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misplaced. He explains that energy exists in discrete packets called quanta. Energy fields are composed of their component parts and so only exist when quanta are present. Therefore, energy fields are not holistic, but are rather a system of discrete parts that must obey the laws of physics. This also means that energy fields are not instantaneous. These facts of quantum physics place limitations on the infinite, continuous field that is used by some theorists to describe so-called "human energy fields". Stenger continues, explaining that the effects of EM forces have been measured by physicists as accurately as one part in a billion and there is yet to be any evidence that living organisms emit a unique field.
2016:"Chiropractors are not unique in recognizing a tendency and capacity for self-repair and auto-regulation of human physiology. But we surely stick out like a sore thumb among professions which claim to be scientifically based by our unrelenting commitment to vitalism. So long as we propound the 'One cause, one cure' rhetoric of Innate, we should expect to be met by ridicule from the wider health science community. Chiropractors can't have it both ways. Our theories cannot be both dogmatically held vitalistic constructs and be scientific at the same time. The purposiveness, consciousness and rigidity of the Palmers' Innate should be rejected."
1952:"It is, therefore, unwarranted to continue the statement that in addition to the acceleration of oxidations the beginning of individual life is determined by the entrance of a metaphysical "life principle" into the egg; and that death is determined, aside from the cessation of oxidations, by the departure of this "principle" from the body. In the case of the evaporation of water we are satisfied with the explanation given by the kinetic theory of gases and do not demand that to repeat a well-known jest of Huxley the disappearance of the "aquosity" be also taken into consideration." (pp. 14–15)
2008:"Vitalism is that rejected tradition in biology which proposes that life is sustained and explained by an unmeasurable, intelligent force or energy. The supposed effects of vitalism are the manifestations of life itself, which in turn are the basis for inferring the concept in the first place. This circular reasoning offers pseudo-explanation, and may deceive us into believing we have explained some aspect of biology when in fact we have only labeled our ignorance. 'Explaining an unknown (life) with an unknowable (Innate),' suggests chiropractor Joseph Donahue, 'is absurd'."
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1760:. In Franklin's garden, a patient was led to each of five trees, one of which had been "mesmerized"; he hugged each in turn to receive the "vital fluid," but fainted at the foot of a 'wrong' one. At Lavoisier's house, four normal cups of water were held before a "sensitive" woman; the fourth produced convulsions, but she calmly swallowed the mesmerized contents of a fifth, believing it to be plain water. The commissioners concluded that "the fluid without imagination is powerless, whereas imagination without the fluid can produce the effects of the fluid."
3291:(1800–82) synthesized an organic compound from an inorganic substance, a process that vitalists considered to be impossible. ... Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability. They often regard subjective experience to be more valid than objective material reality. Today, vitalism is one of the ideas that form the basis for many pseudoscientific health systems that claim that illnesses are caused by a disturbance or imbalance of the body's vital force.
1517:(1867–1941) interpreted his experiments as showing that life is not run by physicochemical laws. His main argument was that when one cuts up an embryo after its first division or two, each part grows into a complete adult. Driesch's reputation as an experimental biologist deteriorated as a result of his vitalistic theories, which scientists have seen since his time as pseudoscience. Vitalism is a superseded scientific hypothesis, and the term is sometimes used as a
6156:
3287:– The concept that bodily functions are due to a 'vital principle' or 'life force' that is distinct from the physical forces explainable by the laws of chemistry and physics. Many alternative approaches to modern medicine are rooted in vitalism. ... The exact nature of the vital force was debated by early philosophers, but vitalism in one form or another remained the preferred thinking behind most science and medicine until 1828. That year, German scientist
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1465:, which became the leading textbook in the field for much of the nineteenth century. The book showed MĂĽller's commitments to vitalism; he questioned why organic matter differs from inorganic, then proceeded to chemical analyses of the blood and lymph. He describes in detail the circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, nervous, and sensory systems in a wide variety of animals but explains that the presence of a
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the writings of philosophers than it did in the writings of physicists. But so far as I know, there are no vitalists among the philosophers of biology who started publishing after 1965. Nor do I know of a single reputable living biologist who still supports straightforward vitalism. The few late twentieth-century biologists with vitalist leanings (A. Hardy, S. Wright, A. Portmann) are no longer alive.
1845:, promoted an immaterial, vitalistic view of disease: "...they are solely spirit-like (dynamic) derangements of the spirit-like power (the vital principle) that animates the human body." The view of disease as a dynamic disturbance of the immaterial and dynamic vital force is taught in many homeopathic colleges and constitutes a fundamental principle for many contemporary practising homeopaths.
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1450:, as historian Peter Ramberg called it, originated from a popular history of chemistry published in 1931, which, "ignoring all pretense of historical accuracy, turned Wöhler into a crusader who made attempt after attempt to synthesize a natural product that would refute vitalism and lift the veil of ignorance, until 'one afternoon the miracle happened'".
2205:) published a series of works that in Evelyn Fox Keller's view took on the task of uprooting the remaining vestiges of vitalism, essentially by showing that the principles of physics and chemistry were enough, by themselves, to account for the growth and development of biological form. On the other hand,
1625:, in which the properties of a system cannot be fully described in terms of the properties of the constituents. This may be because the properties of the constituents are not fully understood, or because the interactions between the individual constituents are important for the behavior of the system.
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It would be ahistorical to ridicule vitalists. When one reads the writings of one of the leading vitalists like
Driesch one is forced to agree with him that many of the basic problems of biology simply cannot be solved by a philosophy as that of Descartes, in which the organism is simply considered a
2032:
According to
Williams, "oday, vitalism is one of the ideas that form the basis for many pseudoscientific health systems that claim that illnesses are caused by a disturbance or imbalance of the body's vital force." "Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with
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is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is
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Yet considering how dominant vitalism was in biology and for how long a period it prevailed, it is surprising how rapidly and completely it collapsed. The last support of vitalism as a viable concept in biology disappeared about 1930." (p. 94) From p. 95: "Vitalism survived even longer in
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On the one hand, many scientists and philosophers regard emergence as having only a pseudo-scientific status. On the other hand, new developments in physics, biology, psychology, and cross-disciplinary fields such as cognitive science, artificial life, and the study of non-linear dynamical systems
2054:
Vitalistic thinking has been identified in the naive biological theories of children: "Recent experimental results show that a majority of preschoolers tend to choose vitalistic explanations as most plausible. Vitalism, together with other forms of intermediate causality, constitute unique causal
2050:
Such a field is sometimes explained as electromagnetic, though some advocates also make confused appeals to quantum physics. Joanne
Stefanatos states that "The principles of energy medicine originate in quantum physics." Stenger offers several explanations as to why this line of reasoning may be
1992:
was especially reviewed by Sokal, who concluded, "nearly all the pseudoscientific systems to be examined in this essay are based philosophically on vitalism" and added that "Mainstream science has rejected vitalism since at least the 1930s, for a plethora of good reasons that have only become
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in 1913. Haldane borrowed arguments from the vitalists to use against mechanism; however, he was not a vitalist. Haldane treated the organism as fundamental to biology: "we perceive the organism as a self-regulating entity", "every effort to analyze it into components that can be reduced to a
1498:, performed several experiments that he felt supported vitalism. According to Bechtel, Pasteur "fitted fermentation into a more general programme describing special reactions that only occur in living organisms. These are irreducibly vital phenomena." Rejecting the claims of Berzelius,
2028:, for example, pointed out the irrationality of attributing behavior to mental states and traits. Such 'mental way stations,' he argued, amount to excess theoretical baggage which fails to advance cause-and-effect explanations by substituting an unfathomable psychology of 'mind'."
1834:" field of a patient is manipulated by a practitioner. The subtle energy is held to exist beyond the electromagnetic energy produced by the heart and brain. Beverly Rubik describes the biofield as a "complex, dynamic, extremely weak EM field within and around the human body...."
1298:, that is, he marks the point when embryonic development began to be described in terms of the proliferation of cells rather than the incarnation of a preformed soul. However, this degree of empirical observation was not matched by a mechanistic philosophy: in his
1594:. Haldane stated that a purely mechanist interpretation could not account for the characteristics of life. Haldane wrote a number of books in which he attempted to show the invalidity of both vitalism and mechanist approaches to science. Haldane explained:
1145:, between those who felt that the known mechanics of physics would eventually explain the difference between life and non-life and vitalists who argued that the processes of life could not be reduced to a mechanistic process. Vitalist biologists such as
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like names applied to every other kind of vital power, of itself, explains nothing: it serves merely to designate a peculiar power formed by the combination of the mechanical principle with that which is susceptible of
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with vitalist theories: that whereas the chemical transformations undergone by non-living substances are reversible, so-called "organic" matter is permanently altered by chemical transformations (such as cooking).
1987:
published an analysis of the wide acceptance among professional nurses of "scientific theories" of spiritual healing. (Pseudoscience and
Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?). Use of a technique called
1538:
Vitalism has become so disreputable a belief in the last fifty years that no biologist alive today would want to be classified as a vitalist. Still, the remnants of vitalist thinking can be found in the work of
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See; briefly, some philosophers see emergentism as midway between traditional spiritual vitalism and mechanistic reductionism; others argue that, structurally, emergentism is equivalent to vitalism. See
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We must find a different theoretical basis of biology, based on the observation that all the phenomena concerned tend towards being so coordinated that they express what is normal for an adult organism.
1469:
makes each organism an indivisible whole. He claimed that the behaviour of light and sound waves showed that living organisms possessed a life-energy for which physical laws could never fully account.
1426:, argued that a regulative force must exist within living matter to maintain its functions. Berzelius contended that compounds could be distinguished by whether they required any organisms in their
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within organisms, and between organisms and the environment, which occur by normal physical and chemical processes. This is not, however, what the new vitalists have in mind. They imagine the
1156:
meant to show inadequacies with mechanistic explanations, but their experiments failed to provide support for vitalism. Biologists now consider vitalism in this sense to have been refuted by
2230:
repeated this feat for numerous organic compounds. In retrospect, Wöhler's work was the beginning of the end of
Berzelius's vitalist hypothesis, but only in retrospect, as Ramberg had shown.
1567:
to describe his work, claiming that it would eventually be verified through experimentation, and that it was an improvement over the other vitalistic theories. The work of Reinke influenced
1960:, and therefore a pernicious metaphysical doctrine." For many scientists, "vitalist" theories were unsatisfactory "holding positions" on the pathway to mechanistic understanding. In 1967,
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have focused strongly on the high level 'collective behaviour' of complex systems, which is often said to be truly emergent, and the term is increasingly used to characterize such systems.
3142:
Mihi a docto doctore / Demandatur causam et rationem quare / Opium facit dormire. / A quoi respondeo, / Quia est in eo / Vertus dormitiva, / Cujus est natura / Sensus assoupire.
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Ramberg, Peter J. (2000). "The Death of
Vitalism and the Birth of Organic Chemistry: Wohler's Urea Synthesis and the Disciplinary Identity of Organic Chemistry".
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1804:. Amongst unterritorialized traditions such as religions and arts, forms of vitalism continue to exist as philosophical positions or as memorial tenets.
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its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability. They often regard subjective experience to be more valid than objective material reality."
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from inorganic components in 1828. However, contemporary accounts do not support the common belief that vitalism died when Wöhler made urea. This
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In medicine and biology, vitalism has been seen as a philosophically-charged term, a pseudoscientific gloss that corrupted scientific practice …
1968:, stated "And so to those of you who may be vitalists I would make this prophecy: what everyone believed yesterday, and you believe today, only
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and others that fermentation resulted from chemical agents or catalysts within cells, Pasteur concluded that fermentation was a "vital action".
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of the Hotel Dieu." However, "Bichat moved from the tendency typical of the French vitalistic tradition to progressively free himself from
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1944:"... we must either succeed in producing living matter artificially, or we must find the reasons why this is impossible." (pp. 5–6)
1724:="breath") specifically to identify his force as a quality that belonged to all creatures with breath; viz., the animate beings: humans
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The notion that bodily functions are due to a vitalistic principle existing in all living creatures has roots going back at least to
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Whether emergence should be grouped with traditional vitalist concepts is a matter of semantic controversy. According to
Emmeche
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Another criticism is that vitalists have failed to rule out mechanistic explanations. This is rather obvious in retrospect for
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practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces. One example of a similar notion in Africa is the
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in order to combine with hypotheses and theories which accorded to the scientific criteria of physics and chemistry."
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Bowler, Peter J. Reconciling science and religion: the debate in early-twentieth-century
Britain, 2001, pp. 168–169.
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3039:"Evaluating Mesmerism, Paris, 1784: the controversy over the blinded placebo controlled trials has not stopped"
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1438:). Vitalist chemists predicted that organic materials could not be synthesized from inorganic components, but
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3087:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine – U.S. National Library of Medicine Collection Development Manual"
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and established that the removed parts would regenerate. He inferred the presence of a "formative drive" (
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states that the term "bioenergetics" "is applied in biochemistry to refer to the readily measurable
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Virtual
Laboratory: Essays and Resources on the Experimentalization of Life (Max Planck Institute)
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mechanical explanation violates this central experience". The work of
Haldane was an influence on
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compared vitalism to stating that water is the way it is because of its "aquosity". His grandson
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was influential in establishing epigenesis in the life sciences in 1781 with his publication of
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2983:"Does a robot have an Umwelt? Reflections on the qualitative biosemiotics of Jakob von UexkĂĽll"
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Mesmer felt that this particular force/power only resided in the bodies of humans and animals.
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Inagaki, K.; Hatano, G. (2004). "'Vitalistic causality in young children's naive biology.'".
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2024:"Vitalism has many faces and has sprung up in many areas of scientific inquiry. Psychologist
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The Rise and Decline of Colloid Science in North America, 1900–1935: The Neglected Dimension
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1932:, in which he described experiments on how a sea urchin could have a pin for its father, as
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philosophy early on in his career. Haldane saw his work as a vindication of his belief that
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This article is about the non-mechanist philosophy. For the Jain philosophical concept, see
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Making Sense of Life Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors, and Machines
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1756:. The commissioners learned about Mesmeric theory, and saw its patients fall into fits and
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By 1931, biologists had "almost unanimously abandoned vitalism as an acknowledged belief."
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for the vitalist hypothesis that only organisms could make the components of living things.
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The Nature of Life: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives from Philosophy and Science
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field as a holistic living force that goes beyond reductionist physics and chemistry."
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was an essential concept in biology. His views became widely known with his first book
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Molecular biology vs. organicism: The enduring dispute between mechanism and vitalism.
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For vital force and vitalism in the Spanish context, see Nicolás Fernández-Medina's
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2882:"A century of (epithelial) transport physiology: from vitalism to molecular cloning"
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While many vitalistic theories have in fact been falsified, notably Mesmerism, the
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Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-Enlightenment Life Science, 1800–2010
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1304:(1759), he tried to explain the emergence of the organism by the actions of a
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1343:, "the claims of the vitalists came to the fore again" in the 18th century: "
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20:238–253, who describes Crick's remark as "raising spectral red herrings".
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succeeded in making acetic acid from inorganic compounds, and in the 1850s,
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practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces.
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Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: Principles and Practices
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275:
238:
183:
168:
3001:
2907:
2728:"BOTANY ONLINE: Ernst MAYR: Walter Arndt Lecture: The Autonomy of Biology"
6114:
6099:
6084:
6064:
5981:
5909:
5726:
5716:
5703:
5668:
5618:
5548:
5501:
5388:
5378:
5238:
5112:
4965:
4780:
4651:
4380:
3915:
3745:
3651:
3609:
3054:
1980:
1785:
1616:
1551:, who seem to believe in some sort of nonmaterial principle in organisms.
1352:
1209:
953:
871:
583:
508:
503:
443:
223:
193:
143:
138:
103:
5295:
4824:
4220:
3014:
Emmeche, C. (1997) Explaining Emergence: towards an ontology of levels.
6001:
5730:
5721:
5708:
5452:
5415:
5263:
5228:
5087:
5077:
5047:
4955:
4641:
4542:
4464:
4451:
4085:
3885:
3772:
3750:
3703:
3698:
3646:
3614:
3529:
3477:
3199:
Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers? (pdf)
3180:
2840:
2832:
2493:
2265:
2127:
2095:
1984:
1838:
1591:
1525:
1518:
1458:
1313:
1295:
1153:
1051:
548:
533:
523:
411:
158:
108:
6155:
2940:
10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1036>3.0.CO;2-A
2566:
1996:
Joseph C. Keating, Jr. discusses vitalism's past and present roles in
1876:
1858:
1347:'s followers were active as were others, such as the physician genius
5768:
5361:
4994:
4932:
4906:
4879:
4775:
4626:
4235:
3853:
3601:
2100:
1894:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1657:
1622:
1582:
1568:
1533:
machine... The logic of the critique of the vitalists was impeccable.
1423:
1217:
973:
933:
908:
613:
573:
438:
3383:, University of Wales College of Medicine, viewed 30 November 2006,
3270:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
1220:, this account was supplemented, (for example, by the unpredictable
50:
5506:
4874:
3880:
3509:
3389:
3381:
Unitary Health Care: Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
2774:
2753:
Toward a new philosophy of biology: observations of an evolutionist
2374:"Developmental Biology 8e Online: A Selective History of Induction"
2344:
A Cultural History of Medical Vitalism in Enlightenment Montpellier
2172:
2065:
1578:
1227:
1222:
1150:
886:
794:
87:
4923:
3120:
1814:, associated with vitalism, especially biofield therapies such as
5486:
4063:
3777:
2012:
Keating views vitalism as incompatible with scientific thinking:
1769:
1682:(1734–1815). However, the use of the (conventional) English term
1521:
1399:
1172:
978:
896:
861:
851:
593:
2807:
2805:
1796:. Multiple Asian traditions posited an imbalance or blocking of
1254:
from the air, which the blood communicates throughout the body.
5553:
2137:
2132:
1827:
1757:
1499:
1236:
1066:
891:
846:
513:
3523:
Life Embodied: The Promise of Vital Force in Spanish Modernity
3984:
2802:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
1886:
1819:
1801:
1247:
1242:
943:
918:
799:
349:
3331:"The Physics of 'Alternative Medicine': Bioenergetic Fields"
2827:
2825:
2396:"Chapter 5: Life and the Mind in Nineteenth-Century Britain"
1694:
Mesmer chose his term to clearly distinguish his variant of
1359:
recognised "a 'living principle' in addition to mechanics."
5432:
1924:, but the criticism goes back at least a century. In 1912,
1466:
1443:
1404:
928:
782:
3179:. Crick's remark is cited and discussed in: Hein H (2004)
3149:
2452:
1262:
In Europe, medieval physics was influenced by the idea of
3504:
2822:
2775:"Jung's concept of die Dominanten (the Dominants) (1997)"
1965:
2055:
devices for naive biology as a core domain of thought."
1621:
Contemporary science and engineering sometimes describe
2923:"Embracing complexity: organicism for the 21st century"
2147:
1909:
to explaining a railroad locomotive's operation by its
1823:
1797:
1379:) in living matter. But he pointed out that this name,
881:
3460:
The Liberation of Life: From the Cell to the Community
1316:, a form of life-energy that permeates living things.
3233:
Keating, Joseph C. (2002), "The Meanings of Innate",
3175:; Great Minds Series Prometheus Books 2004, reviewed
2549:
Kinne-Saffran, E.; Kinne, R. K. H. (August 7, 1999).
2398:. In Normandin, Sebastian; Wolfe, T. Charles (eds.).
1577:
adopted an anti-mechanist approach to biology and an
3235:
The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
2314:"17. From Organicism to Mechanism-and Halfway Back?"
1885:, where a quack "answers" the question of "Why does
3036:
2648:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
1830:
healing and SHEN therapy. In these therapies, the "
1736:of France appointed two commissions to investigate
1674:
A popular vitalist theory of the 18th century was "
1422:, one of the early 19th century founders of modern
1121:
often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "
3232:
3211:"Joseph C. Keating, Jr., PhD: Biographical sketch"
2548:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3135:
1956:Bechtel states that vitalism "is often viewed as
1319:In the 17th century, modern science responded to
6172:
2970:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2318:Beyond Mechanism: Putting Life Back Into Biology
2266:Bechtel, William; Williamson, Robert C. (1998).
1367:Über den Bildungstrieb und das Zeugungsgeschäfte
3117:American Medical Student Association Foundation
1732:Mesmer's ideas became so influential that King
1698:force from those referred to, at that time, as
1141:. In the 18th and 19th centuries, vitalism was
3221:
1788:, these vital forces were associated with the
1290:(1733–1794) is considered to be the father of
5311:
4840:
3545:
3409:
3335:The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine
2920:
2702:
2316:. In Henning, Brian G.; Scarfe, Adam (eds.).
2311:
1098:
3037:Best, M.; Neuhauser, D.; Slavin, L. (2003).
3008:
2284:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3480:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
3259:
3257:
2495:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
2334:
2020:Keating also mentions Skinner's viewpoint:
5318:
5304:
4847:
4833:
3552:
3538:
3356:
3321:
3319:
3317:
2705:"Psychic Energy: A Historical Perspective"
2209:notes that D'Arcy Thompson's avoidance of
1871:Vitalism has sometimes been criticized as
1312:(1788–1869) later developed the theory of
1105:
1091:
174:Association for Research and Enlightenment
5974:
5937:Relationship between religion and science
5325:
4854:
3456:
3246:
3145:Le Malade imaginaire, (French Wikisource)
3062:
3016:Journal for General Philosophy of Science
2938:
2897:
2533:
2507:
2465:
2446:
2261:
2259:
2257:
1948:Loeb addressed vitalism more explicitly:
1494:(1822–1895) after his famous rebuttal of
4786:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3559:
3263:
3254:
3194:
3192:
3106:
3104:
3102:
2961:
2638:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2340:
2213:had an "odor of spirit forces" about it.
1964:, the co-discoverer of the structure of
1852:
1656:
1471:
1398:
3325:
3314:
2980:
2968:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2879:
2703:Galatzer-Levy, R. M. (August 7, 1976).
2595:
1784:. In the European tradition founded by
1763:
1164:, or, since the mid-20th century, as a
6173:
2476:
2474:
2254:
1879:had famously parodied this fallacy in
1808:Complementary and alternative medicine
5299:
4828:
4549:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
3533:
3457:Birch, Charles; Cobb, John B (1985).
3373:
3364:Introduction to Bioenergetic Medicine
3189:
3165:
3099:
2361:
1690:can be misleading for three reasons:
1479:argued that only life could catalyse
1278:Vitalists included English anatomist
2831:
2725:
2680:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2272:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2158:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
1720:," for its root meaning (from Latin
4946:Alternatives to Darwinian evolution
3043:Quality & Safety in Health Care
2683:"Johannes Peter MĂĽller (1801-1858)"
2641:"The notion of nature in chemistry"
2639:Schummer, Joachim (December 2003).
2471:
2305:
1889:cause sleep?" with "Because of its
1857:The 17th century French playwright
1282:(1597–1677) and the Italian doctor
13:
3954:Evolutionary developmental biology
3264:Williams, William F., ed. (2013).
2921:Gilbert, S.F.; Sarkar, S. (2000).
2886:The American Journal of Physiology
1930:The Mechanistic Conception of Life
1905:in 1926 compared "vital force" or
1308:(an organizing, formative force).
1160:, and hence regard it either as a
14:
6207:
5957:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5952:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5905:History and philosophy of science
3488:
3272:(revised ed.). p. 367.
3110:
2384:
2302:. Harvard University Press, 2002.
1861:mocked vitalism in his 1673 play
244:Chiropractic treatment techniques
6154:
6142:
4922:
4808:
4799:
4798:
2772:
2551:"Vitalism and Synthesis of Urea"
2341:Williams, Elizabeth Ann (2003).
2320:. Lexington Books. p. 419.
1983:theories continues to this day.
1187:
1047:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
49:
4611:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3800:Gene-centered view of evolution
3403:
3296:
3203:
3030:
2974:
2955:
2914:
2873:
2766:
2745:
2719:
2696:
2674:
2632:
2589:
2542:
2510:"History of Clinical Chemistry"
2508:Wilkinson, Ian (10 June 2002).
2501:
2487:
2233:
2216:
1768:Vitalism has a long history in
1664:proposed the vitalist force of
1587:Mechanism, life and personality
1509:
1407:in the early 19th century from
1388:
1369:. Blumenbach cut up freshwater
1273:
1171:Vitalism has a long history in
83:Alternative veterinary medicine
5346:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4739:Hologenome theory of evolution
4606:History of molecular evolution
3832:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3721:Last universal common ancestor
2899:10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.1.C13
2555:American Journal of Nephrology
2440:
2419:
2292:
2186:
2000:and calls vitalism "a form of
1940:). He offered this challenge:
1610:
1204:proposed natural explanations
1137:", which some equate with the
706:Water fluoridation controversy
662:Big Pharma conspiracy theories
1:
4533:Renaissance and Enlightenment
3366:, Shoen, A.M. and S.G. Wynn,
2777:– via www.academia.edu.
2668:10.1016/S0039-3681(03)00050-5
2247:
2004:." He further explains that:
1077:Wilson's temperature syndrome
1062:Multiple chemical sensitivity
189:Biological terrain assessment
16:Belief about living organisms
6191:Obsolete scientific theories
4744:Missing heritability problem
4371:Gamete differentiation/sexes
2715:: 41–61 – via PEP Web.
2681:Otis, Laura (October 2004).
1848:
1646:
1162:superseded scientific theory
7:
5679:Hypothetico-deductive model
5654:Deductive-nomological model
5639:Constructivist epistemology
2981:Emmeche, C (16 July 2001).
2585:– via www.karger.com.
2427:African Philosophy, 2nd Ed.
2058:
1434:) or whether they did not (
1363:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1257:
738:Alternative medical systems
367:Fabunan Antiviral Injection
133:Fringe medicine and science
10:
6212:
4376:Life cycles/nuclear phases
3928:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3526:(McGill-Queen's UP, 2018).
3450:
3424:10.1016/j.tics.2004.06.004
3370:, Mosby-Yearbook, Chicago.
3304:"Victor J. Stenger's site"
3156:The Physical Basis of Life
2962:O’Connor, Timothy (2021).
2853:Cambridge University Press
2429:Indiana University Press,
1979:retention of untested and
1650:
1614:
1392:
1216:. However, by the time of
1182:
1143:discussed among biologists
748:Biologically based therapy
308:Dental amalgam controversy
18:
6133:
5965:
5867:
5797:
5740:Semantic view of theories
5659:Epistemological anarchism
5611:
5596:dependent and independent
5333:
5272:
5166:
5018:
5000:Evolutionary epistemology
4931:
4920:
4862:
4794:
4694:
4619:
4523:
4450:
4406:
4261:
4165:
3982:
3941:
3874:Parent–offspring conflict
3810:
3679:Earliest known life forms
3600:
3567:
2837:"The Decline of Vitalism"
2610:10.1179/amb.2000.47.3.170
2402:. Springer. p. 104.
1555:Other vitalists included
1395:Alternatives to Darwinism
1266:, helping to shape later
372:Facilitated communication
5482:Intertheoretic reduction
5471:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
5448:Functional contextualism
4727:Cultural group selection
4591:The eclipse of Darwinism
4563:On the Origin of Species
4538:Transmutation of species
3379:Biley, Francis C. 2005,
3113:"Bioenergetic Medicines"
2179:
1972:will believe tomorrow."
1463:Handbuch der Physiologie
1250:believed the lungs draw
1037:Candida hypersensitivity
219:Fake COVID-19 treatments
33:This article is part of
5967:Philosophers of science
5745:Scientific essentialism
5694:Model-dependent realism
5629:Constructive empiricism
5522:Evidence-based practice
5020:Philosophers of biology
4732:Dual inheritance theory
4571:History of paleontology
1742:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
1716:Mesmer chose the word "
1670:in animals with breath.
1563:. Reinke used the word
1453:Between 1833 and 1844,
711:COVID-19 misinformation
639:Young blood transfusion
519:Orthomolecular medicine
484:Mind–body interventions
154:Anthroposophic medicine
94:Rise of modern medicine
6050:Alfred North Whitehead
6040:Charles Sanders Peirce
4420:Punctuated equilibrium
3741:Non-adaptive radiation
3689:Evolutionary arms race
3329:(Spring–Summer 1999).
3171:Crick, Francis (1967)
2927:Developmental Dynamics
2880:Schultz, S.G. (1998).
2790:Cite journal requires
2425:Jidenu, Paulin (1996)
2347:. Ashgate. p. 4.
2312:Ruse, Michael (2013).
2163:Vis medicatrix naturae
2106:Irreducible complexity
1913:("locomotive force").
1868:
1686:to translate Mesmer's
1678:", in the theories of
1671:
1644:
1605:
1553:
1535:
1496:spontaneous generation
1488:
1416:
1386:
1288:Caspar Friedrich Wolff
1131:), "vital force", or "
1127:" (coined by vitalist
743:Mind–body intervention
694:MMR vaccine and autism
684:Vaccine misinformation
579:Rapid prompting method
25:Vital (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
6149:Philosophy portal
5900:Hard and soft science
5895:Faith and rationality
5764:Scientific skepticism
5544:Scientific Revolution
5327:Philosophy of science
4914:Evolutionary taxonomy
4856:Philosophy of biology
4712:Evolutionary medicine
4586:Mendelian inheritance
4294:Biological complexity
4282:Programmed cell death
3974:Phenotypic plasticity
3694:Evolutionary pressure
3684:Evidence of evolution
3582:Timeline of evolution
3483:. Vol. 29. 2007.
3362:Stefanatos, J. 1997,
3002:10.1515/semi.2001.048
2964:"Emergent Properties"
2466:Birch & Cobb 1985
2447:Birch & Cobb 1985
2270:. In E. Craig (ed.).
1993:stronger with time."
1922:developmental biology
1875:by inventing a name.
1856:
1660:
1634:
1596:
1536:
1530:
1475:
1455:Johannes Peter MĂĽller
1402:
1393:Further information:
1381:
1349:Francis Xavier Bichat
1327:and the mechanism of
1072:Vertebral subluxation
1021:Alternative diagnoses
609:Thought Field Therapy
249:Vertebral subluxation
5875:Criticism of science
5750:Scientific formalism
5634:Constructive realism
5539:Scientific pluralism
5512:Problem of induction
4686:Teleology in biology
4581:Blending inheritance
3959:Genetic assimilation
3822:Artificial selection
3561:Evolutionary biology
3514:Skeptic's Dictionary
3173:Of Molecules and Men
3055:10.1136/qhc.12.3.232
2726:Mayr, Ernst (2002).
2480:Ede, Andrew. (2007)
2380:on October 31, 2006.
2071:Energy (esotericism)
1938:Religion and Science
1882:Le Malade imaginaire
1873:begging the question
1864:Le Malade imaginaire
1764:Medical philosophies
1744:, the other, led by
1420:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
1325:action at a distance
1301:Theoria Generationis
1240:assumed the role of
1042:Chronic Lyme disease
771:Traditional medicine
753:Manipulative methods
554:Postural Integration
417:Bach flower remedies
293:Craniosacral therapy
121:Therapeutic nihilism
66:Alternative medicine
43:Alternative medicine
5942:Rhetoric of science
5880:Descriptive science
5624:Confirmation holism
5517:Scientific evidence
5477:Inductive reasoning
5406:Demarcation problem
5058:Peter Godfrey-Smith
4749:Molecular evolution
4707:Ecological genetics
4576:Transitional fossil
4366:Sexual reproduction
4206:endomembrane system
4135:pollinator-mediated
4091:dolphins and whales
3869:Parental investment
3341:(1). Archived from
2660:2003SHPSA..34..705S
2394:Dyde, Sean (2013).
2298:Evelyn Fox Keller,
2228:Marcellin Berthelot
2041:exchanges of energy
1899:Thomas Henry Huxley
1774:traditional healing
1772:philosophies: many
1708:planetary magnetism
1528:(1904–2005) wrote:
1436:inorganic compounds
1409:inorganic compounds
1177:traditional healing
1175:philosophies: many
689:Vaccines and autism
679:Anti-vaccinationism
672:OPV AIDS hypothesis
474:Megavitamin therapy
387:Functional medicine
164:Applied kinesiology
60:General information
6186:History of biology
6161:Science portal
6090:Carl Gustav Hempel
6045:Wilhelm Windelband
5932:Questionable cause
5755:Scientific realism
5576:Underdetermination
5411:Empirical evidence
5401:Creative synthesis
5285:History of biology
5280:Philosophy of mind
5254:John Maynard Smith
5174:Francisco J. Ayala
5158:William C. Wimsatt
5153:Gerard Verschuuren
5063:James R. Griesemer
4722:Cultural evolution
3837:Fisher's principle
3766:Handicap principle
3756:Parallel evolution
3620:Adaptive radiation
3327:Stenger, Victor J.
3024:2006-10-06 at the
2892:(1 Pt 1): C13–23.
2855:. pp. 93–95.
2202:On Growth and Form
2081:Georges Canguilhem
1869:
1810:therapies include
1672:
1623:emergent processes
1575:John Scott Haldane
1489:
1417:
1158:empirical evidence
1057:Leaky gut syndrome
1032:Aerotoxic syndrome
969:Prophetic medicine
667:HIV/AIDS denialism
494:Myofascial release
402:Holistic dentistry
382:Feldenkrais Method
362:Estrogen dominance
288:Conversion therapy
21:Vitalism (Jainism)
6168:
6167:
6010:
6009:
5922:Normative science
5779:Uniformitarianism
5534:Scientific method
5428:Explanatory power
5293:
5292:
5224:Humberto Maturana
5209:Stephen Jay Gould
5103:Roberta Millstein
5068:Paul E. Griffiths
4822:
4821:
4438:Uniformitarianism
4391:Sex-determination
3896:Sexual dimorphism
3891:Natural selection
3795:Unit of selection
3761:Signalling theory
3310:on March 3, 2016.
3160:Pall Mall Gazette
2845:Cleland, Carol E.
2567:10.1159/000013463
2409:978-94-007-2445-7
2354:978-0-7546-0881-3
2280:cite encyclopedia
2211:natural selection
2168:Vital materialism
2123:Morphic resonance
2118:Mind–body dualism
2112:Lebensphilosophie
2091:Holism in science
1990:therapeutic touch
1918:organic chemistry
1816:therapeutic touch
1790:four temperaments
1746:Benjamin Franklin
1740:; one was led by
1700:mineral magnetism
1688:magnétisme animal
1667:magnétisme animal
1432:organic compounds
1403:The synthesis of
1345:Georg Ernst Stahl
1329:Cartesian dualism
1284:Marcello Malpighi
1115:
1114:
842:Chinese herbology
599:Scientific racism
564:Psychodermatology
469:Medical intuitive
449:Lightning Process
407:Hologram bracelet
355:Therapeutic touch
256:Christian Science
229:Cancer treatments
6203:
6159:
6158:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6120:Bas van Fraassen
6075:Hans Reichenbach
6055:Bertrand Russell
5972:
5971:
5798:Philosophy of...
5581:Unity of science
5374:Commensurability
5320:
5313:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5244:Joan Roughgarden
5214:Richard Lewontin
5199:Michael Ghiselin
5148:Francisco Varela
5143:Alfred I. Tauber
5098:Jane Maienschein
4926:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4601:Modern synthesis
4361:Multicellularity
4356:Mosaic evolution
4241:auditory ossicle
3923:Social selection
3906:Flowering plants
3901:Sexual selection
3554:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3484:
3474:
3444:
3443:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3388:. Archived from
3386:"RogersHomepage"
3377:
3371:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3323:
3312:
3311:
3306:. Archived from
3300:
3294:
3293:
3289:Friedrich Wöhler
3261:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3217:on May 25, 2006.
3213:. Archived from
3207:
3201:
3196:
3187:
3169:
3163:
3153:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3119:. Archived from
3111:Rubik, Beverly.
3108:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3034:
3028:
3019:available online
3012:
3006:
3005:
2996:(134): 653–693.
2987:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2829:
2820:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2730:. Archived from
2723:
2717:
2716:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:, pp. 76–78
2463:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2376:. Archived from
2370:
2359:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2263:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2190:
1977:pseudoscientific
1934:Bertrand Russell
1891:dormitive virtue
1843:Samuel Hahnemann
1812:energy therapies
1704:cosmic magnetism
1684:animal magnetism
1676:animal magnetism
1653:Animal magnetism
1642:
1603:
1457:wrote a book on
1440:Friedrich Wöhler
1310:Carl Reichenbach
1198:Greek philosophy
1107:
1100:
1093:
857:Gill plate trade
619:Vaginal steaming
266:Colloidal silver
234:Charcoal cleanse
53:
30:
29:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6153:
6143:
6141:
6129:
6110:Paul Feyerabend
6070:Michael Polanyi
6006:
5992:Galileo Galilei
5961:
5947:Science studies
5863:
5793:
5784:Verificationism
5689:Instrumentalism
5674:Foundationalism
5649:Conventionalism
5607:
5443:Feminist method
5329:
5324:
5294:
5289:
5268:
5189:Richard Dawkins
5179:Patrick Bateson
5162:
5108:Sandra Mitchell
5014:
4927:
4918:
4858:
4853:
4823:
4818:
4790:
4717:Group selection
4690:
4615:
4519:
4446:
4408:Tempo and modes
4402:
4257:
4161:
3978:
3937:
3813:
3806:
3783:Species complex
3596:
3587:History of life
3563:
3558:
3491:
3471:
3463:. CUP Archive.
3453:
3448:
3447:
3412:Trends Cogn Sci
3408:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3324:
3315:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3280:
3262:
3255:
3231:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3170:
3166:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3035:
3031:
3026:Wayback Machine
3013:
3009:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2919:
2915:
2878:
2874:
2863:
2830:
2823:
2810:
2803:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2773:Noll, Richard.
2771:
2767:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2709:Ann. Psychoanal
2701:
2697:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2594:
2590:
2547:
2543:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2453:
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2441:
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2420:
2410:
2392:
2385:
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2362:
2355:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2277:
2276:
2264:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2197:D'Arcy Thompson
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2061:
1851:
1837:The founder of
1766:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1557:Johannes Reinke
1512:
1485:Albert Edelfelt
1413:counterevidence
1397:
1391:
1306:vis essentialis
1280:Francis Glisson
1276:
1268:aether theories
1260:
1202:Milesian school
1190:
1185:
1147:Johannes Reinke
1111:
1082:
1081:
1027:Adrenal fatigue
1022:
1014:
1013:
788:Southern Africa
773:
763:
762:
733:
731:Classifications
723:
722:
699:in chiropractic
657:
649:
648:
569:Quantum healing
559:Psychic surgery
434:Ionized jewelry
397:Herbal medicine
345:Esoteric energy
335:Energy medicine
303:Cupping therapy
298:Crystal healing
271:Colon cleansing
209:Bowen technique
179:Auriculotherapy
134:
126:
125:
61:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6209:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6151:
6139:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6095:W. V. O. Quine
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6030:Rudolf Steiner
6027:
6022:
6020:Henri Poincaré
6017:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5890:Exact sciences
5887:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5868:Related topics
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5827:Social science
5824:
5823:
5822:
5820:Space and time
5812:
5807:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5733:
5724:
5719:
5706:
5701:
5696:
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5681:
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5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
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5615:
5613:
5609:
5608:
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5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5529:Scientific law
5526:
5525:
5524:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:Falsifiability
5435:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5367:Mill's Methods
5359:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5270:
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5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5204:François Jacob
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:Charles Darwin
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5128:Sahotra Sarkar
5125:
5120:
5118:Alex Rosenberg
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5083:Philip Kitcher
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:Marjorie Grene
5050:
5045:
5040:
5038:Daniel Dennett
5035:
5033:Lindley Darden
5030:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4985:
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4978:
4968:
4963:
4958:
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4911:
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4909:
4899:
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4859:
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4773:
4768:
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4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4670:
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4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4557:Charles Darwin
4554:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:Non-ecological
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4246:nervous system
4243:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
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3938:
3936:
3935:
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3925:
3920:
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3913:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:Origin of life
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Microevolution
3728:
3726:Macroevolution
3723:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3664:Common descent
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3642:Baldwin effect
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3490:
3489:External links
3487:
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3449:
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3402:
3372:
3355:
3313:
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3148:
3134:
3098:
3078:
3029:
3007:
2973:
2954:
2913:
2872:
2861:
2841:Bedau, Mark A.
2821:
2817:978-0226068589
2801:
2792:|journal=
2765:
2761:978-0674896666
2744:
2718:
2695:
2673:
2654:(4): 705–736.
2631:
2604:(3): 170–195.
2588:
2561:(2): 290–294.
2541:
2520:(4): 114–118.
2500:
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2232:
2215:
2193:Stéphane Leduc
2184:
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2103:
2098:
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2068:
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2060:
2057:
2037:Victor Stenger
2030:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2009:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1911:Ă©lan locomotif
1850:
1847:
1765:
1762:
1730:
1729:
1714:
1711:
1651:Main article:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1615:Main article:
1612:
1609:
1600:
1541:Alistair Hardy
1511:
1508:
1483:. Painting by
1390:
1387:
1275:
1272:
1259:
1256:
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877:Pressure point
874:
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758:Energy therapy
755:
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644:Zero balancing
641:
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629:Vision therapy
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611:
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581:
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544:Parapsychology
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464:Manual therapy
461:
459:Magnet therapy
456:
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441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
420:
419:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
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357:
352:
347:
342:
332:
327:
322:
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313:Detoxification
310:
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90:(health fraud)
85:
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62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6208:
6197:
6196:Pseudoscience
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6150:
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6108:
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6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:Rudolf Carnap
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
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6063:
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6058:
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6033:
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6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6015:Auguste Comte
6013:
6012:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Francis Bacon
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5973:
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5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
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5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
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5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5915:Pseudoscience
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
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5808:
5806:
5803:
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5800:
5796:
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5777:
5775:
5774:Structuralism
5772:
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5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:Received view
5734:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Contextualism
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5234:Jacques Monod
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Konrad Lorenz
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Jared Diamond
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5133:Elliott Sober
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5093:Helen Longino
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4971:Structuralism
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Catastrophism
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:Adaptationism
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4885:Kin selection
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:Phylogenetics
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:Structuralism
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Catastrophism
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Neo-Darwinism
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Reinforcement
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4442:Catastrophism
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Macromutation
4430:
4429:Micromutation
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Immune system
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:symbiogenesis
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:Kin selection
3862:
3860:
3859:Genetic drift
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3470:9780521315142
3466:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:(8): 356–62.
3417:
3413:
3406:
3392:on 2006-12-05
3391:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3345:on 2006-12-18
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3279:9781135955229
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3123:on 2006-02-14
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3088:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2862:9781139488655
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2755:1988, p. 13.
2754:
2748:
2734:on 2006-09-26
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2498:, p. 238
2497:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2435:0-253-21096-8
2432:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2327:9780739174371
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Ratiovitalism
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Henri Bergson
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:Francis Crick
1959:
1958:unfalsifiable
1951:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:Julian Huxley
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1832:subtle energy
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:Oscar Hertwig
1558:
1552:
1550:
1549:Charles Birch
1546:
1545:Sewall Wright
1542:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:Louis Pasteur
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Louis Pasteur
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1385:
1384:modification.
1380:
1378:
1377:Bildungstrieb
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:Charles Birch
1335:As worded by
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:(1628–1694).
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:Stoic physics
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:ancient Egypt
1188:Ancient times
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1166:pseudoscience
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:Henri Bergson
1126:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:Faith healing
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:Bush medicine
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:Balneotherapy
810:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
727:
726:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
707:
704:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:Controversies
653:
652:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:Vegetotherapy
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Ozone therapy
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:Lymphotherapy
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Hair analysis
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:FasciaBlaster
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Correactology
338:
337:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:Colorpuncture
281:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Chromotherapy
259:
257:
254:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:Alkaline diet
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
130:
129:
122:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
99:Pseudoscience
97:
95:
92:
89:
86:
84:
81:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
6125:Larry Laudan
6105:Imre Lakatos
6060:Otto Neurath
6035:Karl Pearson
6025:Pierre Duhem
5997:Isaac Newton
5927:Protoscience
5885:Epistemology
5788:
5759:Anti-realism
5757: /
5738: /
5729: /
5715: /
5713:Reductionism
5711: /
5684:Inductionism
5664:Evolutionism
5469:
5356:a posteriori
5355:
5351:
5259:E. O. Wilson
5249:Rolf Sattler
5138:Kim Sterelny
5123:Michael Ruse
5010:Tree of life
4987:
4961:Orthogenesis
4897:Reductionism
4771:Polymorphism
4754:Astrobiology
4702:Biogeography
4678:
4657:Saltationism
4647:Orthogenesis
4632:Alternatives
4561:
4547:
4480:Cospeciation
4475:Cladogenesis
4424:Saltationism
4381:Mating types
4304:Color vision
4289:Avian flight
4211:mitochondria
3949:Canalisation
3827:Biodiversity
3572:Introduction
3521:
3499:
3479:
3459:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3380:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:the original
3338:
3334:
3308:the original
3298:
3284:
3283:
3269:
3238:
3234:
3215:the original
3205:
3183:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3141:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:the original
3116:
3090:. Retrieved
3081:
3049:(3): 232–3.
3046:
3042:
3032:
3015:
3010:
2993:
2989:
2976:
2967:
2957:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2866:
2848:
2783:cite journal
2768:
2752:
2747:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:the original
2721:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2689:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2634:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2449:, p. 75
2442:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2399:
2378:the original
2343:
2336:
2317:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2274:. Routledge.
2271:
2235:
2224:Adolph Kolbe
2218:
2207:Michael Ruse
2200:
2188:
2143:Orthogenesis
2110:
2076:Etheric body
2053:
2049:
2045:bioenergetic
2035:
2031:
2026:B.F. Skinner
2019:
2011:
2002:bio-theology
1998:chiropractic
1995:
1974:
1955:
1947:
1937:
1929:
1926:Jacques Loeb
1915:
1910:
1906:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1836:
1806:
1767:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1680:Franz Mesmer
1673:
1665:
1662:Franz Mesmer
1635:
1629:
1627:
1620:
1606:
1597:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1554:
1537:
1531:
1515:Hans Driesch
1513:
1510:20th century
1490:
1481:fermentation
1462:
1452:
1447:
1442:synthesised
1418:
1389:19th century
1382:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1341:John B. Cobb
1334:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1277:
1274:Early modern
1263:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1221:
1191:
1170:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1116:
994:Thai massage
964:Naftalan oil
837:Blood stasis
716:Turbo cancer
633:
604:ThetaHealing
529:Osteomyology
429:Hypnotherapy
424:Hydrotherapy
330:Ear candling
325:Dry needling
276:Coffee enema
239:Chiropractic
204:Bone-setting
184:Bates method
169:Aromatherapy
6115:Ian Hacking
6100:Thomas Kuhn
6085:Karl Popper
6065:C. D. Broad
5982:Roger Bacon
5910:Non-science
5852:Linguistics
5832:Archaeology
5727:Rationalism
5717:Determinism
5704:Physicalism
5669:Fallibilism
5619:Coherentism
5549:Testability
5502:Observation
5497:Objectivity
5458:alternative
5389:Correlation
5379:Consilience
5239:Denis Noble
5113:Susan Oyama
5028:John Beatty
4966:Mutationism
4781:Systematics
4652:Mutationism
4470:Catagenesis
4398:Snake venom
4331:Eusociality
4309:in primates
4299:Cooperation
4227:In animals
4047:butterflies
4020:Cephalopods
4010:Brachiopods
3942:Development
3916:Mate choice
3669:Convergence
3652:Coevolution
3610:Abiogenesis
3500:In Our Time
3241:(1): 4–10,
2833:Mayr, Ernst
2751:Ernst Mayr
1822:, external
1786:Hippocrates
1780:concept of
1748:, included
1617:Emergentism
1611:Emergentism
1565:neovitalism
1448:Wöhler Myth
1357:John Hunter
1353:metaphysics
1210:materialism
1134:vis vitalis
954:Mien Shiang
872:Moxibustion
584:Reflexology
509:Oil pulling
504:Naturopathy
444:Jilly Juice
224:Camel urine
194:Black salve
144:Acupuncture
139:Acupressure
104:Antiscience
76:Terminology
6175:Categories
6002:David Hume
5975:Precursors
5857:Psychology
5837:Economics‎
5731:Empiricism
5722:Pragmatism
5709:Positivism
5699:Naturalism
5569:scientific
5453:Hypothesis
5416:Experiment
5264:Jonas Salk
5229:Ernst Mayr
5167:Biologists
5088:Tim Lewens
5078:Hans Jonas
5073:David Hull
5048:Carla Fehr
5043:John Dupré
4956:Lamarckism
4892:Naturalism
4642:Lamarckism
4620:Philosophy
4543:David Hume
4505:Peripatric
4500:Parapatric
4485:Ecological
4465:Anagenesis
4460:Allopatric
4452:Speciation
4416:Gradualism
4341:Metabolism
4201:chromosome
4191:Eukaryotes
3969:Modularity
3886:Population
3812:Population
3773:Speciation
3751:Panspermia
3704:Extinction
3699:Exaptation
3674:Divergence
3647:Cladistics
3635:Reciprocal
3615:Adaptation
3396:2006-12-02
3349:2006-12-03
3266:"Vitalism"
3127:8 November
3092:2008-03-31
2933:(1): 1–9.
2738:2006-09-24
2268:"Vitalism"
2248:References
2128:Odic force
2096:Homeopathy
1985:Alan Sokal
1981:untestable
1928:published
1907:Ă©lan vital
1839:homeopathy
1592:organicism
1526:Ernst Mayr
1519:pejorative
1459:physiology
1314:Odic force
1296:embryology
1292:epigenesis
1230:), and in
1154:hypotheses
1124:Ă©lan vital
1052:Heavy legs
1009:Vietnamese
989:Sri Lankan
549:Phrenology
534:Osteopathy
524:Orthopathy
412:Homeopathy
318:Foot detox
214:Breathwork
159:Apitherapy
114:Scientific
109:Skepticism
5842:Geography
5810:Chemistry
5769:Scientism
5564:ladenness
5384:Construct
5362:Causality
5005:Teleology
4995:Darwinism
4933:Evolution
4907:Emergence
4880:Dysgenics
4776:Protocell
4627:Darwinism
4515:Sympatric
4264:processes
4152:Tetrapods
4101:Kangaroos
4027:Dinosaurs
3964:Inversion
3933:Variation
3854:Gene flow
3847:Inclusive
3657:Mutualism
3602:Evolution
2990:Semiotica
2526:1650-3414
2222:In 1845,
2101:Hylozoism
1897:power)."
1895:soporific
1849:Criticism
1754:Lavoisier
1738:mesmerism
1734:Louis XVI
1647:Mesmerism
1583:teleology
1569:Carl Jung
1428:synthesis
1424:chemistry
1218:Lucretius
1214:mechanism
1149:proposed
974:Shamanism
959:Mongolian
934:Kayakalpa
909:Curandero
827:Cambodian
817:Brazilian
614:Urophagia
574:Radionics
479:Mesmerism
439:Iridology
6181:Vitalism
6137:Category
5789:Vitalism
5612:Theories
5586:Variable
5507:Paradigm
5394:function
5352:A priori
5341:Analysis
5334:Concepts
4988:Vitalism
4983:Theistic
4976:Spandrel
4875:Eugenics
4804:Category
4679:Vitalism
4674:Theistic
4667:Spandrel
4351:Morality
4346:Monogamy
4221:plastids
4186:Flagella
4142:Reptiles
4123:sea cows
4106:primates
4015:Molluscs
3993:Bacteria
3881:Mutation
3814:genetics
3790:Taxonomy
3736:Mismatch
3716:Homology
3630:Cheating
3625:Altruism
3510:Vitalism
3495:Vitalism
3440:29256474
3432:15335462
3285:VITALISM
3184:Synthese
3073:12792017
3022:Archived
2949:10974666
2847:(eds.).
2835:(2010).
2626:44613876
2618:11640223
2583:71727190
2575:10213830
2173:Vitality
2066:Egregore
2059:See also
1936:put it (
1728:animals.
1696:magnetic
1640:—
1632:(1997):
1601:—
1579:idealist
1258:Medieval
1228:Epicurus
1223:clinamen
1151:testable
1118:Vitalism
944:Japanese
887:San Jiao
867:Meridian
795:Ayurveda
634:Vitalism
199:Bodywork
88:Quackery
35:a series
5847:History
5815:Physics
5805:Biology
5603:more...
5591:control
5487:Inquiry
5273:Related
4695:Related
4525:History
4386:Meiosis
4321:Empathy
4316:Emotion
4216:nucleus
4157:Viruses
4147:Spiders
4059:Mammals
4042:Insects
3842:Fitness
3778:Species
3577:Outline
3512:at the
3503:at the
3451:Sources
3248:2505097
3064:1743715
2908:9458708
2656:Bibcode
2535:6208063
2484:, p. 23
2437:, p.16.
1893:(i.e.,
1877:Molière
1859:Molière
1794:humours
1770:medical
1758:trances
1522:epithet
1461:called
1206:deduced
1183:History
1173:medical
999:Tibetan
979:Shiatsu
924:Iranian
904:Chumash
897:Zang-fu
862:Long gu
852:Gua sha
832:Chinese
778:African
594:Rolfing
71:History
5559:choice
5554:Theory
5492:Nature
5421:design
4902:Holism
4870:Ethics
4863:Themes
4814:Portal
4490:Hybrid
4326:Ethics
4168:organs
4130:Plants
4116:lemurs
4111:humans
4096:horses
4086:hyenas
4074:wolves
4069:canids
4003:origin
3467:
3438:
3430:
3276:
3245:
3162:, 1869
3071:
3061:
2947:
2906:
2859:
2815:
2759:
2624:
2616:
2581:
2573:
2532:
2524:
2514:EJIFCC
2433:
2406:
2351:
2324:
2138:Orgone
2133:Orenda
1970:cranks
1828:chakra
1778:Yoruba
1750:Bailly
1722:animus
1718:animal
1630:et al.
1547:, and
1504:Traube
1500:Liebig
1487:, 1885
1321:Newton
1264:pneuma
1252:pneuma
1237:pneuma
1234:, the
1200:, the
1067:PANDAS
984:Siddha
949:Korean
892:Tui na
847:Dit da
514:Orgone
4277:Death
4272:Aging
4251:brain
4037:Fungi
3998:Birds
3911:Fungi
3709:Event
3592:Index
3436:S2CID
2986:(PDF)
2839:. In
2686:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
2622:S2CID
2598:Ambix
2579:S2CID
2240:also.
2180:Notes
1887:opium
1820:Reiki
1802:prana
1372:Hydra
1248:Galen
1243:logos
1208:from
1196:. In
1004:Unani
939:Kambo
919:Hilot
800:Dosha
350:Reiki
5463:null
5433:Fact
5354:and
4764:Tree
4236:hair
4176:Cell
4079:dogs
4064:cats
4054:Life
4032:Fish
3985:taxa
3465:ISBN
3428:PMID
3274:ISBN
3177:here
3129:2006
3069:PMID
2994:2001
2945:PMID
2904:PMID
2857:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2796:help
2757:ISBN
2614:PMID
2571:PMID
2522:ISSN
2431:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2286:link
2195:and
1920:and
1792:and
1752:and
1706:and
1559:and
1467:soul
1444:urea
1411:was
1405:urea
1339:and
1212:and
1139:soul
929:Jamu
805:MVAH
783:Muti
589:RBOP
499:NAET
4262:Of
4231:eye
4181:DNA
4166:Of
3983:Of
3505:BBC
3497:on
3420:doi
3243:PMC
3059:PMC
3051:doi
2998:doi
2935:doi
2931:219
2894:doi
2890:274
2664:doi
2606:doi
2563:doi
2530:PMC
1966:DNA
1800:or
1782:ase
1726:and
1323:'s
1294:in
1226:of
489:MMS
6177::
3434:.
3426:.
3414:.
3337:.
3333:.
3316:^
3282:.
3268:.
3256:^
3239:46
3237:,
3223:^
3191:^
3158:,
3115:.
3101:^
3067:.
3057:.
3047:12
3045:.
3041:.
2992:.
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2943:.
2929:.
2925:.
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2888:.
2884:.
2865:.
2851:.
2843:;
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2804:^
2787::
2785:}}
2781:{{
2711:.
2707:.
2688:.
2662:.
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2650:.
2646:.
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2569:.
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2528:.
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2512:.
2473:^
2454:^
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2386:^
2363:^
2282:}}
2278:{{
2256:^
2148:Qi
1841:,
1826:,
1824:qi
1818:,
1798:qi
1702:,
1571:.
1543:,
1524:.
1502:,
1270:.
1246:.
1168:.
882:Qi
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5319:e
5312:t
5305:v
4848:e
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4440:/
4431:/
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3553:e
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3095:.
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3004:.
3000::
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2910:.
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2763:.
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1867:.
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