Peru - Knowledge

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archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.

1649: 3759: 3202: 1902: 2008: 6523: 5166: 5626: 5263: 4425: 4094: 278: 2816: 3115: 5508: 15265: 4568: 2402:, led to the immediate suffering of poor Peruvians who saw unregulated prices increase rapidly, with those living in poverty seeing prices increase so much that they could no longer afford food. De Soto advocated for the collapse of Peru's society, with the economist saying that a civil crisis was necessary to support the policies of Fujimori. These drastic measures caused inflation to drop from 7,650% in 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992. The description of Fujimori's economic achievements as a "Peruvian miracle" was exaggerated and inequality persisted following his presidency. 5106: 3534: 5343: 4638: 2611: 2955: 135: 1871: 6158: 6458: 3714: 2366:

the party. In June 1979, demonstrations for free education were severely repressed by the army: 18 people were killed according to the official report, but non-governmental estimates put the death toll at several dozen. This event led to a radicalization of political protests in the countryside and eventually to the outbreak of armed struggle. After the beginning of the armed struggle, the new recruits of the Shining Path were generally peasants with little political background, rather than truly political militants.

4628: 1726: 4578: 1596:, the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the 2163:. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s. 3545: 301: 14201: 1801: 3352: 4365: 2172: 838: 1557: 5793: 4223:. It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business. 3578: 4340: 2266: 14221: 4034: 3909: 8556:

officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.

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energy and hydroelectric energy sources. The National Interconnected Electrical System supplies 85% of the connected population, with several isolated systems that cover the rest of the country. Peruvian electricity production totalled 5.1 TWh in the month of October 2022. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.

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point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture. Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of

6314: 5935: 14191: 863: 815: 796: 763: 744: 4277:. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the 1789:, making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, "until they were old enough either to profess or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect" in Peru. Peruvian Catholicism follows the 13992: 4316:. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile). The 3157:, debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property. 4289:, the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion which includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the 3523: 1432: 2100: 5139:

languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including

1781:, with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples "had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working "through them to frustrate" their foundations. It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the 9441: 3641:, and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at 6872 km, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater. 1714:, which was then known as "La Ciudad de los Reyes" (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the 2466:, but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities. 2412:("self-coup") of 5 April 1992. He then revised the constitution; called new congressional elections; and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Fujimori's administration was dogged by 6791: 3736:) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Elevations above sea level in the country range from −37 to 6,778 m (−121 to 22,238 ft) and precipitation ranges from less than 20 mm (0.79 in) annually in desert areas to more than 8,000 mm (310 in) in tropical rainforest areas. 8974:

which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups

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was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state,

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In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the

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The practice of sport in Peru dates back to Colonial times. With the arrival of the Spanish to this territory, the practice of sport changed radically. Later, this was influenced by the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization. Sports in the country are divided into several

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Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with Indigenous peoples. After independence, there was gradual immigration from England, France, Germany, and Italy. Peru freed its black slaves in 1854. Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as

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force have produced markedly military characteristics, giving it the appearance of a virtual fourth military service with significant land, sea and air capabilities and approximately 140,000 personnel. The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru

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played a key role with making President Fujimori abide by the military's demands while "an understanding was established between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military officers" involved in Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration. Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined

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important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and

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The electricity sector has experienced notable improvements in recent years. The number of homes with electric lighting grew from 82% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2016. while the quality and effectiveness of service provision improved. Current electricity generation capacity is evenly divided between thermal

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is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, 3,333,088 ounces of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$ 1,447 million in 1990 to US$

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Due to its geography, Peru can be divide into three main climates. The unbroken and relatively slim coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the mountain region, which covers almost a third of the country, rain

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groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces

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The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork. The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose

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Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live

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held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation. In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are

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responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very

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Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one

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the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military

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have proven elusive. According to 2015 data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty. Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; as of 2014 it stands at 2.5%. and 8,6 in 2023. The

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in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense. In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($ 2.3 billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina. More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru

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throughout the country. The Shining Path had appeared in the universities in the 1970s. These students, many of them from peasant backgrounds, then returned to their communities and organized local party committees. The abandonment by the state of certain rural regions favored the establishment of

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the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two

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that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the

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system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were

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in July 1991, at which time the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles. The per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $ 720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20% at which national reserves were a negative $ 900 million. The economic turbulence of the time

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Peru has a decentralized healthcare system that consists of a combination of governmental and non-governmental coverage. Health care is covered by the Ministry of Health, EsSalud, the Armed Forces (FFAA), and National Police (PNP), as well as private insurance companies. The Ministry of Health

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Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various

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during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors

9778: 4406:, bacterial diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the 2017 Population and Housing Censuses, 75.5% of the population has some type of health insurance, that is, 22,173,663 people, despite this, 24.5% of the population does not have any type of insurance. 217: 1947:

population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies.

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The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The

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against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a

208: 207: 5595:, which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like 214: 206: 210: 213: 212: 10254: 4082:. – not to mention gas and of oil. The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized, Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices. 2298:

language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The

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were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization. With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to

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the opposition-controlled legislature and create an "exceptional emergency government." In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President

1509:. After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the 3840:, and whales. The invertebrate fauna is far less inventoried; at least beetles (Coleoptera) have been surveyed in the "Beetles of Peru" project, led by Caroline S. Chaboo, University of Nebraska, USA and this revealved more 12,000 documented and many new species for Peru. 6783: 6032:

regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the

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Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... & Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del

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cultures developed on the south coast of Peru. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns.

1588:. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor 10041: 5858:

and cuisines brought in with colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are

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that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region. The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the

1648: 10287: 4436:. The demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. According to the 1940 Peruvian census, Peru had a population of seven million residents. 2090:

on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.

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The inflation rate in 1990 was 7,650%....President Fujimori immediately implemented a program of severe austerity and privatization programs. The economic shock therapy hit the poor the hardest, but brought inflation down to 139% in 1991 and 57% in

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was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the

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and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The autogolpe, or self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the 'Plan Verde.'

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Due to his controversial governance, Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts and used coup proposals from Plan Verde, dissolving Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the

1215:, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in 10244: 2142:

tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Chile declared war on 5 April 1879. Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the

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In 2021, Peru had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.

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The director of FAO Peru stresses that "this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high

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exports. However, by the 1870s these resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise. Peru embarked on a railroad-building program that helped but also bankrupted the country.

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investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.

2924:, the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress. In recent times, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; 9810: 4195:

and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of

3599:, covers 1,285,216 km (496,225 sq mi) of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The 5557:. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing 14004: 13541: 2294:

cooperatives. Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of 73.6 acres (29.8 hectares). The "revolutionary government" also planned massive investments in education, elevated the

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have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like

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during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE. Notable pre-colonial cultures and civilizations include the

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Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.

2199:(APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the 7028:

the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan

2289:(IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the 254: 6181:

sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the

3382:(FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. 204: 11553:

Grove, Matthew J; Baker, Paul A; Cross, Scott L; Rigsby, Catherine A; Seltzer, Geoffrey O (2003). "Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru".

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a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal

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provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the

255: 13538:"Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC" 12780: 4262:, and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have 2,634 km (1,637 mi) in 2026. The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had 1,939 km (1,205 mi) of railways. 10277: 12688: 4394:, life expectancy for men is 72.6 years, while for women it is 77.9 years. Infant mortality is eighteen per thousand births, having been reduced 76% from 1990 to 2011. The main causes of death of Peruvians are 2578:

resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration and triggering an economic crisis that led to

11260: 1706:. After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the 15529: 9187: 12718: 11205: 10454: 8969:. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. 6995:. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. 205: 2665:

occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades. The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an

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Many presidents of Peru have been ousted from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 21st century. Alberto Fujimori is serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding

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While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies produced enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru

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that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.

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signed on 12 April 2006. Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile. Peru was ranked 76th in the

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leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to present day. The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing

9683: 9473: 9122: 5316:, Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of 15458: 11047: 3744:, covering more than half of the total area of Peru, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall. 1793:

found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations. In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the

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is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.

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is often classified as a part of the armed forces. Although in fact it has a different organization and a wholly civil mission, its training and activities over more than two decades as an

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Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021).

2312:(Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General 15453: 15147: 6089:

and the intense arrival of foreigners with technology to the city, and thus continued an extensive, unique filmography, with a different style than the films made in the capital, Lima.

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Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians

13023: 12966: 4250:

Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of 175,589 km (109,106 mi) of highways, with 29,579 km (18,380 mi) paved. Some highways in the country that stand out are the

2433:

by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents. Using the

13537: 2900:

vote in Congress. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history. The Congress of Peru can also pass a

2242:

course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however,

2951:, whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government. 16328: 9274:

Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (2021).

6102:, which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the 5843:. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking. Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to 5127:

and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, Quechua by 13.9%, and Aymara by 1.7%, while other languages are spoken by the remaining 1.8%.

11119: 15325: 6945: 2657:, which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the 9285: 7734:

Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) "Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina", Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.

7110: 7164: 6754: 6727: 4010:

account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth had been fueled by

1600:

mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was

5060:

in the 16th century; according to historian Noble David Cook, their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of

4216:

lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. By the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($ 28.7 billion).

3168:, headed by a mayor. The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the 12903: 1735:

The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change. Viceroy

13245: 10547: 10114: 9275: 7100: 5187:

and Universidad Cattolica San Pablo, are among the 5 top universities of the country. As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as

4386:

insures 60% of the population and EsSalud covers another 30%. The remaining population in Peru is insured by a combination of the FFAA, PNP, and private insurance companies.

12607: 9408: 9053: 8704: 15509: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15448: 12747: 13722: 12772: 10961: 5324:

in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute

2044:

liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a

1831:

successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the

11077: 10983:

Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. (30 May 2019). "Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications".

8365: 7913: 11482:

Chaboo, C.S. & A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143.

1608:

which can be translated as "The Four Regions" or "The Four United Provinces." Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred

13412: 13323: 13164: 13055: 12680: 12255: 9743: 8007:

He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.

6854: 6573: 3287:

Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the

13223: 11252: 16114: 6909: 3932:

by the World Bank. Peru is, as of 2011, one of the world's fastest-growing economies owing to an economic boom experienced during the 2000s. It has an above-average

2653:

The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents. This resentment led to the

9177: 15514: 12710: 10446: 5969:

were two common instruments. Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the

711: 5273:

Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%). Primary and secondary education are

2489:

still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict. A caretaker government presided over by

16323: 5358:

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Iberian and Andean traditions, though it has also been influenced by various European, Asian, and African ethnic groups.

4321: 13490: 13202: 1366:

declared himself the "Prince" of an independent Peru, which was cut short by his arrest and execution. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination

13123: 12840: 10514: 8989: 8952: 6978: 6684:

Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent).

8302: 15588: 12658: 10760: 5067:

The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as

3268:(OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD. Peru is a member of the 12624: 9362: 7376: 16389: 16131: 15318: 15138: 12803: 11461: 9957: 7420: 4510: 3007: 5809:

which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and

2281:

brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of "social progress and integral development", nationalist and reformist, influenced by the

16498: 16493: 10795: 9209: 2071:. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded 11746:

Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139.

9645: 9623: 5320:(Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the 11590: 7960: 7218: 4187:(16.6 million people), and more than 20% (6.8 million people), are severely food insecure: they go without food for a whole day, or even several days. 3769:

Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them

11497: 10602: 10476: 10415: 6223:

is the most important club tournament in the nation. The men's team has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the

3021:

and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted

12039: 10858: 9675: 9463: 9103: 568: 13984: 11039: 5457:. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and 2562:

wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause to place pressure on the president, forcing him to

12873: 11024: 697: 13080: 12162: 12121: 12096: 7199: 3138:. Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected "regional" government composed of the regional governor and the 2020: 1811:

By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the

15311: 14111: 13944: 11431: 7587:

Keatinge, Richard W.; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1983). "Imperialist expansion in Peruvian prehistory: Chimu administration of a conquered territory".

2634: 10099: 5700:

The term Peruvian literature not only refers to literature produced in the independent Republic of Peru, but also to literature produced in the

5417:. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day. 16384: 16379: 12933: 10018: 4433: 4298: 4270: 3359: 3273: 2607:

party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.

12955: 11909: 4336:. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America. The first stage of construction is expected to be complete in late 2024. 1533:

confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450. Their capital was at

16107: 13016: 12498: 12206: 9154: 6700: 5854:

Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population including the

3944:

to finance imports and external debt payments. Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian

2781: 819: 553: 11721: 9337: 5895:). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods – such as 5851:

and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the Costa (coast, Sierra (mountains) and Selva (rainforest).

16483: 16333: 15285: 14834: 14351: 9214: 6821: 4019: 2447:

by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the

2027:

commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a

1165: 874: 325: 12348: 7994: 7087:

terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social

5818: 3758: 2638: 16353: 16069: 12519: 12479: 12320: 10326: 8868: 4274: 14087: 12432: 11099: 2024: 15721: 12460: 12404: 12376: 9048: 8057: 7987:"Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine" 7834: 6935: 5461:

to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures.

3184: 2878: 2475: 2334:

distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. After the country experienced

1030: 666: 5813:. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's Instituto Peruano de la Papa. Modern 3603:

mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.

16348: 15581: 10709: 10579: 10191: 8829: 8230: 7154: 6750: 6723: 3452: 2654: 2615: 767: 12179:

Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (28 May 2024).

12008: 11865: 6602: 2633:

during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a

2369:

The Peruvian armed forces grew frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises and drafted

16100: 15131: 13574: 12895: 11187: 10221: 9713: 9593: 9563: 9533: 9503: 6291: 4050:

for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023. In 2019, the country was the second world producer of

2626: 1843:. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of 1034: 11795:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 11768: 10537: 9840: 9249: 6894: 6189:

which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The countries national stadium is the

2509:, entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism. In May 2008, Peru became a member of the 12599: 9398: 8694: 8183: 3258: 2707: 2571: 2196: 1980: 1832: 1505:

that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in

13632: 12740: 10398: 9043: 7744: 3400:

was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's

13852: 13714: 11978: 10945: 10368: 5184: 3003: 2556: 2518: 1918: 1468: 11069: 8355: 2250:. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a 16083: 14256: 14043: 12200: 11000: 10955: 10754: 10320: 9293: 9079: 8582: 7799: 7118: 7020: 5768: 3316: 13401: 13312: 13274: 13153: 13048: 12248: 10658: 9735: 8438: 7256: 6843: 6562: 5123:

According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are Spanish and, in areas where they predominate,

4286: 4278: 4266: 4240: 2543:, the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents. On 5 June 2011, 2358: 2313: 1848: 16358: 15574: 14438: 13215: 11934: 9012: 6886: 6850: 5414: 3281: 2932: 2390: 1091:

with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in

13445: 11380:

Weber, Cynthia (1990). "Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt".

6917: 5652:, and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the 16473: 16394: 15124: 14894: 14688: 14304: 8625: 5179:

Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of

3277: 2870: 1464: 1403: 12284:"PRODUCCIÓN CUPRÍFERA AUMENTÓ UN 12.7% EN 2023 Y EL PERÚ SE MANTIENE COMO EL SEGUNDO MAYOR PRODUCTOR DE COBRE DEL MUNDO" 9900: 9897:

The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru

9869: 8780:

Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). "Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation".

7765: 5767:

wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as

16343: 15834: 14683: 13878:. "Perú Siglo XXI", series of 11 working papers describing sectorial long-term forecasts, Grade, Lima, Peru, 1986–1987. 8677: 5848: 5214:

and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Amerindian festivities from pre-Columbian remain widespread;

4557: 4542: 4537: 4522: 3692: 3176: 2800: 800: 13926: 12574: 5381:

During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the

3393:

is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.

3201: 2353:

acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like

16007: 15534: 14518: 14179: 13482: 13356: 9943: 8862: 8432: 8399: 8132: 7923: 7700: 7568: 7370: 7250: 6465: 6198: 5281: 5266: 5206:

Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like

4706: 4180: 3304: 3218: 3127: 1220: 1177: 1096: 17: 13371: 12833: 11887: 10682:"Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa" 10506: 8997: 8942: 7805: 6968: 3740:

is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The

3088:

scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm

2452: 1867:, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. 16478: 16278: 14827: 14523: 10982: 8286: 7856:

Lovell, W. George (1992). "'Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America".

7486:

Cordy-Collins, Alana (1992). "Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography".

6940: 6232: 5644:

founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the

5577: 4391: 3891: 3109: 2959: 2766: 2762: 2072: 1341:

was that of a common Amerindian who was happened upon by the crew of a ship on an exploratory mission for governor

1192: 1169: 588: 300: 12650: 12541: 10744: 10146:"Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru" 3717: 3595:, its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) south of the 16503: 16123: 15334: 14423: 7719: 7651: 5481: 5245: 4290: 4282: 3648:. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the 3288: 3246: 3234: 2722:. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a 2510: 2479: 2212: 2049: 1940:, and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the 1901: 1827:

and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their

470: 11453: 11235: 9923: 7529: 6259:

also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the

5518:

temple that has preserved courtyards and ceremonial plazas of more than 1,500 years old. Located in the city of

3733: 3656:. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the 2274: 2251: 15714: 14787: 14269: 14060: 13912: 13897: 13869: 13846: 13807: 13783: 13665: 13644: 13299: 12071: 10931: 10746:

Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992

8360: 8273: 8108: 8087: 7899: 7676: 7406: 7195: 5616: 5241: 3049: 2596: 2591:

across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency. Merino was replaced by President

2502: 1914: 1855:; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative 748: 8965:

At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called

6991:

At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called

4018:, and rising investment and consumption. Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a 3691:, Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America. The largest 3591:

Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the

2892:, determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms. Bills are proposed by the executive and 1824: 1739:

reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian

9615: 8900: 8490: 6186: 5531: 5113: 5013: 3056:

winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority. A presidential runoff between

2230:

sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General

1765: 1381: 1134:(1879–1884). Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the 1085: 961: 417: 134: 11601: 8145: 7215: 6999:

was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori.

6068:, dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes. 4487:

of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the

2940: 2580: 2238:. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a 2144: 1991:

on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of

1354: 15290: 14554: 14549: 14321: 14286: 11686: 3254: 2948: 2838: 2399: 2339: 1896: 1407: 1377: 1119: 927: 615: 601: 595: 158: 16424: 12031: 8623:

Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru".

8531:

Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). "Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru".

6220: 6190: 6162: 5288:, is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas. 2570:

then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption

2285:

theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the

16363: 16064: 15874: 15597: 15555: 15001: 14820: 14408: 14367: 14341: 14171: 14165: 14146: 12004: 10880:

Costa, Eduardo Ferrero (1987). "Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities".

10245:"Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial" 9468: 6787: 6268: 6131: 5825:

with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include

5625: 5445:

culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of

5234: 4007: 3610:(coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The 3242: 2987: 2563: 2373:– which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the 2262:

who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process.

2223: 1122:. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative 1049: 1009:

with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the

481: 12865: 8607:

Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista

8471:

Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista

5262: 4637: 4172:; its agriculture is considerably diversified. In livestock, Peru is one of the 20 largest producers of 3728:, the combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents ( 3217:

has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia, particularly through the

1471:

because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the

1278:. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as 1138:

between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of

15504: 15463: 15443: 14587: 14572: 12157: 12116: 12091: 11492: 8634: 8120: 5731:

civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included

5596: 5053: 5003: 4747: 4665: 4567: 3972:, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of 3460: 3448: 2999: 2243: 2056: 1937: 1844: 1443:

The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500

1247: 1204: 901: 512: 411: 14106: 13955: 11423: 9432:"Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change" 5675:

and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez.

2259: 2007: 1604:, although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as 16468: 15884: 15707: 15524: 15342: 14559: 14484: 14413: 14249: 10822: 6541:

The government in each department is referred to as "regional" governments despite being departments.

6150:

for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated.

6123:, was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by 5410: 4000: 3913: 3661: 3476: 3214: 3196: 2866: 2646:. She became the country's first female president. Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the 2575: 2430: 2362: 2316:

seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in

1672:

in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of

1584:. The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the 1334: 1173: 1135: 942: 937: 12925: 12234: 6641: 5091:

laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.

3100:

and other benefits, with the large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.

2309: 284: 15079: 14761: 14611: 14372: 12896:"Chinese-backed port project in Peru to be the 'gateway from South America to Asia,' official says" 12495: 11904: 8735: 6696: 6264: 6260: 6182: 5760: 5057: 3969: 3965: 3563: 3308: 3269: 3222: 2819: 2696: 1983:, who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of 1639: 1472: 1436: 1411: 1255: 1232: 1196: 1188: 12180: 11588: 9326: 9144: 6302:

3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball.

5672: 5165: 2714:

that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president. It is also a

2493:

took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards

2246:

were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by

2079: 1102:

Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of

235: 16399: 14668: 14506: 14012:

Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

11725: 6210: 6139: 5328:. The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru. 4379: 4023: 3933: 3925: 3762: 3464: 3355: 2901: 2889: 2719: 2548: 2033: 1952: 1926: 1107: 852: 725: 464: 185: 7555:

Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999).

6813: 6037:

movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the

5507: 4093: 3366:

Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces – the

2815: 2630: 2625:

after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election. That same year, Peru celebrated the

2327:

in early 1981 as a result of territorial dispute between the two countries. The economic policy

1773: 1345:

and went on to relate more instances of misunderstandings due to the lack of a common language.

458: 277: 16404: 15869: 15827: 14884: 14428: 14398: 12337: 12309: 9769:"Daniel Encinas: "Dina Boluarte ha hecho una coalición con fuerzas que no ganaron la elección"" 8573:

Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru".

7011:

Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru".

5207: 5200: 5192: 5087:, 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity. 4603: 4577: 4547: 4527: 4440: 3945: 3180: 3146: 3097: 2991: 2858: 2846: 2792: 2595:, who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies. 2588: 2418: 2247: 1976: 1053: 775: 719: 540: 15116: 12511: 12476: 10310: 10282: 10249: 9805: 9773: 8852: 8575:

The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power

7986: 7794:, Travaux de l'IFEA (in Spanish), Lima: Institut français d’études andines, pp. 123–139, 7614:

Blom, Deborah E.; Janusek, John W. (2004). "Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku".

7013:

The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power

4627: 3153:, and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs. The Regional Council, the region's 2484:

Into the new century, Peru tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth, though

2258:. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by 2255: 1921:

stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy,

1764:

at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas. In relation to this, Don

16268: 14513: 14336: 14194: 12421: 12393: 12365: 11285:

Williams, James L. (1972). "Revolution from Within: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru".

10823:"Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru" 9865:

From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes

9277:

El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación

8782: 7690: 7102:

El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación

6206: 6202: 5585: 5501: 5497: 4424: 3973: 3961: 3855:

and river valleys that contain unique plant life. The Highlands above the tree-line known as

3688: 3367: 3346: 2929: 2788: 2747: 2552: 2536: 2278: 2200: 2160: 2152: 1964: 1960: 1880: 1836: 1259: 1251: 1200: 1103: 1006: 31: 16048: 16038: 15864: 13465: 12449: 11143:"FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law" 9736:"Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt" 8316:

Brands, Hal (15 September 2010). "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975".

8049: 7826: 5221:

The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and

5140: 1342: 14851: 14706: 14663: 14633: 14489: 14469: 14294: 14242: 13905:

Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru's "fictitious prosperity" of Guano, 1840–1880

13347:

Vázquez, Mario (1970) "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru", pp. 79–81 in

11806: 11563: 7432: 7346: 7049:"A Totalidade Neoliberal-Fujimorista: Estigmatização e Colonialidade No Peru Contemporâneo" 6295: 6243:

before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final.

6240: 6216: 6094: 5982: 5736: 5367: 5274: 4415: 4255: 4251: 3408:

for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in

3114: 2975: 2921: 2862: 2854: 2754: 2711: 2456: 2448: 2394: 2068: 1922: 1553:, developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE. 1456: 1426: 1216: 1153: 1145: 1044: 1022: 684: 574: 140: 13819:

Romero, Raúl (1985). "La música tradicional y popular". In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir,

12991: 10681: 10569: 10145: 8817: 8227: 7216:"Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy" 6236: 6194: 4439:

As of 2017, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas. Major cities include the

2490: 2188: 1506: 559: 8: 16288: 16143: 16012: 15273: 14879: 14731: 14577: 14494: 14316: 14155: 12000: 11862: 9436: 8791: 8542: 8325: 6613: 6356: 6147: 6021: 5844: 5775: 5701: 5695: 5342: 5301: 5285: 5049: 4480: 4294: 3940:

Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide

3592: 3585: 3323: 3123: 3030: 3022: 2853:. The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over 2735: 2731: 2444: 2422: 2156: 2064: 1968: 1852: 1736: 1707: 1703: 1643: 1368: 1287: 1088: 16092: 13563: 11810: 11567: 11182: 10213: 9705: 9585: 9555: 9525: 9495: 9241: 9104:"Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru" 7436: 6244: 5280:

Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The

2837:

and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection. The president appoints

16488: 16203: 14741: 14648: 14479: 14464: 14418: 14331: 14160: 13568: 12222: 11837: 11794: 11757: 11405: 11362: 11302: 11018: 11006: 10905: 10850: 10183: 10157: 10012: 9949: 9832: 9109: 8919: 8757: 8730: 8699: 8669: 8646: 8509: 8337: 7873: 7869: 7631: 7511: 7503: 7456: 7159: 7078: 6483: 6366: 6287: 6151: 6143: 6009: 5806: 5771: 5709: 5392: 5351: 5124: 5061: 4993: 4698: 3551: 3397: 3379: 3334: 3073: 3014: 2954: 2834: 2683: 2295: 2131: 2108: 2087: 2060: 2045: 2041: 1930: 1906: 1695: 1691: 1601: 1593: 1422: 1267: 1161: 1131: 1115: 1111: 1040: 628: 405: 373: 77: 11575: 10992: 8731:"At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic" 8175: 6064:, also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the 5105: 3620:

plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft)

3533: 3484:. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict 3096:

Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for

2936: 2882: 2567: 2540: 2231: 2083: 1972: 15820: 15519: 15499: 14678: 14658: 14653: 14638: 14597: 14501: 14474: 14386: 14346: 14056: 14039: 13908: 13893: 13865: 13842: 13803: 13779: 13661: 13640: 13627: 13352: 13295: 12196: 12067: 11842: 11824: 11397: 11354: 11294: 11164: 11111: 11010: 10996: 10951: 10927: 10897: 10842: 10750: 10701: 10393: 10316: 10175: 9953: 9939: 9327:"'Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start" 9289: 9114: 8923: 8858: 8762: 8673: 8650: 8642: 8578: 8513: 8428: 8395: 8341: 8294: 8269: 8128: 8104: 8101:

From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687–1808

8083: 7952: 7919: 7895: 7795: 7752: 7696: 7672: 7635: 7564: 7557: 7448: 7402: 7366: 7246: 7114: 7082: 7070: 7016: 6675: 6667: 6352: 6252: 6078: 5957:

roots. In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the

5661: 5657: 5454: 5363: 5257: 5196: 5148: 5100: 4966: 4739: 4192: 3977: 3887: 3696: 3644:

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three

3629: 3501: 3489: 3444: 3165: 2971: 2703: 2658: 2622: 2610: 2592: 2335: 2328: 2216: 2104: 1956: 1870: 1751:, the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian 1699: 1577: 1319: 1307: 1275: 1212: 1077: 653: 525: 383: 14081: 11974: 10854: 10360: 10187: 7515: 6157: 5708:

artistic forms created by diverse ethnic groups that existed in the area during the

4830: 2857:

in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the

2119: 2028: 1884: 1502: 120: 15730: 15281: 14981: 14874: 14864: 14751: 14721: 14673: 14623: 14582: 14452: 14433: 14076: 12600:"Food crisis deepens in Peru, more than half of the population lacks enough to eat" 12186: 11832: 11814: 11571: 11389: 11154: 11100:"The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru" 10988: 10889: 10834: 10693: 10167: 9931: 8909: 8795: 8752: 8744: 8638: 8550: 8546: 8499: 8329: 7865: 7623: 7596: 7495: 7460: 7440: 7060: 6657: 6516: 6491: 6478: 6433: 6419: 6402: 6360: 6294:

was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the

6256: 5814: 5787: 5649: 5564:

Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the

5511: 5450: 5230: 5160: 5109: 4796: 4476: 4259: 4201: 3988: 3753: 3729: 3300: 3296: 3226: 3206: 3169: 2995: 2983: 2967: 2925: 2897: 2874: 2687: 2662: 2514: 2494: 2386: 2317: 2305: 2208: 2195:

caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the

2192: 2139: 1743:

as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at

1719: 1283: 1263: 1224: 1149: 1069: 1013:

mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical

827: 506: 360: 55: 15303: 13890:

Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru

11253:"Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica" 10838: 9075: 8666:

The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion

7323:, Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14–15. First published in Lisbon in 1609. 5917: 5805:

Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the

5764: 5565: 5305: 5218:, an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities. 2566:

in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president

2183:

Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the

2155:, in the Atacama region. Two outstanding military leaders throughout the war were 2004:

that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful.

1522: 1451:

settlement. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as

1095:. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the 15155: 15049: 14780: 14698: 14592: 14537: 14403: 14277: 14183: 14115: 13996: 13991: 13930: 13875: 13636: 13469: 13449: 13375: 12483: 12166: 12125: 12100: 11913: 11891: 11869: 11501: 11191: 10650: 10402: 9332: 8422: 8333: 8234: 7929: 7769: 7723: 7655: 7360: 7240: 7222: 6890: 6496: 6375: 6327: 5477: 5465: 5347: 5337: 5238: 5188: 5076: 5033: 5023: 4762: 4657: 4552: 4532: 4484: 4419: 3903: 3805: 3741: 3708: 3634: 3555: 3139: 2850: 2842: 2773: 2184: 1812: 1778: 1725: 1542: 1510: 1397: 1363: 1271: 1184: 1065: 429: 423: 378: 92: 14225: 11926: 9935: 9020: 7627: 6883: 6662: 6645: 6228: 5756: 5600: 4814: 3983:

Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the

3713: 3669: 16043: 16033: 16028: 15009: 14991: 14931: 14904: 14889: 14716: 14643: 14309: 13442: 11819: 11203: 10574: 10447:"Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results" 9403: 8748: 7600: 6224: 5950: 5929: 5855: 5713: 5705: 5645: 5519: 5458: 5080: 5072: 4916: 4693: 4632: 4448: 4344: 4317: 4301:

and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes.

4197: 4015: 4011: 3992: 3984: 3872: 3856: 3677: 3673: 3645: 3468: 3405: 3250: 3085: 3061: 3057: 2944: 2808: 2671: 2600: 2544: 2532: 2506: 2426: 2382: 2148: 2075:

named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.

1975:

in 1818. On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of

1941: 1828: 1769: 1757: 1715: 1585: 1538: 1349: 1081: 15566: 15029: 13246:""Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica" 11159: 11142: 9210:"The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America" 6679: 5131:

on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the

2498: 2443:

tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a

2331: 1797:

of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers.

1479:

culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE along what is now Peru's

16463: 16457: 16439: 16426: 16293: 15264: 15248: 14796: 14756: 14746: 14628: 14229: 13795: 11828: 11679:"Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru" 11401: 11358: 11298: 11168: 11115: 10901: 10846: 10705: 10697: 10542: 10278:"El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país" 10179: 9863: 9706:"Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment" 9118: 8298: 7956: 7226: 7074: 6916:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. Archived from 6671: 6248: 6175: 6135: 6124: 6120: 6106:

company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later:

6082: 5954: 5868: 5748: 5728: 5717: 5665: 5554: 5539: 5527: 5515: 5485: 5385:

are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of

5359: 5144: 5084: 4950: 4882: 4184: 3996: 3941: 3844: 3681: 3638: 3481: 3436: 3390: 3375: 3371: 3131: 3026: 2830: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2693: 2667: 2643: 2584: 2440: 2389:

assumed the presidency in 1990 and according to Rospigliosi, the head of the

2374: 2344: 2300: 1840: 1794: 1683: 1549:

in both Peru and Bolivia, and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of

1546: 1526: 1514: 1494: 1480: 1291: 1208: 1057: 982: 954: 531: 340: 327: 270: 15103: 13881:

Garland, Gonzalo. Peru in the 21st Century: Challenges and Possibilities in

13483:"Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America" 13083:[Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants]. 12773:"Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria" 11345:

Vásquez, George L. (1994). "The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992".

10171: 10034:"Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president" 9892: 9801:"Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior" 9363:"Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo" 8854:

Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction

8459:

Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008

5354:. Dolls, of reduced size, are frequently found in the tombs of ancient Peru. 1618:, the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of 15069: 14986: 14923: 14736: 14711: 14564: 13923: 12570: 11846: 8799: 8766: 8356:"Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people" 7452: 7065: 7048: 6406: 6299: 6056:

While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin

5946: 5904: 5822: 5810: 5683: 5653: 5633: 5620: 5604: 5489: 5404: 5382: 5371: 5309: 5226: 5222: 5132: 4898: 4859: 4848: 4780: 4721: 4173: 3797: 3649: 3544: 3456: 3409: 3333:

Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024

3312: 3135: 2723: 2522: 2354: 2349: 2324: 2227: 2176: 2012: 1951:

After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata,

1913:

In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by

1860: 1748: 1674: 1561: 1518: 1448: 1311: 1279: 1236: 1018: 1014: 907: 885: 393: 126: 14200: 14176: 13776:

Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures

10144:

Lee, Sang Hoon; Magallanes, José Manuel; Porter, Mason A. (1 March 2017).

5504:

and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works.

3812:, an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of 3652:

have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the

3621: 3272:, and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the 2583:. Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President 1800: 16273: 16213: 16153: 15991: 15792: 15054: 15044: 14899: 14869: 14843: 14801: 14299: 13677:

Martin, "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870", pp. 37–39.

13368: 12066:. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 157. 11882: 10947:

The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s

8896:"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s" 8486:"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s" 7787: 6319: 6086: 6034: 5744: 5740: 5592: 5573: 5543: 5434: 5387: 5313: 4932: 4680: 4595: 4364: 4320:

is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the

3864: 3837: 3813: 3774: 3401: 3154: 3080: 3038: 2917: 2909: 2893: 2804: 2777: 2559: 2525: 2290: 2040:(present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of 1984: 1820: 1786: 1627: 1573: 1569: 1484: 1359: 1073: 1061: 14204: 13656:

Bayón, Damián (1998). "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

12191: 11589:

Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA).

11366: 11306: 7444: 6646:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" 6603:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" 5934: 5607:

and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire.

5362:

date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of

4339: 4183:(FAO) published in August 2022, half of Peru's population is moderately 3577: 3351: 2765:, consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the 2528:

during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.

2265: 2171: 1572:

emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the

30:

This article is about the country in South America. For other uses, see

16193: 15024: 15019: 14971: 11409: 9281: 7877: 7106: 6817: 6275: 6154:("La Teta Asustada"), won the Golden Bear award at the 2009 Berlinale. 5839: 5827: 5792: 5747:

became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of

5535: 5534:. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as 5469: 5442: 5413:. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the 5215: 5180: 5169: 4864: 4618: 4488: 4213: 4137: 4079: 4033: 3908: 3829: 3485: 3327: 3238: 3034: 2485: 2463: 2413: 2378: 2370: 2037: 1790: 1782: 1476: 1452: 1444: 1157: 1140: 919: 15812: 12866:"With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard" 10909: 9526:"Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters" 8914: 8895: 8504: 8485: 8080:

Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century

7716: 7648: 7507: 7421:"Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru" 5975:. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the 4825: 3894:

mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 14th globally out of 172 countries.

2718:, in which the central government holds the most power and can create 2521:

to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the

1669: 1668:, became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother 1314:, who arrived in 1522, believed this was the southernmost part of the 16303: 16223: 16148: 15924: 15899: 15797: 15782: 15667: 15642: 15388: 15372: 15227: 15172: 15064: 15014: 14976: 14859: 14326: 14019:

Martin, Gerald. "Narrative since c. 1920". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

13885:, Volume 22, No. 4, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, England, May 1990. 13124:"First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year" 12711:"Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial" 9013:"Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru" 8948: 8287:"Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100" 7533: 6974: 6119:, produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by 6115: 6103: 6065: 6057: 6050: 6042: 5994: 5732: 5581: 5569: 5211: 5052:

formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries.

4791: 4613: 4403: 4399: 4309: 4153: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4086: 3890:

is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants. Peru had a 2019

3868: 3833: 3821: 3792:, over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater 3616: 3581: 3089: 3053: 3042: 2979: 2604: 2435: 2408: 2115: 1996: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1623: 1619: 1589: 1556: 1534: 1315: 1229:

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

1123: 1052:(the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the 499: 11393: 10477:"The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics" 8944:

Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú

7944: 6970:

Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú

5876: 5640:

Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the

5484:

region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the

4236: 3319:, but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations. 2497:

became president in 2001 to 2006. On 28 July 2006, former president

1864: 1744: 1687: 1203:, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as 16283: 16258: 16238: 16198: 16188: 16158: 15966: 15946: 15914: 15843: 15756: 15699: 15657: 15616: 15550: 15413: 15403: 15367: 15217: 15207: 15192: 14150: 13081:"El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes" 12681:"Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática" 10893: 10507:"Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment" 10162: 9178:"Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017?" 7774:

The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.

7499: 7269:

a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...

6504: 6046: 6038: 6029: 6013: 5998: 5986: 5971: 5938: 5550: 5425: 4961: 4945: 4911: 4809: 4757: 4734: 4652: 4642: 4582: 4472: 4468: 4452: 4444: 4395: 4313: 4220: 3817: 3785: 3770: 3665: 3567: 3559: 3425: 3413: 3292: 3230: 3064:

took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.

3018: 2699: 2239: 2067:

a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the

2055:

Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the

1805: 1740: 1550: 990: 949: 889: 14961: 11758:"The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile" 11204:

Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada (29 August 2019).

9676:"Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress" 5920:

has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients.

5801:

is a popular lime-marinated seafood dish which originated in Peru.

5493: 5391:

in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been

1497:

earrings depicting warriors, made of turquoise and gold (1–800 CE)

1463:

husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on

16298: 16243: 16218: 16208: 16168: 15951: 15919: 15904: 15662: 15621: 15611: 15423: 15408: 15357: 15222: 15197: 15177: 15059: 14966: 14951: 14131:

Concha, Jaime. "Poetry, c. 1920–1950". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.),

11040:"Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership" 9646:"The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity" 9367: 9149: 8153: 6279: 6092:

Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America,

6025: 5990: 5900: 5880: 5833: 5797: 5679: 5664:(1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and 5375: 5321: 5297: 5068: 4893: 4877: 4675: 4460: 4329: 4169: 4117: 3968:, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an 3781: 3725: 3657: 3596: 3511: 3429: 3322:

Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the

3245:. It is also a member of international organizations such as the 2990:. The president is elected in a general election, along with the 2913: 2905: 2743: 2323:

Peru engaged in a two-week-long conflict with Ecuador during the

2135: 2001: 1772:

in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.

1752: 1490: 1460: 1243: 998: 986: 494: 14914: 14234: 11678: 9924:"Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru" 8125:

Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru

7692:

Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism

3924:

The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by

2947:

was removed in 2022. Following a ruling in February 2023 by the

1925:

was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of

1652:

One of the main events in the conquest of Peru was the death of

16253: 16248: 16228: 16178: 16173: 16163: 15986: 15956: 15909: 15787: 15761: 15688: 15683: 15647: 15393: 15362: 15243: 15202: 15182: 15146: 15092: 14941: 9464:"Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating" 9182: 6784:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Peru)" 6286:. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the 6283: 6219:, is the most popular and widely practiced in the country. The 6099: 6002: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5872: 5721: 5641: 5558: 4927: 4305: 4244: 4161: 4141: 4133: 4109: 4097: 4055: 4051: 4047: 3883: 3860: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3421: 3150: 2647: 1992: 1988: 1936:

The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the

1761: 1679: 1337:, son of an Inca princess and a conquistador. He said the name 994: 14812: 13761:

Romero, Raúl (1999). "Andean Peru". In: John Schechter (ed.),

12064:

Searching for a better society: the Peruvian economy from 1950

9496:"Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra" 9273: 7098: 6610:

Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies

5378:

dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.

5056:

inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the

4432:

With about 31.2 million inhabitants in 2017, Peru is the

2187:, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of 1874:

Juan Santos and his supporters confronting Franciscan priests.

1333:

An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer

1322:

invaded the regions farther south, they came to be designated

1029:. At 1,285,216 km (496,225 sq mi), Peru is the 16233: 16183: 15941: 15751: 15652: 15398: 15187: 15087: 15039: 14956: 14946: 14936: 14726: 14135:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 227–260. 14023:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 133–225. 12178: 8609:. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 28–40. 8533: 7190:[Training module on genetic resources and biosafety] 7188:"Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad" 6448: 6247:

is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level,

6061: 5977: 5965: 5959: 5913: 5908: 5888: 5864: 5860: 5173: 4843: 4775: 4716: 4464: 4456: 4325: 4165: 4149: 4075: 3852: 3848: 3809: 3600: 3417: 3134:(LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the 2796: 2320:

in collaboration with other American military dictatorships.

2282: 2204: 2123: 2011:

San Martín proclaiming the independence of Peru. Painting by

1856: 1816: 1729: 1610: 1597: 1581: 1127: 1010: 1002: 10538:"Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal" 7892:

Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545–1650

5476:

The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture,

1963:. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General 1005:, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a 15034: 14080: 12926:"Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 | CEIC Data" 10793: 7155:"At Peru Protests' Epicenter, Rage—And a Sense of Betrayal" 6439: 6081:

in 1932 by Antonio Wong Rengifo (with a momentous, initial

6017: 5446: 5117: 4590: 4572: 4333: 4204:

on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil."

4157: 4113: 4067: 4063: 4059: 3917: 3879: 3825: 3522: 3265: 3161: 2823: 2780:

and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the

2099: 1711: 1615: 1431: 1092: 1026: 319: 15530:

Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America

14213: 14016:. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45. 13823:. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp. pp. 243–245, 261–265. 11454:"Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine" 10416:"Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions" 9891:

Fernandini, Patrick Wieland; Sousa, Ronnie Farfan (2015).

6209:, and the largest sporting event held by the country, the 5549:

Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban

4219:

In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of

2462:

In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the

16122: 13979:

Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050

13883:

Futures: the Journal of Forecasting, Planning, and Policy

13111:

Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050

12512:"Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique" 12032:"Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023" 7695:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–59. 7399:

The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes

4071: 966: 14036:

Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899

12834:"actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018" 11792: 8572: 8206:

Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899

8035:(Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40. 7419:

Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (2004).

7010: 6936:"Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú" 5727:

Peruvian literature is rooted in the oral traditions of

5464:

Between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE, the

4258:. In 2016, the country had 827 km (514 mi) of 3796:. The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the 3628:(jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the 3614:(highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the 3067: 2702:

with a multi-party system. The country has maintained a

2621:

On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new

2451:

violations committed in the last years of violence. His

1702:

defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the

1025:

of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is

14126:

Perú: Perfil de la pobreza por departamentos, 2004–2008

13461:

World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education,

12804:"Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina" 12651:"Manufacturing, value added (current US$ ) | Data" 11280: 11278: 9556:"Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader" 8473:. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47. 8424:

Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 1992

7284:. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83. 6193:. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the 5648:

choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by

3179:

which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the

2888:

In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25

2425:

by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of

2207:

to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a

1768:, governor of Panama was also responsible for settling 11037: 7554: 6227:

five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the

4140:, and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of 3266:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

2829:

Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both

2234:

became president. Odría's presidency was known as the

1156:

in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of

13920:

The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts

12140:

United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement

11552: 9242:"Peru's Prime Minister Ana Jara deposed over spy row" 8984: 8982: 7918:(in Spanish). Lima: FCE/IFEA/PUCP. pp. 252–253. 7689:

Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984).

6466: 5183:

with Indigenous traditions. Two of its universities,

3284:, free trade agreements with Japan, and many others. 2650:

embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.

2385:

in Peru – as an effort to overthrow his government.

1839:

was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while

16390:

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

14053:

Peru 1890–1977: growth and policy in an open economy

13937: