399:
propositions: If it was turned on, then it would try to determine that a nuclear weapon had hit Soviet soil. If it seemed that one had, the system would check to see if any communication links to the war room of the Soviet
General Staff remained. If they did, and if some amount of time—likely ranging from 15 minutes to an hour—passed without further indications of attack, the machine would assume officials were still living who could order the counterattack and shut down. But if the line to the General Staff went dead, then Perimeter would infer that apocalypse had arrived. It would immediately transfer launch authority to whoever was manning the system at that moment deep inside a protected bunker—bypassing layers and layers of normal command authority.
93:
2923:
62:
377:
track the intensity of communications on military frequencies, receive telemetric signals from the command posts, measure the level of radiation on the surface and in the vicinity, which combined with the detection of short-term seismic disturbance, is inferred as a multiple-warhead nuclear strike. The system may possibly even be able to track people still alive in command posts. The correlation system, after analyzing these factors, may take the final step on launching the missiles.
2935:
202:, Strategic Missile Force Management to command posts and individual silos if a nuclear strike is detected by seismic, light, radioactivity, and pressure sensors even with the commanding elements fully destroyed. By most accounts, it is normally switched off and is supposed to be activated during times of crisis; however, as of 2009, it was said to remain fully functional and able to serve its purpose when needed.
510:
If that were the case, he would flip on a system that would send a signal to a deep underground bunker in the shape of a globe where three duty officers sat. If there were real missiles and the
Kremlin were hit and the Soviet leadership was wiped out, which is what they feared, those three guys in
441:
Colonel
General Andrian Danilevich, Assistant for Doctrine and Strategy to the Chief of the General Staff from 1984 to 1990, stated in 1992 that the Dead Hand had been contemplated, but that the Soviets considered automatic-trigger systems too dangerous. Furthermore, such systems became unnecessary
486:
Flying high over missile fields and other military sites, these rockets in turn would broadcast attack orders to missiles, bombers and, via radio relays, submarines at sea. Contrary to some
Western beliefs, Dr. Blair says, many of Russia's nuclear-armed missiles in underground silos and on mobile
482:
The heart of the system is said to lie in deep underground bunkers south of Moscow and at backup locations. In a crisis, military officials would send a coded message to the bunkers, switching on the dead hand. If nearby ground-level sensors detected a nuclear attack on Moscow, and if a break was
376:
This is the least publicly understood component of the entire system, with no reliable information on its existence. Speculation exists that the system is fully equipped with a variety of communication systems and sensors that monitor the military situation. This system is believed to be able to
265:
attack, an attack against an opponent's weapons. SLBMs were reserved for attacking cities, where accuracy was of less importance. In the first case, an opponent with effective radar and satellite surveillance could expect a 30-minute warning of an attack before the first detonation. This made an
363:
during the unpowered flight phase. Technical operation is completely identical to operating the 15A16 base rocket. The 15P716 launcher is a shaft-shaped automatic passive system of the "Missile launch facility" type, most likely an upgraded facility coded as OS-84, but does not rule out the
221:
According to
Vladimir Yarynich, a developer of the system, this system also served as a buffer against hasty decisions based on unverified information by the country's leadership. Upon receiving warnings about a nuclear attack, the leader could activate the system, and then wait for further
445:
In 1993, Vitaly
Katayev, Senior Advisor to the Chairman of the Defense Industry Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1967–1985, responsible for strategic arms and defense policy, arms control negotiations and military doctrine, confirmed that the Dead Hand had been
398:
It was designed to lie semi-dormant until switched on by a high official in a crisis. Then it would begin monitoring a network of seismic, radiation, and air pressure sensors for signs of nuclear explosions. Before launching any retaliatory strike, the system had to check off four if/then
222:
developments, assured by the fact that even the destruction of all key personnel with the authority to command the response to the attack could still not prevent a retaliatory strike. Thus, use of the system would theoretically reduce the likelihood of a false-alarm-triggered retaliation.
491:
However, more recent sources indicate the system was semi-automatic. In a 2007 article, Ron
Rosenbaum quotes Blair as saying that Dead Hand is "designed to ensure semi-automatic retaliation to a decapitating strike". Rosenbaum writes, "Of course, there's a world of difference between a
446:"definitely operational" by the early 1980s. According to Katayev, it was not completely automatic but was intended to be activated manually during a threatening crisis. It was to be triggered by numerous sensors sensitive to light, seismic shock, radiation or atmospheric density.
438:, in 1992 said that the Russians had a system, to be activated only during a crisis, that would automatically launch all missiles, triggered by a combination of light, radioactivity and overpressure, even if every nuclear-command center and all leadership were destroyed.
478:
The dead-hand system he describes today takes this defensive trend to its logical, if chilling, conclusion. The automated system in theory would allow Moscow to respond to a
Western attack even if top military commanders had been killed and the capital incinerated.
419:
In 1967, the Soviet Union first attempted to create a system, called "Signal", which they could use to create 30 premade orders from their headquarters to the missile units. Although the system still was not completely automatic, their intent was no different.
514:
Now, the
Soviets had once thought about creating a fully automatic system. Sort of a machine, a doomsday machine, that would launch without any human action at all. When they drew that blueprint up and looked at it, they thought, you know, this is absolutely
298:, remained possible even if its leadership were to be destroyed in a surprise attack. In contrast, Thompson argues that Perimeter's function was to limit acts of misjudgment by political or military leadership in the tight decision-making window between SLBM/
506:
And they thought that they could help those leaders by creating an alternative system so that the leader could just press a button that would say: I delegate this to somebody else. I don't know if there are missiles coming or not. Somebody else decide.
537:
384:
is utilized. Upon receiving information about a missile launch, the supreme commander sets the system active, which, if not detecting a signal to stop the combat algorithm, automatically launches the commanding missile.
286:
Trident submarine systems could stealthily approach an enemy's coast and launch highly accurate warheads at close range, reducing the available warning to less than three minutes, making a counterforce first strike or a
217:
To ensure its functionality the system was designed to be fully automatic, with the ability to decide an adequate retaliatory strike on its own with no (or minimal) human involvement in the event of an all-out attack.
210:"Perimeter" appeared as an alternative system for all units armed with nuclear weapons. It was meant to be a backup communication system, in case the key components of the "Kazbek" command system and the link to the
511:
that deep underground bunker would have to decide whether to launch very small command rockets that would take off, fly across the vast territory of the Soviet Union and launch all their remaining missiles.
980:. In the film, Dead Hand was mentioned along with the Norwegian weather rocket incident of 1995, and nuclear proliferation in the Muslim world, to show that Doomsday did not go away with the Berlin wall.
765:
453:) in 1976–1992, confirmed in 1993 that the Soviets had designed the automatic launch system with seismic, light and radiation sensors, but said that the design had been ultimately rejected by Marshal
449:
Although both
Katayev and Korobushin claimed that the mechanism had already been deployed, Viktor Surikov, Deputy Director of the Central Scientific Research Institute for General Machine Building (
368:) from 1979 to 1986. A total of 7 launches (with six successful and one partially successful) were conducted and the system entered service in January 1985. The 15B99 warhead weighs 1412 kg.
249:(SLBM) systems in the 1980s. Until then, the United States would have delivered most nuclear weapons by long-range bomber or ICBM. Earlier U.S. sub-launched missiles, such as the 1960s-vintage
557:
562:, the former chief of Russia's Main Staff of the Strategic Missile Forces, stated that the Perimeter system might become ineffective in the wake of the United States' withdrawal from the
914:
359:
Design Bureau, this ensures the transmission of launch orders from the central command post to all missile launch complexes under the impedance of nuclear explosions and active
364:
possibility of basing the rocket in other types of silos. Development began in 1974 by the order of the Ministry of Defense. Flight tests were carried out on the NIIP-5 range (
424:
199:
1329:
812:
1061:
2375:
1714:
1671:
1440:
776:
356:
1640:
1505:
735:
483:
detected in communications links with top military commanders, the system would send low-frequency signals over underground antennas to special rockets.
1358:
306:
on the purpose of Perimeter being "to cool down all these hotheads and extremists. No matter what was going to happen, there still would be revenge."
1224:
1190:
532:
706:
2768:
845:
1292:
1258:
594:
175:
2666:
1000:
552:
1585:
1155:
1030:
1719:
675:
1822:
1377:"Командующий РВСН генерал-лейтенант Сергей Каракаев: "Владимир Владимирович был прав - мы можем уничтожить США быстрее чем за полчаса""
906:
2825:
2763:
893:
And it would be wise for Russia to disconnect and decommission Perimeter, the semiautomatic command system for nuclear retaliation.
604:
563:
1498:
609:
323:
347:
This is the only well-known element of the entire system. In the complex sits a 15P011 rocket with the index 15A11 developed by
1407:
331:
1904:
948:
886:
2984:
1842:
1321:
246:
2397:
1837:
1736:
1092:
270:
to reduce the risk of their forces being destroyed on the ground. The development of highly accurate SLBMs, such as the
2797:
1491:
394:, Valery Yarynich, one of the developers, revealed the following information about the algorithm "Perimeter" works on:
195:
802:
1817:
1053:
303:
2994:
2382:
2078:
442:
with the advent of efficient early-warning systems and increased missile readiness, so the idea had been rejected.
1432:
1384:
2429:
1926:
1899:
1530:
1787:
431:, admitted the existence of the Dead Hand, making somewhat contradictory statements concerning its deployment.
743:
2177:
2083:
1535:
1355:
1117:
2830:
2227:
2127:
1181:
1215:
2961:
2710:
1909:
1859:
1151:
772:
698:
428:
835:
2370:
2222:
2197:
1607:
1283:
633:
262:
191:
38:
1249:
2989:
2840:
2773:
2616:
2348:
2343:
2217:
2047:
1889:
1676:
994:
360:
2946:
2835:
2730:
2656:
2483:
2112:
1812:
1514:
623:
525:
327:
283:
211:
17:
736:"The Origin of Buzzer Monolyths, The Soviet Nuclear Defense System, and The Myth of the Dead Hand"
2941:
2510:
2365:
1661:
646:
435:
141:
100:
1463:"Without INF Treaty, USA can destroy Russian nuclear weapons easily – Nuclear war in the making"
1140:
2956:
2790:
2737:
2631:
2454:
2299:
1657:
1022:
803:"Russia May Still Have An Automated Nuclear Launch System Aimed Across The Northern Hemisphere"
599:
348:
2360:
2172:
1634:
1595:
471:
2725:
2522:
2424:
2289:
2251:
2001:
1805:
1699:
639:
581:
544:
381:
279:
1462:
993:
Thompson, Nicholas (21 September 2009), "Inside the Apocalyptic Soviet Doomsday Machine",
907:"The Soviets Made A Real Doomsday Device in The '80s and the Russians Still Have It Today"
8:
2866:
2646:
2517:
2439:
2037:
1983:
1931:
1894:
1884:
1590:
365:
288:
239:
153:
548:, confirmed the operational state of the Perimeter assessment and communication system.
2569:
2564:
2542:
2527:
2419:
2207:
2187:
2137:
2100:
2090:
1941:
1778:
462:
423:
In the early 1990s, several former high-ranking members of the Soviet military and the
275:
31:
330:
with appropriate receivers in flight. The command missile system is similar to the US
2802:
2703:
2498:
2306:
2271:
2232:
2182:
2073:
2057:
1800:
1763:
1741:
1726:
1709:
1627:
954:
944:
882:
454:
295:
267:
2951:
2886:
2715:
2693:
2537:
2505:
2493:
2469:
2095:
2042:
2032:
1991:
1921:
1916:
1645:
1553:
868:
840:
807:
499:
390:
271:
132:
874:
The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy
2780:
2621:
2192:
2052:
1968:
1956:
1936:
1832:
1622:
1602:
1525:
1362:
1096:
668:
587:
576:
529:
493:
404:
352:
319:
254:
245:
Soviet concern about the issue grew with the U.S. development of highly accurate
163:
2922:
766:"Russia, Military Power: Building a Military to Support Great Power Aspirations"
2758:
2698:
2683:
2636:
2532:
2478:
2338:
1996:
1973:
1946:
1864:
1854:
1756:
1751:
1617:
1568:
1089:
628:
467:
299:
250:
171:
326:
warhead that passes commands to open all silos and all command centers of the
2978:
2901:
2785:
2742:
2688:
2676:
2661:
2651:
2574:
2488:
2464:
2459:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2239:
1827:
1768:
1731:
1683:
977:
That order will ultimately be obeyed, even if nobody is left alive to obey it
872:
657:
651:
460:
Accounts differ as to the degree of automation of Dead Hand. A 1993 issue of
403:
It has been claimed that the command post of the system is in a bunker under
235:
231:
1483:
999:, ¶ starting "The silence can be attributed..." and 3 following paragraphs,
958:
2927:
2861:
2593:
2579:
2434:
2244:
2212:
2202:
2105:
1951:
1849:
1795:
1704:
1563:
936:
878:
355:) rocket. With a commanding radio warhead designated 15B99 designed by the
258:
179:
67:
294:
The Soviet Union took steps to ensure that nuclear retaliation, and hence
266:
effective first strike difficult, because the opponent would have time to
2906:
2449:
2444:
2281:
2266:
2142:
2117:
1746:
1666:
1573:
1558:
618:
315:
242:
would not have prevented the Soviet military from releasing its weapons.
187:
2588:
2856:
2671:
2641:
2626:
2414:
2402:
2162:
2024:
1650:
434:
Colonel General Varfolomey Korobushin, former Deputy Chief of Staff of
27:
Cold War-era nuclear-control system used by the Soviet Union and Russia
2598:
2387:
2316:
2261:
2256:
2122:
1963:
1869:
450:
1433:"Without INF Treaty, USA can destroy Russian nuclear weapons easily"
1376:
194:
deterrence, it can automatically initiate the launch of the Russian
2891:
2876:
2407:
2392:
2294:
2132:
1580:
167:
1109:
198:(ICBMs) by sending a pre-entered highest-authority order from the
2871:
2720:
2557:
2547:
2355:
2167:
1879:
1874:
496:
and the totally automatic—beyond human control—doomsday device."
1408:"Russia's 'Dead Hand' Is a Soviet-Built Nuclear Doomsday Device"
2881:
2807:
664:
427:, in a series of interviews to the American defense contractor
183:
97:
2552:
2311:
988:
986:
408:
278:
is considered as accurate as any land-based ICBM. Therefore,
671:
sometimes rumoured to be connected to the Dead Hand facility
2896:
159:
983:
371:
314:
Upon activation and determination of the happening of a
730:
728:
726:
724:
1715:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
230:
The purpose of the Dead Hand system, as described in
146:
1641:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
721:
174:control system (similar in concept to the American
1322:"Russia Has 'Doomsday' Machine, U.S. Expert Says"
502:wrote on the semi-automatic nature of Dead Hand:
2976:
2769:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1356:"'Dead Hand' Re-Examines The Cold War Arms Race"
1054:"Inside the Apocalyptic Soviet Doomsday Machine"
836:"Inside the Apocalyptic Soviet Doomsday Machine"
457:on advice of Korobushin and never materialized.
1141:"II. Soviet View of the Strategic Relationship"
1015:
595:AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System
182:. The system remains in use in the post-Soviet
176:AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System
2667:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
1399:
214:are destroyed by a decapitation first strike.
1672:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
1513:
1499:
1110:"1231-й центр боевого управления (в/ч 20003)"
274:and, later, the D5, upset this balance. The
1720:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
1823:Climate change and civilizational collapse
1506:
1492:
827:
699:"C3: Nuclear Command, Control Cooperation"
1344:
697:Yarynich, Valery E. (20 September 2004).
2826:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
2764:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1374:
1081:
1079:
992:
834:Thompson, Nicholas (21 September 2009).
833:
696:
605:1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
564:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
425:Central Committee of the Communist Party
1291:, vol. II, GWU, pp. 134–135,
867:
257:, were considered too inaccurate for a
158:'"Perimeter" System', with the
14:
2977:
1315:
1313:
1257:, vol. II, GWU, pp. 96–101,
904:
800:
332:Emergency Rocket Communications System
1487:
1443:from the original on 11 November 2018
1387:from the original on 28 February 2012
1375:Baranets, Viktor (16 December 2011).
1319:
1223:, vol. II, GWU, pp. 19–69,
1189:, vol. II, GWU, pp. 106–8,
1138:
1120:from the original on 23 December 2019
1090:"The Return of the Doomsday Machine?"
1076:
1064:from the original on 29 February 2012
1033:from the original on 25 February 2021
935:
487:launchers can be fired automatically.
372:Autonomous command and control system
309:
1843:Tipping points in the climate system
1405:
1051:
342:
247:submarine-launched ballistic missile
240:destruction of the Soviet leadership
1838:Extinction risk from climate change
1737:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
1320:Broad, William J (8 October 1993),
1310:
929:
801:Bender, Jeremy (5 September 2014).
380:Another hypothesis suggests that a
196:intercontinental ballistic missiles
24:
2798:List of fictional doomsday devices
1003:from the original on 22 March 2014
848:from the original on 18 April 2014
25:
3006:
1818:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
1350:Terry Gross & David Hoffman,
1332:from the original on 5 April 2017
917:from the original on 5 April 2018
815:from the original on 21 June 2015
238:capability, by ensuring that the
205:
200:General Staff of the Armed Forces
2934:
2933:
2921:
2079:Decline in amphibian populations
1298:from the original on 31 May 2010
1264:from the original on 31 May 2010
1230:from the original on 31 May 2010
1217:Summary of narrative: Danilevich
1196:from the original on 31 May 2010
1183:Summary of narrative: Korobushin
1161:from the original on 31 May 2010
709:from the original on 25 May 2015
526:Russian Strategic Missile Forces
318:, the system sends out a 15P011
91:
60:
2430:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
1927:Land surface effects on climate
1900:Human impact on the environment
1531:Future of an expanding universe
1455:
1425:
1368:
1276:
1242:
1208:
1174:
1132:
1102:
1045:
302:launches and impact. He quotes
965:
898:
861:
794:
758:
690:
524:In 2011, the commander of the
519:
388:In an informal interview with
178:) that was constructed by the
112:
13:
1:
2376:Interpretations of Revelation
2178:Cosmological phase transition
2084:Decline in insect populations
1536:Ultimate fate of the universe
1285:Summary of narrative: Surikov
1021:
844:. Vol. 17, no. 10.
703:Air & Space Power Journal
684:
337:
225:
2831:Future of Humanity Institute
2228:Potentially hazardous object
2128:Interplanetary contamination
1251:Summary of narrative: Kataev
414:
7:
2985:Nuclear command and control
2711:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
1860:Global terrestrial stilling
1148:Soviet Intentions 1965–1985
773:Defense Intelligence Agency
742:. The NSRIC. Archived from
569:
147:
10:
3011:
2223:Asteroid impact prediction
2198:Heat death of the universe
1608:Mutual assured destruction
975:, Learning Channel, 1997,
634:Mutual assured destruction
192:mutual assured destruction
39:Dead Hand (disambiguation)
36:
29:
2915:
2849:
2841:Nuclear Threat Initiative
2818:
2774:List of apocalyptic films
2751:
2617:2011 end times prediction
2609:
2349:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
2344:Abomination of desolation
2280:
2218:Asteroid impact avoidance
2155:
2066:
2048:List of extinction events
2023:
2016:
1982:
1890:Environmental degradation
1786:
1777:
1692:
1677:Technological singularity
1546:
1521:
1515:Global catastrophic risks
551:In 2018, Colonel General
470:, senior fellow with the
407:mountain in the northern
351:, based on the 15A16 (or
232:the book of the same name
136:
111:
106:
86:
78:
73:
56:Place of origin
55:
48:
2836:Future of Life Institute
2738:Resurrection of the dead
2731:Post-tribulation rapture
2113:Colony collapse disorder
1095:7 September 2011 at the
624:Lethal autonomous weapon
212:Strategic Missile Forces
30:Not to be confused with
2995:Strategic Rocket Forces
1662:Artificial intelligence
1361:15 October 2017 at the
647:Operation Looking Glass
542:, in an interview with
436:Strategic Rocket Forces
101:Strategic Rocket Forces
2791:List of disaster films
2632:Apocalyptic literature
1732:Malthusian catastrophe
1658:Synthetic intelligence
1139:Hines, John G (1995),
973:Doomsday: On The Brink
775:. 2017. Archived from
600:Letters of last resort
517:
489:
401:
2173:Coronal mass ejection
1635:Electromagnetic pulse
1596:Kinetic energy weapon
610:"Dead Man's Switch" (
504:
476:
472:Brookings Institution
396:
2575:War of Gog and Magog
2252:Near-Earth supernova
2002:Human overpopulation
1806:Mass mortality event
1700:Anthropogenic hazard
1381:Komsomolskaya Pravda
1052:Thompson, Nicholas.
640:On Thermonuclear War
545:Komsomolskaya Pravda
234:, was to maintain a
82:January 1985–present
37:For other uses, see
2647:Blood moon prophecy
2440:Number of the Beast
2038:Holocene extinction
1984:Earth Overshoot Day
1932:Ocean acidification
1895:Habitat destruction
1885:Ecological collapse
1591:Kinetic bombardment
1526:Future of the Earth
1439:. 9 November 2018.
905:Torchinsky, Jason.
289:decapitation strike
2962:Doomsday scenarios
2528:Beast of the Earth
2420:Book of Revelation
2208:Virtual black hole
2188:False vacuum decay
2138:Pollinator decline
2101:Biological warfare
2091:Biotechnology risk
1942:Resource depletion
1326:The New York Times
782:on 2 December 2019
746:on 1 February 2015
463:The New York Times
310:Working principles
253:and 1970s-vintage
184:Russian Federation
148:Sistema "Perimetr"
137:Система «Периметр»
107:Production history
2972:
2971:
2803:Zombie apocalypse
2704:Postmillennialism
2499:Great Tribulation
2272:Stellar collision
2233:Near-Earth object
2183:Geomagnetic storm
2151:
2150:
2074:Biodiversity loss
2058:Genetic pollution
2012:
2011:
1801:Biodiversity loss
1764:Societal collapse
1742:Nuclear holocaust
1727:Economic collapse
1710:Doomsday argument
1628:Antimatter weapon
1469:. 9 November 2018
1406:Stilwell, Blake.
1154:, pp. 9–21,
1099:, 31 August 2007.
1023:"Perimetr 15E601"
950:978-0-8125-7539-2
888:978-0-307-38784-4
877:. New York City:
869:Hoffman, David E.
582:Dead man's switch
492:'semi-automatic'
455:Sergey Akhromeyev
382:dead man's switch
343:Commanding rocket
268:launch on warning
157:
145:
122:
121:
16:(Redirected from
3002:
2990:Nuclear strategy
2937:
2936:
2928:World portal
2926:
2925:
2887:Financial crisis
2716:Nibiru cataclysm
2694:Premillennialism
2538:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
2506:Son of perdition
2494:Olivet Discourse
2470:Whore of Babylon
2096:Biological agent
2043:Human extinction
2033:Extinction event
2021:
2020:
1992:Overexploitation
1922:Land consumption
1917:Land degradation
1784:
1783:
1646:Micro black hole
1554:Chemical warfare
1508:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1372:
1366:
1365:12 October 2009.
1348:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1106:
1100:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1008:
990:
981:
979:
969:
963:
962:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
902:
896:
895:
865:
859:
857:
855:
853:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
808:Business Insider
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
781:
770:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
740:Numbers stations
732:
719:
718:
716:
714:
694:
612:The Outer Limits
561:
541:
500:David E. Hoffman
186:. An example of
166:: 15Э601), is a
152:
150:
140:
138:
127:, also known as
114:
96:
95:
94:
66:
64:
63:
51:
46:
45:
21:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2947:Future problems
2920:
2911:
2845:
2814:
2781:Climate fiction
2747:
2622:2012 phenomenon
2605:
2511:Sheep and Goats
2398:2 Thessalonians
2276:
2193:Gamma-ray burst
2147:
2062:
2053:Genetic erosion
2008:
1978:
1969:Water pollution
1937:Ozone depletion
1833:Desertification
1773:
1688:
1623:Doomsday device
1603:Nuclear warfare
1542:
1517:
1512:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1363:Wayback Machine
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1169:– via GWU
1164:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1097:Wayback Machine
1085:Ron Rosenbaum,
1084:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
991:
984:
971:
970:
966:
951:
943:. Forge Books.
934:
930:
920:
918:
903:
899:
889:
881:. p. 477.
866:
862:
851:
849:
832:
828:
818:
816:
799:
795:
785:
783:
779:
768:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
734:
733:
722:
712:
710:
695:
691:
687:
682:
669:numbers station
588:Dr. Strangelove
577:Doomsday device
572:
555:
535:
533:Sergey Karakaev
530:Colonel General
522:
494:doomsday device
417:
405:Kosvinsky Kamen
374:
345:
340:
322:with a special
320:command missile
312:
255:UGM-73 Poseidon
228:
208:
172:nuclear weapons
170:–era automatic
92:
90:
79:In service
74:Service history
61:
59:
49:
42:
35:
32:Dead man's hand
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Apocalypticism
2931:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2786:Disaster films
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2759:Alien invasion
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2699:Amillennialism
2696:
2686:
2684:Millenarianism
2681:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Apocalypticism
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Dhu al-Qarnayn
2530:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Great Apostasy
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2324:Last Judgement
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2286:
2284:
2282:Eschatological
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1997:Overpopulation
1994:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1974:Water scarcity
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1947:Sea level rise
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:on marine life
1907:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Global warming
1862:
1857:
1855:Global dimming
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Cascade effect
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1788:Climate change
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Doomsday Clock
1615:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1569:Cyberterrorism
1566:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1454:
1424:
1398:
1383:(in Russian).
1367:
1343:
1309:
1275:
1241:
1207:
1173:
1131:
1101:
1075:
1044:
1027:GlobalSecurity
1014:
982:
964:
949:
928:
897:
887:
860:
826:
793:
757:
720:
688:
686:
683:
681:
680:
672:
662:
654:
649:
644:
636:
631:
629:Mount Yamantaw
626:
621:
616:
607:
602:
597:
592:
584:
579:
573:
571:
568:
521:
518:
468:Bruce G. Blair
416:
413:
373:
370:
344:
341:
339:
336:
311:
308:
300:cruise missile
251:UGM-27 Polaris
227:
224:
207:
206:System concept
204:
162:Index 15E601,
120:
119:
116:
109:
108:
104:
103:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
57:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3007:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Risk analysis
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Social crisis
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:Organizations
2817:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2743:World to come
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:Millennialism
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:Messianic Age
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Gog and Magog
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Earth Changes
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:New Jerusalem
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:War in Heaven
2463:
2461:
2460:Two witnesses
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:Second Coming
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Deforestation
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1769:World War III
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1684:Transhumanism
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:Technological
1545:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1468:
1467:Pravda Report
1464:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1002:
998:
997:
989:
987:
978:
974:
968:
960:
956:
952:
946:
942:
938:
937:Coyle, Harold
932:
916:
912:
911:Foxtrot Alpha
908:
901:
894:
890:
884:
880:
876:
875:
870:
864:
847:
843:
842:
837:
830:
814:
810:
809:
804:
797:
778:
774:
767:
761:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
727:
725:
708:
704:
700:
693:
689:
678:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
659:
658:Space Cowboys
655:
653:
652:Samson Option
650:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
613:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
567:
565:
559:
554:
549:
547:
546:
539:
534:
531:
527:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
495:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
437:
432:
430:
426:
421:
412:
410:
406:
400:
395:
393:
392:
386:
383:
378:
369:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
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2862:Cyberwarfare
2580:Third Temple
2435:Lake of fire
2245:Rogue planet
2213:Impact event
2203:Proton decay
2156:Astronomical
2106:Bioterrorism
1952:Supervolcano
1850:Flood basalt
1796:Anoxic event
1705:Collapsology
1693:Sociological
1612:
1564:Cyberwarfare
1471:. Retrieved
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1389:. Retrieved
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850:. Retrieved
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777:the original
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748:. Retrieved
744:the original
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667:, a Russian
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349:KB "Yuzhnoe"
346:
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304:Zheleznyakov
293:
263:first-strike
259:counterforce
244:
229:
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209:
180:Soviet Union
128:
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123:
87:Used by
68:Soviet Union
43:
2938:Categories
2907:Survivalism
2594:Zoroastrian
2450:Seven seals
2445:Seven bowls
2371:Historicism
2267:Solar flare
2143:Overfishing
2118:Defaunation
1905:coral reefs
1667:AI takeover
1586:Nanoweapons
1574:Cybergeddon
1559:Cyberattack
1447:10 November
1336:15 February
1152:BDM Federal
1068:18 December
679:(videogame)
619:Herman Kahn
556: [
536: [
520:Current use
316:nuclear war
188:fail-deadly
115: built
2979:Categories
2867:Depression
2857:Ransomware
2672:Messianism
2642:Armageddon
2627:Apocalypse
2415:Antichrist
2403:Man of sin
2300:Three Ages
2163:Big Crunch
2025:Extinction
2017:Biological
1779:Ecological
1651:Strangelet
750:30 January
685:References
353:MR UR-100U
338:Components
296:deterrence
276:Trident D5
272:Trident C4
226:Motivation
50:Dead Hand
2752:Fictional
2599:Saoshyant
2484:New Earth
2455:The Beast
2388:Preterism
2361:Christian
2317:Kali Yuga
2262:Micronova
2257:Hypernova
2123:Dysgenics
1964:Verneshot
1870:Hypercane
1613:Dead Hand
1352:Fresh Air
1124:1 January
941:Dead Hand
786:5 October
676:D3AD HAND
466:spoke to
451:TsNIIMash
415:Operation
142:romanized
129:Perimeter
125:Dead Hand
2892:Pandemic
2877:Epidemic
2872:Droughts
2726:Prewrath
2657:End time
2523:Al-Qa'im
2408:Katechon
2393:2 Esdras
2383:Idealism
2366:Futurism
2295:Maitreya
2290:Buddhist
2133:Pandemic
1581:Gray goo
1441:Archived
1412:Military
1391:9 August
1385:Archived
1359:Archived
1330:archived
1293:archived
1259:archived
1225:archived
1191:archived
1156:archived
1118:Archived
1093:Archived
1062:Archived
1031:Archived
1001:archived
959:49883057
939:(2002).
915:Archived
871:(2009).
852:10 April
846:Archived
813:Archived
707:Archived
570:See also
366:Baikonur
291:viable.
168:Cold War
164:Cyrillic
18:Perimetr
2952:Hazards
2850:General
2721:Rapture
2570:Messiah
2558:Sufyani
2548:Israfil
2518:Islamic
2356:Messiah
2334:1 Enoch
2168:Big Rip
1880:Ecocide
1875:Ice age
1473:18 June
1037:4 April
1007:6 March
921:5 April
819:21 June
156:
144::
133:Russian
98:Russian
2882:Famine
2808:Zombie
2610:Others
2565:Jewish
2543:Dajjal
2425:Events
2339:Daniel
2240:winter
2067:Others
1957:winter
1757:winter
1752:famine
1747:cobalt
1437:Pravda
1417:23 May
1302:23 May
1268:23 May
1234:23 May
1200:23 May
1165:23 May
1114:Armius
957:
947:
885:
713:25 May
665:UVB-76
661:(film)
643:(book)
591:(film)
515:crazy.
65:
2897:Riots
2589:Norse
2553:Mahdi
2312:Kalki
2307:Hindu
1637:(EMP)
1296:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1262:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1194:(PDF)
1187:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1087:Slate
1058:Wired
996:Wired
841:Wired
780:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
560:]
540:]
409:Urals
391:Wired
324:15B99
1475:2023
1449:2018
1419:2023
1393:2015
1338:2017
1304:2010
1270:2010
1236:2010
1202:2010
1167:2010
1126:2020
1070:2016
1039:2021
1009:2017
955:OCLC
945:ISBN
923:2018
883:ISBN
854:2014
821:2015
788:2017
752:2015
715:2015
361:ECMs
328:RVSN
190:and
160:GRAU
154:lit.
429:BDM
357:LPI
282:or
261:or
113:No.
2981::
1660:/
1465:.
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558:ru
538:ru
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284:UK
280:US
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