1116:
754:
270:
682:
538:
523:, which was a part of the Monarchy. Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire, the Bar confederation and its French and European volunteers were defeated by Russian forces and Polish governmental ones with the aid of Great Britain. As Russia moved into the Crimea and the Danubian Principalities (which the Habsburg monarchy long coveted), King Frederick II of Prussia and Maria Theresa were worried that the defeat of the Ottoman Empire would severely upset the balance of power in Eastern Europe. Frederick II began to construct the partition to rebalance the power in Eastern Europe.
38:
1269:
1281:
746:
65:
294:
455:(Uniates), including their right to occupy all state positions, including a royal one. The next king could be a member of the Russian ruling dynasty now. The Sejm approved this. Resulting reaction among some of Poland's Roman Catholics, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs including the exile to Russia of the top Roman Catholic bishops, the members of the Polish Senate, led to the War of the
327:", with the corollary that unanimous consent was needed for all measures. A single member of parliament's belief that a measure was injurious to his own constituency (usually simply his own estate), even after the act had been approved, became enough to strike the act. Thus it became increasingly difficult to undertake action. The
2129:"Po przyłączeniu do obwodu białostockiego w 1807 roku do cesartwa i utworzeniu osiem lat później Królestwa Polskiego wnuk Katarzyny zjednoczył pod swoim berłem około 82% przedrozbiorowego terytorium Rzeczypospolitej (dla porównania – Austria 11%, Prusy 7%). " Basil Kerski, Andrzej Stanisław Kowalczyk. Realiści z wyobraźnią.
1635:, while referring to the partitions, virtually all sources use the term Partitions of Poland, not Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Poland is the common short name for the state in question. The term Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is effectively not used in literature on this subject.
799:. Abandoned by their Prussian allies, Polish pro-constitution forces, faced with Targowica units and the regular Russian army, were defeated. Prussia signed a treaty with Russia, agreeing that Polish reforms would be revoked, and both countries would receive chunks of Commonwealth territory. In 1793, deputies to the
1541:
was that thousands of peasants escaped from Russia to Poland to seek a better fate"). Jerzy
Czajewski and Piotr Kimla assert that in the 18th century until the partitions solved this problem, Russian armies increasingly raided territories of the Commonwealth, officially to recover the escapees, but
895:
With regard to population, in the First
Partition, Poland lost over four to five million citizens (about a third of its population of 14 million before the partitions). Only about 4 million people remained in Poland after the Second Partition which makes for a loss of another third of its
836:
Kosciuszko's ragtag insurgent armies won some initial successes, but they eventually fell before the superior forces of the
Russian Empire. The partitioning powers, seeing the increasing unrest in the remaining Commonwealth, decided to solve the problem by erasing any independent Polish state from
333:
also provided openings for foreign diplomats to get their ways, through bribing nobles to exercise it. Thus, one could characterise Poland–Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century) before the partitions as already in a state of disorder and not a completely sovereign state, and almost as a
697:
By this partition, the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth lost about 30% of its territory and half of its population (four million people), of which a large portion had not been ethnically Polish. By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly gained control over 80% of the Commonwealth's total
803:, last Sejm of the Commonwealth, in the presence of the Russian forces, agreed to Russian territorial demands. In the Second Partition, Russia and Prussia helped themselves to enough land so that only one-third of the 1772 population remained in Poland. Prussia named its newly gained province
1389:
More recent studies claim that partitions happened when the
Commonwealth had been showing the beginning signs of a slow recovery and see the last two partitions as an answer to strengthening reforms in the Commonwealth and the potential threat they represented to its power-hungry neighbours.
1542:
in fact kidnapping many locals; Piotr Kimla noted that the
Russian government spread international propaganda, mainly in France, which falsely exaggerated serfdom conditions in Poland, while ignoring worse conditions in Russia, as one of the justification for the partitions.
1418:
made decision-making on divisive issues, such as a wide-scale social reform, virtually impossible. Solovyov specified the cultural, language and religious break between the supreme and lowest layers of the society in the east regions of the
Commonwealth, where the
1127:
and in their immediate aftermath the borders between partitioning powers shifted several times, changing the numbers seen in the preceding table. Ultimately, Russia ended up with most of the Polish core at the expense of
Prussia and Austria. Following the
488:, ethnic minorities and Catholic priests, before it was put down by Russian and governmental Polish troops. This uprising led to the intervention of the Ottoman Empire, supported by Roman Catholic France and Austria. Bar confederation and France promised
1381:, these expatriate communities often contributed funding and military support to the project of regaining the Polish nation-state. Diaspora politics were deeply affected by developments in and around the homeland, and vice versa, for many decades.
463:, where the Poles tried to expel Russian forces from Commonwealth territory. The irregular and poorly commanded Polish forces had little chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a major defeat. Adding to the chaos was a
549:. Early in August, Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. However, fighting continued as Bar confederation troops and French volunteers refused to lay down their arms (most notably, in
709:
approve their action. When no help was forthcoming and the armies of the combined nations occupied Warsaw to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly, the only alternative was passive submission to their will. The so-called
1401:
was observed, many contemporary observers accepted explanations of the "enlightened apologists" of the partitioning state. 19th-century historians from countries that carried out the partitions, such as 19th-century
Russian scholar
1442:
wrote: "Let the foreigners denounce the partition of Poland: we took what was ours." Russian historians often stressed that Russia annexed primarily
Ukrainian and Belarusian provinces with Eastern Slavic inhabitants, although many
1372:
as the seventh.) However, in recent times, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna and the 1939 division of Poland have been sometimes called the fourth and fifth partitions, respectively.
2291:
While it is often and quite justifiably remarked that there was hardly a barricade or battlefield in Europe between 1830 and 1870 where no Poles were fighting, this is especially true for the revolution of
1595:
1376:
The term "Fourth Partition" was also used in the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to diaspora communities who maintained a close interest in the project of regaining Polish independence. Sometimes termed
837:
the map. On October 24, 1795, their representatives signed a treaty, dividing the remaining territories of the Commonwealth between their three countries. One of Russia's chief foreign policy authors,
1143:
As a result of the Partitions, Poles were forced to seek a change of status quo in Europe. Polish poets, politicians, noblemen, writers, artists, many of whom were forced to emigrate (thus the term
1447:
were no more enthusiastic about Russia than about Poland, and ignoring ethnically Polish and Lithuanian territories also being annexed later. A new justification for partitions arose with the
896:
original population, about a half of the remaining population. By the Third Partition, Prussia ended up with about 23% of the Commonwealth's population, Austria with 32%, and Russia with 45%.
561:). On August 5, 1772, the occupation manifesto was issued, to the dismay of the weak and exhausted Polish state; the partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772.
261:. The term "Fourth Partition" in a temporal sense can also mean the diaspora communities that played an important political role in re-establishing the Polish sovereign state after 1918.
714:, with Russian military forces threatening the opposition, on September 18, 1773, signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the occupied territories.
1430:
peasantry was Orthodox. Russian authors emphasized the historical connections between Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, as former parts of the medieval old Russian state where dynasty of
338:, with Polish kings effectively chosen in diplomatic maneuvers between the great powers Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King
1600:
1208:, the Congress Kingdom's autonomy was abolished and Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities. After the
776:. Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth. Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical
1533:) in significant enough numbers to become a major concern for the Russian Government sufficient to play a role in its decision to partition the Commonwealth (one of the reasons
1119:"A map of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania including Samogitia and Curland divided according to their dismemberments with the Kingdom of Prussia" from 1799
245:
has also been used, in reference to any subsequent annexation of Polish lands by foreign invaders. Depending on source and historical period, this could mean the events of
1606:
447:). Repnin also demanded the Russian protection of the rights of peasants in private estates of Polish and Lithuanian noblemen, religious freedom for the Protestant and
860:) 55,000 km (21,236 sq mi) and 1 million people with Warsaw, and the Austrian 47,000 km (18,147 sq mi) with 1.2 million and
3120:
3115:
1346:
If one accepts more than one of those events as partitions, fifth, sixth, and even seventh partitions can be counted, but these terms are very rare. (For example,
1809:
2797:
Dominik, Paulina D. (2016). "From the Polish Times of Pera: Late Ottoman Istanbul through the Lens of Polish emigration". In Öncü, Ayşe; Hofmann, Anna (eds.).
818:, who joined them near the end, both lost much prestige and support. The reformers, on the other hand, were attracting increasing support, and in 1794 the
2579:
761:
By 1790, the Commonwealth had been weakened to such a degree that it was forced into an unnatural and terminal alliance with its enemy, Prussia. The
218:) refers to parts of the Commonwealth that were annexed in 1772–1795 and which became part of Imperial Russia, Prussia, or Austria. Following the
2721:
1228:
the entire school system of its Polish subjects, and had no more respect for Polish culture and institutions than the Russian Empire. In 1915 a
892:, Russia, where he would spend his remaining days. This act ensured that Russia would be seen as the most important of the partitioning powers.
2725:
3081:
441:
and all the old abuses of the last one and a half centuries were guaranteed as unalterable parts of this new constitution (in the so-called
1225:
1115:
2843:
2552:
2530:
2244:
1398:
727:
384:, which demanded a slice of the northwest in order to unite its Western and Eastern portions; this would leave the Commonwealth with a
1112:(Wandycz also offers slightly different total annexed territory estimates, with 18% for Austria, 20% for Prussia and 62% for Russia.)
2274:
2217:
2190:
612:
250:
104:
that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign
3110:
2762:
Grajewski, Radosław Żurawski vel (2015). "Poland in the Period of Partitions 1795–1914". In Eleonora Bielawska-Batorowicz (ed.).
124:, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures and annexations.
2934:
2606:
1478:
presented similar views. Other older historians who challenged such justifications for the Partitions included French historian
1216:
of Polish secondary schools was imposed and the literacy rate dropped dramatically. In the Austrian sector which now was called
2513:
1220:, Poles fared better and were allowed to have representation in Parliament and to form their own universities, and Kraków with
772:
enfranchised the bourgeoisie, established the separation of the three branches of government, and eliminated the abuses of the
423:
of 1767, named after ambassador Repnin, who effectively dictated the terms of that Sejm (and ordered the capture and exile to
3023:
2880:
2138:
2114:
2082:
2042:
2008:
1951:
1957:
1498:
was either the only, or one of only two countries in the world that refused to accept the partitions, (the other being the
1327:
363:: specifically, to ensure that the Commonwealth laws would not change. Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "
2130:
2812:
2781:
1872:
1632:
1522:
1407:
1164:
765:
of 1790 was signed. The conditions of the Pact contributed to the subsequent final two partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
722:
101:
43:
2968:
1846:
2735:
2616:
2589:
2562:
2464:
2370:
2360:
2313:
2284:
2254:
2227:
2200:
2167:
1909:
1882:
1856:
1767:
658:
was also satisfied despite the loss of Galicia to the Habsburg monarchy. By this "diplomatic document" Russia gained
3038:
1753:
1217:
624:
364:
223:
1899:
1815:
1245:
753:
541:
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the First Partition, as a protectorate of the Russian Empire (1773–1789)
1566:, where the structure of the government of Poland, and of foreign influence over it, is used in several papers (
877:
815:
795:, fought against Polish forces supporting the constitution, believing that Russians would help them restore the
702:
432:
339:
784:
411:
retaliated by ordering enough Polish currency counterfeited to severely affect the Polish economy. Through the
323:
was developed, a policy of parliamentary procedure based on the assumption of the political equality of every "
140:
698:
foreign trade. Through levying enormous customs duties, Prussia accelerated the collapse of the Commonwealth.
3105:
1147:), became the revolutionaries of the 19th century, as desire for freedom became one of the defining parts of
282:
380:, a symbol of Poland). The Commonwealth had been forced to rely on Russia for protection against the rising
1182:
762:
2632:
1673:
1490:, who criticized the immorality of the partitions. Nonetheless, most governments accepted the event as a
1475:
1466:
Nonetheless, other 19th century contemporaries were much more skeptical; for example, British jurist Sir
1403:
1369:
1339:
1285:
769:
258:
147:
when Russian and Prussian troops entered the Commonwealth and the partition treaty was signed during the
1759:
1292:
The term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any subsequent division of Polish lands, including:
740:
690:, oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1866, 282 cm × 487 cm (111 in × 192 in),
577:
428:
136:
2773:
1678:
3092:, a multimedia guide created by Culture.pl to the 123-year period during which Poland was partitioned
2483:
1611:
1483:
1173:
831:
701:
After having occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded that King
532:
485:
274:
182:. In Polish, there are two separate words for the two meanings. The consecutive acts of dividing and
152:
128:
2969:"Przywary niewolników pańszczyźnianych w XVIII-wiecznej Rzeczypospolitej w relacji Huberta Vautrina"
848:
The Russian part included 120,000 km (46,332 sq mi) and 1.2 million people with
644:
170:, to mean the three parts that the partitioning powers divided the Commonwealth into, namely: the
2705:
2306:
Poland's Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence 1802–1803
1784:
3068:
The Other East and Nineteenth-Century British Literature: Imagining Poland and the Russian Empire
2390:
2330:
1552:
1365:
792:
448:
144:
20:
297:
655:
407:, and Russia, and allowed Russian troops access to its western lands as bases against Prussia.
377:
312:
269:
160:
2870:
2847:
2727:
The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice
2072:
2032:
819:
222:
in 1815, the borders of the three partitioned sectors were redrawn; the Austrians established
156:
2998:
2534:
2454:
1998:
1562:
1448:
1410:
had degenerated to the point of being partitioned because the counterproductive principle of
1249:
1148:
718:
1979:
1188:
Poland would be briefly resurrected—if in a smaller frame—in 1807, when Napoleon set up the
1320:
1257:
1200:
was created in its place. After the Congress, Russia gained a larger share of Poland (with
838:
691:
659:
537:
97:
2192:
The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present
2159:
2074:
The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present
1260:
finally allowed and helped the restoration of Poland's full independence after 123 years.
8:
2750:
2403:
Cygan, Mary (1998). "Inventing Polonia: Notions of Polish American Identity, 1870–1990".
1901:
Poland-Lithuania's Last King and English Culture: Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1732–1798
1538:
1534:
1463:
stressed degeneration of Catholic Poland and the need to "civilize" it by its neighbors.
1352:
1316:
1178:
842:
419:, Empress Catherine the Great forced a constitution on the Commonwealth at the so-called
408:
400:
343:
286:
278:
37:
2912:
2683:
1361:
1305:
1273:
1253:
1193:
1129:
777:
681:
573:
520:
381:
246:
219:
175:
171:
117:
78:
74:
254:
3051:
2980:
2950:
2942:
2876:
2808:
2777:
2731:
2701:
2612:
2585:
2558:
2548:
2460:
2366:
2309:
2280:
2250:
2223:
2196:
2163:
2134:
2110:
2078:
2038:
2004:
1947:
1905:
1878:
1852:
1842:
1790:
1763:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1530:
1526:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1268:
1205:
686:
504:
456:
452:
404:
376:), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the
179:
132:
113:
70:
2666:
Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (1952). "Old Russia, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe".
2510:
1132:, Russia controlled 82% of the pre-1772 Commonwealth's territory (this includes its
3061:
2675:
2492:
2487:
2412:
2186:
2068:
1499:
1439:
1209:
1144:
889:
853:
1406:, and their 20th century followers, argued that partitions were justified, as the
2798:
2517:
2152:
1941:
1509:
Several scholars focused on the economic motivations of the partitioning powers.
1378:
1357:
1312:
1301:
1237:
1197:
1189:
1156:
1137:
1124:
416:
415:
whom Russia controlled and the Russian Minister to Warsaw, ambassador and Prince
357:), namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement to maintain the
235:
2219:
A Man of Honour: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795–1831
615:, was proud of wresting as large a share as he did, with the rich salt mines of
166:
In English, the term "Partitions of Poland" is sometimes used geographically as
1495:
1479:
1456:
1435:
1297:
1241:
1224:(Lwów/Lviv) became centers of Polish culture and education. Meanwhile, Prussia
1160:
873:
796:
711:
593:
585:
497:
471:
352:
121:
2903:
Wagner, W. J. (1992). "May 3, 1791, and the Polish constitutional tradition".
2651:
2416:
780:
then at high tide in France, Russian forces invaded the Commonwealth in 1792.
554:
3099:
2984:
2946:
2652:"Записка о древней и новой России в ее политическом и гражданском отношениях"
2450:
1431:
1394:
1347:
1233:
1213:
804:
632:
628:
608:
565:
443:
1521:. In the 18th century the Russian peasants were escaping from Russia to the
1280:
814:
Targowica confederates, who did not expect another partition, and the king,
745:
64:
2763:
1510:
1491:
1487:
1413:
1335:
1331:
1229:
1133:
460:
335:
318:
2769:
1794:
564:
Frederick II of Prussia was elated with his success; Prussia took most of
512:
293:
1596:
Administrative division of Polish–Lithuanian territories after partitions
1514:
1420:
857:
800:
773:
420:
148:
2916:
2347:
2109:. Vol. I (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 394.
431:
and others). This new constitution undid the reforms made in 1764 under
2687:
1444:
1424:
885:
640:
385:
183:
155:
took place on October 24, 1795, in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish
1557:, the Italian national anthem, contains a reference to the partition.
721:
was invited to present recommendations for a new constitution for the
19:"Fourth Partition" redirects here. For the 2013 documentary film, see
1502:), and reserved a place in its diplomatic corps for an Ambassador of
1248:. After the end of World War I, the Central Powers' surrender to the
675:
620:
519:. These territories had been a bone of contention between Poland and
516:
393:
109:
2679:
1560:
The ongoing partitions of Poland were a major topic of discourse in
1518:
808:
749:
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Second Partition (1793)
648:
636:
569:
558:
451:
and the political freedoms for Protestants, Orthodox Christians and
16:
18th-century forced partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1503:
1168:
493:
475:
467:
412:
324:
167:
3036:
Lewitter, Lucjan R. "The Partitions of Poland" in A. Goodwyn, ed.
1943:
Rousseau: 'The Social Contract' and Other Later Political Writings
601:
589:
1513:
noted that Prussia aimed to take control of the lucrative Baltic
1427:
1152:
849:
788:
671:
667:
663:
616:
489:
464:
1221:
508:
2804:
2034:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
2000:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
1734:
Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands
1201:
881:
861:
597:
581:
550:
546:
424:
389:
305:
231:
227:
105:
349:
In 1730, the neighbors of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (
289:
of Prussia (right) quarrelling over their territorial seizures
3048:
The second partition of Poland; a study in diplomatic history
2937:[Russian population exodus into the Rzeczpospolita].
1789:. New York: Polish Book Importing Company. pp. 286–288.
1614:
at the border of the Russian, Austrian and the German Empires
1601:
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
403:(1756–1763), yet it sympathized with the alliance of France,
396:. Catherine had to use diplomacy to win Austria to her side.
3089:
2973:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio G. Ius
2030:
1996:
69:
The three partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the
706:
545:
In February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in
2533:. History of Poland. University of Buffalo. Archived from
2387:
God's Playground: A History of Poland: 1795 to the Present
2107:
God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795
1582:
for examples) as a cautionary tale for the writers of the
427:
of some vocal opponents of his policies, including bishop
159:
the previous year. With this partition, the Commonwealth
1719:
Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe
1631:
Although the full name of the partitioned state was the
1607:
Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)
1288:; division of Polish territories in the years 1939–1941.
342:, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress
3082:
Rozbiory Polski w XVIII w. " ich uwarunkowania i skutki
2800:
History Takes Place: Istanbul. Dynamics of Urban Change
2765:
Poland. History, Culture and Society. Selected Readings
1990:
1384:
811:(and later Warsaw) as the capital of the new province.
731:(1782), which was to be his last major political work.
226:
in the Austrian partition, whereas the Russians gained
2935:"Zbiegostwo ludności Rosji w granice Rzeczypospolitej"
2308:. East European Monographs/Columbia University Press.
1272:
The partition of the Duchy of Warsaw according to the
1151:. Polish revolutionaries participated in uprisings in
607:
Despite token criticism of the partition from Empress
474:), which erupted in 1768 and resulted in massacres of
2608:
God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes
2185:
2067:
1370:
division of Poland between Nazi Germany and the USSR
112:
for 123 years. The partitions were conducted by the
2151:
1276:; division of Polish territories in the year 1815.
900:Cumulative division of the Commonwealth territory
496:and the protectorate over the Commonwealth to the
2554:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
2358:
1192:. After his defeat and the implementation of the
3097:
2478:
2476:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2037:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103.
1701:
1319:into Austria, and the 1848 incorporation of the
2522:
2359:Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
2335:Journal of the International Napoleonic Society
2303:
2063:
2061:
2003:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–98.
1837:
1835:
1833:
1814:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from
1755:The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775
1736:. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 271.
1704:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
845:on the Second and Third Partitions of Poland.
2649:
2473:
2438:
2365:. University of Michigan Press. p. 255.
2268:
2266:
2077:. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 133–.
1811:A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland
1550:
1315:" into Russia, the 1846 incorporation of the
399:The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the
1841:
479:
369:
350:
212:
204:
196:
188:
3121:1790s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3116:1770s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3029:Lewitter, L. R. "The Partitions of Poland"
2875:. Princeton University Press. p. 256.
2862:
2665:
2488:"The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation"
2154:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
2058:
1924:
1830:
1716:
1411:
436:
358:
328:
316:
151:on January 23, 1793 (without Austria). The
3070:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) pp. 14–40.
2827:
2700:
2504:
2263:
2236:
2181:
2179:
1946:. Cambridge University Press. p. ix.
1939:
1897:
1470:discussed the partition as a violation of
728:Considerations on the Government of Poland
3058:The Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795
2932:
2761:
2547:
2541:
2304:Pachonski, Jan; Wilson, Reuel K. (1986).
2143:
1097:733,500 km (283,200 sq mi)
1089:463,200 km (178,800 sq mi)
1013:307,300 km (118,600 sq mi)
984:522,300 km (201,700 sq mi)
880:, under Russian military escort left for
131:was decided on August 5, 1772, after the
2730:. Oxford University Press. p. 101.
2668:American Slavic and East European Review
2611:. Oxford University Press. p. 283.
2571:
2459:. Oxford University Press. p. 661.
2328:
2222:. Oxford University Press. p. 330.
2215:
1904:. Oxford University Press. p. 169.
1702:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).
1279:
1267:
1114:
1081:141,400 km (54,600 sq mi)
1073:128,900 km (49,800 sq mi)
1048:215,000 km (83,000 sq mi)
1042:120,000 km (46,000 sq mi)
1019:215,000 km (83,000 sq mi)
1007:250,200 km (96,600 sq mi)
978:211,200 km (81,500 sq mi)
752:
744:
680:
613:Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg
572:) that stood between its possessions in
536:
292:
268:
2868:
2796:
2577:
2557:. Oxford University Press. p. 84.
2352:
2331:"Polish Projects of Napoleon Bonaparte"
2176:
2149:
2031:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
1997:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
1877:. Penguin Classics. 2001. p. 528.
1851:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
1747:
1745:
1743:
1731:
1036:48,000 km (19,000 sq mi)
1030:47,000 km (18,000 sq mi)
1001:57,100 km (22,000 sq mi)
972:93,000 km (36,000 sq mi)
966:36,300 km (14,000 sq mi)
960:81,900 km (31,600 sq mi)
888:on November 25, 1795; next he left for
3098:
2928:
2926:
2902:
2896:
2872:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840
2720:
2710:. T. & J. W. Johnson. p. 819.
2604:
2598:
2581:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780
2449:
2429:
2322:
2297:
2104:
1960:from the original on February 16, 2017
1783:Corwin, Edward Henry Lewinski (1917).
1782:
1717:Batt, Judy; Wolczuk, Kataryna (2002).
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1196:treaty in 1815, the Russian-dominated
852:, the Prussian part (new provinces of
230:from Prussia and formed an autonomous
3024:Bibliography of the history of Poland
2966:
2962:
2960:
2844:"History of Polish-Iranian relations"
2714:
2482:
2402:
2341:
2276:Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform
2246:Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe
2209:
1807:
1801:
1776:
1751:
1284:The partition of Poland according to
242:
2272:
2242:
2158:. Oxford University Press. pp.
2131:Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
1740:
1385:Reasons, legality and justifications
2923:
2707:Commentaries Upon International Law
1865:
1649:
1482:, British historian and politician
1356:refers to the 1807 creation of the
1263:
734:
635:embracing parts of the counties of
470:and peasant rebellion in the east (
241:In Polish historiography, the term
13:
3017:
2957:
2869:Holborn, Hajo (December 1, 1982).
2024:
1891:
1360:as the fourth partition, the 1815
825:
787:, pro-Russian conservative Polish
785:War in Defense of the Constitution
526:
365:Alliance of the Three Black Eagles
14:
3132:
3074:
2933:Czajewski, Jerzy (October 2004).
2637:History of the Downfall of Poland
2531:"The Constitution of May 3, 1791"
2528:
2511:The Army of Grand Duchy of Warsaw
2430:Lopata, Helena Znaniecka (1994).
1240:was proposed and accepted by the
139:occurred in the aftermath of the
3039:The New Cambridge Modern History
1940:Gourevitch, Victor, ed. (1997).
1140:), Austria 11%, and Prussia 7%.
63:
36:
2991:
2836:
2821:
2790:
2755:
2744:
2694:
2659:
2642:
2625:
2423:
2396:
2393:. 2005. pp. 218, 225, 284, 321.
2379:
2123:
2098:
1972:
1933:
1918:
1786:The political History of Poland
1311:the 1832 incorporation of the "
1050:
1026:
1015:
991:
980:
956:
3111:Military occupations of Poland
1929:. Nelson Cengage. p. 139.
1725:
1710:
1695:
1633:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1625:
1523:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1408:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
723:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
135:lost the war with Russia. The
102:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
44:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1848:The Russian Empire, 1801–1917
1642:
1451:, as Russian writers such as
1177:, participated widely in the
507:annexed a small territory of
186:of Poland are referred to as
1925:von Guttner, Darius (2015).
1898:Butterwick, Richard (1998).
1399:balance of power equilibrium
1183:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
878:Stanisław August Poniatowski
867:
816:Stanisław August Poniatowski
340:Stanisław August Poniatowski
243:"Fourth Partition of Poland"
7:
3033:(Dec 1958) 8#12 pp 813–820.
2832:. I. B. Tauris. p. 25.
2348:Gods, Heroes, & Legends
2329:Fedosova, Elena I. (1998).
2150:Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996).
1603:in the course of partitions
1589:
1476:Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim
1368:as the sixth, and the 1939
1300:, the 1815 division of the
757:1793 Russian campaign medal
10:
3137:
3021:
2828:Prazmowska, Anita (2010).
2751:Poland The First Partition
2584:. Routledge. p. 548.
2578:Russell, Geoffrey (2003).
2195:. Routledge. p. 133.
1808:Steed, H. Wickham (1914).
1760:Cambridge University Press
1198:Congress Kingdom of Poland
829:
793:Confederation of Targowica
741:Second Partition of Poland
738:
666:embracing the counties of
578:Margraviate of Brandenburg
530:
304:, St. Nicholas Cathedral,
264:
238:in the Russian partition.
141:Polish–Russian War of 1792
18:
2650:
2417:10.1017/S0361233300006335
2279:. Berghahn. p. 180.
2249:. Routledge. p. 60.
1752:Scott, Hamish M. (2001).
1721:. Routledge. p. 153.
1706:. Routledge. p. 156.
1545:
1484:Thomas Babington Macaulay
1246:Regency Kingdom of Poland
1174:For our freedom and yours
1171:and, under the slogan of
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
832:Third Partition of Poland
533:First Partition of Poland
325:gentleman/Polish nobleman
275:first partition of Poland
86:
62:
55:
51:
35:
30:
2830:Poland: A Modern History
2216:Zawadzki, W. H. (1993).
1984:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1618:
770:May Constitution of 1791
459:of 1768–1772, formed in
3043:(1965) pp. 333–59.
2605:Davies, Norman (2005).
2391:Oxford University Press
2105:Davies, Norman (2005).
1732:Sinkoff, Nancy (2004).
1679:Encyclopædia Britannica
1553:Il Canto degli Italiani
1366:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1364:as the fifth, the 1918
1340:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1328:1939 division of Poland
1206:an insurrection in 1831
662:, and lands in eastern
511:and in 1770 it annexed
302:Allegory of Dead Poland
145:Targowica Confederation
21:Fourth Partition (film)
1980:"Alexander Bezborodko"
1674:"Partitions of Poland"
1612:Three Emperors' Corner
1551:
1412:
1289:
1286:the German–Soviet Pact
1277:
1204:) and, after crushing
1120:
758:
750:
694:
692:Royal Castle in Warsaw
656:Catherine II of Russia
580:, as well as Ermland (
542:
480:
437:
370:
359:
351:
329:
317:
308:
290:
213:
205:
197:
189:
2967:Kimla, Piotr (2011).
2807:: Jovis. p. 94.
2273:Dowe, Dieter (2001).
2243:Auer, Stefan (2004).
1927:The French Revolution
1818:on September 24, 2007
1563:The Federalist Papers
1449:Russian Enlightenment
1283:
1271:
1118:
756:
748:
719:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
684:
611:, Austrian statesman
600:(but not the city of
584:), northern areas of
540:
429:Józef Andrzej Załuski
296:
272:
3106:Partitions of Poland
2537:on December 5, 2008.
2187:Piotr Stefan Wandycz
2069:Piotr Stefan Wandycz
1874:The Story of My Life
1762:. pp. 181–182.
1527:once dire conditions
1397:stated, because the
1321:Grand Duchy of Posen
1258:Treaty of Versailles
1244:of World War I: the
839:Alexander Bezborodko
763:Polish–Prussian Pact
457:Confederation of Bar
311:During the reign of
298:Włodzimierz Tetmajer
283:Joseph II of Austria
94:Partitions of Poland
31:Partitions of Poland
3080:Krzysztof Wroński,
2953:on January 3, 2005.
2850:on January 22, 2019
1539:partition of Poland
1252:, the chaos of the
901:
820:Kościuszko Uprising
725:, resulting in the
687:Rejtan at Sejm 1773
647:, less the city of
500:for armed support.
449:Orthodox Christians
344:Catherine the Great
287:Frederick the Great
279:Catherine the Great
157:Kościuszko Uprising
2999:"L'Inno nazionale"
2774:University of Łódź
2702:Phillimore, Robert
2549:Schroeder, Paul W.
2516:2005-12-14 at the
1843:Seton-Watson, Hugh
1317:Republic of Kraków
1306:Congress of Vienna
1290:
1278:
1274:Congress of Vienna
1254:Russian Revolution
1194:Congress of Vienna
1181:(particularly the
1149:Polish romanticism
1130:Congress of Vienna
1121:
899:
759:
751:
695:
623:. To Austria fell
543:
382:Kingdom of Prussia
309:
291:
281:of Russia (left),
220:Congress of Vienna
202:), while the term
176:Prussian Partition
172:Austrian Partition
118:Kingdom of Prussia
79:Prussian Partition
75:Austrian Partition
3056:Lukowski, Jerzy.
2905:The Polish Review
2882:978-0-691-00796-0
2456:Europe: A History
2362:A Study of Crisis
2139:978-83-227-2620-4
2133:. 2007 page. 318
2116:978-0-19-925339-5
2084:978-0-415-25490-8
2044:978-0-521-55917-1
2010:978-0-521-55917-1
1986:. April 17, 2024.
1953:978-0-521-42446-2
1584:U.S. Constitution
1580:Federalist No. 39
1576:Federalist No. 22
1572:Federalist No. 19
1568:Federalist No. 14
1472:international law
1468:Robert Phillimore
1461:Alexander Pushkin
1453:Gavrila Derzhavin
1323:into Prussia; and
1179:Spring of Nations
1167:fought alongside
1110:
1109:
643:and the whole of
505:Habsburg monarchy
453:Eastern Catholics
315:(1632–1648), the
180:Russian Partition
133:Bar Confederation
114:Habsburg monarchy
90:
89:
77:(green), and the
71:Russian Partition
3128:
3090:Where Is Poland?
3086:
3066:McLean, Thomas.
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2949:. Archived from
2930:
2921:
2920:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2846:. Archived from
2840:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2759:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2648:N. M. Karamzin.
2646:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2493:Sarmatian Review
2480:
2471:
2470:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2432:Polish Americans
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2157:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1749:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1670:
1636:
1629:
1556:
1531:unlike in Russia
1474:; German jurist
1440:Nikolay Karamzin
1417:
1362:Treaty of Vienna
1353:God's Playground
1338:pursuant to the
1313:Congress Kingdom
1264:Fourth Partition
1210:uprising of 1863
1145:Great Emigration
920:Total remaining
902:
898:
890:Saint Petersburg
854:New East Prussia
735:Second Partition
596:), and parts of
483:
440:
401:Seven Years' War
373:
362:
356:
332:
322:
273:Allegory of the
216:
208:
200:
192:
137:Second Partition
67:
40:
28:
27:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3077:
3041:: vol 8 1763–93
3026:
3020:
3018:Further reading
3015:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2965:
2958:
2931:
2924:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:. p. 110.
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2680:10.2307/2491975
2664:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2639:(Moscow, 1863).
2633:Sergey Solovyov
2630:
2626:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2546:
2542:
2529:Bucki, Carl L.
2527:
2523:
2518:Wayback Machine
2509:
2505:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2448:
2439:
2428:
2424:
2401:
2397:
2385:Norman Davies.
2384:
2380:
2373:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2302:
2298:
2287:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2148:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2066:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1750:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1592:
1548:
1404:Sergey Solovyov
1387:
1358:Duchy of Warsaw
1302:Duchy of Warsaw
1266:
1238:Austria-Hungary
1190:Duchy of Warsaw
1161:Imperial Russia
1157:Austrian Empire
1138:Congress Poland
1125:Napoleonic Wars
1063:
1058:
870:
834:
828:
826:Third Partition
743:
737:
627:and Auschwitz (
535:
529:
527:First Partition
476:Polish noblemen
417:Nicholas Repnin
267:
236:Congress Poland
161:ceased to exist
153:Third Partition
129:First Partition
82:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3076:
3075:External links
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3054:
3046:Lord, Robert.
3044:
3034:
3022:Main article:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3001:. Quirinale.it
2990:
2956:
2922:
2911:(4): 383–395.
2895:
2881:
2861:
2835:
2820:
2814:978-3868593686
2813:
2789:
2783:978-8392310945
2782:
2754:
2743:
2736:
2722:Korman, Sharon
2713:
2693:
2674:(3): 171–188.
2658:
2641:
2624:
2617:
2597:
2590:
2570:
2563:
2540:
2521:
2503:
2484:Nowak, Andrzej
2472:
2465:
2451:Davies, Norman
2437:
2434:. Transaction.
2422:
2395:
2378:
2371:
2351:
2340:
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2314:
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2235:
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2057:
2043:
2023:
2009:
1989:
1971:
1952:
1932:
1917:
1910:
1890:
1883:
1864:
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1800:
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1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1547:
1544:
1529:had improved,
1500:Persian Empire
1496:Ottoman Empire
1480:Jules Michelet
1457:Denis Fonvizin
1386:
1383:
1344:
1343:
1324:
1309:
1298:Napoleonic era
1265:
1262:
1250:Western Allies
1242:Central Powers
1165:Polish legions
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1065:
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950:
947:
944:
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935:
932:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
917:Total annexed
915:
912:
909:
906:
874:King of Poland
869:
866:
830:Main article:
827:
824:
797:Golden Liberty
739:Main article:
736:
733:
712:Partition Sejm
660:Polish Livonia
594:Netze District
586:Greater Poland
531:Main article:
528:
525:
498:Ottoman Empire
472:Koliyivshchyna
388:coast only in
353:Rzeczpospolita
266:
263:
122:Russian Empire
88:
87:
84:
83:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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3112:
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3104:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:online review
3059:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3031:History Today
3028:
3027:
3025:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:(in Polish).
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2849:
2845:
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2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2775:
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2591:0-415-30155-6
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2062:
2046:
2040:
2036:
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2027:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1911:0-19-820701-8
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1884:0-14-043915-3
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1858:0-19-822152-5
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
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1771:
1769:0-521-79269-X
1765:
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1581:
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1540:
1537:gave for the
1536:
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1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:Norman Davies
1393:As historian
1391:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:Norman Davies
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
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1307:
1303:
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1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:German Empire
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Russification
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
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1176:
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1066:
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859:
855:
851:
846:
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817:
812:
810:
806:
805:South Prussia
802:
798:
794:
790:
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775:
771:
766:
764:
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747:
742:
732:
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633:Lesser Poland
630:
626:
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614:
610:
609:Maria Theresa
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Royal Prussia
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
539:
534:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:In 1769, the
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
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454:
450:
446:
445:
444:Cardinal Laws
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Polish nobles
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
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375:
372:
366:
361:
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354:
347:
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3005:November 17,
3003:. Retrieved
2993:
2979:(1): 87–97.
2976:
2972:
2951:the original
2938:
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2898:
2888:February 16,
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2871:
2864:
2854:November 12,
2852:. Retrieved
2848:the original
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1942:
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1677:
1627:
1561:
1559:
1549:
1535:Catherine II
1511:Hajo Holborn
1508:
1492:fait acompli
1488:Edmund Burke
1465:
1414:liberum veto
1392:
1388:
1375:
1351:
1345:
1291:
1230:client state
1187:
1172:
1142:
1134:puppet state
1122:
1111:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1055:
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871:
864:and Kraków.
847:
843:Catherine II
835:
813:
782:
767:
760:
726:
716:
700:
696:
685:
653:
606:
563:
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442:
438:liberum veto
433:Stanisław II
409:Frederick II
398:
368:
348:
336:vassal state
330:liberum veto
319:liberum veto
313:Władysław IV
310:
301:
240:
211:
203:
195:
187:
165:
126:
93:
91:
56:
25:
3085:(in Polish)
2411:: 209–246.
1964:February 8,
1525:(where the
1515:grain trade
1436:Kievan Rus'
1123:During the
911:To Prussia
908:To Austria
858:New Silesia
801:Grodno Sejm
774:Repnin Sejm
631:), part of
592:River (the
555:Częstochowa
421:Repnin Sejm
378:white eagle
149:Grodno Sejm
96:were three
3100:Categories
2939:Promemoria
2292:1848/1849.
2090:January 8,
2050:January 8,
2016:January 8,
1643:References
1506:(Poland).
1445:Ruthenians
1421:Belarusian
1296:after the
1226:Germanized
914:To Russia
905:Partition
841:, advised
778:Jacobinism
588:along the
371:Löwenwolde
360:status quo
277:, showing
184:annexation
120:, and the
98:partitions
57:Partitions
2985:0458-4317
2947:1509-9091
2405:Prospects
1822:August 3,
1438:). Thus,
1434:reigned (
1425:Ukrainian
886:abdicated
884:where he
868:Aftermath
717:In 1772,
703:Stanisław
676:Mstislavl
621:Wieliczka
517:Nowy Targ
513:Nowy Sącz
484:), Jews,
465:Ukrainian
394:Lithuania
374:'s Treaty
234:known as
210:(plural:
194:(plural:
110:Lithuania
3060:(1998);
2941:(6/15).
2917:25778591
2724:(1996).
2704:(1854).
2551:(1996).
2514:Archived
2486:(1997).
2453:(1996).
2189:(2001).
2071:(2001).
1958:Archived
1845:(1967).
1590:See also
1517:through
1504:Lehistan
1432:Rurikids
1330:between
1256:and the
1169:Napoleon
789:magnates
705:and the
654:Empress
641:Sandomir
629:Oświęcim
576:and the
568:(except
494:Volhynia
481:szlachta
198:rozbiory
178:and the
168:toponymy
143:and the
3050:(1915)
2688:2491975
1687:June 8,
1379:Polonia
1332:Germany
1304:at the
1232:of the
1222:Lemberg
1218:Galicia
1153:Prussia
1022:29.31%
987:71.21%
850:Vilnius
822:began.
807:, with
783:In the
672:Polotsk
668:Vitebsk
664:Belarus
645:Galicia
617:Bochnia
598:Kuyavia
574:Prussia
521:Hungary
490:Podolia
486:Uniates
468:Cossack
405:Austria
265:History
224:Galicia
190:rozbiór
100:of the
46:in 1772
3052:online
2983:
2945:
2915:
2879:
2811:
2805:Berlin
2780:
2734:
2686:
2631:E.g.,
2615:
2588:
2561:
2463:
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2226:
2199:
2166:
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2041:
2007:
1950:
1908:
1881:
1855:
1795:626738
1793:
1766:
1683:. 2008
1681:Online
1546:Legacy
1519:Gdańsk
1494:. The
1486:, and
1459:, and
1336:Russia
1202:Warsaw
1155:, the
1093:63.15%
1085:19.28%
1077:17.57%
1051:29.31%
1045:16.36%
1016:41.90%
1010:34.11%
981:28.79%
975:12.68%
963:11.17%
882:Grodno
862:Lublin
809:Poznań
791:, the
649:Kraków
637:Kraków
582:Warmia
570:Gdańsk
559:Kraków
551:Tyniec
547:Vienna
435:. The
425:Kaluga
390:Latvia
386:Baltic
367:" (or
306:Kalisz
232:polity
228:Warsaw
214:zabory
174:, the
116:, the
106:Poland
81:(blue)
2913:JSTOR
2684:JSTOR
1619:Notes
1069:Total
1039:6.54%
1033:6.41%
1004:7.78%
969:4.95%
625:Zator
602:Toruń
590:Noteć
509:Spisz
257:, or
249:, or
206:zabór
3007:2013
2981:ISSN
2943:ISSN
2890:2012
2877:ISBN
2856:2019
2809:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2770:Łódź
2732:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2500:(1).
2498:XVII
2461:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2092:2013
2079:ISBN
2052:2013
2039:ISBN
2018:2013
2005:ISBN
1966:2017
1948:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1824:2007
1791:OCLC
1764:ISBN
1689:2011
1428:serf
1423:and
1334:and
1326:the
1236:and
1159:and
1101:100%
1056:None
1027:1795
992:1793
957:1772
949:Area
943:Area
937:Area
931:Area
925:Area
872:The
856:and
768:The
707:Sejm
674:and
639:and
619:and
557:and
515:and
492:and
392:and
285:and
259:1939
255:1846
253:and
251:1832
247:1815
127:The
108:and
92:The
42:The
2676:doi
2635:'s
2413:doi
2160:127
1350:in
1185:).
1136:of
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461:Bar
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1982:.
1956:.
1832:^
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1570:,
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2567:.
2469:.
2419:.
2415::
2375:.
2337:.
2318:.
2259:.
2232:.
2205:.
2172:.
2119:.
2094:.
2054:.
2020:.
1968:.
1914:.
1887:.
1861:.
1826:.
1797:.
1772:.
1691:.
1342:.
1308:;
998:—
995:—
946:%
940:%
934:%
928:%
478:(
23:.
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