1925:. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behavior begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns. The third period contains eight elements: sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and argon. The first two, sodium and magnesium, are members of the
4754:
25:
4766:
3070:. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive: for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. Argon gas also has uses in incandescent and fluorescent lighting, and other types of gas discharge tubes. Argon makes a distinctive
2933:), has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont. The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air", as he thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the
2937:, because acids were thought at the time to necessarily contain oxygen. A number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air" must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, and Scheele named the supposed new element within this oxide as
3191:
that form all cell membranes. Demonstrating the link between phosphorus and life, elemental phosphorus was historically first isolated from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. Phosphate minerals are fossils. Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in some
2316:
The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, it is coated in a thin layer of oxide , which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal
3199:
Sulfur is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. Sulfur in organic form is present in the vitamins
3156:
are not known to be used by any form of life. In keeping with its pervasiveness, it is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.
2853:, where it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form, but this method has been obsolete since the late 20th century. Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from
2480:, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates from its discovery: silicon was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1824, and given the name silicium (from
2370:
2601:
Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy. Although most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminum-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make
2297:
as a whole. Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole (behind iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's
2688:", meaning glow after illumination, derives from this property of phosphorus, the glow of phosphorus originates from oxidation of the white (but not red) phosphorus and should be called
2605:), the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon that is used in semiconductor electronics (< 10%) is perhaps even more critical. Because of wide use of silicon in
2405:. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different
2538:
Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and indeed often with little processing of compounds from nature. These include direct industrial building use of
3934:
Helmboldt, Otto; Keith Hudson, L.; Misra, Chanakya; Wefers, Karl; Heck, Wolfgang; Stark, Hans; Danner, Max; Rösch, Norbert (2007). "Aluminum
Compounds, Inorganic".
2226:. Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as
2941:. The suggestion that this newly discovered gas was a simple element was made in 1809 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques. This was confirmed in 1810 by
4559:
2842:, and the bright yellow powder was hypothesized by alchemists to contain some of the properties of gold, which they sought to synthesize from it. In 1777,
1779:
4569:
3285:
1789:
3732:
4619:
1839:
4803:
4716:
4594:
1813:
3153:
2822:. Sulfur fumes were used as fumigants, and sulfur-containing medicinal mixtures were used as balms and antiparasitics. Sulfur is referenced in the
1896:
4599:
4574:
4020:
2305:
stars by sequential additions of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Due to the magnesium ion's high
1818:
1794:
2960:
and disinfectant uses, as well as being an essential reagent in the chemical industry. As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in
4554:
4270:
1774:
1422:
2881:. Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds.
2248:
The free metal, elemental sodium, does not occur in nature but must be prepared from sodium compounds. Elemental sodium was first isolated by
4683:
1112:
2492:
word-ending to suggest a metal. However, its final name, suggested in 1831, reflects the more chemically similar elements carbon and boron.
4693:
4688:
1107:
1102:
4629:
4589:
4584:
4544:
3849:
3094:, allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macromineral.
1848:
1809:
1805:
1764:
4604:
4539:
4325:
1823:
1759:
1485:
3702:
3208:, the latter being named for the Greek word for sulfur. Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like
4698:
4678:
4465:
2953:
2528:
2386:
1651:
1122:
1092:
4534:
4498:
2337:" or "magnelium". Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.
1754:
3278:
3056:
4579:
4529:
3164:
need silicon in order to have structure. It is much more important to the metabolism of plants, particularly many grasses, and
1799:
1749:
89:
4796:
4624:
4549:
4460:
3765:
3160:
Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals, though various
1843:
1769:
1646:
61:
3886:
Herbert
Diskowski, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphorus" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2385:
classified by some chemists as a post-transition metal. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is
2444:
and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.
1889:
2594:
form abrasives and high-strength ceramics. Silicon is the basis of the ubiquitous synthetic silicon-based polymers called
4058:
4013:
1143:
3782:
68:
4493:
4450:
3951:
3271:
2741:
2496:
2286:
1980:
generally applies to period 3 in the same way as to period 2 elements, because the 3d subshell is normally non-acting.
1683:
1634:
2834:, with this name still used in several nonscientific terms. Sulfur was considered important enough to receive its own
2660:
The first form of elemental phosphorus to be produced (white phosphorus, in 1669) emits a faint glow upon exposure to
6094:
4666:
3907:
3835:
3792:
2752:
2499:
in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. It is most widely distributed in
1071:
108:
42:
4789:
1224:
1245:
1203:
75:
4614:
4488:
3902:
Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the
Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.
3047:(eight electrons) in the outer atomic shell makes argon stable and resistant to bonding with other elements. Its
1882:
1833:
1217:
1210:
1238:
4769:
4651:
4006:
2806:
minerals. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored
1711:
1080:
46:
4225:
2699:
The vast majority of phosphorus compounds are consumed as fertilizers. Other applications include the role of
1252:
1231:
4643:
4564:
4454:
3192:
aquatic systems. Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of
2885:
produced by living organisms imparts the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.
1785:
1707:
1638:
1054:
57:
3043:, meaning "lazy" or "the inactive one", as the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions. The complete
1020:
2340:
Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh
3235:, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned.
4673:
1088:
4235:
4230:
1964:, more specifically filling its 3s and 3p subshells. There is a 3d subshell, but—in compliance with the
4508:
1930:
1926:
1719:
1310:
4441:
2700:
1627:
2810:
shapes. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in
4043:
2965:
1027:
4661:
2846:
helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was a basic element, rather than a compound.
1066:
4757:
4726:
4220:
4177:
4048:
3874:
3721:
3412:
3168:(a type of silica) forms the basis of the striking array of protective shells of the microscopic
3063:
3029:
2815:
2429:
1862:
1380:
1322:
1130:
1037:
993:
35:
4247:
4074:
3813:
3401:
3184:
3110:
2012:
2007:
1696:
1390:
1160:
4480:
3853:
1671:
1015:
82:
4721:
4302:
3125:
thus require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of
3006:
2784:
1918:
1455:
3238:
Elemental chlorine is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all lifeforms, and is used as a
4832:
4403:
4087:
3699:
3313:
2780:
2634:
2282:
1678:
1586:
1443:
1185:
3231:
bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein
1176:
8:
4320:
3246:; however, chlorine is necessary to most forms of life, including humans, in the form of
2973:
2911:
2865:, because of the relatively high requirement of plants for it, and in the manufacture of
2744:
2631:
2606:
2587:
1731:
3980:
4408:
4368:
3626:
3620:
3028:
is by far the most common argon isotope, being the preferred argon isotope produced by
2657:—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.
2646:
1726:
1602:
1579:
1574:
1300:
1280:
1273:
5683:
4503:
4373:
3984:
3947:
3903:
3831:
3788:
3761:
3634:
2957:
2934:
2919:
2915:
2843:
2835:
2689:
2524:
2398:
1946:
1703:
1691:
1543:
1290:
1266:
708:
1186:
5747:
5452:
5281:
5110:
4948:
4921:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4738:
4656:
4432:
4297:
4255:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4137:
4132:
4127:
3976:
3939:
3887:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3243:
3138:
2969:
2942:
2882:
2831:
2650:
2559:
2402:
2378:
2298:
2290:
2257:
1994:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1950:
1914:
1869:
1616:
1450:
1406:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1338:
1331:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1061:
3943:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4609:
4470:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
3706:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3239:
3091:
3083:
3071:
2977:
2923:
2685:
2591:
2555:
2516:
2433:
2227:
1828:
1658:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1169:
2609:, the basis of most computers, a great deal of modern technology depends on it.
4812:
4418:
4413:
4383:
4378:
4363:
4029:
3722:"Abundance and form of the most abundant elements in Earth's continental crust"
3298:
3102:
3036:
3010:
2811:
2772:
2654:
2481:
2476:, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than
2242:
1954:
1934:
1922:
1598:
1594:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1401:
1381:
1001:
123:
2869:, a primary industrial chemical. Other well-known uses for the element are in
2641:, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized (
6088:
5906:
3891:
3798:
3106:
2961:
2866:
2819:
2692:. It is also the lightest element to easily produce stable exceptions to the
2382:
2341:
2207:
878:
120:
1259:
5960:
5789:
5494:
4894:
4827:
4733:
4398:
4393:
4147:
4082:
3373:
3308:
3188:
3165:
3048:
3021:
2712:
2602:
2508:
2466:
2318:
2253:
2249:
1562:
1550:
1438:
1272:
1175:
920:
787:
561:
3988:
3086:
for all animals and some plants. In animals, sodium ions are used against
2767:
solid when at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur can react as either an
2237:, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient. The same
2214:
is Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals such as
6014:
5978:
5969:
5879:
5861:
5852:
4889:
4513:
4388:
4142:
3368:
3213:
3209:
3161:
3126:
2874:
2854:
2642:
2374:
2206:) is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the
1567:
1555:
1265:
962:
934:
927:
857:
843:
836:
6023:
5951:
5924:
5897:
5557:
5539:
5512:
5343:
5334:
5073:
4287:
3520:
3254:
3253:
Argon has no biological role. Like any gas besides oxygen, argon is an
3224:
3217:
3193:
3130:
3098:
3067:
3044:
3014:
2930:
2862:
2807:
2756:
2693:
2618:
2306:
2103:
1977:
1462:
969:
913:
892:
871:
610:
596:
575:
447:
440:
241:
2956:
in Earth's crust. The great oxidizing power of chlorine led it to its
1196:
6032:
6005:
5996:
5843:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5593:
5503:
5476:
5424:
5370:
5352:
5316:
5296:
5235:
5172:
5116:
5055:
5044:
4963:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4343:
4312:
4167:
4157:
4152:
3474:
3449:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3228:
3175:
Phosphorus is essential for life. As phosphate, it is a component of
3146:
3087:
3002:
2878:
2858:
2850:
2839:
2748:
2708:
2704:
2638:
2579:
2477:
2469:
2441:
2437:
2425:
2353:
2334:
2330:
2302:
2269:
2233:
Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for
2061:
2040:
1933:. All of the period 3 elements occur in nature and have at least one
1508:
1475:
1309:
1289:
1279:
976:
955:
948:
829:
815:
808:
801:
638:
568:
547:
510:
468:
454:
426:
408:
364:
315:
271:
227:
218:
158:
3105:, where they play a major role in manipulating important biological
24:
5987:
5888:
5771:
5753:
5728:
5719:
5692:
5665:
5629:
5620:
5602:
5530:
5521:
5415:
5287:
5253:
5163:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5091:
5010:
4992:
4927:
4335:
4292:
3566:
3247:
3220:
3216:. Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins, as the
3205:
3134:
3025:
3017:
2894:
2792:
2677:
2595:
2571:
2520:
2310:
2294:
2219:
2215:
2145:
1495:
1467:
941:
864:
773:
759:
743:
736:
715:
694:
666:
659:
645:
589:
582:
503:
401:
378:
308:
301:
294:
287:
255:
195:
181:
133:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
5942:
5933:
5915:
5870:
5798:
5780:
5710:
5656:
5638:
5611:
5584:
5566:
5548:
5458:
5388:
5361:
5325:
5307:
5271:
5262:
5244:
5226:
5125:
5064:
4954:
4909:
4781:
4162:
3998:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3497:
3388:
3232:
3141:), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal
2907:
2803:
2799:
2768:
2764:
2672:
2575:
2512:
2453:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2394:
2211:
2177:
2156:
2135:
2114:
2093:
2082:
2072:
2051:
2030:
1503:
1299:
1170:
906:
899:
885:
850:
794:
780:
729:
687:
673:
652:
631:
617:
603:
533:
482:
461:
433:
419:
392:
385:
371:
357:
278:
234:
151:
3967:
Nielsen, Forrest H. (1984). "Ultratrace
Elements in Nutrition".
3933:
5834:
5762:
5647:
5575:
5485:
5467:
5433:
5397:
5379:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5082:
5035:
5001:
4983:
4938:
3543:
3426:
3201:
3169:
3122:
3097:
Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the
3052:
2788:
2783:, including carbon, which leads to its negative charge in most
2728:
2661:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2532:
2473:
2390:
2223:
2194:
2124:
2019:
822:
766:
680:
624:
554:
540:
517:
489:
475:
343:
336:
329:
248:
211:
188:
174:
142:
3196:, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil.
3145:
excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (e.g., to treat
6048:
5737:
5442:
5100:
4974:
4279:
3617:
3589:
3142:
2989:
2870:
2823:
2776:
2716:
2681:
2551:
2547:
2326:
2322:
2309:
in water, it is the third most abundant element dissolved in
2301:. It is relatively abundant because it is easily built up in
2166:
1953:, this period corresponds to the buildup of electrons in the
1430:
750:
524:
262:
167:
5701:
5674:
5217:
5181:
5019:
3264:
2954:
second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant element
2952:
Chlorine is a component of many other compounds. It is the
2543:
2539:
2504:
2500:
2234:
1929:
of the periodic table, while the others are members of the
722:
701:
350:
322:
202:
2798:
In nature, sulfur can be found as the pure element and as
2285:
and has common oxidation number +2. It is the eighth most
5406:
4821:
3784:
The Top 10 of
Everything 2006: The Ultimate Book of Lists
3180:
3176:
3118:
3114:
2410:
2238:
496:
3920:
2929:
The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (
3133:. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common
2325:. Commercially, the chief use for the metal is as an
1374:
2432:. Structural components made from aluminium and its
1367:
1360:
1346:
1353:
1339:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3847:
2787:, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as
3760:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 305–306.
2861:. The element's commercial uses are primarily in
2649:. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—
6086:
3811:
3755:
3729:Some Fundamentals of Mineralogy and Geochemistry
1332:
3875:Abundances of the Elements in the Earth's Crust
2922:of all the elements; thus chlorine is a strong
2531:in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after
2523:. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of
2472:. It is less reactive than its chemical analog
1972:. This makes all eight elements analogs of the
3936:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2241:is also a component of many minerals, such as
121:
4797:
4014:
3279:
2945:, who named it chlorine, from the Greek word
2910:. The element forms diatomic molecules under
2664:– hence its name given from Greek mythology,
2440:industry and are important in other areas of
1890:
3005:. Argon is the third most common gas in the
2838:. It was needed to make the best quality of
2420:Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low
3830:4th ed., HarperCollins College Publishers,
3826:Huheey JE, Keiter EA & Keiter RL 1993,
3152:Despite its prevalence in the environment,
2665:
4804:
4790:
4021:
4007:
3286:
3272:
1897:
1883:
3828:Principles of Structure & Reactivity,
3756:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008).
2849:Elemental sulfur was once extracted from
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3713:
3001:) is the third element in group 18, the
2972:, chlorine-containing molecules such as
2914:, called dichlorine. It has the highest
2590:. More modern silicon compounds such as
5904:
3966:
3927:
3896:
3643:shows natural occurrence of the element
3101:; its ions are essential to all living
3057:International Temperature Scale of 1990
3024:in the Earth's crust. In the universe,
3009:, at 0.93%, making it more common than
1923:periodic table of the chemical elements
6087:
5958:
5787:
5492:
3814:"The chemical composition of seawater"
3521:
3062:Argon is produced industrially by the
2763:. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow
6012:
5976:
5967:
5877:
5859:
5850:
4785:
4002:
3960:
3820:
3719:
3475:
3450:
3035:The name "argon" is derived from the
2333:-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "
6021:
5949:
5922:
5895:
5555:
5537:
5510:
5341:
5332:
3567:
3260:
2566:, and combined with silica sand and
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
6030:
6003:
5994:
5841:
5823:
5814:
5805:
5591:
5501:
5474:
5422:
5368:
5350:
5314:
5294:
5233:
5170:
5071:
5053:
5042:
4961:
4765:
3981:10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000321
3780:
3498:
3129:, and is thus a common additive to
3077:
2949:(chlōros), meaning "green-yellow".
2373:) is a silvery white member of the
1940:
13:
5985:
5886:
5769:
5751:
5726:
5717:
5690:
5663:
5618:
5600:
5528:
5519:
5413:
5285:
5251:
5161:
5143:
5134:
5114:
5089:
4811:
4028:
3544:
3427:
3092:build up charges on cell membranes
2574:. Silicates are also in whiteware
14:
6106:
5940:
5931:
5913:
5868:
5778:
5708:
5681:
5654:
5636:
5627:
5609:
5582:
5564:
5546:
5456:
5386:
5359:
5323:
5269:
5260:
5242:
5224:
5152:
5123:
5062:
5008:
4990:
4952:
4925:
3590:
3055:is a defining fixed point in the
2321:of magnesium salts obtained from
5832:
5796:
5760:
5645:
5573:
5483:
5465:
5395:
5377:
5305:
5206:
5197:
5188:
5033:
4936:
4764:
4753:
4752:
3852:. Science is Fun. Archived from
3850:"Chemical of the Week: Aluminum"
1976:in the same exact sequence. The
23:
5735:
5440:
5431:
5098:
5080:
4999:
4981:
3913:
3738:from the original on 2011-09-27
2670:meaning "light-bearer" (Latin:
2387:the third most abundant element
34:needs additional citations for
16:Third row of the periodic table
5699:
5672:
5215:
5179:
5017:
4972:
4083:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
3880:
3867:
3841:
3805:
3774:
3749:
3692:
3013:. Nearly all of this argon is
2424:and for its ability to resist
1999:
1:
5404:
4625:Thermal expansion coefficient
4321:Lists of metalloids by source
3944:10.1002/14356007.a01_527.pub2
3685:
2612:
1486:dividing metals and nonmetals
3051:temperature of 83.8058
2550:. Silica is used in ceramic
2529:second most abundant element
2347:
2263:
7:
4364:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
4067:By periodic table structure
2888:
2495:Silicon is the eighth most
2293:and the ninth in the known
1983:
1154:By periodic table structure
10:
6111:
5303:
5132:
5051:
4970:
4934:
4836:
4509:Goldschmidt classification
3969:Annual Review of Nutrition
3877:, Georgia State University
3616:
3612:
3470:
3267:
3020:derived from the decay of
2987:
2892:
2757:cyclic octatomic molecules
2726:
2701:organophosphorus compounds
2616:
2451:
2447:
2351:
2317:is now mainly obtained by
2267:
2192:
1844:expansion coefficient
1720:Goldschmidt classification
416:
284:
224:
164:
139:
6046:
5746:
5451:
5280:
5109:
5028:
4947:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4747:
4709:
4642:
4522:
4479:
4440:
4431:
4356:
4334:
4311:
4278:
4268:
4246:
4176:
4088:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
4073:
4066:
4057:
4036:
3812:Anthoni, J Floor (2006).
3409:
3399:
2906:) is the second-lightest
2722:
2666:
2428:due to the phenomenon of
2188:
2165:
2144:
2123:
2102:
2081:
2060:
2039:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1628:List of chemical elements
6095:Periods (periodic table)
3892:10.1002/14356007.a19_505
3680:
2983:
2976:have been implicated in
1968:—it is not filled until
1521:By other characteristics
1131:Systematic element names
4727:systematic element name
4699:in East Asian languages
4049:Extended periodic table
3848:Shakhashiri, Bassam Z.
3064:fractional distillation
3030:stellar nucleosynthesis
2964:to keep them clean and
2918:and the one of highest
2759:with chemical formula S
1744:Data pages for elements
1423:metallic classification
1189:(alkaline earth metals)
4570:Electron configuration
4560:Electrical resistivity
4499:Electron configuration
4303:Post-transition metals
2785:organosulfur compounds
2645:) state, as inorganic
2485:
2013:Electron configuration
1974:period 2 elements
1780:Electrical resistivity
1672:Properties of elements
1055:Periodic table history
4404:Transuranium elements
3921:"Magnesium in health"
3781:Ash, Russell (2005).
3720:Railsback, L. Bruce.
3710:from Scienceaid.co.uk
2684:. Although the term "
2676:), referring to the "
2582:, and in traditional
2554:. Silicate goes into
2527:, making silicon the
1917:in the third row (or
1532:Platinum-group metals
1081:Discovery of elements
4620:Thermal conductivity
4595:Heat of vaporization
4037:Periodic table forms
3072:blue–green gas laser
2755:, sulfur atoms form
2515:as various forms of
2283:alkaline earth metal
1814:of vaporization
1679:Relative atomic mass
1652:by isotope stability
1647:by atomic properties
1010:Periodic table forms
43:improve this article
4652:Element discoveries
4409:Superheavy elements
4369:Rare-earth elements
3758:Inorganic Chemistry
2974:chlorofluorocarbons
2912:standard conditions
2775:. It oxidizes most
2607:integrated circuits
2488:, flints), with an
2399:most abundant metal
1990:
1989:Elements by number
1580:Rare-earth elements
1575:Main-group elements
3705:2012-07-29 at the
3137:, antacids (e.g.,
3007:Earth's atmosphere
2210:; its only stable
1988:
1947:quantum mechanical
58:"Period 3 element"
6082:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6041:
6040:
4779:
4778:
4638:
4637:
4600:Ionization energy
4575:Electronegativity
4565:Electron affinity
4504:Electronegativity
4494:Crystal structure
4489:Aqueous chemistry
4466:Nuclear stability
4461:Atomic properties
4427:
4426:
4374:Refractory metals
4352:
4351:
4298:Transition metals
4264:
4263:
3767:978-0-13-175553-6
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3415:
3405:
3261:Table of elements
3084:essential element
3039:neuter adjective
2935:hydrochloric acid
2920:electronegativity
2916:electron affinity
2844:Antoine Lavoisier
2836:alchemical symbol
2753:normal conditions
2747:nonmetal, one of
2690:chemiluminescence
2525:silicate minerals
2436:are vital to the
2379:chemical elements
2186:
2185:
1915:chemical elements
1907:
1906:
1819:Ionization energy
1795:Electronegativity
1704:Electronegativity
1684:Crystal structure
1544:Refractory metals
1393:(s, p, d, f, ...)
984:
983:
710:Mercury (element)
119:
118:
111:
93:
6102:
6051:
6050:
6037:
6035:
6028:
6026:
6019:
6017:
6010:
6008:
6001:
5999:
5992:
5990:
5983:
5981:
5974:
5972:
5965:
5963:
5956:
5954:
5947:
5945:
5938:
5936:
5929:
5927:
5920:
5918:
5911:
5909:
5902:
5900:
5893:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5875:
5873:
5866:
5864:
5857:
5855:
5848:
5846:
5839:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5821:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5803:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5785:
5783:
5776:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5758:
5756:
5742:
5740:
5733:
5731:
5724:
5722:
5715:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5697:
5695:
5688:
5686:
5679:
5677:
5670:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5643:
5641:
5634:
5632:
5625:
5623:
5616:
5614:
5607:
5605:
5598:
5596:
5589:
5587:
5580:
5578:
5571:
5569:
5562:
5560:
5553:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5535:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5517:
5515:
5508:
5506:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5463:
5461:
5447:
5445:
5438:
5436:
5429:
5427:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5402:
5400:
5393:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5339:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5321:
5319:
5312:
5310:
5301:
5299:
5292:
5290:
5276:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5258:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5238:
5231:
5229:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5166:
5159:
5157:
5150:
5148:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5105:
5103:
5096:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5069:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5024:
5022:
5015:
5013:
5006:
5004:
4997:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4959:
4957:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4822:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4768:
4767:
4756:
4755:
4739:Dmitri Mendeleev
4667:1869 predictions
4657:Dmitri Mendeleev
4438:
4437:
4276:
4275:
4256:Aufbau principle
4168:18 (Noble gases)
4071:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4059:Sets of elements
4023:
4016:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3900:
3894:
3884:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3845:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3797:. Archived from
3778:
3772:
3771:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3726:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3700:Period 3 Element
3696:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3523:Phosphorus
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3410:
3400:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3244:chemical warfare
3139:milk of magnesia
3078:Biological roles
2970:upper atmosphere
2943:Sir Humphry Davy
2883:Hydrogen sulfide
2669:
2668:
2651:white phosphorus
2413:of aluminium is
2371:American English
2287:abundant element
2258:sodium hydroxide
2001:
1991:
1987:
1966:Aufbau principle
1961:
1951:atomic structure
1941:Atomic structure
1911:period 3 element
1899:
1892:
1885:
1870:Chemistry Portal
1504:nonmetal halogen
1407:Aufbau principle
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1180:
1172:
1144:Sets of elements
1072:1869 predictions
1042:
1036:
1032:
989:
988:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
411:
404:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
281:
274:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
221:
214:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
161:
154:
145:
136:
130:
129:
122:Period 3 in the
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6042:
6033:
6031:
6024:
6022:
6015:
6013:
6006:
6004:
5997:
5995:
5988:
5986:
5979:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5961:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5934:
5932:
5925:
5923:
5916:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5898:
5896:
5889:
5887:
5880:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5853:
5851:
5844:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5779:
5772:
5770:
5763:
5761:
5754:
5752:
5738:
5736:
5729:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5711:
5709:
5702:
5700:
5693:
5691:
5684:
5682:
5675:
5673:
5666:
5664:
5657:
5655:
5648:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5619:
5612:
5610:
5603:
5601:
5594:
5592:
5585:
5583:
5576:
5574:
5567:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5549:
5547:
5540:
5538:
5531:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5502:
5495:
5493:
5486:
5484:
5477:
5475:
5468:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5443:
5441:
5434:
5432:
5425:
5423:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5405:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5371:
5369:
5362:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5344:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5306:
5297:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5272:
5270:
5263:
5261:
5254:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5101:
5099:
5092:
5090:
5083:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5065:
5063:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5020:
5018:
5011:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4939:
4937:
4928:
4926:
4815:
4810:
4780:
4775:
4743:
4705:
4634:
4610:Oxidation state
4518:
4475:
4423:
4419:Minor actinides
4414:Major actinides
4379:Precious metals
4348:
4330:
4307:
4260:
4242:
4172:
4158:16 (Chalcogens)
4153:15 (Pnictogens)
4053:
4032:
4027:
3997:
3996:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3901:
3897:
3885:
3881:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3846:
3842:
3825:
3821:
3810:
3806:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3707:Wayback Machine
3698:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:Aluminium
3476:
3473:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3452:Magnesium
3451:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3301:
3292:
3263:
3240:pulmonary agent
3187:, and also the
3154:aluminium salts
3109:compounds like
3080:
2992:
2986:
2978:ozone depletion
2924:oxidizing agent
2897:
2891:
2840:black gunpowder
2762:
2731:
2725:
2686:phosphorescence
2647:phosphate rocks
2621:
2615:
2592:silicon carbide
2588:soda–lime glass
2556:Portland cement
2517:silicon dioxide
2456:
2450:
2356:
2350:
2272:
2266:
2252:in 1807 by the
2228:sodium chloride
2197:
2191:
1986:
1956:
1949:description of
1943:
1903:
1854:
1853:
1829:Oxidation state
1745:
1737:
1736:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1630:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1539:Precious metals
1522:
1514:
1513:
1456:post-transition
1425:
1414:
1413:
1402:Atomic orbitals
1155:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1011:
987:
986:
985:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
409:
402:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
279:
272:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
219:
212:
203:
196:
189:
182:
175:
168:
159:
152:
143:
134:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6108:
6098:
6097:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5894:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5795:
5786:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5716:
5707:
5698:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5653:
5644:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5608:
5599:
5590:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5545:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5473:
5464:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5340:
5331:
5322:
5313:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5142:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5061:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4935:
4933:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4813:Periodic table
4809:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4761:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4630:Vapor pressure
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Speed of sound
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Heat of fusion
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Critical point
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4384:Coinage metals
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4273:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4030:Periodic table
4026:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3959:
3953:978-3527306732
3952:
3926:
3912:
3895:
3879:
3866:
3840:
3819:
3804:
3801:on 2010-02-10.
3793:
3773:
3766:
3748:
3712:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3586:
3569:Chlorine
3563:
3540:
3517:
3494:
3471:
3469:
3446:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:periodic table
3293:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3121:. Hundreds of
3079:
3076:
3011:carbon dioxide
2988:Main article:
2985:
2982:
2962:swimming pools
2893:Main article:
2890:
2887:
2812:ancient Greece
2773:reducing agent
2760:
2727:Main article:
2724:
2721:
2680:", the planet
2655:red phosphorus
2639:nitrogen group
2617:Main article:
2614:
2611:
2497:common element
2452:Main article:
2449:
2446:
2442:transportation
2352:Main article:
2349:
2346:
2342:mineral waters
2329:agent to make
2268:Main article:
2265:
2262:
2243:sodium nitrate
2193:Main article:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1985:
1982:
1942:
1939:
1935:stable isotope
1913:is one of the
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:Vapor pressure
1846:
1836:
1834:Speed of sound
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:of fusion
1802:
1797:
1792:
1784:Electron
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:Critical point
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1527:Coinage metals
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:alkaline earth
1441:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:Periodic table
998:
997:
982:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
756:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
530:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
415:
413:
406:
398:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
283:
276:
268:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
223:
216:
208:
207:
200:
193:
186:
179:
172:
165:
163:
156:
148:
147:
140:
138:
128:
127:
124:periodic table
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6107:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6045:
6036:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5874:
5865:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5732:
5723:
5714:
5705:
5696:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5642:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5561:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5507:
5498:
5489:
5480:
5471:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5410:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5347:
5338:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5300:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5149:
5140:
5129:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5048:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4967:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:controversies
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Melting point
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Heat capacity
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Boiling point
4538:
4536:
4535:Atomic radius
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Native metals
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4326:Dividing line
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:17 (Halogens)
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3908:0-7506-3365-4
3905:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3856:on 2007-09-06
3855:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3836:0-06-042995-X
3833:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3794:0-7566-1321-3
3790:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3587:
3584:
3564:
3561:
3541:
3538:
3518:
3515:
3500:Silicon
3495:
3492:
3472:
3467:
3447:
3444:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:↓
3408:
3404: →
3403:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3189:phospholipids
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:polyphosphate
3104:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:Sodium is an
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:sulfuric acid
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:Earth's crust
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:p-block metal
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:Earth's crust
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:alkali metals
2205:
2201:
2196:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842: /
1841:
1838:Thermal
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Melting point
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812: /
1811:
1808: /
1807:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:configuration
1788: /
1787:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Boiling point
1758:
1756:
1755:Atomic radius
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:configuration
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:in human body
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Native metals
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:(noble gases)
1308:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:alkali metals
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:controversies
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
990:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
891:
889:
884:
882:
880:Rutherfordium
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
754:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
672:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
509:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
481:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
446:
444:
439:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
399:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
282:
277:
275:
270:
269:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
231:
226:
222:
217:
215:
210:
209:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
187:
185:
180:
178:
173:
171:
166:
162:
157:
155:
150:
149:
146:
141:
137:
132:
131:
125:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5029:
4763:
4751:
4734:Trivial name
4722:nomenclature
4394:Heavy metals
4389:Noble metals
4195:
4148:14 (Tetrels)
4044:Alternatives
3972:
3968:
3962:
3935:
3929:
3915:
3898:
3882:
3869:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:the original
3843:
3838:, p. 28
3827:
3822:
3807:
3799:the original
3783:
3776:
3757:
3751:
3740:. Retrieved
3728:
3715:
3694:
3640:
3429:Sodium
3420:
3294:
3252:
3237:
3198:
3174:
3166:silicic acid
3159:
3151:
3096:
3081:
3061:
3049:triple point
3040:
3034:
3022:potassium-40
2998:
2994:
2993:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2928:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2875:insecticides
2848:
2827:
2797:
2779:and several
2737:
2733:
2732:
2713:nerve agents
2698:
2678:Morning Star
2671:
2659:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2603:fumed silica
2600:
2537:
2519:(silica) or
2494:
2489:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2419:
2409:. The chief
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2339:
2319:electrolysis
2315:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2254:electrolysis
2250:Humphry Davy
2247:
2232:
2203:
2199:
2198:
1957:
1944:
1910:
1908:
1868:
1861:
1840:conductivity
1635:by abundance
1615:
1587:Transuranium
1568:Noble metals
1556:Light metals
1551:Heavy metals
1494:
1474:
1429:
1389:
1345:
1321:
1312:
1302:
1293:(chalcogens)
1292:
1283:(pnictogens)
1282:
1188:
1177:
1159:
1142:
1123:in East Asia
1087:
1062:D. Mendeleev
922:Darmstadtium
789:Protactinium
563:Praseodymium
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4770:WikiProject
4514:Term symbol
4344:Noble gases
4288:Lanthanides
4271:metallicity
4143:13 (Triels)
3218:amino acids
3214:thioredoxin
3210:glutathione
3194:fertilizers
3162:sea sponges
3131:fertilizers
3127:chlorophyll
3003:noble gases
2863:fertilizers
2855:natural gas
2765:crystalline
2745:multivalent
2643:pentavalent
2632:multivalent
2430:passivation
2397:), and the
2375:boron group
1028:Alternative
964:Livermorium
936:Copernicium
929:Roentgenium
859:Mendelevium
845:Einsteinium
838:Californium
4694:for people
4689:for places
4662:1871 table
4555:Elasticity
4523:Data pages
4481:Properties
4357:Other sets
4313:Metalloids
3860:2007-08-28
3787:. Dk Pub.
3742:2008-02-15
3686:References
3628:From decay
3621:Primordial
3255:asphyxiant
3225:methionine
3099:human body
3068:liquid air
3015:radiogenic
2939:muriaticum
2931:table salt
2879:fungicides
2851:salt domes
2808:polyhedron
2749:chalcogens
2709:pesticides
2705:detergents
2694:octet rule
2624:Phosphorus
2619:Phosphorus
2613:Phosphorus
2570:, to make
2509:planetoids
2307:solubility
2235:soapmaking
2104:Phosphorus
1978:octet rule
1804:Heat
1775:Elasticity
1476:Metalloids
1463:lanthanide
1451:transition
1325:(1–7, ...)
1303:(halogens)
1108:for places
1103:for people
1067:1871 table
971:Tennessine
915:Meitnerium
894:Seaborgium
873:Lawrencium
612:Dysprosium
598:Gadolinium
577:Promethium
449:Technetium
442:Molybdenum
243:Phosphorus
99:March 2024
69:newspapers
4679:etymology
4530:Abundance
4455:in humans
4451:Abundance
4336:Nonmetals
4293:Actinides
3975:: 21–41.
3873:Nave, R.
3635:Synthetic
3229:Disulfide
3147:eclampsia
3135:laxatives
3088:potassium
2968:. In the
2958:bleaching
2859:petroleum
2828:brimstone
2781:nonmetals
2596:silicones
2580:porcelain
2542:, silica
2521:silicates
2478:germanium
2470:metalloid
2438:aerospace
2426:corrosion
2401:, in the
2359:Aluminium
2354:Aluminium
2348:Aluminium
2335:magnalium
2331:aluminium
2303:supernova
2275:Magnesium
2270:Magnesium
2264:Magnesium
2224:rock salt
2216:feldspars
2062:Aluminium
2041:Magnesium
1921:) of the
1750:Abundance
1727:Nutrition
1690:Electron
1659:by symbol
1605:actinides
1509:noble gas
1496:Nonmetals
1093:etymology
1021:32-column
1016:18-column
978:Oganesson
957:Moscovium
950:Flerovium
831:Berkelium
817:Americium
810:Plutonium
803:Neptunium
640:Ytterbium
570:Neodymium
549:Lanthanum
512:Tellurium
470:Palladium
456:Ruthenium
428:Zirconium
410:Strontium
366:Germanium
317:Manganese
273:Potassium
229:Aluminium
220:Magnesium
160:Beryllium
6089:Category
4758:Category
4710:See also
4580:Hardness
4433:Elements
3733:Archived
3703:Archived
3295:Period 3
3248:chloride
3221:cysteine
3206:thiamine
3090:ions to
3026:argon-36
3018:argon-40
2997:(symbol
2966:sanitary
2902:(symbol
2900:Chlorine
2895:Chlorine
2889:Chlorine
2793:fluorine
2751:. Under
2742:abundant
2740:) is an
2736:(symbol
2667:Φωσφόρος
2635:nonmetal
2626:(symbol
2578:such as
2576:ceramics
2572:concrete
2467:group 14
2461:(symbol
2407:minerals
2367:aluminum
2361:(symbol
2327:alloying
2311:seawater
2295:universe
2281:) is an
2277:(symbol
2220:sodalite
2202:(symbol
2146:Chlorine
1984:Elements
1970:period 4
1863:Category
1806:capacity
1800:Hardness
1786:affinity
1692:affinity
1617:Elements
1589:elements
1468:actinide
1038:extended
994:a series
992:Part of
943:Nihonium
866:Nobelium
775:Actinium
761:Francium
745:Astatine
738:Polonium
717:Thallium
696:Platinum
668:Tungsten
661:Tantalum
647:Lutetium
591:Europium
584:Samarium
505:Antimony
403:Rubidium
380:Selenium
310:Chromium
303:Vanadium
296:Titanium
289:Scandium
257:Chlorine
197:Fluorine
183:Nitrogen
135:Hydrogen
6070:p-block
6065:d-block
6060:f-block
6055:s-block
4644:History
4550:Density
4178:Periods
3989:6087860
3667:p-block
3662:d-block
3657:f-block
3652:s-block
3638:
3632:
3624:
3601:
3578:
3555:
3532:
3509:
3486:
3461:
3438:
3297:in the
3233:keratin
3170:diatoms
3123:enzymes
2908:halogen
2871:matches
2832:English
2804:sulfate
2800:sulfide
2769:oxidant
2717:matches
2673:Lucifer
2637:of the
2630:) is a
2586:-based
2513:planets
2486:silicis
2465:) is a
2459:Silicon
2454:Silicon
2448:Silicon
2422:density
2415:bauxite
2395:silicon
2389:(after
2289:in the
2212:isotope
2178:p-block
2157:p-block
2136:p-block
2115:p-block
2094:p-block
2083:Silicon
2073:p-block
2052:s-block
2031:s-block
2004:Symbol
1995:Element
1962:) shell
1955:third (
1931:p-block
1927:s-block
1770:Density
1732:Valence
1712:Pauling
1323:Periods
908:Hassium
901:Bohrium
887:Dubnium
852:Fermium
796:Uranium
782:Thorium
731:Bismuth
689:Iridium
675:Rhenium
654:Hafnium
633:Thulium
619:Holmium
605:Terbium
535:Caesium
484:Cadmium
463:Rhodium
435:Niobium
421:Yttrium
394:Krypton
387:Bromine
373:Arsenic
359:Gallium
280:Calcium
236:Silicon
153:Lithium
83:scholar
4674:Naming
4471:Symbol
4280:Metals
4248:Blocks
4236:Pyykkö
4231:Fricke
4226:Aufbau
4075:Groups
3987:
3950:
3906:
3834:
3791:
3764:
3641:Border
3546:Sulfur
3534:30.974
3511:28.085
3488:26.982
3463:24.305
3440:22.990
3413:Period
3250:ions.
3202:biotin
3117:, and
2947:χλωρός
2789:oxygen
2777:metals
2734:Sulfur
2729:Sulfur
2723:Sulfur
2662:oxygen
2584:quartz
2568:gravel
2564:stucco
2560:mortar
2533:oxygen
2474:carbon
2434:alloys
2391:oxygen
2381:and a
2299:mantle
2200:Sodium
2195:Sodium
2189:Sodium
2182:3s 3p
2161:3s 3p
2140:3s 3p
2125:Sulfur
2119:3s 3p
2098:3s 3p
2077:3s 3p
2020:Sodium
1919:period
1603:trans-
1439:alkali
1431:Metals
1391:Blocks
1163:(1–18)
1161:Groups
1089:Naming
1041:
1035:
1031:
996:on the
824:Curium
768:Radium
682:Osmium
626:Erbium
556:Cerium
542:Barium
519:Iodine
491:Indium
477:Silver
345:Copper
338:Nickel
331:Cobalt
250:Sulfur
213:Sodium
190:Oxygen
176:Carbon
144:Helium
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4717:IUPAC
4442:Lists
3736:(PDF)
3725:(PDF)
3681:Notes
3603:39.95
3592:Argon
3580:35.45
3557:32.06
3402:Group
3143:nerve
3103:cells
3045:octet
3041:ἀργόν
3037:Greek
2995:Argon
2990:Argon
2984:Argon
2824:Bible
2820:Egypt
2816:China
2771:or a
2682:Venus
2552:brick
2548:stone
2540:clays
2505:sands
2501:dusts
2482:Latin
2365:) or
2323:brine
2167:Argon
2008:Block
1945:In a
1708:Allen
1599:minor
1595:Major
1043:forms
752:Radon
526:Xenon
264:Argon
169:Boron
90:JSTOR
76:books
4449:By:
3985:PMID
3948:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3789:ISBN
3762:ISBN
3223:and
3212:and
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2877:and
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2818:and
2802:and
2791:and
2715:and
2711:and
2653:and
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2546:and
2544:sand
2511:and
2490:-ium
2393:and
2222:and
1601:and
1091:and
724:Lead
703:Gold
352:Zinc
324:Iron
204:Neon
62:news
4269:By
3977:doi
3940:doi
3888:doi
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3181:RNA
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3066:of
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2703:in
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2239:ion
2056:3s
2035:3s
1960:= 3
1421:By
1311:18
1301:17
1291:16
1281:15
1033:and
498:Tin
45:by
6091::
6034:Og
6025:Ts
6016:Lv
6007:Mc
5998:Fl
5989:Nh
5980:Cn
5971:Rg
5962:Ds
5953:Mt
5944:Hs
5935:Bh
5926:Sg
5917:Db
5908:Rf
5899:Lr
5890:No
5881:Md
5872:Fm
5863:Es
5854:Cf
5845:Bk
5836:Cm
5827:Am
5818:Pu
5809:Np
5791:Pa
5782:Th
5773:Ac
5764:Ra
5755:Fr
5739:Rn
5730:At
5721:Po
5712:Bi
5703:Pb
5694:Tl
5685:Hg
5676:Au
5667:Pt
5658:Ir
5649:Os
5640:Re
5622:Ta
5613:Hf
5604:Lu
5595:Yb
5586:Tm
5577:Er
5568:Ho
5559:Dy
5550:Tb
5541:Gd
5532:Eu
5523:Sm
5514:Pm
5505:Nd
5496:Pr
5487:Ce
5478:La
5469:Ba
5460:Cs
5444:Xe
5426:Te
5417:Sb
5408:Sn
5399:In
5390:Cd
5381:Ag
5372:Pd
5363:Rh
5354:Ru
5345:Tc
5336:Mo
5327:Nb
5318:Zr
5298:Sr
5289:Rb
5273:Kr
5264:Br
5255:Se
5246:As
5237:Ge
5228:Ga
5219:Zn
5210:Cu
5201:Ni
5192:Co
5183:Fe
5174:Mn
5165:Cr
5147:Ti
5138:Sc
5127:Ca
5102:Ar
5093:Cl
5066:Si
5057:Al
5046:Mg
5037:Na
5021:Ne
4965:Be
4956:Li
4940:He
4915:18
4910:17
4905:16
4900:15
4895:14
4890:13
4885:12
4880:11
4875:10
4221:8+
4138:12
4133:11
4128:10
3983:.
3971:.
3946:.
3938:.
3731:.
3727:.
3598:Ar
3595:18
3575:Cl
3572:17
3549:16
3526:15
3506:Si
3503:14
3483:Al
3480:13
3458:Mg
3455:12
3435:Na
3432:11
3394:18
3389:17
3384:16
3379:15
3374:14
3369:13
3364:12
3359:11
3354:10
3257:.
3227:.
3183:,
3179:,
3172:.
3113:,
3074:.
3059:.
3032:.
2999:Ar
2980:.
2926:.
2904:Cl
2873:,
2814:,
2795:.
2719:.
2707:,
2696:.
2598:.
2535:.
2507:,
2503:,
2484::
2463:Si
2417:.
2363:Al
2344:.
2313:.
2279:Mg
2260:.
2245:.
2230:.
2218:,
2204:Na
2174:Ar
2171:18
2153:Cl
2150:17
2129:16
2108:15
2090:Si
2087:14
2069:Al
2066:13
2048:Mg
2045:12
2027:Na
2024:11
1937:.
1909:A
1710:,
1597:,
1382:8+
1274:14
1267:13
1260:12
1253:11
1246:10
1187:2
5800:U
5748:7
5631:W
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5435:I
5309:Y
5282:5
5156:V
5118:K
5111:4
5084:S
5075:P
5030:3
5012:F
5003:O
4994:N
4985:C
4976:B
4949:2
4929:H
4922:1
4870:9
4865:8
4860:7
4855:6
4850:5
4845:4
4840:3
4833:2
4828:1
4805:e
4798:t
4791:v
4457:)
4453:(
4216:7
4211:6
4206:5
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4118:8
4113:7
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4103:5
4098:4
4093:3
4022:e
4015:t
4008:v
3991:.
3979::
3973:4
3956:.
3942::
3923:.
3910:.
3890::
3863:.
3816:.
3770:.
3745:.
3552:S
3529:P
3421:3
3349:9
3344:8
3339:7
3334:6
3329:5
3324:4
3319:3
3314:2
3309:1
3287:e
3280:t
3273:v
3053:K
2761:8
2738:S
2628:P
2369:(
2132:S
2111:P
2000:#
1958:n
1898:e
1891:t
1884:v
1714:)
1706:(
1641:)
1637:(
1375:7
1368:6
1361:5
1354:4
1347:3
1340:2
1333:1
1239:9
1232:8
1225:7
1218:6
1211:5
1204:4
1197:3
1182:)
1174:(
1171:1
1125:)
1121:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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