: 8828: 8647: 8611: 8603: 8574: 8487: 8407: 8402: 8365: 8355: 8281: 8219: 8061: 7898: 7748: 7406: 7206: 7069: 7039: 7029: 7024: 6921: 6906: 6552: 6448: 6282: 6102: 6073: 6012: 5950: 4332: 3373:

fundamental truths and even that they will be saved or liberated. The Jain view of

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without qualities) and anything which appears (like persons and gods) is illusory (

2013: 2009: 1997:. Greek monotheism holds that the world has always existed and does not believe in 1938: 1896: 1857:

Some aspects of philosophy of religion have classically been regarded as a part of

1766: 1758: 1739: 1619: 1562: 1410: 1375: 1360: 1355: 1272: 1257: 991: 902: 734: 572: 490: 354: 330: 300: 149: 9906: 2544:. Some argued that evolutionary or cognitive theories undermine religious belief. 14049: 14018: 13983: 13948: 13826: 13677: 13575: 13533: 13444: 13432: 13417: 13392: 13367: 13137: 13005: 13000: 12917: 12902: 12575: 12459: 12308: 10937: 10917: 10407: 10299: 10289: 9958: 9626: 9417: 9397: 9328: 9293: 9226: 9010: 8936: 8909: 8884: 8833: 8806: 8594: 8537: 8308: 7825: 7626: 7552: 7492: 7447: 7416: 7213: 7196: 7151: 7141: 7086: 7059: 6996: 6991: 6976: 6901: 6637: 6627: 6262: 6252: 6053: 5930: 5798: 5709: 5698: 5637: 5526: 5301:

Kristin Beise Kiblinger. Buddhist Inclusivism: Attitudes Towards Religious Others

5279: 5009: 4915: 4336: 4075: 4057: 3924: 3911: 3842: 3749: 3519:, questioned the validity of religious statements because they do not seem to be 3289:

Other discussions on the philosophy of the afterlife deal with phenomena such as

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Mystical experiences in which one senses one's own union with a divine presence.

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in particular, argued for the necessity of the religious to take a non-rational

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have compared religious experiences to everyday perceptions, that is, both are

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Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard: Religion, Individuality and Philosophical Method

3426:

Yet another way of responding to the conflicting truth claims of religions is

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Meister, Chad. Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Routledge 2009, chapter 3.

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put forth the general scientific argument against the afterlife as follows:

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Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects

4221:. By Parimal Patil. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. p. 406. 3956:

Rowe, Philosophy of Religion, An Introduction, Fourth Edition, 2007, pg. 2.

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Philosophy of religion is not so much religious thinking as it is thinking

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discussed religious topics alongside secular philosophical issues as well.

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Arguing From Cognitive Science of Religion. Is Religious Belief Debunked?

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Another definition of a miracle is possible however, which is termed the

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renewed interest in philosophy of religion, prompting philosophers like

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The study of religious experiences from the perspective of the field of

2197: 1972:

considered five arguments for the existence of God, widely known as the

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Introductory articles on philosophical arguments for and against theism

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the first order evidence. One example of a first order problem is the

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school), while Buddhist thinkers argued against their conception of a

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The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God

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was a famous proponent of this view, in various publications such as

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is one religion which, while affirming postmortem existence (through

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Some philosophers, however, argue that religious belief is warranted

2254: 2169: 2083: 2062: 1931: 1862: 1791: 1787: 1537: 1267: 1086: 1011: 976: 961: 924: 110: 70: 13125: 8412: 7941: 5740: 4433:"Disagreement, Religious | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 3665:

philosophically-sophisticated theistic arguments, like those of the

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experiences of oneness and deeply focused meditative states (termed

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model of faith sees it as a feeling of trust, a psychological state

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Knowledge, Belief, and God: New Insights in Religious Epistemology

1937:

There are also several philosophical positions with regard to the

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who compared the veridical value of religious experiences to the

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view that all that exists is matter and a multiplicity of souls (

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Morality somehow requires religion. One example of this view is

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The non-doxastic venture model of faith as practical commitment

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Analytic philosophy of religion has also been preoccupied with

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Plantinga, Mackie and Flew debated the logical validity of the

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can also be viewed as non-theistic about the ultimate reality (

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that one might take including various forms of theism (such as

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The Virtue of Faith And Other Essays in Philosophical Theology

3972:. Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. 3872:

Taliaferro, Charles (1 January 2014). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).

3331: 3176:) separate from the body which survives death, as defended by 13438: 13100: 12386: 12319: 10638: 10412: 10392: 10377: 9953: 9779: 9574: 9437: 9392: 9372: 8554: 7951: 7797: 7579: 6354: 5907: 4722:

Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering

4218:

Against a Hindu God: Buddhist Philosophy of Religion in India

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Hick, John. "On Conflicting Religious Truth-Claims," p. 487.

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Closely related to knowledge and belief is how to interpret

1826:

included religious elements and theories about deities, and

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Cornell University Press. The quote is from Wittgenstein's

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Hick, John. "On Conflicting Religious Truth-Claims," p. 487

4404:

Benton, Matthew; Hawthorne, John; Rabinowitz, Dani (2018).

3283: 3197: 3165: 2953: 2937:

is the source of human problems, while for Buddhism, it is

2926: 2841: 2738: 2597: 2481:

The topic of whether religious beliefs are compatible with

139: 5209:(Winter 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming" 3021:

monotheistic religious philosophy is the problem of human

1834:. In the Western world, early modern philosophers such as 13283: 10462: 10427: 9102: 8461: 6017: 5203:

Hasker, William; Taliaferro, Charles (26 December 2005).

5127:

Hasker, William; Taliaferro, Charles (26 December 2005).

4403: 3652: 3278:

part of it. These are details. (van Inwagen 1992: 245–46)

2147: 262: 3160:

World religions put forth various theories which affirm

2524:

Integration or unification model includes projects like

1985:

outlines roughly three kinds of historical monotheisms:

5718:

Third Ed. (Florida: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1998)

5205:"Hasker, William and Taliaferro, Charles, "Afterlife", 5129:"Hasker, William and Taliaferro, Charles, "Afterlife", 3579:

need not reflect some literal picture of reality (as a

3434:., one of its most prominent defenders, has argued for 3010:

it is what God commands are defending a version of the

1871:, the necessarily prior cause of eternal motion was an 1849:

The philosophy of religion has been distinguished from

7367: 5687:(Philosophy of Religion from an Islamic Point of View) 1830:

was strongly influenced by the big three monotheistic

5839:

Introductory Articles Into the Philosophy of Religion

5824:

Useful annotated index of religious philosophy topics

3385:

In the modern Western study of religion, the work of

3017:

Another important topic which is widely discussed in

2612:

cannot deduce from the fact that our experiences are

2253:(Primary philosophy, 1966). Both of them rely on the 3725: 3343:

which could be interpreted as a form of inclusivism.

3184:, Monotheistic religions like Christianity and many 2237:

the strongest positions of evidentialism is that by

5834:

The Australasian Philosophy of Religion Association

3002:(τὸ ὅσιον, i.e. what is morally good) loved by the 2662:

reasonable, but it certainly is not obviously true.

2515:Independence model, both have separate domains, or 2008:The attempt to provide proofs or arguments for the 3602: 4298:"Forrest, Peter, "The Epistemology of Religion", 3595:. This approach is generally termed non-realist. 2848: 14417: 5322:"Taliaferro, Charles, "Philosophy of Religion", 5202: 5126: 4840: 4331:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 177–211, 3655:, concepts of the nature of God, and many more. 3207:One major issue with soul beliefs is that since 5679:, by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2010) 5122: 5120: 5118: 4795: 4078:, Professor Barry D. Smith, Crandall University 3071:are examples of miracles claimed by religions. 1895:Different religions have different ideas about 5011:Philosophy of Religion for A Level OCR Edition 4501:(Winter 2016 Edward N. Zalta (ed.) ed.). 2920:which leads to release from suffering and the 2804:in Indian religion) as well as experiences of 12335: 7340: 5868: 5816:An introduction to the Philosophy of Religion 5326:(Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)" 5133:(Winter 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)" 4647:(Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)" 4559:(Fall 2017, Edward N. Zalta (ed.) ed.). 4458: 4302:(Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)" 4246:(Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)" 4010:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion 3492:, a group of philosophers who, influenced by 1663: 5115: 4914:Otto, Rudolf (1996). Alles, Gregory D., ed. 4828:Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 3926:Philosophy of Religion: Thinking about Faith 1885: 5518: 4459:Benton, Matthew; Kvanvig, Jonathan (2022). 4144:see the whole structure of 'Yandell, 2002.' 2020: 12342: 12328: 7347: 7333: 5882: 5875: 5861: 5716:Philosophy of Religion: Selected Readings, 5319: 4096: 3965: 3871: 3320: 1926:are the most common conceptions, while in 1729:. The philosophy of religion differs from 1670: 1656: 7274:Relationship between religion and science 5385: 5383: 4744:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4643:"De Cruz, Helen, "Religion and Science", 3690:, and other works), philosophers such as 3510:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 3096:An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding 3081:school and Greco-Roman philosophers like 2670:, "one might need to be slightly 'cracked 2477:Relationship between religion and science 2249:("The Presumption of Atheism", 1972) and 2180:) and "spontaneous self-transformation" ( 2086:hold that ultimate reality is emptiness ( 9882: 5714:William L. Rowe, William J. Wainwright, 5660:Nielsen, Kai and D.Z. Phillips. (2005). 5324:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5090:Holland, R.F. (1965), "The Miraculous," 4865: 4863: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4764: 4762: 4688: 4686: 4645:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4636: 4634: 4552: 4326: 4300:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4291: 4289: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4025:: History of the philosophy of religion. 3330: 3273:meanwhile, offers the following theory: 2890: 2700: 2561: 2201: 2034: 1964: 1749: 1721:The philosophy of religion differs from 11174: 5434: 5207:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5131:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4821: 4640: 4295: 4244:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4103:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3698:developed what has come to be known as 2547: 2191: 2142:The various philosophical positions of 14: 14418: 6200:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 5677:Al-Nawawi Forty Hadiths and Commentary 5552:(a notable exception is the series of 5524: 5380: 4815: 4737: 4674: 4665: 4494: 4171: 3997:, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, p. 453. 3929:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 16–17. 3899: 3897: 3786:Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion 3551:has been defended by thinkers such as 3188:. This view is also a position on the 2980:teleological suspension of the ethical 2886: 2465:inconsistent and competing revelations 2421:have been associated with this label. 1930:, there are theistic and also various 1769:that also included religious elements. 14081: 12823: 12361: 12323: 11173: 10331: 9881: 7366: 7328: 5856: 5320:Taliaferro, Charles (12 March 2007). 5304: 5278:Paul Dundas (2004). Tara Sethia, ed. 5191: 4860: 4780: 4759: 4719: 4683: 4631: 4284: 4272: 3995:The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy 3922: 3903:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 3867: 3865: 3477: 2572:The Varieties of Religious Experience 2162:argued that everything is "rooted" in 1903:'s concept of 'Ultimate Concern' and 4505:from the original on 20 January 2018 4462:Religious Disagreement and Pluralism 4439:from the original on August 11, 2020 4239: 4188:from the original on August 17, 2020 2621:disprove all religious experiences. 1646:Philosophy of religion article index 543:Proper basis / Reformed epistemology 5808:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5790:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5767:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 5647:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5284:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 123-125. 4724:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4465:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4410:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4215:Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad (Reviewer) 3894: 3676:, as well as his interpretation of 2360:commitment such as trusting in God. 2326: 2317:whether one has rationally assessed 2293:If this is not so, then we risk an 1890: 24: 11143:Religions and spiritual traditions 7369:Religious groups and denominations 5670: 5441:. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 19. 5215:from the original on 18 March 2019 5139:from the original on 18 March 2019 4917:Autobiographical and Social Essays 4653:from the original on 18 March 2019 4641:De Cruz, Helen (17 January 2017). 4563:from the original on 18 March 2019 4308:from the original on 18 March 2019 4097:Wainwright, William (2006-12-21). 3969:The Epistemology of Spirit Beliefs 3966:Van Eyghen, Hans (14 April 2023). 3862: 2398:and the orthodox view of Catholic 2012:is one aspect of what is known as 1755:Pythagoreans Celebrate the Sunrise 25: 14462: 5847:, commentary by Rev Dr Wally Shaw 5797: 5747: 5741:https://ssrn.com/abstract=4731439 5636: 5571:Peterson, Michael et al. (2003). 5092:American Philosophical Quarterly 2538:evolutionary theories of religion 14399: 14398: 14385: 12303: 12294: 12293: 12107:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11249:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7309: 7308: 7298: 5771: 5654: 5630: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5546: 5509: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5428: 5419: 5332:from the original on 2 July 2019 4553:Amesbury, Richard (6 May 2005). 4296:Forrest, Peter (23 April 1997). 3882:from the original on 2 July 2019 3758:List of philosophers of religion 3742: 3728: 3504:. A similar view can be seen in 3463:Civilization and Its Discontents 10714:Evolutionary origin of religion 5528:Analytic philosophy of religion 5525:Harris, James Franklin (2002). 5410: 5401: 5392: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5295: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5182: 5173: 5160: 5151: 5106: 5097: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5057: 5025: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4851: 4834: 4804:from the original on 2019-03-18 4771: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4546: 4537: 4488: 4479: 4451: 4425: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4320: 4263: 4252:from the original on 2019-03-18 4233: 4224: 4209: 4200: 4174:"Idealism in Yogācāra Buddhism" 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4109:from the original on 2019-03-18 4090: 4081: 4062: 4040: 3823: 3615:Analytic Philosophy of Religion 3603:Analytic philosophy of religion 3560:and the Buddhist philosophy of 2974:as well as by theologians like 2390:The hope model, faith as hoping 2356:Faith as trusting, as making a 2272:and hence are sometimes called 12349: 11065:Separation of church and state 9723:Polytheistic reconstructionism 5038:. Mar 20, 2017. Archived from 4796:Gellman, Jerome (2004-11-11). 4028: 4016: 4001: 3986: 3959: 3950: 3916: 3779:Issues in Science and Religion 3129:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus 2849:Perennialism vs Constructivism 2741:and the Biblical story of the 2717:reveals his universal form to 13: 1: 14082: 8701:Traditional Sabahan religions 5841:from University of Notre Dame 5692:London Philosophy Study Guide 5435:Kvanvig, Jonathan L. (2018). 5281:Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism 4495:Bishop, John (23 June 2010). 4172:Butler, Sean (Sep 27, 2011). 4101:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 3855: 3599:between competing religions. 3484:Problem of religious language 3446:towards all of them (or even 2666:In other words, as argued by 2542:Cognitive science of religion 2375:(defended by figures such as 1960: 13871:Ordinary language philosophy 12362: 7354: 7239:Desacralization of knowledge 5828:Philosophy of Religion .Info 4337:10.1017/cbo9781139149884.007 3683:Philosophical Investigations 3219:person that existed before. 3149: 3112:Epistemic theory of miracles 2508:and the current debate over 2467:of the different religions. 1882:, as a part of metaphysics. 7: 13921:Contemporary utilitarianism 13836:Internalism and externalism 10923:National religiosity levels 10148:Nauruan Indigenous religion 9703:Hellenism (modern religion) 6651:Best of all possible worlds 6608:Eschatological verification 6165:Fine-tuning of the universe 5573:Reason and Religious Belief 4242:"Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", 4240:Chan, Alan (October 2009). 4230:Yandell, 2002, p. 105. 4206:Yandell, 2002, p. 101. 3721: 3335:Jain philosophers, such as 3044: 2737:who died due to her seeing 1745: 235:Best of all possible worlds 10: 14467: 13185:Svatantrika and Prasangika 12824: 10332: 5607:Creegan, Charles. (1989). 5014:. Nelson Thornes. p. 211. 4162:Yandell, 2002, p. 90. 4023:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3923:Evans, C. Stephen (1985). 3606: 3502:theological noncognitivism 3496:, put forth the theory of 3481: 3324: 3153: 3048: 2878:Some constructivists like 2551: 2517:non-overlapping magisteria 2474: 2470: 2444:The Protestant theologian 2195: 2168:(non-being, nothingness), 2024: 1915:or an impersonal reality. 1818:. Greek philosophies like 134:Scripture (religious text) 29: 14379: 14331: 14231: 14193: 14140: 14107: 14098: 14094: 14077: 14027: 13939: 13777: 13768: 13701: 13484: 13475: 13453: 13408: 13350: 13302: 13256: 13247: 13210: 13081: 12946: 12893: 12884: 12834: 12830: 12819: 12758: 12730: 12687: 12639: 12596: 12549: 12521: 12473: 12445: 12407:Philosophy of mathematics 12397:Philosophy of information 12372: 12368: 12357: 12289: 12208: 12125: 11997: 11742: 11467: 11184: 11180: 11169: 11078: 11003: 10779: 10687: 10624: 10342: 10338: 10327: 9890: 9877: 9802: 9625: 9607:Transcendental Meditation 9500: 9487: 9452: 9200: 9177: 9166: 9093: 9056: 8780: 8676: 8658: 8602: 8593: 8510: 8438: 8289: 8280: 8238: 8210: 8168: 8101: 8092: 8083: 8049: 8016: 7988: 7979: 7929: 7796: 7483: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7375: 7362: 7294: 7226: 7130: 7015: 6935: 6870: 6792: 6699: 6684: 6636: 6598: 6310: 6235: 6110: 6101: 6031: 5968: 5959: 5890: 5595:Adams, Robert M. (1987). 4887:Yandell, 2002, p. 40, 47. 4841:Van Eyghen, Hans (2020). 3905:"Philosophy of Religion." 3581:picture theory of meaning 3457:The Future of an Illusion 2990:, famously stated in the 2912:find the highest Good in 2558:Phenomenology of religion 2208:Blind men and an elephant 1886:Basic themes and problems 11234:Central African Republic 8248:Vietnamese folk religion 7639:Charismatic Christianity 6880:Friedrich Schleiermacher 6466:Theories about religions 6268:Inconsistent revelations 5803:"Philosophy of Religion" 5785:"Philosophy of religion" 5662:Wittgensteinian Fideism? 5621:Philosophy's Cool Place. 5619:Phillips, D. Z. (1999). 5583:Mackie, John L. (1982). 4963:Meister 2009, p. 171-74. 4738:Benton, Matthew (2024). 4720:Stump, Eleonore (2010). 4269:Yandell, 2002, p. 53-54. 4105:(Spring 2017 ed.). 3878:(Winter 2014 ed.). 3816: 3700:contemplative philosophy 3667:reformed epistemologists 3037:(free will is true) and 2844:, transient and passive. 2755:Friedrich Schleiermacher 2745:. Indian texts like the 2696: 2687:William Brede Kristensen 2290:reformed epistemologists 2282:reformed epistemologists 2239:William Kingdon Clifford 2076:interdependent relations 2021:Non-theistic conceptions 1233:Friedrich Schleiermacher 1040:Philosophers of religion 30:Not to be confused with 14441:Religion and government 13876:Postanalytic philosophy 13817:Experimental philosophy 11128:New religious movements 10766:Theories about religion 10719:Evolutionary psychology 9748:Modern Finnish paganism 7715:Independent Catholicism 5515:Meister 2009, p. 15-18. 5416:Meister 2009, p. 15-16. 4126:Rowe 2007, p. 179. 4047:Encyclopædia Britannica 4035:Encyclopædia Britannica 3992:Bunnin, N, Tsui-James, 3708:Philosophy's Cool Place 3339:, defended a theory of 3321:Diversity and pluralism 3126:of natural law. In the 3031:Theological determinism 2405:Another position on is 2321:Argument from nonbelief 1953:and different forms of 653:Incompatible properties 14426:Philosophy of religion 14009:Social constructionism 13021:Hellenistic philosophy 12437:Theoretical philosophy 12412:Philosophy of religion 12402:Philosophy of language 11777:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9763:Erzyan native religion 9612:Unitarian Universalism 8991:Native American Church 7759:Oneness Pentecostalism 6744:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 5884:Philosophy of religion 5822:Philosophy of Religion 5778:Philosophy of religion 5763:Philosophy of religion 5754:Philosophy of religion 5703:Philosophy of Religion 4847:. Bloomsbury Academic. 3875:Philosophy of Religion 3811:Philosophical theology 3773:Definition of religion 3628: 3587:, B. R. Tilghman, and 3525:verification principle 3415:, the thinkers of the 3344: 3295:reincarnation research 3291:near death experiences 3280: 3232: 3114:and was argued for by 2905: 2721: 2664: 2576: 2211: 2198:Belief § Religion 2044: 1979: 1799:philosophy of religion 1770: 1712:philosophy of language 1683:Philosophy of religion 1097:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 54:Philosophy of religion 18:Philosophy of Religion 14446:Religion and politics 14392:Philosophy portal 13911:Scientific skepticism 13891:Reformed epistemology 12417:Philosophy of science 12097:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11394:São Tomé and Príncipe 11254:Republic of the Congo 9460:Aboriginal Australian 8111:Chinese folk religion 7279:Faith and rationality 7234:Criticism of religion 7172:Robert Merrihew Adams 7162:Nicholas Wolterstorff 6365:Divine command theory 5531:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 5157:Rowe 2007, pp 150-151 5112:Meister 2009, p. 191. 4999:Davies 1993, pg. 174. 4990:Davies 1993, pg. 171. 4981:Davies 1993, pg. 168. 4896:Meister 2009, p. 180. 4777:Meister 2009, p. 176. 4710:Meister 2009, p. 177. 4701:Meister 2009, p. 170. 4692:Yandell, 2002, p. 39. 4610:Meister 2009, p. 150. 4601:Meister 2009, p. 148. 4384:Meister 2009, p. 163. 4375:Meister 2009, p. 161. 3645:Robert Merrihew Adams 3623: 3619:James Franklin Harris 3607:Further information: 3417:Traditionalist School 3366:Religious exclusivism 3334: 3275: 3227: 3065:Resurrection of Jesus 3012:Divine command theory 2894: 2704: 2659: 2581:religious experiences 2565: 2437:Several contemporary 2373:without actual belief 2348:Reformed epistemology 2205: 2038: 2025:Further information: 1968: 1753: 1716:philosophy of science 1610:Faith and rationality 1595:Criticism of religion 1518:Robert Merrihew Adams 1508:Nicholas Wolterstorff 997:Secular Shrine Theory 831:Divine command theory 628:Fate of the unlearned 13812:Critical rationalism 13519:Edo neo-Confucianism 13363:Acintya bheda abheda 13342:Renaissance humanism 13053:School of the Sextii 12427:Practical philosophy 12422:Political philosophy 11719:United Arab Emirates 10510:Religious experience 9884:Historical religions 8268:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 7600:Schwenkfelder Church 7269:Religious philosophy 6749:Pico della Mirandola 6714:Anselm of Canterbury 6646:Augustinian theodicy 6558:Religious skepticism 5891:Concepts in religion 5780:at Wikimedia Commons 5407:Meister 2009, p. 15. 5188:Davies 1993, p. 213. 4954:Rowe 2007, pp 73, 78 4768:Davies 1993, p. 121. 3801:Religious naturalism 3796:Nontheistic religion 3763:Comparative theology 3069:Miracles of Muhammad 2834:Mystical experiences 2691:Gerard van der Leeuw 2638:infantile regression 2554:Religious experience 2548:Religious experience 2192:Knowledge and belief 2027:Nontheistic religion 1780:religious experience 1765:is one example of a 1723:religious philosophy 1630:Religious philosophy 1625:Religion and science 1615:History of religions 1102:Pico della Mirandola 1062:Anselm of Canterbury 784:Theories of religion 32:Religious philosophy 27:Branch of philosophy 14431:Philosophy by topic 13383:Nimbarka Sampradaya 13294:Korean Confucianism 13041:Academic Skepticism 12112:Trinidad and Tobago 12007:Antigua and Barbuda 11175:Religion by country 10236:Cult of Magna Mater 8738:Philippine Dayawism 8319:Nimbarka Sampradaya 8067:Chinese Manichaeism 7739:Jehovah's Witnesses 7544:Proto-Protestantism 7254:History of religion 6955:Friedrich Nietzsche 6832:Gottfried W Leibniz 6827:Nicolas Malebranche 6759:King James VI and I 6039:Abrahamic religions 5470:Davies 1993, p. 6-7 5389:Meister 2009, p. 36 5377:Meister 2009, p. 35 5260:Meister 2009, p. 28 5166:Russell, Bertrand. 4628:Davies 1993, p. 17. 4329:Lectures and Essays 3674:Ludwig Wittgenstein 3643:, Alvin Plantinga, 3609:Analytic philosophy 3515:In a similar vein, 3327:Religious pluralism 3186:Indian philosophers 2887:Religion and ethics 2305:The Will to Believe 2218:, metaphysical and 2152:Taoist philosophers 1922:, various forms of 1832:Abrahamic religions 1828:Medieval philosophy 1298:Friedrich Nietzsche 1185:Gottfried W Leibniz 1180:Nicolas Malebranche 1112:King James VI and I 679:Omnipotence paradox 444:Fine-tuned universe 331:Process-theological 14004:Post-structuralism 13906:Scientific realism 13861:Quinean naturalism 13841:Logical positivism 13797:Analytical Marxism 13016:Peripatetic school 12928:Chinese naturalism 12455:Aesthetic response 12382:Applied philosophy 12047:Dominican Republic 11093:Abrahamic prophets 10187:Proto-Indo-Iranian 8711:Aliran Kepercayaan 7914:Non-denominational 7836:Modernist Salafism 7522:Oriental Orthodoxy 7264:Religious language 7244:Ethics in religion 7202:William Lane Craig 7077:Charles Hartshorne 6817:Desiderius Erasmus 6719:Augustine of Hippo 6661:Inconsistent triad 6623:Apophatic theology 6618:Logical positivism 6600:Religious language 6220:Watchmaker analogy 6185:Necessary existent 5961:Conceptions of God 5921:Intelligent design 5708:2016-03-03 at the 5697:2009-09-23 at the 5506:Davies 1993, p. 30 5497:Davies 1993, p. 29 5488:Davies 1993, p. 24 5479:Davies 1993, p. 23 5438:Faith and Humility 5103:Davies, 1993, 209. 5033:"Hume on Miracles" 4945:Rowe 2007, pg. 72. 4178:The Hilltop Review 4074:2011-09-06 at the 4056:2015-05-11 at the 3910:2018-06-11 at the 3768:Conceptions of God 3633:logical positivism 3498:Logical positivism 3478:Religious language 3345: 3236:J. M. E. McTaggart 2978:who argued for a ' 2906: 2897:Sacrifice of Isaac 2729:). Experiences of 2722: 2642:sexual frustration 2577: 2381:J. L. Schellenberg 2274:non-evidentialists 2212: 2115:The Hindu view of 2082:Buddhists such as 2045: 1980: 1771: 1742:or non-believers. 1600:Ethics in religion 1558:William Lane Craig 1478:J. L. Schellenberg 1418:Charles Hartshorne 1170:Desiderius Erasmus 1067:Augustine of Hippo 563:Intelligent design 479:Necessary existent 439:Existential choice 241:Inconsistent triad 187:Religious language 182:Logical positivism 96:Intelligent design 14451:Religious studies 14413: 14412: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14073: 14072: 14069: 14068: 14065: 14064: 13792:Analytic feminism 13764: 13763: 13726:Kierkegaardianism 13688:Transcendentalism 13648:Neo-scholasticism 13494:Classical Realism 13471: 13470: 13243: 13242: 13058:Neopythagoreanism 12815: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12432:Social philosophy 12317: 12316: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12280: 11269:Equatorial Guinea 11165: 11164: 11161: 11160: 10704:Cognitive science 10323: 10322: 10256:Mysteries of Isis 10030:Frankish paganism 9873: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9617:White Brotherhood 9483: 9482: 9448: 9447: 8772:Sundanese Wiwitan 8589: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8314:Brahma Sampradaya 8276: 8275: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8057:Assianism/Uatsdin 7975: 7974: 7744:British Israelism 7730:Nontrinitarianism 7693:Plymouth Brethren 7688:Nondenominational 7622:Congregationalism 7510:Eastern Orthodoxy 7458:Reconstructionist 7322: 7321: 7222: 7221: 7182:Peter van Inwagen 7167:Richard Swinburne 7112:George I Mavrodes 6972:Vladimir Solovyov 6912:Søren Kierkegaard 6837:William Wollaston 6784:William of Ockham 6764:Marcion of Sinope 6666:Irenaean theodicy 6656:Euthyphro dilemma 6583:Transcendentalism 6412:Womanist theology 6402:Feminist theology 6306: 6305: 6097: 6096: 5983:Divine simplicity 5903:Euthyphro dilemma 5776:Media related to 5722:Religious Studies 5685:978-1-4563-6735-0 5625:Culture and Value 5554:Michael B. Forest 5461:Davies 1993, p. 4 5448:978-0-19-253727-0 5398:Rowe 2007, pp 184 5368:Rowe 2007, pp 186 5350:Rowe 2007, pp 185 5290:978-81-208-2036-4 5242:Rowe 2007, pp 182 5233:Rowe 2007, pp 181 5179:Rowe 2007, pp 159 5081:Rowe 2007, pp 144 5072:Rowe 2007, pp 143 5063:Rowe 2007, pp 142 5020:978-0-7487-8078-5 4972:Rowe 2007, pp 180 4934:978-3-110-14519-9 4922:Walter de Gruyter 4905:Rowe, 2007, p. 70 4741:Knowledge and God 4366:Rowe 2007, pp 106 4346:978-1-139-14988-4 4281:Rowe 2007, pp 105 4099:"Concepts of God" 4007:Wainwright, WJ., 3936:978-0-87784-343-6 3847:Richard Swinburne 3835:John Polkinghorne 3806:Religious studies 3736:Philosophy portal 3688:Culture and Value 3678:Søren Kierkegaard 3661:free will defense 3299:parapsychological 3271:Peter van Inwagen 3213:personal identity 3190:mind body problem 2992:Platonic dialogue 2988:Euthyphro dilemma 2922:rounds of rebirth 2812:in Hinduism, and 2705:Depiction of the 2590:Richard Swinburne 2243:A Will to Believe 2119:, as defended by 2096:holds that it is 2003:divine providence 1928:Eastern religions 1920:Western religions 1736:religious studies 1680: 1679: 1580: 1579: 1528:Peter van Inwagen 1513:Richard Swinburne 1453:George I Mavrodes 1313:Vladimir Solovyov 1263:Søren Kierkegaard 1190:William Wollaston 1137:William of Ockham 1117:Marcion of Sinope 1027:Transcendentalism 774: 773: 697: 696: 664:No limits fallacy 595:Arguments against 553:Responses to evil 469:Mystical idealism 253: 252: 177:Euthyphro dilemma 16:(Redirected from 14458: 14402: 14401: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14105: 14104: 14096: 14095: 14079: 14078: 13969:Frankfurt School 13916:Transactionalism 13866:Normative ethics 13846:Legal positivism 13822:Falsificationism 13807:Consequentialism 13802:Communitarianism 13775: 13774: 13643:New Confucianism 13482: 13481: 13289:Neo-Confucianism 13254: 13253: 13063:Second Sophistic 13048:Middle Platonism 12891: 12890: 12832: 12831: 12821: 12820: 12664:Epiphenomenalism 12531:Consequentialism 12465:Institutionalism 12370: 12369: 12359: 12358: 12344: 12337: 12330: 12321: 12320: 12307: 12297: 12296: 12175:Papua New Guinea 12150:Marshall Islands 11977:Northern Ireland 11182: 11181: 11171: 11170: 11055:Secular theology 11050:Secular humanism 10340: 10339: 10329: 10328: 10204:Ancestral Pueblo 9879: 9878: 9498: 9497: 9175: 9174: 8600: 8599: 8356:Shaiva Siddhanta 8287: 8286: 8220:Korean shamanism 8099: 8098: 8090: 8089: 7986: 7985: 7899:Mahdawi movement 7769:Swedenborgianism 7749:Christadelphians 7395: 7394: 7386: 7385: 7377: 7376: 7364: 7363: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7326: 7325: 7312: 7311: 7302: 7207:Ali Akbar Rashad 7070:Reinhold Niebuhr 7030:Bertrand Russell 7025:George Santayana 6922:Albrecht Ritschl 6907:Ludwig Feuerbach 6697: 6696: 6693:(by date active) 6553:Process theology 6298:Russell's teapot 6108: 6107: 6103:Existence of God 6013:Process theology 5966: 5965: 5951:Theological veto 5914:religious belief 5877: 5870: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5845:Hume on Miracles 5812: 5799:Zalta, Edward N. 5794: 5775: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5638:Zalta, Edward N. 5634: 5628: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5317: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5200: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5124: 5113: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4878:Rowe 2007, pp 88 4876: 4870: 4869:Rowe 2007, pp 85 4867: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4793: 4778: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4735: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4638: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4550: 4544: 4543:Rowe 2007, pp 93 4541: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4522: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4492: 4486: 4485:Rowe 2007, pp 91 4483: 4477: 4476: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4400: 4394: 4393:Rowe 2007, pp 98 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4293: 4282: 4279: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4066: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4005: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3920: 3914: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3869: 3849: 3827: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3669:like Plantinga. 3234:Contra Russell, 3223:Bertrand Russell 3162:life after death 2972:Bertrand Russell 2865:). According to 2673: 2646:Bertrand Russell 2530:process theology 2526:natural theology 2450:natural theology 2400:natural theology 2327:Faith and reason 2295:infinite regress 2270:without evidence 2234:Bertrand Russell 2051:, which holds a 2014:natural theology 2010:existence of God 1939:existence of God 1909:Idea of the Holy 1897:ultimate reality 1891:Ultimate reality 1767:Greek philosophy 1759:Fyodor Bronnikov 1672: 1665: 1658: 1620:Natural theology 1563:Ali Akbar Rashad 1411:Reinhold Niebuhr 1361:Bertrand Russell 1356:George Santayana 1273:Albrecht Ritschl 1258:Ludwig Feuerbach 1045: 1044: 690:Russell's teapot 680: 660: 648:Hitchens's razor 491:Nyayakusumanjali 362: 361: 301:Form of the Good 268: 267: 236: 166: 165: 150:Theological veto 135: 118: 117:Religious belief 41: 40: 21: 14466: 14465: 14461: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14409: 14386: 14384: 14363: 14327: 14227: 14189: 14136: 14090: 14089: 14061: 14050:Russian cosmism 14023: 14019:Western Marxism 13984:New Historicism 13949:Critical theory 13935: 13931:Wittgensteinian 13827:Foundationalism 13760: 13697: 13678:Social contract 13534:Foundationalism 13467: 13449: 13433:Illuminationism 13418:Aristotelianism 13404: 13393:Vishishtadvaita 13346: 13298: 13239: 13206: 13077: 13006:Megarian school 13001:Eretrian school 12942: 12903:Agriculturalism 12880: 12826: 12807: 12754: 12726: 12683: 12635: 12592: 12576:Incompatibilism 12545: 12517: 12469: 12441: 12364: 12353: 12348: 12318: 12313: 12277: 12204: 12185:Solomon Islands 12121: 11993: 11897:North Macedonia 11738: 11463: 11176: 11157: 11118:Mass gatherings 11086: 11081: 11074: 11013: 11008: 10999: 10938:Religiocentrism 10918:National church 10786: 10783: 10775: 10690: 10683: 10620: 10542:Bodies of water 10334: 10319: 10104:Jamaican Maroon 9886: 9861: 9798: 9628: 9621: 9492: 9490: 9479: 9444: 9418:Trinidad Orisha 9203: 9196: 9169: 9162: 9089: 9052: 9028:Washat Dreamers 8783: 8776: 8672: 8654: 8581: 8555:Srilankan Vedda 8506: 8434: 8309:Sri Vaishnavism 8272: 8234: 8206: 8164: 8071: 8045: 8012: 7971: 7925: 7850:Twelver Shi'ism 7792: 7654:Neo-charismatic 7627:Presbyterianism 7479: 7371: 7358: 7353: 7323: 7318: 7290: 7218: 7214:Alexander Pruss 7197:Jean-Luc Marion 7152:Alvin Plantinga 7147:Dewi Z Phillips 7134: 7132: 7126: 7097:Walter Kaufmann 7087:Frithjof Schuon 7060:Rudolf Bultmann 7017: 7011: 7007:Joseph Maréchal 6997:Pavel Florensky 6992:Sergei Bulgakov 6977:Ernst Troeltsch 6960:Harald Høffding 6937: 6931: 6902:William Whewell 6890:Georg W F Hegel 6885:Karl C F Krause 6872: 6866: 6862:Johann G Herder 6852:Baron d'Holbach 6802:Augustin Calmet 6788: 6704: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6680: 6638:Problem of evil 6632: 6628:Verificationism 6594: 6302: 6248:Atheist's Wager 6231: 6093: 6027: 5955: 5931:Problem of evil 5886: 5881: 5783: 5750: 5710:Wayback Machine 5699:Wayback Machine 5673: 5671:Further reading 5668: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5635: 5631: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5318: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5125: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4839: 4835: 4820: 4816: 4807: 4805: 4794: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4732: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4584: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4526: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4347: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4076:Wayback Machine 4067: 4063: 4058:Wayback Machine 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4006: 4002: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3912:Wayback Machine 3902: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3843:Alvin Plantinga 3828: 3824: 3819: 3750:Religion portal 3748: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3611: 3605: 3543:, negation and 3486: 3480: 3329: 3323: 3158: 3152: 3093:, Section X of 3053: 3047: 2910:Advaita Vedanta 2889: 2851: 2699: 2671: 2655:William L. Rowe 2560: 2550: 2502:Conflict thesis 2479: 2473: 2329: 2286:Alvin Plantinga 2276:. They include 2251:Michael Scriven 2200: 2194: 2117:Advaita Vedanta 2033: 2023: 1963: 1893: 1888: 1844:George Berkeley 1806:, the works of 1775:William L. Rowe 1748: 1676: 1640: 1639: 1590: 1582: 1581: 1573:Alexander Pruss 1553:Jean-Luc Marion 1543:Herman Philipse 1498:Alvin Plantinga 1493:Dewi Z Phillips 1438:Walter Kaufmann 1428:Frithjof Schuon 1401:Rudolf Bultmann 1391:Pavel Florensky 1371:Sergei Bulgakov 1338:Joseph Maréchal 1318:Ernst Troeltsch 1303:Harald Høffding 1283:Usman dan Fodio 1253:William Whewell 1243:Georg W F Hegel 1238:Karl C F Krause 1215:Johann G Herder 1205:Baron d'Holbach 1155:Augustin Calmet 1042: 1032: 1031: 1002:Shendao shejiao 786: 776: 775: 678: 658: 638:God of the gaps 608:Atheist's wager 296:Divinely simple 281:Anthropopathism 265: 255: 254: 234: 208:Problem of evil 192:Verificationism 163: 155: 154: 133: 128:Religious faith 116: 66: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14464: 14454: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14411: 14410: 14408: 14407: 14395: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14373: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14362: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14335: 14333: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14248: 14243: 14237: 14235: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14199: 14197: 14195:Middle Eastern 14191: 14190: 14188: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14146: 14144: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14113: 14111: 14102: 14092: 14091: 14088: 14087: 14083: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14059: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14031: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13959:Existentialism 13956: 13954:Deconstruction 13951: 13945: 13943: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13787:Applied ethics 13783: 13781: 13772: 13766: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13758: 13753: 13751:Nietzscheanism 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13722: 13721: 13711: 13705: 13703: 13699: 13698: 13696: 13695: 13693:Utilitarianism 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13591:Transcendental 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13558: 13557: 13556: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13529:Existentialism 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13485: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13459: 13457: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13442: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13414: 13412: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13402: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13317:Augustinianism 13314: 13308: 13306: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13260: 13258: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13232: 13230:Zoroastrianism 13227: 13222: 13216: 13214: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13145: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13087: 13085: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13075: 13073:Church Fathers 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12955: 12953: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12899: 12897: 12888: 12882: 12881: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12846: 12840: 12838: 12828: 12827: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12764: 12762: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12736: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12693: 12691: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12645: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12602: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12588:Libertarianism 12585: 12584: 12583: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12561: 12555: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12527: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12479: 12477: 12471: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12451: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12392:Metaphilosophy 12389: 12384: 12378: 12376: 12366: 12365: 12355: 12354: 12347: 12346: 12339: 12332: 12324: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12311: 12301: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12131: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12003: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11967:United Kingdom 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11748: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11589: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11473: 11471: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11190: 11188: 11178: 11177: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11089: 11087: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11060:Secularization 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11040:Deconstruction 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11016: 11014: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10893:Fundamentalism 10890: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10800: 10795: 10789: 10787: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10695: 10693: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10371: 10369:Call to prayer 10366: 10361: 10356: 10354:Disaffiliation 10346: 10344: 10336: 10335: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10228: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10052:Greco-Buddhism 10049: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10012: 10007: 10006: 10005: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9946: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9782: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9649: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9633: 9631: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9504: 9502: 9495: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9456: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9413:Tambor de Mina 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9190:Guanche church 9181: 9179: 9172: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9099: 9097: 9095:Tibeto-Burmese 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9064: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9008: 9003: 9001:Nuu-chah-nulth 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8910:Muscogee Creek 8907: 8902: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8799: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8767:Sumbese Marapu 8764: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8688: 8686:Batak Parmalim 8682: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8664: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8608: 8606: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8525: 8520: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8497: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8450: 8444: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8295: 8293: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8174: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8107: 8105: 8096: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7998:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 7994: 7992: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7735:Bible Students 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7705:Restorationism 7702: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7661:Evangelicalism 7658: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7572: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7489: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7403: 7401: 7392: 7383: 7373: 7372: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7306: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7227:Related topics 7224: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7187:Daniel Dennett 7184: 7179: 7177:Ravi Zacharias 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7142:William L Rowe 7138: 7136: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7117:William Alston 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7065:Gabriel Marcel 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7004: 7002:Ernst Cassirer 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6897:Thomas Carlyle 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6822:Baruch Spinoza 6819: 6814: 6809: 6807:René Descartes 6804: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6779:Thomas Aquinas 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6694: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6548:Possibilianism 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6424:Fundamentalism 6421: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6385:Existentialism 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Noncognitivism 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6227:Transcendental 6224: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6195:Pascal's wager 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6130: 6125: 6123:Christological 6120: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818:by Paul Newall 5813: 5795: 5781: 5769: 5760: 5749: 5748:External links 5746: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5734: 5729: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5688: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5653: 5629: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5545: 5538:978-1402005305 5537: 5517: 5508: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5447: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5303: 5294: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5159: 5150: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5056: 5024: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4859: 4850: 4833: 4814: 4779: 4770: 4758: 4750: 4730: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4545: 4536: 4487: 4478: 4471: 4450: 4424: 4416: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4345: 4319: 4283: 4271: 4262: 4232: 4223: 4208: 4199: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4089: 4080: 4061: 4039: 4027: 4015: 4000: 3985: 3978: 3958: 3949: 3935: 3915: 3893: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3739: 3723: 3720: 3696:Norman Malcolm 3637:William Alston 3604: 3601: 3589:D. Z. Phillips 3585:Norman Malcolm 3572:language games 3529:falsifiability 3482:Main article: 3479: 3476: 3400:'s concept of 3322: 3319: 3307:Henry Sidgwick 3154:Main article: 3151: 3148: 3049:Main article: 3046: 3043: 3039:Predestination 3035:libertarianism 2998:" as: "Is the 2984: 2983: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2888: 2885: 2880:Steven T. Katz 2859:Constructivism 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2831: 2828: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2698: 2695: 2650:hallucinations 2602:Eleonore Stump 2594:William Alston 2549: 2546: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2475:Main article: 2472: 2469: 2431:language games 2396:Thomas Aquinas 2392: 2391: 2388: 2369: 2363:The practical 2361: 2354: 2351: 2344: 2328: 2325: 2303:in his essay " 2193: 2190: 2022: 2019: 1962: 1959: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1820:Pythagoreanism 1816:Buddhist texts 1763:Pythagoreanism 1747: 1744: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1660: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1589:Related topics 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1568:Yujin Nagasawa 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523:Ravi Zacharias 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488:William L Rowe 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1458:William Alston 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1406:Gabriel Marcel 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1333:Ernst Cassirer 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248:Thomas Carlyle 1245: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1175:Baruch Spinoza 1172: 1167: 1162: 1160:René Descartes 1157: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1132:Thomas Aquinas 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 948: 947: 942: 937: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 906: 905: 900: 895: 885: 880: 875: 873:Fundamentalism 870: 865: 864: 863: 858: 851:Existentialism 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 787: 782: 781: 778: 777: 772: 771: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 704: 703: 699: 698: 695: 694: 693: 692: 687: 682: 675: 673:Noncognitivism 670: 665: 662: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 613:Creator of God 610: 605: 597: 596: 592: 591: 590: 589: 587:Transcendental 584: 579: 578: 577: 576: 575: 565: 555: 550: 545: 540: 538:Pascal's wager 535: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 498: 493: 488: 487: 486: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 420: 419: 414: 409: 397: 392: 391: 390: 385: 378:Christological 375: 367: 366: 358: 357: 351: 350: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 275: 274: 266: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 238: 231: 230: 229: 224: 211: 210: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 197:eschatological 189: 184: 179: 174: 172:Ethical egoism 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 130: 125: 120: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 67: 61: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14463: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14406: 14405: 14396: 14394: 14393: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14332:Miscellaneous 14330: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14192: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14143: 14139: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14110: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14058: 14057: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14028:Miscellaneous 14026: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14014:Structuralism 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13999:Postmodernism 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13989:Phenomenology 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13938: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13926:Vienna Circle 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13856:Moral realism 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13720: 13717: 13716: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13704: 13700: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13658:Phenomenology 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13598:Individualism 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13474: 13464: 13463:Judeo-Islamic 13461: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13439:ʿIlm al-Kalām 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13407: 13401: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13388:Shuddhadvaita 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13322:Scholasticism 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13261: 13259: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13246: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13209: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13084: 13080: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12945: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12883: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12822: 12818: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12773:Conceptualism 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12702:Particularism 12700: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12686: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12669:Functionalism 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12654:Eliminativism 12652: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12559:Compatibilism 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12520: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12498:Particularism 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12345: 12340: 12338: 12333: 12331: 12326: 12325: 12322: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12300: 12292: 12291: 12288: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12210:South America 12207: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12118: 12117:United States 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11999:North America 11996: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11857:Liechtenstein 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11466: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11309:Guinea-Bissau 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11172: 11168: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11133:Organizations 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11077: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10963:Vegetarianism 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10908:Homosexuality 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10778: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10729:Neurotheology 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10423:Folk religion 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10326: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10246:Imperial cult 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9876: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9815:Discordianism 9813: 9811: 9810:Anthroposophy 9808: 9807: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9758:Mari religion 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595:Neo-Theosophy 9593: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9533:New Acropolis 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9486: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9451: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9199: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178:North African 9176: 9173: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8932:Kwakwakaʼwakw 8930: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8660:Austroasiatic 8657: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8631:Vattisen Yaly 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8550:Kirat Mundhum 8548: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7909:Milah Abraham 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7565:Protestantism 7563: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7315: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157:Anthony Kenny 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Mircea Eliade 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965:William James 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Ernst Haeckel 6943: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6857:Immanuel Kant 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812:Blaise Pascal 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Language game 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283:Occam's razor 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128:Consciousness 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6023:Unmoved mover 6021: 6019: 6018:Supreme Being 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5663: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5494: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5431: 5422: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5386: 5384: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5298: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5266: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5185: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5109: 5100: 5093: 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5045:on 2017-03-20 5041: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4854: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4822:Galen, Luke. 4818: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4753: 4751:9781009124119 4747: 4743: 4742: 4733: 4731:9780199277421 4727: 4723: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4687: 4677: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4637: 4635: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4590: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4540: 4532: 4520: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4482: 4474: 4472:9780198849865 4468: 4464: 4463: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4419: 4417:9780198798705 4413: 4409: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4266: 4251: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3979:9781003281139 3975: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3716:D.Z. Phillips 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3600: 3596: 3594: 3593:forms of life 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577:language game 3573: 3570:'s theory of 3569: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490:Vienna circle 3485: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3452:Sigmund Freud 3449: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:Aldous Huxley 3410: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303:William James 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124:understanding 3121: 3120:St. Augustine 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2863:Contextualism 2860: 2856: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808:in Buddhism, 2807: 2806:enlightenment 2803: 2802: 2797: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2763:William James 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2747:Bhagavad Gita 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2709:scene in the 2708: 2703: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683:phenomenology 2679: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:fear of death 2626: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2607:According to 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2567:William James 2564: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2458:D.Z. Phillips 2456:. Similarly, 2455: 2454:Neo-orthodoxy 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2427:leap of faith 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:William James 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2301:William James 2298: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2226:Evidentialism 2223: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2123:, is a total 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2039:The Buddhist 2037: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:Keith Yandell 1977: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1873:unmoved mover 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:Thomas Hobbes 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1790:, power, and 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1727:belief-system 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503:Anthony Kenny 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1423:Mircea Eliade 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1308:William James 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Ernst Haeckel 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210:Immanuel Kant 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1165:Blaise Pascal 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 785: 780: 779: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 701: 700: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 663: 661: 659:Inconsistency 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 599: 598: 594: 593: 588: 585: 583: 580: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 497: 496:Occam's Razor 494: 492: 489: 485: 482: 481: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 407: 403: 402: 401: 398: 396: 395:Consciousness 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 369: 368: 365:Arguments for 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 353: 352: 347: 346:Unmoved mover 344: 342: 341:Supreme Being 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 316:Occasionalism 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 277: 276: 273: 270: 269: 264: 259: 258: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 232: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 213: 212: 209: 206: 205: 198: 195: 194: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 159: 158: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 131: 129: 126: 124: 123:Reincarnation 121: 119: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 91:Enlightenment 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 64: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 14397: 14383: 14054: 14045:Postcritique 14035:Kyoto School 13994:Posthumanism 13974:Hermeneutics 13829: / 13770:Contemporary 13746:Newtonianism 13709:Cartesianism 13668:Reductionism 13504:Conservatism 13499:Collectivism 13437: 13165:Sarvāstivadā 13143:Anekantavada 13068:Neoplatonism 13036:Epicureanism 12969:Pythagoreans 12908:Confucianism 12874:Contemporary 12864:Early modern 12768:Anti-realism 12722:Universalism 12679:Subjectivism 12475:Epistemology 12411: 11714:Turkmenistan 11674:Saudi Arabia 11419:South Africa 11409:Sierra Leone 11214:Burkina Faso 11123:Names of God 11070:Unaffiliated 11025:Antireligion 10886:Universalism 10834:Assimilation 10733: 10699:Anthropology 10574:Supernatural 10569:Spirituality 10537:Sacred space 10525:Purification 10398:Denomination 10352: / 10160:Paleo-Balkan 10126:Mesopotamian 9966:Cook Islands 9937:Old Prussian 9850:UFO religion 9789: 9785:Zalmoxianism 9713:Neoshamanism 9570:Spiritualism 9453:Other ethnic 9342: 9168:Traditional 9128:Bongthingism 9016:Acoma Pueblo 8959:Mesoamerican 8678:Austronesian 8499: 8495:Neo-Buddhism 8427: 8423:Neo-Hinduism 8344:Swaminarayan 8182: 8131:Salvationist 8116:Confucianism 7967:Samaritanism 7937:Ali-Illahism 7918: 7785: 7779:Unitarianism 7720:Old Catholic 7527:Nestorianism 7485:Christianity 7472: 7438:Conservative 7283: 7102:Martin Lings 7055:Emil Brunner 7045:Paul Tillich 7035:Martin Buber 6950:W K Clifford 6927:Afrikan Spir 6842:Thomas Chubb 6794:Early modern 6774:Adi Shankara 6687:Philosophers 6671:Natural evil 6587: 6563:Spiritualism 6538:Perennialism 6491:Metaphysical 6335:Antireligion 6210:Teleological 6133:Cosmological 6084:Baháʼí Faith 6049:Christianity 6008:Personal god 5883: 5806: 5788: 5715: 5676: 5661: 5656: 5645: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5558: 5548: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5437: 5430: 5421: 5412: 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Mackie 1396:Emil Brunner 1381:Paul Tillich 1366:Martin Buber 1347:Contemporary 1293:W K Clifford 1278:Afrikan Spir 1224:19th-century 1195:Thomas Chubb 1146:Early modern 1127:Adi Shankara 1007:Spiritualism 982:Perennialism 940:metaphysical 806:Antireligion 720:Christianity 558:Teleological 417:metaphysical 404: 400:Cosmological 388:Resurrection 336:Summum bonum 246:Natural evil 53: 14040:Objectivism 13979:Neo-Marxism 13941:Continental 13851:Meta-ethics 13831:Coherentism 13736:Hegelianism 13673:Rationalism 13633:Natural law 13613:Materialism 13539:Historicism 13509:Determinism 13400:Navya-Nyāya 13175:Sautrāntika 13170:Pudgalavada 13106:Vaisheshika 12959:Presocratic 12859:Renaissance 12798:Physicalism 12783:Materialism 12689:Normativity 12674:Objectivism 12659:Emergentism 12649:Behaviorism 12598:Metaphysics 12564:Determinism 12503:Rationalism 12165:New Zealand 12102:Saint Lucia 12052:El Salvador 11957:Switzerland 11892:Netherlands 11664:Philippines 11592:South Korea 11587:North Korea 11477:Afghanistan 11424:South Sudan 11314:Ivory Coast 11098:Deification 11045:Objectivism 11020:Agnosticism 10978:Persecution 10968:Video games 10933:Populations 10844:Proselytism 10812:Monasticism 10803:Clericalism 10793:Agriculture 10784:and society 10749:Soteriology 10709:Comparative 10679:Transtheism 10664:Panentheism 10448:Monasticism 10241:Gallo-Roman 10143:Micronesian 10109:Manichaeism 10057:Hermeticism 10025:Continental 10020:Anglo-Saxon 9900:Paleolithic 9895:Prehistoric 9845:Scientology 9708:Italo-Roman 9563:Radha Soami 9543:New Thought 9383:Espiritismo 9324:Waaqeffanna 9264:Fon and Ewe 9202:Sub-Saharan 9085:Satsana Phi 8871:Ghost Dance 8824:Californian 8802:Anishinaabe 8728:Karo Pemena 8707:Indonesian 8381:Lingayatism 8329:Mahanubhava 8299:Vaishnavism 8230:Jeungsanism 8153:Folk Taoism 8136:Xiantiandao 7990:Zoroastrian 7649:Charismatic 7644:Pentecostal 7607:Anglicanism 7558:Waldensians 7493:Catholicism 7122:Antony Flew 7107:Peter Geach 7040:René Guénon 6987:Lev Shestov 6982:Rudolf Otto 6689:of religion 6528:Panentheism 6461:Inclusivism 6380:Exclusivism 6375:Esotericism 6345:Creationism 6325:Agnosticism 6293:Poor design 6288:Omnipotence 6215:Natural law 6190:Ontological 6143:Contingency 5993:Holy Spirit 5556:'s 1934-36 5336:12 December 5219:12 December 5143:12 December 4798:"Mysticism" 4657:12 December 4585:|work= 4567:12 December 4527:|work= 4509:12 December 4312:12 December 4037:: Theology. 3831:Antony Flew 3712:Kai Nielsen 3692:Peter Winch 3641:John Mackie 3621:noted that 3521:falsifiable 3517:Antony Flew 3460:(1927) and 3436:henofideism 3421:Neo-Vedanta 3419:as well as 3379:Paul Dundas 3360:agnosticism 3337:Yashovijaya 3262:physicalism 3202:H. H. Price 3091:Of Miracles 3027:omniscience 2976:Kierkegaard 2759:Rudolf Otto 2619:necessarily 2510:creationism 2495:creationism 2439:New Atheist 2423:Kierkegaard 2411:Kierkegaard 2377:Robert Audi 2247:Antony Flew 2125:non-dualism 2108:(Sanskrit: 2106:creator god 2031:Transtheism 1999:creationism 1951:agnosticism 1905:Rudolf Otto 1868:Metaphysics 1859:metaphysics 1692:metaphysics 1548:Kai Nielsen 1533:Cornel West 1483:Paul Draper 1473:Graham Oppy 1463:Antony Flew 1448:Peter Geach 1376:René Guénon 1328:Lev Shestov 1323:Rudolf Otto 972:Panentheism 910:Inclusivism 846:Exclusivism 841:Esotericism 816:Creationism 796:Agnosticism 702:By religion 685:Poor design 526:Mulla Sadra 501:Ontological 474:Natural law 454:Mathematics 412:contingency 306:Holy Spirit 272:Conceptions 222:Augustinian 86:Eschatology 81:Cataphatism 14420:Categories 14339:Amerindian 14246:Australian 14185:Vietnamese 14165:Indonesian 13714:Kantianism 13663:Positivism 13653:Pragmatism 13628:Naturalism 13608:Liberalism 13586:Subjective 13524:Empiricism 13428:Avicennism 13373:Bhedabheda 13257:East Asian 13180:Madhyamaka 13160:Abhidharma 13026:Pyrrhonism 12793:Nominalism 12788:Naturalism 12717:Skepticism 12707:Relativism 12697:Absolutism 12626:Naturalism 12536:Deontology 12508:Skepticism 12493:Naturalism 12483:Empiricism 12447:Aesthetics 12351:Philosophy 12155:Micronesia 12032:Costa Rica 11927:San Marino 11887:Montenegro 11867:Luxembourg 11724:Uzbekistan 11699:Tajikistan 11604:Kyrgyzstan 11577:Kazakhstan 11527:East Timor 11497:Bangladesh 11487:Azerbaijan 11404:Seychelles 11369:Mozambique 11354:Mauritania 11339:Madagascar 11229:Cape Verde 11011:irreligion 11006:Secularism 10913:Minorities 10881:Toleration 10876:Syncretism 10861:Fanaticism 10851:Disability 10839:Missionary 10829:Conversion 10817:Ordination 10739:Psychology 10734:Philosophy 10674:Polytheism 10654:Monotheism 10649:Henotheism 10490:Orthopraxy 10480:Ordination 10443:Meditation 10438:Indigenous 10403:Entheogens 10388:Conversion 10214:Pueblo III 10131:Babylonian 10121:Melanesian 10047:Gnosticism 9932:Lithuanian 9825:Fourth Way 9679:Circassian 9657:Dievturība 9580:Tensegrity 9513:Falun Gong 9158:Sanamahism 9138:Donyi-Polo 8750:Polynesian 8696:Kaharingan 8621:Burkhanism 8560:Ravidassia 8538:Śvetāmbara 8324:Pushtimarg 8304:Krishnaism 8240:Vietnamese 8225:Cheondoism 8158:Yao Taoism 8094:East Asian 7860:Isma'ilism 7816:Maturidism 7595:Mennonites 7590:Hutterites 7575:Anabaptism 7468:Humanistic 7092:J L Mackie 7050:Karl Barth 6847:David Hume 6769:Maimonides 6754:Heraclitus 6543:Polytheism 6513:Nondualism 6501:Humanistic 6486:Naturalism 6476:Monotheism 6434:Henotheism 6429:Gnosticism 6360:Demonology 6243:747 gambit 6160:Experience 5998:Misotheism 5758:PhilPapers 4920:. Berlin: 4808:2017-12-12 4256:2020-01-10 4113:2017-12-12 3856:References 3839:Keith Ward 3704:Rush Rhees 3562:Madhyamaka 3553:Maimonides 3506:David Hume 3471:Don Cupitt 3444:skepticism 3428:Relativism 3325:See also: 3315:H.H. Price 3311:C.D. Broad 3267:as oneself 3209:personhood 3192:, mainly, 3087:David Hume 3075:Skepticism 3055:Belief in 3025:and God's 2902:Caravaggio 2810:liberation 2668:C.D. Broad 2634:suggestion 2552:See also: 2446:Karl Barth 2385:Don Cupitt 2288:and other 2196:See also: 2080:Madhyamaka 2066:Abhidharma 2041:Vasubandhu 1961:Monotheism 1947:polytheism 1943:monotheism 1840:John Locke 1804:Upanishads 1784:revelation 1757:(1869) by 1708:aesthetics 1468:Kurt Godel 1386:Karl Barth 1200:David Hume 1122:Maimonides 1107:Heraclitus 1092:Al-Ghazali 987:Polytheism 957:Nondualism 935:humanistic 930:Naturalism 920:Monotheism 883:Henotheism 878:Gnosticism 603:747 gambit 568:Watchmaker 521:Meinongian 434:Experience 162:Challenges 101:Liberation 76:Apophatism 14218:Pakistani 14180:Taiwanese 14127:Ethiopian 14100:By region 14086:By region 13901:Scientism 13896:Systemics 13756:Spinozism 13683:Socialism 13618:Modernism 13581:Objective 13489:Anarchism 13423:Averroism 13312:Christian 13264:Neotaoism 13235:Zurvanism 13225:Mithraism 13220:Mazdakism 12991:Cyrenaics 12918:Logicians 12551:Free will 12513:Solipsism 12460:Formalism 12273:Venezuela 12218:Argentina 12135:Australia 12087:Nicaragua 12062:Guatemala 11862:Lithuania 11684:Sri Lanka 11679:Singapore 11659:Palestine 11547:Indonesia 11537:Hong Kong 11359:Mauritius 11080:Overviews 11035:Criticism 10983:Terrorism 10958:Theocracy 10903:Happiness 10871:Pluralism 10856:Education 10782:Religion 10754:Salvation 10744:Sociology 10689:Religious 10669:Pantheism 10659:Nontheism 10552:Mountains 10530:Sacrifice 10485:Orthodoxy 10475:Mythology 10470:Mysticism 10359:Behaviour 10268:Canaanite 10251:Mithraism 10219:Pueblo IV 10209:Pueblo II 10114:Mazdakism 10089:Hungarian 10062:Mysteries 9971:Dravidian 9753:Hungarian 9669:Caucasian 9640:Godianism 9600:Agni Yoga 9590:Theosophy 9553:Rastafari 9528:Modekngei 9508:Brahmoism 9501:Syncretic 9493:movements 9491:religious 9403:Quimbanda 9351:Candomblé 9344:Diasporic 9123:Bathouism 9113:Benzhuism 9033:Tsimshian 8979:Purépecha 8900:Longhouse 8875:Sun Dance 8819:Blackfoot 8733:Malaysian 8723:Kapitayan 8533:Digambara 8518:Ayyavazhi 8483:Vajrayana 8448:Theravada 8361:Ganapatya 8334:Ramanandi 8263:Hoahaoism 8141:Yiguandao 8036:Yarsanism 8031:Shabakism 8018:Yazdânism 8008:Zurvanism 8003:Mazdaznan 7962:Rastafari 7957:Mandaeism 7831:Wahhabism 7811:Ash'arism 7774:Tolstoyan 7764:Spiritual 7754:Mormonism 7725:Judaizers 7698:Quakerism 7676:Methodist 7666:Irvingism 7617:Calvinism 7570:Adventism 7553:Moravians 7390:Abrahamic 7192:Loyal Rue 6917:Karl Marx 6739:Gaudapada 6568:Shamanism 6533:Pantheism 6518:Nontheism 6496:Religious 6481:Mysticism 6454:Christian 6444:Religious 6395:Atheistic 6390:Christian 6273:Nonbelief 6258:Free will 6074:Mormonism 5898:Afterlife 5642:"Fideism" 4587:ignored ( 4577:cite book 4529:ignored ( 4519:cite book 4402:E.g. see 4355:211881350 4069:Aristotle 3886:5 October 3829:See e.g. 3558:Neti neti 3394:John Hick 3182:Descartes 3168:or self ( 3156:Afterlife 3150:Afterlife 3139:Tractatus 3083:Lucretius 3023:Free will 3019:Abrahamic 2996:Euthyphro 2968:Lucretius 2943:ignorance 2931:suffering 2838:ineffable 2731:theophany 2727:theophany 2707:theophany 2614:sometimes 2506:evolution 2491:evolution 2341:affective 2255:Ockhamist 2216:epistemic 2172:rejected 2170:Guo Xiang 2131:oneness ( 2084:Nagarjuna 2063:Theravada 2053:dualistic 1863:Aristotle 1797:The term 1792:salvation 1788:mysticism 1740:believers 1538:Loyal Rue 1268:Karl Marx 1087:Gaudapada 1012:Shamanism 977:Pantheism 962:Nontheism 945:religious 925:Mysticism 898:religious 893:Christian 861:Christian 740:Mandaeism 735:Mormonism 710:Abrahamic 668:Nonbelief 633:Free will 582:Trademark 355:Existence 311:Maltheist 111:Mysticism 71:Afterlife 63:Religious 14436:Religion 14404:Category 14359:Yugoslav 14349:Romanian 14256:Scottish 14241:American 14170:Japanese 14150:Buddhist 14132:Africana 14122:Egyptian 13964:Feminist 13886:Rawlsian 13881:Quietism 13779:Analytic 13731:Krausism 13638:Nihilism 13603:Kokugaku 13566:Absolute 13561:Idealism 13549:Humanism 13337:Occamism 13304:European 13249:Medieval 13195:Yogacara 13155:Buddhist 13148:Syādvāda 13031:Stoicism 12996:Cynicism 12984:Sophists 12979:Atomists 12974:Eleatics 12913:Legalism 12854:Medieval 12778:Idealism 12732:Ontology 12712:Nihilism 12616:Idealism 12374:Branches 12363:Branches 12299:Category 12263:Suriname 12253:Paraguay 12238:Colombia 12145:Kiribati 12072:Honduras 12042:Dominica 12017:Barbados 11982:Scotland 11942:Slovenia 11937:Slovakia 11912:Portugal 11782:Bulgaria 11704:Thailand 11654:Pakistan 11634:Mongolia 11629:Maldives 11624:Malaysia 11512:Cambodia 11459:Zimbabwe 11434:Tanzania 11284:Ethiopia 11279:Eswatini 11259:Djibouti 11224:Cameroon 11209:Botswana 11153:Timeline 11148:Scholars 11108:Founders 10973:Violence 10928:Politics 10798:Business 10761:Theology 10505:Prophecy 10495:Paganism 10383:Covenant 10350:Apostasy 10285:Scythian 10226:Rapa Nui 10180:Thracian 10175:Illyrian 10165:Albanian 10136:Sumerian 10079:Harappan 10015:Germanic 10010:Georgian 10003:Selk'nam 9988:Etruscan 9976:Egyptian 9954:Druidism 9917:Armenian 9840:Satanism 9820:Eckankar 9743:Estonian 9728:Romanian 9718:Ossetian 9698:Germanic 9647:Armenian 9636:African 9629:paganism 9558:Sant Mat 9548:Rajneesh 9523:Meivazhi 9518:Japanese 9475:Siberian 9408:Santería 9378:Convince 9244:Bushongo 9148:Kiratism 9075:Hmongism 8942:Wocekiye 8927:Jivaroan 8895:Iroquois 8890:Ho-Chunk 8851:Cherokee 8784:American 8755:Hawaiian 8668:Sarnaism 8638:Tungusic 8626:Tengrism 8616:Mongolic 8545:Sarnaism 8476:Nichiren 8453:Mahayana 8440:Buddhism 8418:Sant Mat 8408:Sauraism 8403:Smartism 8398:Shaktism 8391:Balinese 8376:Kaumaram 8371:Kapalika 8366:Kashmiri 8351:Shaivism 8291:Hinduism 8258:Caodaism 8202:Ryukyuan 8197:Tenrikyo 8192:Shugendō 8170:Japanese 8041:Yazidism 8026:Ishikism 7904:Quranism 7877:Khawarij 7826:Salafism 7821:Atharism 7710:Esoteric 7681:Holiness 7671:Lutheran 7632:Reformed 7612:Baptists 7585:Brethren 7549:Hussites 7537:Assyrian 7453:Haymanot 7407:Orthodox 7356:Religion 7314:Category 7259:Religion 7249:Exegesis 6734:Boethius 6729:Averroes 6724:Avicenna 6706:medieval 6676:Theodicy 6523:Pandeism 6439:Humanism 6407:Thealogy 6350:Dharmism 6320:Acosmism 6312:Theology 6180:Morality 6175:Miracles 6054:Hinduism 6044:Buddhism 6003:Pandeism 5978:Demiurge 5946:Theodicy 5706:Archived 5695:Archived 5330:Archived 5213:Archived 5170:, p. 51. 5137:Archived 4802:Archived 4651:Archived 4561:Archived 4503:Archived 4437:Archived 4306:Archived 4250:Archived 4186:Archived 4107:Archived 4072:Archived 4054:Archived 3908:Archived 3880:Archived 3722:See also 3649:miracles 3541:metaphor 3251:not-self 3243:Buddhism 3170:Sanskrit 3067:and the 3057:miracles 3045:Miracles 2796:non-dual 2768:numinous 2713:wherein 2487:theology 2365:doxastic 2358:fiducial 2278:fideists 2263:Bayesian 2259:Thomists 2222:claims. 2178:zi sheng 2158:thinker 2129:monistic 2098:vijñapti 2094:Yogacara 2089:shunyata 1877:Catholic 1851:theology 1824:Stoicism 1746:Overview 1731:theology 1635:Theology 1605:Exegesis 1082:Boethius 1077:Averroes 1072:Avicenna 1053:medieval 967:Pandeism 888:Humanism 868:Feminist 821:Dharmism 791:Acosmism 752:Hinduism 747:Buddhism 623:Evil God 573:Junkyard 484:Seddiqin 464:Morality 459:Miracles 383:Trilemma 326:Personal 321:Pandeist 291:Demiurge 227:Irenaean 217:Theodicy 65:concepts 46:a series 44:Part of 36:Theology 14354:Russian 14323:Spanish 14318:Slovene 14308:Maltese 14303:Italian 14283:Finland 14251:British 14233:Western 14223:Turkish 14208:Islamic 14203:Iranian 14155:Chinese 14142:Eastern 14109:African 14056:more... 13741:Marxism 13571:British 13514:Dualism 13410:Islamic 13368:Advaita 13358:Vedanta 13332:Scotism 13327:Thomism 13269:Tiantai 13212:Persian 13200:Tibetan 13190:Śūnyatā 13131:Cārvāka 13121:Ājīvika 13116:Mīmāṃsā 13096:Samkhya 13011:Academy 12964:Ionians 12938:Yangism 12895:Chinese 12886:Ancient 12849:Western 12844:Ancient 12803:Realism 12760:Reality 12750:Process 12631:Realism 12611:Dualism 12606:Atomism 12488:Fideism 12268:Uruguay 12243:Ecuador 12223:Bolivia 12200:Vanuatu 12127:Oceania 12077:Jamaica 12057:Grenada 12012:Bahamas 11972:England 11962:Ukraine 11917:Romania 11877:Moldova 11837:Ireland 11832:Iceland 11827:Hungary 11817:Germany 11807:Finland 11802:Estonia 11797:Denmark 11792:Czechia 11787:Croatia 11772:Belgium 11767:Belarus 11762:Austria 11757:Andorra 11752:Albania 11729:Vietnam 11639:Myanmar 11614:Lebanon 11532:Georgia 11492:Bahrain 11482:Armenia 11444:Tunisia 11414:Somalia 11399:Senegal 11384:Nigeria 11374:Namibia 11364:Morocco 11329:Liberia 11324:Lesotho 11274:Eritrea 11244:Comoros 11219:Burundi 11194:Algeria 11138:Outline 11103:Deities 11030:Atheism 10948:Science 10866:Freedom 10724:History 10691:studies 10644:Dualism 10634:Animism 10599:Worship 10579:Symbols 10520:Liturgy 10433:Goddess 10393:Deities 10374:Laicism 10364:Beliefs 10343:Aspects 10315:Zapotec 10310:Vainakh 10278:Yahwism 10263:Semitic 10192:Iranian 10094:Hurrian 10084:Hittite 10074:Guanche 10067:Orphism 9998:Fuegian 9993:Finnish 9981:Atenism 9927:Latvian 9912:Arabian 9855:Raëlism 9835:Jediism 9830:Goddess 9803:De novo 9691:Druidry 9585:Thelema 9538:New Age 9423:Umbanda 9314:Tumbuka 9299:Odinala 9284:Lugbara 9204:African 9170:African 9118:Bimoism 9108:Burmese 8954:Mapuche 8920:Wyandot 8880:Guarani 8861:Choctaw 8856:Chilote 8797:Alaskan 8792:Abenaki 8743:Tagalog 8716:Kejawèn 8565:Sikhism 8528:Jainism 8488:Tibetan 8471:Amidism 8339:Warkari 8253:Đạo Mẫu 8103:Chinese 8085:Eastern 8062:Roshani 7981:Iranian 7889:Alevism 7882:Ibadism 7855:Zaydism 7532:Ancient 7503:Eastern 7463:Renewal 7448:Karaite 7429:Zionist 7417:Hasidic 7399:Judaism 7381:Western 7285:more... 7018:postwar 6701:Ancient 6589:more... 6508:New Age 6449:Secular 6419:Fideism 6370:Dualism 6340:Atheism 6330:Animism 6236:Against 6079:Sikhism 6069:Judaism 6064:Jainism 5973:Brahman 5926:Miracle 5801:(ed.). 5765:at the 5640:(ed.). 5094:2:43-51 4556:Fideism 3545:analogy 3352:atheism 3247:rebirth 3194:dualism 3134:Spinoza 3116:Spinoza 3101:Enquiry 3079:Carvaka 3051:Miracle 3008:because 2939:craving 2914:nirvana 2818:Jainism 2801:samadhi 2715:Krishna 2657:notes: 2483:science 2471:Science 2407:Fideism 2230:Aquinas 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