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Historians have tried to analyze the factors that contributed to the demise of the Jangal movement. Some of the main studies including those by Gregor
Yeghikian and Ebrahim Fakhrayi (Minister of Culture in Kuchak Khan's Cabinet of the Soviet Republic) suggest a role for both extremist actions taken
669:
Cosroe
Chaqueri has suggested also that the change of policy on the Soviet side regarding pursuing global revolution versus establishing and protecting the Soviet Union was the main reason for them to withdraw support from the Gilan Republic. The second option got more support and therefore Soviets
549:
in protest and also to avoid military confrontation (which he had always avoided as much as possible, even while fighting with the central government forces) and opened the way for the
Communist (Edalat) party to set a coup d'état. The new administration, formally under Ehsanollah Khan but actually
553:
Conservative elements characterized these measures as simply the latest features of longstanding
Russian interference in the region, and the middle-class were antagonized by the level of violence, disrespect for property, and the Russian ties of the Jangali movement. The Republic also lost support
493:
This cooperation with the Soviet revolutionaries was based on some conditions including the announcement of the
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic under his leadership and lack of any direct intervention by the Soviets in the internal affairs of the republic. The Soviets agreed to support him with
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678:, the Soviet ambassador in Tehran, and Mirza Kuchak Khan clearly supports this view. As part of his peace making efforts, Rothstein had also sent a message to the Soviet officers among Ehsanollah Khan's one thousand strong force that had made its way towards
871:"Chaqueri, Cosroe. The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920–1921. Birth of the Trauma. [Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies.] University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh [etc.] n.d. [1995.] xxvii, 649 pp. Ill. $ 70.00"
685:
Historian Kayhan A. Nejad counters that Soviet leaders in Moscow only began to withdraw support from the Gilan
Republic after months of infighting between its communist and non-communist factions, which set into motion a process of internal collapse.
101:
666:
by the
Communist (Edalat) Party that provoked opposing religious sentiment among the public, and Mirza Kuchak Khan's religious and at times somewhat conservative views on collaboration with the Communist Party as possible factors.
657:, and died of frostbite. It is said that his body was decapitated by a local landlord and his head was displayed in Rasht to establish the government's new hegemony over revolution and revolutionary ideas.
100:
630:
did not result in a resolution. By 1921, and particularly after the agreement achieved between the Soviet Union and
Britain, the Soviets decided not to further support the Soviet Republic of Gilan. The
510:
to poor peasants, to the dismay of the more radical forces of the Jangal movement. Therefore, soon disagreements arose between Mirza and his group of advisors on one side and the
Soviets and the
1967:
1714:
102:
550:
under the influence of
Batyrbek Abukov (the Soviet Commissar) started a series of radical activities such as anti-religious propaganda, or forcing money out of the rich landlords.
563:
1960:
569:
1346:
554:
from the general population due to the exceedingly high number of war refugees who began flooding the urban centers, thus posing a significant economic problem.
378:
1351:
1953:
136:
2122:
593:
486:
and an ardent advocate of an alliance with the Bolsheviks. Kuchak Khan, though hesitant and cautious towards such an idea due to both his religious and
452:, who had been given asylum by British forces in Anzali. The British garrison in Anzali soon evacuated the town without any resistance, retreating to
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Amongst the Jangalis, there were many who felt that the Bolsheviks offered a real solution to the problems shared by both Russia and
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Faced with the conflict between his movement and the united British and central government forces, the Iranian revolutionary
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Mirza's efforts to resolve the bloody disputes by sending a petition through a delegate of two of his men to Soviet premier
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considered several choices. Mirza had considered seeking support from Bolsheviks when a year before he traveled on foot to
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was then signed, ensuring peaceful relations between the two countries and resulting in the withdrawal of Soviet forces.
1489:
1070:
Cronin, Stephanie, "Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge, 2004.
1877:
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in north-west Persia, south of the Caspian sea. It lasted from June 1920 until September 1921 and was established by
1739:
1550:
1146:
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649:. The Soviet Republic of Gilan officially came to an end in September 1921. Mirza and his German friend Gauook (
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441:. This mission was declared to be only in pursuit of the Russian vessels and ammunition taken to Anzali by the
1459:
1776:
1674:
1454:
1081:
Nejad, Kayhan A. (2021). "To break the feudal bonds: the Soviets, Reza Khan, and the Iranian left, 1921-25".
674:
with the British in London (1921) which required them to retreat from Northern Iran. Correspondence between
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ammunition and soldiers. Mirza offered to pay for the ammunition but the Soviets refused any payments.
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to meet with them but by the time he arrived in that city, the Red forces had been forced to evacuate.
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1036:(The Soviet Union and the Jungle Movement), Editor: Borzouyeh Dehgan, Tehran: Novin, 1984.
728:
Ervand Abrahamian (2008) «A history of modern Iran» Cambridge University Press, Page 59-61
645:
several days beforehand, then began reasserting central government control over Gilan and
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939:"Provincial Revolution and Regional Anti-Colonialism: The Soviets in Iran, 1920–1921"
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background, accepted and the Jangalis entered into an agreement with the Bolsheviks.
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216:
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A letter from the Revolutionary War Council of the Persian Red Army to Leon Trotsky
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537:- one hand holding a hammer, and the other anachronistically waving the Republic's
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Socialist Republic of Gilan: The First Offensive Move of the October Revolution
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Stamp of Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1920, showing the legendary rebel
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Krasnaia Persiia: Bol'sheviki v Giliane, 1920-1921. Dokumental'naia khronika
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682:, not to obey his orders and as a result that campaign was defeated.
483:
1323:
502:
In May 1920, the Soviet Republic of Gilan, officially known as the
464:
398:
413:
that had started in 1914 gained momentum after the victory of the
19:"PSSR" redirects here. For Sony's image upscaling technology, see
1636:
449:
389:, a leader of the "Constitutionalist Movement of Gilan", and his
1975:
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1980:
1611:
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Mirza Shokrollah khan Tonekaboni (keyhan) – Research chief
575:
Seyyed Jafar Some'e sarai (Mohseni) – Foreign commissioner
1029:(The Commander of the Jungle), Tehran: Javidan, 1983.
474:, namely the domination of the upper classes and the
50:
584:
Abolghasem Rezazade (Fakhraei) – Trade commissioner
641:, who had initiated a successful coup d'état with
978:
16:1920–1921 socialist state in Gilan Province, Iran
2079:
1000:
1039:
1042:The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-21
777:Center for Strategic and International Studies
497:
1961:
1147:
86:
34:
572:(Vagahr ol saltane) – Interial commissioner
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1968:
1954:
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135:
633:Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921)
404:
145:, where the Persian SSR was declared, in
1161:
596:(Khomami) – Public benefits commissioner
528:
506:, came into being. The Republic did not
2143:Former countries of the interwar period
868:
799:
737:
545:On June 9, 1920 Mirza Kuchak Khan left
2080:
875:International Review of Social History
768:
660:
393:partisans, with the assistance of the
52:Jomhuri-ye Šurâ-ye Sosiyâlisti-ye Irân
1949:
1135:
1080:
936:
21:PlayStation Spectral Super Resolution
605:Dr. Mansur Bavar – Health head chief
696:Constitutionalist movement of Gilan
590:– Post & telegraph commissioner
478:. Kuchak Khan's second-in-command,
360:
242:• Socialist Republic declared
87:
35:
13:
1117:Brief summary of history with flag
1074:
1044:, University of Pittsburgh Press,
611:Amir taka – Head of war commission
367:Socialist Soviet Republic of Gilan
98:
14:
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2025:Autonomous Government of Khorasan
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504:Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic
353:Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic
30:Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic
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808:Praeger Security International
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1:
2128:Former unrecognized countries
1095:10.1080/00263206.2021.1897578
1034:Shooravi and jonbesh-e jangal
972:
869:Atabaki, Turaj (April 1999).
362:جمهوری شورای سوسیالیستی ایران
36:جمهوری سوسیالیستی شوروی ایران
1003:Diplomatic History of Persia
672:Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement
199:Chairman of the Commissariat
7:
2118:Iran–Soviet Union relations
1700:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
984:Russia and the West in Iran
689:
643:Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee
498:Declaration of the Republic
51:
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741:Global Security Watch—Iran
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1001:Nasrollah Fatemi (1952).
937:Nejad, Kayhan A. (2023).
887:10.1017/S0020859099610409
564:Mohammad taghi Pir bazari
512:Communist Party of Persia
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2012:Soviet Republic of Gilan
1040:Cosroe Chaqueri (1994),
800:Mattair, Thomas (2008).
769:Hunter, Shireen (2004).
738:Mattair, Thomas (2008).
716:
570:Mir shams el din vaghari
1710:North Korea (1947–1948)
1705:North Korea (1946–1947)
526:) Party) on the other.
480:Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar
2138:Politics of Qajar Iran
2093:Early Soviet republics
1432:Current and historical
1083:Middle Eastern Studies
913:. SFSU. Archived from
832:"گیلانˇ شؤرایي جؤمۊري"
653:) fled alone into the
581:– Justice commissioner
566:– Finance commissioner
542:
405:Background and history
265:• Disestablished
129:
917:on February 18, 2008.
532:
446:counter-revolutionary
365:), also known as the
212:• 1920–21
175:Common languages
128:
1979:in the territory of
1937:History of socialism
1005:. Russell F. Moore.
955:10.1017/slr.2023.165
622:Iranian coup of 1921
535:Kaveh the Blacksmith
423:Soviet Caspian Fleet
377:) was a short-lived
375:گیلانˇ شؤرایي جؤمۊري
254:Russo-Persian Treaty
2051:Republic of Mahabad
1977:Unrecognized states
1873:Estonia (1918–1919)
1767:Hungary (1949–1989)
1032:Gregor Yaghikiyan,
986:. Greenwood Press.
661:Historical analysis
488:Iranian nationalist
429:and accompanied by
1838:Byelorussia (1919)
1025:Ebrahim Fakhrayi,
711:Avetis Sultan-Zade
676:Theodore Rothstein
543:
514:(evolved from the
431:Sergo Orzhonikidze
427:Fyodor Raskolnikov
421:. In May 1920 the
379:unrecognized state
193:Socialist republic
159:Unrecognized state
130:
94:The Internationale
2148:History of Talysh
2133:Communism in Iran
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1929:
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1465:Congo-Brazzaville
1361:Regional variants
980:George Lenczowski
927:Ebrahim Fakhrayi.
639:Reza Khan Mirpanj
594:Mohammadali Gilak
508:redistribute land
461:Mirza Kuchak Khan
387:Mirza Kuchik Khan
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348:
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779:. p. 317.
772:Islam in Russia
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2059:
2052:
2042:
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2016:
2013:
2003:
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1990:
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1978:
1971:
1966:
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1919:
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1911:
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1853:Crimea (1919)
1851:
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1716:
1715:South Vietnam
1713:
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1642:North Vietnam
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1352:United States
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1338:
1332:
1329:
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1309:United States
1307:
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1215:
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1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:New Australia
1186:
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1184:
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1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1157:
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1128:
1125:
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1120:
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1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
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1008:
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993:0-8371-0144-1
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Slavic Review
940:
933:
924:
916:
912:
911:
904:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:(1): 87–117.
880:
876:
872:
865:
857:
851:
837:
833:
827:
819:
817:9781567207576
813:
810:. p. 7.
809:
805:
804:
796:
788:
786:9780765612823
782:
778:
774:
773:
765:
757:
755:9781567207576
751:
748:. p. 7.
747:
743:
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629:
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601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:First Cabinet
555:
551:
548:
540:
536:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
444:
443:White Russian
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
396:
395:Soviet Russia
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
368:
358:
354:
345:
342:
340:Today part of
338:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:
307:
304:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
259:February 1921
258:
255:
249:
245:
239:
235:
232:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
148:
144:
138:
133:
95:
84:
80:
71:
64:
59:
53:
44:
27:
22:
2113:1921 in Iran
2108:1920 in Iran
2075:
2011:
1813:Baranya–Baja
1782:Soviet Union
1762:East Germany
1679:
1460:Burkina Faso
1086:
1082:
1064:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1002:
983:
946:
942:
932:
923:
915:the original
909:
903:
878:
874:
864:
850:
840:, retrieved
838:, 2022-10-14
835:
826:
802:
795:
771:
764:
740:
733:
724:
701:Jungle Party
684:
668:
664:
650:
637:
625:
552:
544:
523:
503:
501:
492:
469:
458:
408:
366:
352:
350:
288:Succeeded by
287:
282:
141:Location of
88:انترناسیونال
82:
1796:Short-lived
1653:Short-lived
1622:South Yemen
1607:North Korea
1567:Afghanistan
1284:New Zealand
1279:Netherlands
706:Tudeh Party
670:signed the
616:Coup d'état
579:Mahmud Reza
283:Preceded by
2082:Categories
1908:Tarnobrzeg
1833:Bessarabia
1787:Yugoslavia
1510:Seychelles
1505:Mozambique
1500:Madagascar
1423:Vietnamese
1418:Venezuelan
1408:Nicaraguan
1403:Melanesian
1320:Venezuela
1232:Kuomintang
1225:since 1978
1195:Bangladesh
1171:By country
1165:by country
1011:B0007DXLE2
973:References
842:2023-01-03
647:Mazandaran
600:Ali Habibi
415:Bolsheviks
319:Qajar Iran
306:Qajar Iran
189:Government
2040:(1945–46)
2014:(1920–21)
1999:Azadistan
1866:1939–1940
1821:1918–1919
1590:1982–1992
1585:1979–1992
1580:1975–1979
1576:Cambodia
1551:Nicaragua
1483:1987–1991
1478:1974–1987
1474:Ethiopia
1413:Tanzanian
1294:Sri Lanka
1237:Hong Kong
1220:Communist
1183:Australia
1178:Argentina
1163:Socialism
1103:233524659
1058:25431986M
1050:831417921
963:0037-6779
895:1469-512X
856:"Koochak"
836:Knowledge
484:communist
425:, led by
61:1920–1921
1918:Würzburg
1893:Naissaar
1857:Finland
1817:Bavaria
1755:Slovakia
1740:Bulgaria
1670:Far East
1617:Mongolia
1529:Americas
1393:European
1324:Chavismo
1289:Pakistan
1019:52011977
982:(1968).
690:See also
651:Hooshang
539:Red Flag
465:Lankaran
448:General
437:port of
399:Red Army
246:May 1920
1888:Ireland
1878:Galicia
1777:Romania
1735:Albania
1690:Jiangxi
1637:Vietnam
1541:Grenada
1515:Somalia
1398:Israeli
1388:Chinese
1383:Burmese
1378:British
1368:African
1340:History
1331:Vietnam
1299:Tunisia
1249:Finland
1244:Estonia
910:Behrooz
524:Justice
518:-based
450:Denikin
435:Caspian
391:Jangali
357:Persian
252:•
183:Talyshi
165:Capital
83:Anthem:
43:Persian
2053:(1946)
2027:(1921)
2001:(1920)
1898:Saxony
1843:Bremen
1772:Poland
1728:Europe
1695:Kuwait
1675:Fujian
1490:Guinea
1450:Angola
1443:Africa
1259:Greece
1254:France
1216:China
1212:Canada
1205:Lulism
1200:Brazil
1101:
1056:
1048:
1017:
1009:
990:
961:
893:
814:
783:
752:
680:Qazvin
520:Edalat
454:Manjil
439:Anzali
419:Russia
371:Gilaki
202:
179:Gilaki
155:Status
85:
39:
1913:Užice
1848:Bihać
1808:Banat
1680:Gilan
1627:Syria
1597:China
1572:Burma
1546:Chile
1520:Sudan
1495:Libya
1470:Egypt
1455:Benin
1274:Italy
1264:India
1099:S2CID
717:Notes
547:Rasht
169:Rasht
143:Gilan
1981:Iran
1861:1918
1826:1919
1632:Tuva
1612:Laos
1602:Iraq
1560:Asia
1536:Cuba
1373:Arab
1269:Iran
1046:OCLC
1015:LCCN
1007:ASIN
988:ISBN
959:ISSN
891:ISSN
812:ISBN
781:ISBN
750:ISBN
516:Baku
472:Iran
409:The
381:, a
351:The
344:Iran
147:Iran
76:Flag
1091:doi
951:doi
883:doi
417:in
397:'s
369:, (
2084::
1097:.
1087:57
1085:.
1054:OL
1052:,
1013:.
957:.
947:82
945:.
941:.
889:.
879:44
877:.
873:.
834:,
806:.
775:.
744:.
456:.
401:.
373::
359::
181:;
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1155:e
1148:t
1141:v
1105:.
1093::
1021:.
996:.
965:.
953::
897:.
885::
858:.
820:.
789:.
758:.
541:.
522:(
355:(
149:.
45:)
41:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
